1
|
Lowie T, Jourquin S, Debruyne F, Chantillon L, Hoflack G, Boone R, Vertenten G, Sustronck B, Pardon B, Bokma J. Associations of serostatus upon arrival with clinical respiratory disease, lung consolidation, and growth in veal calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3836-3846. [PMID: 38135039 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections remain a major problem during calf rearing, especially among milk (formula)-fed veal. Preconditioning of calves through appropriate colostrum management and vaccination could be helpful to address this issue. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence of serum antibodies against major respiratory tract pathogens (bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 virus, bovine coronavirus, Mycoplasmopsis bovis, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mannheimia haemolytica) and total serum IgG concentration in calves upon arrival at the veal facility were associated with the occurrence of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD) or lung consolidation in the first 3 wk, as assessed by both the Wisconsin BRD scorecard (based on 5 clinical signs: cough, rectal temperature, ear position, and nasal and ocular discharge) and by quick thoracic ultrasound scanning. Additionally, the association between calves' serostatus production parameters were explored. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 442 male dairy calves on a large veal calf facility in Belgium. Both clinical scoring and quick thoracic ultrasound scanning were performed on all calves at 4 key moments in the production cycle: arrival at the facility, initiation of first metaphylactic antimicrobial treatment at peak incidence of BRD (wk 1), end of the first metaphylactic treatment (short-term evaluation) and at wk 10 (long-term evaluation). Mixed effects logit regression models were fitted to quantify relationships. The outcomes of interest were clinical respiratory disease (Wisconsin BRD scorecard positive), lung consolidation (≥1 cm or ≥ 3 cm), average daily weight gain, and cold carcass weight. In the first week of production, incidence of lung consolidation (≥1 cm) quickly increased from 14.9% upon arrival to 43.0% at the peak of the BRD incidence, while clinical BRD increased from 3.6% to 16.1%. The main finding of this study was that calves who were seropositive for bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine coronavirus at arrival had reduced odds of developing lung consolidation at the peak of the outbreak, 0.58 odds ratio (95% CI: 0.38-0.89) and 0.37 odds ratio (95% CI: 0.20-0.69), respectively. No relationships between serum IgG concentration at arrival and the development of lung consolidations or clinical respiratory disease were found. Nevertheless, on average, throughout the first 10 wk of the fattening cycle, calves with failed transfer of passive immunity (serum IgG < 7.5 g/L) gained 40 g/d (95% CI: 10-70 g/d) less weight (average daily gain). Hence, ensuring that calves have a positive serostatus for these respiratory tract pathogens before entering the facility may help lower the incidence of lung consolidations, subsequently reducing treatment incidence and the adverse effects on primary economic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lowie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Stan Jourquin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Florian Debruyne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laurens Chantillon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Hoflack
- MSD Animal Health Benelux, Department of Ruminant Health, 1170 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Randy Boone
- Veterinary Practice Venhei, 2460 Kasterlee, Belgium
| | - Geert Vertenten
- MSD Animal Health Benelux, Department of Ruminant Health, 1170 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Sustronck
- MSD Animal Health Benelux, Department of Ruminant Health, 1170 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jade Bokma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gilbert MS, Cai Y, Folkerts G, Braber S, Gerrits WJJ. Effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides on inflammation, lung health, and performance of calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2900-2915. [PMID: 38101737 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on lung health and performance. Three hundred male Holstein-Friesian calves aged 18.0 ± 3.6 d received 1 of 6 treatments for 8.5 wk (period 1). Treatments included a negative control (CON), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) administered as a spray via the nose once daily (SPR), GOS administered via the milk replacer (MR) at 1% (GOS-L) and 2% (GOS-H), fructo-oligosaccharides administered via the MR at 0.25% (FOS) and a combination of GOS and fructo-oligosaccharides administered via the MR at 1% and 0.25%, respectively (GOS-FOS). Milk replacer was fed twice daily. Feeding levels were equal between calves and increased progressively in time. Body weight was measured every 4 wk and clinical health was scored weekly. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected bi-weekly from a subset of calves (n = 120). After period 1, all calves received the same control MR for 18 wk until slaughter (period 2), during which general performance and clinical health were measured. Generally, infection pressure was high, with clinical scores and BALF proinflammatory TNFα concentrations increasing with time in period 1, which resulted in a high number of required group antimicrobial treatments (6 group antimicrobial treatments in 13 wk, supplied to all calves). Average daily gain adjusted to equal solid feed intake was increased for GOS-L (+61 g/d) compared with CON calves from experimental wk 1 to 5. Plasma white blood cell concentration tended to be lowered by GOS-L, plasma IL-8 concentration was reduced by all orally supplemented NDO, plasma IL-6 was reduced by all NDO treatments except GOS-FOS and plasma IL-1β was reduced by all NDO treatments compared with CON, although this differed per time point for SPR. The neutrophil percentage in BALF was reduced by GOS-L in wk 6, which was associated with a relative increase in macrophages. The BALF concentration of TNFα and IL-8 was reduced or tended to be reduced by GOS-L and GOS-H, while IL-6 was or tended to be reduced by SPR, GOS-L, GOS-H, and GOS-FOS, and IL-1β was reduced by SPR, GOS-L, GOS-H, and FOS. Generally, feeding the combination of GOS and FOS was not more effective than feeding GOS or FOS alone, because feeding GOS-FOS resulted in higher concentrations of plasma and BALF cytokine and chemokine concentrations compared with feeding GOS-L alone, and resulted in higher plasma cytokine concentrations compared with feeding FOS alone. None of the BALF and plasma cytokine or chemokine concentrations differed between the GOS-L and GOS-H treatment. Performance and clinical scores in period 2 did not differ among treatments. Altogether, all tested NDO reduced systemic and lung inflammation in calves under high natural infection pressure and for GOS-fed calves, this increased performance during the first 4 wk. Combining GOS and FOS did not have a synergistic effect. The intranasal administration of GOS also lowered systemic and lung inflammation, but tended to negatively affect performance. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of NDO to alleviate systemic and respiratory inflammation in calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Y Cai
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G Folkerts
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S Braber
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vinayamohan PG, Locke SR, Portillo-Gonzalez R, Renaud DL, Habing GG. Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Surplus Dairy Calf Production Systems. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1652. [PMID: 36014070 PMCID: PMC9413162 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surplus calves, which consist predominately of male calves born on dairy farms, are an underrecognized source of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens. Current production systems for surplus calves have important risk factors for the dissemination of pathogens, including the high degree of commingling during auction and transportation and sometimes inadequate care early in life. These circumstances contribute to an increased risk of respiratory and other infectious diseases, resulting in higher antimicrobial use (AMU) and the development of AMR. Several studies have shown that surplus calves harbor AMR genes and pathogens that are resistant to critically important antimicrobials. This is a potential concern as the resistant pathogens and genes can be shared between animal, human and environmental microbiomes. Although knowledge of AMU and AMR has grown substantially in dairy and beef cattle systems, comparable studies in surplus calves have been mostly neglected in North America. Therefore, the overall goal of this narrative review is to summarize the existing literature regarding AMU and AMR in surplus dairy calf production, highlight the management practices contributing to the increased AMU and the resulting AMR, and discuss potential strategies and barriers for improved antimicrobial stewardship in surplus calf production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam G. Vinayamohan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Samantha R. Locke
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rafael Portillo-Gonzalez
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gregory G. Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Becker J, Perreten V, Schüpbach-Regula G, Stucki D, Steiner A, Meylan M. Associations of antimicrobial use with antimicrobial susceptibility at the calf level in bacteria isolated from the respiratory and digestive tracts of veal calves before slaughter. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2859-2866. [PMID: 35962594 PMCID: PMC9525080 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Antimicrobial drugs are frequently administered in veal calves, but investigations on associations with antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria are scarce and convey partly contradictory findings. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of antimicrobial use (AMU) during the fattening period with antimicrobial susceptibility shortly before slaughter. Methods Detailed treatment data of 1905 veal calves from 38 farms were collected prospectively during monthly farm visits for 1 year (n = 1864 treatments, n = 535 visits); 1582 Escherichia coli, 1059 Pasteurella multocida and 315 Mannheimia haemolytica were isolated from rectal and nasopharyngeal swabs collected before slaughter and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by microdilution. Associations of antimicrobial treatments with resistant isolates were investigated at the calf level. Results Associations of AMU with antimicrobial resistance were observed using generalized linear models. For E. coli, the odds of being resistant were increased with increased AMU (OR 1.36 when number of treatments >1, P = 0.066). Use of tetracyclines was associated with resistance to tetracycline (OR 1.86, P < 0.001) and use of penicillins was associated with resistance to ampicillin (OR 1.66, P = 0.014). No significant associations were observed for P. multocida (use of aminoglycosides: OR 3.66 for resistance to spectinomycin, P = 0.074). For M. haemolytica, the odds of being resistant were increased with increased AMU (OR 4.63, P < 0.001), and use of tetracyclines was associated with resistance to tetracycline (OR 6.49, P < 0.001). Conclusions Occurrence of resistant bacteria shortly before slaughter was associated with AMU in veal calves. Prudent and appropriate use may contribute to limit the selection of resistant bacteria on veal farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Becker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Stucki
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Becker J, Perreten V, Steiner A, Stucki D, Schüpbach-Regula G, Collaud A, Rossano A, Wüthrich D, Muff-Hausherr A, Meylan M. Antimicrobial susceptibility in E. coli and Pasteurellaceae at the beginning and at the end of the fattening process in veal calves: comparing ‘outdoor veal calf’ and conventional operations. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
6
|
Renaud D, Pardon B. Preparing Male Dairy Calves for the Veal and Dairy Beef Industry. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:77-92. [PMID: 35219487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surplus male dairy calves experience significant health challenges after arrival at the veal and dairy beef facilities. To curb these challenges, the engagement of multiple stakeholders is needed starting with improved care on some dairy farms and better management of transportation. Differing management strategies are also needed if calves arrive at veal and dairy beef facilities under poor condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bokma J, Gille L, De Bleecker K, Callens J, Haesebrouck F, Pardon B, Boyen F. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates from Veal, Dairy and Beef Herds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120882. [PMID: 33316982 PMCID: PMC7764132 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing mostly pneumonia in calves and mastitis in dairy cattle. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antimicrobial therapy remains the main control measure. Antimicrobial use in veal calves is substantially higher than in conventional herds, but whether veal calves also harbor more resistant M. bovis strains is currently unknown. Therefore, we compared antimicrobial susceptibility test results of M. bovis isolates from different cattle sectors and genomic clusters. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nine antimicrobials was determined for 141 Belgian M. bovis isolates (29 dairy, 69 beef, 12 mixed, 31 veal farms), and was used to estimate the epidemiological cut-off. Acquired resistance was frequently observed for the macrolides, while no acquired resistance to oxytetracycline and doxycycline, minimal acquired resistance to florfenicol and tiamulin, and a limited acquired resistance to enrofloxacin was seen. M. bovis isolates from beef cattle or genomic cluster III had higher odds of being gamithromycin-resistant than those from dairy cattle or genomic clusters IV and V. In this study, no cattle industry could be identified as source of resistant M. bovis strains. A single guideline for antimicrobial use for M. bovis infections, with a small remark for gamithromycin, is likely sufficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Koen De Bleecker
- Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; (K.D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jozefien Callens
- Animal Health Service-Flanders, Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium; (K.D.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.H.); (F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pardon B, Buczinski S. Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis: What Progress Has Been Made in Infectious Diagnosis? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:425-444. [PMID: 32451034 PMCID: PMC7244442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Algammal AM, El-Sayed ME, Youssef FM, Saad SA, Elhaig MM, Batiha GE, Hozzein WN, Ghobashy MOI. Prevalence, the antibiogram and the frequency of virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens incriminated in calf pneumonia. AMB Express 2020; 10:99. [PMID: 32472209 PMCID: PMC7260340 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and certain virulence genes of the most predominant bacterial pathogens causing BRD. A total of 225 calves; 55 apparently healthy and 170 diseased; were sampled. Bacteriological examination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCR based detection of some virulence genes were performed. In addition, the serotyping of E. coli was performed using the slide agglutination test. The most predominant bacterial pathogens retrieved from apparently healthy calves were E. coli (16.4%) and S. aureus (10.9%), and in pneumonic calves were E. coli (23.5%), P. vulgaris (12.4%) and S. aureus (11.8%). The most prevalent virulence gene in E. coli was the fimH gene (100%), followed by eaeA gene (24.5%) and hly gene (20.4%). All the examined S. aureus strains harbored spa and coa genes; likewise, all P. multocida strains harbored toxA gene. The majority of the isolated strains displayed remarkable sensitivity to norfloxacin and enrofloxacin; furthermore, the retrieved E. coli strains exhibited multidrug-resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, in addition, the isolated S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains showed multidrug-resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. E. coli serogroups including O18, O143, O1, and O6 were retrieved from pneumonic calves as the first report in Egypt. In conclusion, the synergism between the conventional and genotypic analysis is an effective gadget for the characterization of bacterial pathogens causing BRD. Continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility is essential to select the drug of choice due to the development of multidrug-resistant strains.
Collapse
|
10
|
Achard D, Caruso-Vares A, Collin JF, McKelvie J, Reddick D, Ramage C. Treatment of experimentally induced bovine respiratory disease in young calves with a single administration of a combination of florfenicol and meloxicam. Vet Rec 2018; 183:535. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
11
|
Rapid detection of tetracycline resistance in bovine Pasteurella multocida isolates by MALDI Biotyper antibiotic susceptibility test rapid assay (MBT-ASTRA). Sci Rep 2018; 8:13599. [PMID: 30206239 PMCID: PMC6134125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is notorious for its role as an opportunistic pathogen in infectious bronchopneumonia, the economically most important disease facing cattle industry and leading indication for antimicrobial therapy. To rationalize antimicrobial use, avoiding imprudent use of highly and critically important antimicrobials for human medicine, availability of a rapid antimicrobial susceptibility test is crucial. The objective of the present study was to design a MALDI Biotyper antibiotic susceptibility test rapid assay (MBT-ASTRA) procedure for tetracycline resistance detection in P. multocida. This procedure was validated on 100 clinical isolates with MIC-gradient strip test, and a comparison with disk diffusion was made. Sensitivity and specificity of the MBT-ASTRA procedure were 95.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 89.8–101.5) and 100% (95% CI = 100–100), respectively, classifying 98% of the isolates correctly after only three hours of incubation. Sensitivity and specificity of disk diffusion were 93.5% (95% CI = 86.3–100.6) and 96.3% (95% CI = 91.3–101.3) respectively, classifying 95% of the isolates correctly. In conclusion, this MBT-ASTRA procedure has all the potential to fulfil the need for a rapid and highly accurate tetracycline susceptibility testing in P. multocida to rationalize antimicrobial use in outbreaks of bronchopneumonia in cattle or other clinical presentations across species.
Collapse
|
12
|
Van Driessche L, Valgaeren BR, Gille L, Boyen F, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Deprez P, Pardon B. A Deep Nasopharyngeal Swab Versus Nonendoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens from Preweaned Calves With Respiratory Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:946-953. [PMID: 28425146 PMCID: PMC5435039 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a practical alternative for a deep nasopharyngeal swab (DNS) to sample the airways of a large number of calves in a short period of time. The extent of commensal overgrowth and agreement of BAL with DNS culture results in preweaned calves are unknown. Objectives To compare commensal overgrowth and bacterial culture results between DNS and BAL samples. Animals A total of 183 preweaned calves (144 with bovine respiratory disease and 39 healthy animals). Methods Cross‐sectional study. Deep nasopharyngeal swab and BAL samples were taken from each calf and cultured to detect Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma bovis. Agreement and associations between culture results of DNS and BAL samples were determined by kappa statistics and logistic regression. Results Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were less often polymicrobial, more frequently negative and yielded more pure cultures compared to DNS, leading to a clinically interpretable culture result in 79.2% of the cases compared to only in 31.2% of the DNS samples. Isolation rates were lower in healthy animals, but not different between DNS and BAL samples. Only Histophilus somni was more likely to be isolated from BAL samples. In clinical cases, a polymicrobial DNS culture result did not increase the probability of a polymicrobial BAL result by ≥30%, nor did it influence the probability of a negative culture. A significant herd effect was noted for all observed relationships. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Nonendoscopic BAL samples are far less overgrown by bacteria compared to DNS samples under the conditions of this study, facilitating clinical interpretation and resulting in a higher return on investment in bacteriologic culturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B R Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raszek MM, Guan LL, Plastow GS. Use of Genomic Tools to Improve Cattle Health in the Context of Infectious Diseases. Front Genet 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27014337 PMCID: PMC4780072 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although infectious diseases impose a heavy economic burden on the cattle industry, the etiology of many disorders that affect livestock is not fully elucidated, and effective countermeasures are often lacking. The main tools available until now have been vaccines, antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs. Although these have been very successful in some cases, the appearance of parasite and microbial resistance to these treatments is a cause of concern. Next-generation sequencing provides important opportunities to tackle problems associated with pathogenic illnesses. This review describes the rapid gains achieved to track disease progression, identify the pathogens involved, and map pathogen interactions with the host. Use of novel genomic tools subsequently aids in treatment development, as well as successful creation of breeding programs aimed toward less susceptible livestock. These may be important tools for mitigating the long term effects of combating infection and helping reduce the reliance on antibiotic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj M Raszek
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Le L Guan
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Catry B, Dewulf J, Maes D, Pardon B, Callens B, Vanrobaeys M, Opsomer G, de Kruif A, Haesebrouck F. Effect of Antimicrobial Consumption and Production Type on Antibacterial Resistance in the Bovine Respiratory and Digestive Tract. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146488. [PMID: 26820134 PMCID: PMC4731056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in the digestive and respiratory tract in three different production systems of food producing animals. A longitudinal study was set up in 25 Belgian bovine herds (10 dairy, 10 beef, and 5 veal herds) for a 2 year monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibilities in E. coli and Pasteurellaceae retrieved from the rectum and the nasal cavity, respectively. During the first year of observation, the antimicrobial use was prospectively recorded on 15 of these farms (5 of each production type) and transformed into the treatment incidences according to the (animal) defined daily dose (TIADD) and (actually) used daily dose (TIUDD). Antimicrobial resistance rates of 4,174 E. coli (all herds) and 474 Pasteurellaceae (beef and veal herds only) isolates for 12 antimicrobial agents demonstrated large differences between intensively reared veal calves (abundant and inconstant) and more extensively reared dairy and beef cattle (sparse and relatively stable). Using linear mixed effect models, a strong relation was found between antimicrobial treatment incidences and resistance profiles of 1,639 E. coli strains (p<0.0001) and 309 Pasteurellaceae (p≤0.012). These results indicate that a high antimicrobial selection pressure, here found to be represented by low dosages of oral prophylactic and therapeutic group medication, converts not only the commensal microbiota from the digestive tract but also the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in the respiratory tract into reservoirs of multi-resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn Catry
- Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Callens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Opsomer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aart de Kruif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Noyes NR, Benedict KM, Gow SP, Booker CW, Hannon SJ, McAllister TA, Morley PS. Mannheimia haemolytica in feedlot cattle: prevalence of recovery and associations with antimicrobial use, resistance, and health outcomes. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:705-13. [PMID: 25818224 PMCID: PMC4895489 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannheimia haemolytica is an important etiological agent in bovine respiratory disease. OBJECTIVES Explore risk factors for recovery of susceptible and resistant M. haemolytica in feedlot cattle and explore associations with health outcomes. ANIMALS Cattle (n = 5,498) from 4 feedlots sampled at arrival and later in feeding period. METHODS Susceptibility of M. haemolytica isolates tested for 21 antimicrobials. Records of antimicrobial use and health events analyzed using multivariable regression. RESULTS M. haemolytica recovered from 29% of cattle (1,596/5,498), 13.1% at arrival (95% CI, 12.3-14.1%), and 19.8% at second sampling (95% CI, 18.7-20.9%). Nearly half of study cattle received antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) parenterally, mostly as metaphylactic treatment at arrival. Individual parenteral AMD exposures were associated with decreased recovery of M. haemolytica (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.02-1.2), whereas exposure in penmates was associated with increased recovery (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.05-2.2). Most isolates were pan-susceptible (87.8%; 95% CI, 87.0-89.4%). AMD exposures were not associated with resistance to any single drug. Multiply-resistant isolates were rare (5.9%; 95% CI, 5.1-6.9%), but AMD exposures in pen mates were associated with increased odds of recovering multiply-resistant M. haemolytica (OR, 23.9; 95% CI, 8.4-68.3). Cattle positive for M. haemolytica on arrival were more likely to become ill within 10 days (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Resistance generally was rare in M. haemolytica. Antimicrobial drug exposures in penmates increased the risk of isolating susceptible and multiply-resistant M. haemolytica, a finding that could be explained by contagious spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N R Noyes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The bovine nasopharyngeal tract plays an important role in animal health and welfare by acting as a site for the carriage of pathogens causing bovine respiratory disease, a condition which results in significant morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. We characterized the bacterial nasopharyngeal microbiota in cattle at feedlot entry (day 0) and day 60 using 454 pyrosequencing. We also identified the most frequently isolated aerobic bacteria from nasopharyngeal swabs after plating onto three types of media. The cattle nasopharyngeal microbiota was composed primarily of Proteobacteria (68.9%) and Firmicutes (19.2%). At the genus-level, there was more inter-individual variability and a total of 55 genera were identified. The genera Pseudomonas (23.7%), Shewanella (23.5%), Acinetobacter (17.5%), and Carnobacterium (12.2%) were most prevalent at entry, while after 60 days in the feedlot, Staphylococcus (20.8%), Mycoplasma (14.9%), Mannheimia (10.4%), and Moraxella (9.4%) were dominant. The nasopharyngeal microbiota also became more homogenous after 60 days in the feedlot and differed in structure at day 0 and 60. Using culture-based methods, the most frequently isolated bacteria from nasopharyngeal swabs were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Moraxella, Pasteurella, and Mannheimia. These results provide insight into the nasopharyngeal microbiota of cattle and demonstrate that specific changes take place during feedlot production.
Collapse
|
17
|
Pardon B, Alliët J, Boone R, Roelandt S, Valgaeren B, Deprez P. Prediction of respiratory disease and diarrhea in veal calves based on immunoglobulin levels and the serostatus for respiratory pathogens measured at arrival. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:169-176. [PMID: 25937168 PMCID: PMC7114331 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Failure of passive transfer is a common problem in calves destined for veal production. At present it is unknown whether the risk for respiratory disease (BRD) or neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) in the veal herd is associated with total immunoglobulin (Ig) and/or on the serostatus for respiratory pathogens measured at arrival. Therefore, the first objective of this prospective longitudinal cohort study was to determine associations between serum protein fractions as determined by routine electrophoresis (total protein, albumin, alpha-1 and -2 globulins, beta-globulins and Ig's) at arrival and BRD and NCD in the first 3 weeks of the production cycle. The second objective was to determine whether the serostatus (seropositive/seronegative) of seven respiratory pathogens (bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenzavirus-3, bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis) of these arrival serum samples could be associated with the risk of having BRD. The third objective was to determine which of the electrophoresis proteins and respiratory serostatuses were associated with average daily gain (ADG) in the study period. The study population consisted of 150 rosé veal calves housed in a single air-space. The study period ended at day 18 post arrival, when BRD incidence was judged to be too high to further postpone a group treatment. A Cox regression model was used to determine the effect of the studied protein fractions and antibodies on the time to BRD and NCD occurrence. The effect of the studied predictors on ADG was determined by linear regression. Calves with Ig levels under 7.5g/L had an increased BRD hazard (hazard ratio (HR)=1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-3.0)). NCD was only positively associated with the alpha-2 globulin concentration. Calves with a negative serostatus for BCV (HR=1.7 (95% CI=1.0-2.8)) or BRSV (HR=2.0 (95% CI=1.0-3.9)) had an increased BRD hazard. Average daily gain (ADG) was 0.242kg/day (SD=0.142) and was not related to the occurrence of BRD or NCD. Calves with Ig's below 7.5g/L and with increased levels of alpha-2 globulins showed a decrease in ADG. This study showed the importance of providing sufficient colostrum to veal calves and the potential benefit of the presence of BCV and BRSV antibodies at arrival to reduce the BRD hazard in the first 3 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Alliët
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Randy Boone
- Veterinary Practice Venhei, Geelsebaan 95-97, 2460 Kasterlee, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Roelandt
- Unit for Coordination of Veterinary Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Risk Assessment (CVD-ERA), Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR-CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Bonnie Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Jong A, Thomas V, Simjee S, Moyaert H, El Garch F, Maher K, Morrissey I, Butty P, Klein U, Marion H, Rigaut D, Vallé M. Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of respiratory tract pathogens isolated from diseased cattle and pigs across Europe: The VetPath study. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:202-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Resistance to selected beta-lactam antibiotics. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Most of the literature on the consequences of emergence and spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics among animals relate to the potential impact on public health. But antibiotics are used to treat sick animals, and resistance in animal pathogens may lead to therapy failure. This has received little scientific attention, and therefore, in this article, we discuss examples that illustrate the possible impact of resistance on animal health and consequences thereof. For all animals, there may be a negative effect on health and welfare when diseases cannot be treated. Other consequences will vary depending on why and how different animal species are kept. Animals kept as companions or for sports often receive advanced care, and antibiotic resistance can lead to negative social and economic consequences for the owners. Further, spread of hospital-acquired infections can have an economic impact on the affected premises. As to animals kept for food production, antibiotics are not needed to promote growth, but, if infectious diseases cannot be treated when they occur, this can have a negative effect on the productivity and economy of affected businesses. Antibiotic resistance in animal bacteria can also have positive consequences by creating incentives for adoption of alternative regimes for treatment and prevention. It is probable that new antibiotic classes placed on the market in the future will not reach veterinary medicine, which further emphasizes the need to preserve the efficacy of currently available antibiotics through antibiotic stewardship. A cornerstone in this work is prevention, as healthy animals do not need antibiotics.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pyörälä S, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Greko C, Moreno MA, Pomba MCMF, Rantala M, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Threlfall EJ, Torren-Edo J, Törneke K. Macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs: use and development of antimicrobial resistance. Vet J 2014; 200:230-9. [PMID: 24685099 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides and lincosamides are important antibacterials for the treatment of many common infections in cattle and pigs. Products for in-feed medication with these compounds in combination with other antimicrobials are commonly used in Europe. Most recently approved injectable macrolides have very long elimination half-lives in both pigs and cattle, which allows once-only dosing regimens. Both in-feed medication and use of long-acting injections result in low concentrations of the active substance for prolonged periods, which causes concerns related to development of antimicrobial resistance. Acquired resistance to macrolides and lincosamides among food animal pathogens, including some zoonotic bacteria, has now emerged. A comparison of studies on the prevalence of resistance is difficult, since for many micro-organisms no agreed standards for susceptibility testing are available. With animal pathogens, the most dramatic increase in resistance has been seen in the genus Brachyspira. Resistance towards macrolides and lincosamides has also been detected in staphylococci isolated from pigs and streptococci from cattle. This article reviews the use of macrolides and lincosamides in cattle and pigs, as well as the development of resistance in target and some zoonotic pathogens. The focus of the review is on European conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satu Pyörälä
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland.
| | | | - Boudewijn Catry
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Engeline van Duijkeren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 13720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel A Moreno
- Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Merja Rantala
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Pascal Sanders
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), 35302 Fougères Cedex, France
| | - E John Threlfall
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Jordi Torren-Edo
- European Medicines Agency, Animal and Public Health, London E14 8HB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sidhu P, Rassouli A, Illambas J, Potter T, Pelligand L, Rycroft A, Lees P. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of florfenicol in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:231-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Sidhu
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Rassouli
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - J. Illambas
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - T. Potter
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - L. Pelligand
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Rycroft
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - P. Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Campus; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pardon B, Hostens M, Duchateau L, Dewulf J, De Bleecker K, Deprez P. Impact of respiratory disease, diarrhea, otitis and arthritis on mortality and carcass traits in white veal calves. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:79. [PMID: 23587206 PMCID: PMC3639957 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known on the effects of common calf diseases on mortality and carcass traits in the white veal industry (special-fed veal), a highly integrated production system, currently criticized for the intensive pro- and metaphylactic use of antimicrobials. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), diarrhea, arthritis and otitis on the economically important parameters of mortality, hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass quality, fat cover and meat color. For this purpose, a prospective study on 3519 white veal calves, housed in 10 commercial herds, was conducted. Case definitions were based on clinical observation by the producers and written treatment records were used. Results Calves received oral antimicrobial group treatments in the milk during 25.2% of the production time on average. With an increasing percentage of the production cycle spent on oral antimicrobials, HCW reduced, whereas the odds for insufficient fat cover or an undesirable red meat color both decreased. Of the calves, 14.8%, 5.3%, 1.5% and 1.6% were individually diagnosed and treated for BRD, diarrhea, arthritis and otitis, respectively. Overall, 5.7% of the calves died and the mortality risk was higher in the first weeks after arrival. Calves that experienced one BRD episode showed a 8.2 kg reduction in HCW, a lower fat cover and an increased mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 5.5), compared to calves which were not individually diagnosed and treated for BRD. With an increasing number of BRD episodes, these losses increased dramatically. Additionally, calves, which experienced multiple BRD episodes, were more likely to have poor carcass quality and an undesirable red meat color at slaughter. Arthritis increased the mortality risk (HR = 3.9), and reduced HCW only when associated with BRD. Otitis did only increase the mortality risk (HR = 7.0). Diarrhea severely increased the mortality risk (HR = 11.0), reduced HCW by 9.2 kg on average and decreased carcass quality. Conclusions Despite the massive use of group and individual treatments to alleviate the most prevalent health issues at the fattening period, the effects of BRD, diarrhea, otitis and arthritis on survival and performance are still considerable, especially in cases of chronic pneumonia with or without arthritis. Controlling calf health by effective preventive and therapeutic strategies and in particular the prevention of chronic BRD is key for the profitability of veal operations.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lubbers BV, Hanzlicek GA. Antimicrobial multidrug resistance and coresistance patterns of Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from bovine respiratory disease cases--a three-year (2009-2011) retrospective analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:413-7. [PMID: 23572456 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713485227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease continues to be the most important ailment of feed yard cattle. While the disease is multifactorial in nature, therapy continues to target the primary bacterial pathogens, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. A survey of records from a single diagnostic laboratory was conducted to evaluate the percentage of M. haemolytica isolates that were resistant to multiple antimicrobials and if coresistance patterns could be detected. All susceptibility test results for M. haemolytica recovered from lung tissues of cattle were eligible for inclusion in the survey. There were no isolates over the course of the analysis that were resistant to all 6 antimicrobials, primarily due to a lack of resistance to ceftiofur. In 2009, just over 5% of isolates were resistant to 5 or more antimicrobials (pan-resistant). In 2011, more than 35% of the M. haemolytica isolates were characterized as pan-resistant. Significant antimicrobial coresistance patterns were only seen with oxytetracycline and tilmicosin; bacterial isolates that were resistant to either oxytetracycline or tilmicosin were more likely to be resistant to at least one other antimicrobial. The mechanisms by which M. haemolytica is developing multidrug resistance warrant investigation if antimicrobial utility in the therapy of bovine respiratory disease is to be preserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Lubbers
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vandendriessche S, Vanderhaeghen W, Soares FV, Hallin M, Catry B, Hermans K, Butaye P, Haesebrouck F, Struelens MJ, Denis O. Prevalence, risk factors and genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carried by humans and animals across livestock production sectors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1510-6. [PMID: 23429641 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in animals and humans on veal, dairy, beef and broiler farms and to compare the risk for human MRSA carriage with that of strictly horticulture farmers. The genetic background, resistance phenotypes and genotypes and toxin gene content of the isolated MRSA strains were compared with MRSA collected on MRSA clonal complex (CC)398-positive pig farms. METHODS MRSA carriage isolates were genotyped (spa, SCCmec and multilocus sequence typing), resistance to 16 antimicrobials was determined and resistance and toxin genes were detected. RESULTS MRSA carriage rates were higher (P<0.01) on veal farms (calves, 64%; farmers, 72%) compared with on dairy (cows, 1%), beef (cows, 5%; farmers, 11%), broiler (pooled broths, 5%; farmers, 3%) and horticulture (farmers, 3%) farms. The intensity of animal contact was identified as a risk factor for human MRSA carriage. The vast majority of MRSA (n=344), including those from pigs, were CC398 (98%). SCCmec V(5C2), V(5C2&5)c, IV(2B) and IV(2B&5) predominated. MRSA CC130 and CC599 carrying mecC were detected in beef and dairy cattle. MRSA from veal calves were significantly more resistant than MRSA from pigs (P<0.01). A few isolates, including mecC-carrying MRSA, harboured pyrogenic superantigen toxins. Human- and animal-derived MRSA from individual farms showed similar characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This systematic cross-sector survey revealed a high prevalence of multiresistant livestock-associated MRSA on Belgian veal calf farms as compared with other farm types. MRSA harbouring mecC was detected at a low frequency in beef and dairy cows, but not in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stien Vandendriessche
- Laboratoire de Référence MRSA-Staphylocoques, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Portis E, Lindeman C, Johansen L, Stoltman G. A ten-year (2000-2009) study of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease complex--Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni--in the United States and Canada. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 24:932-44. [PMID: 22914822 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712457559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, collected from 2000 to 2009, were tested for in vitro susceptibility to ceftiofur, penicillin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, tetracycline, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin. Ceftiofur remained very active against all isolates. Penicillin retained good activity against P. multocida and H. somni isolates with no appreciable changes in susceptibility or minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions with time. While there was no obvious trend, the percent of M. haemolytica that were susceptible to penicillin ranged from 40.9% to 66.7%. Danofloxacin MIC(50) and MIC(90) values for M. haemolytica and P. multocida did not change beyond a single dilution over the 6 years it was included in the testing panel. The MIC(90) for H. somni increased beyond 1 dilution. Enrofloxacin MIC(50) values for the 3 pathogens also did not change over time, unlike the MIC(90) values, which increased by at least 4-doubling dilutions. Ninety percent or more of M. haemolytica and H. somni isolates were susceptible to florfenicol, while susceptibility among P. multocida was 79% or greater. Less than 50% of the isolates tested as susceptible to tetracycline in many of the years. All 3 organisms showed declines in tilmicosin and tulathromycin MIC(50) and MIC(90) values over the years in which they were tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Portis
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Britton AP, Zabek EN. Bronchopneumonia in two dairy calves associated with Mannheimia species cluster V infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1043-6. [PMID: 22956485 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712457930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological, bacteriological, and molecular findings of two 3-week-old Holstein calves with bronchopneumonia are presented. Heavy pure growth of a Mannheimia species most closely aligned with the unnamed cluster V strains on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was detected in the lungs of both calves in association with Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. While Mannheimia species closely related to cluster V strains have occasionally been reported in association with pneumonia, meningitis, and abortion in cattle, the current report provides a description of the gross and histopathological lesions produced by a cluster V strain of Mannheimia species. Lesions in the lung were found to be typical of those described for Mannheimia haemolytica with the absence of areas of coagulation necrosis rimmed by leukocytes and more pronounced intra-alveolar hemorrhage. Lesions were linked to the presence of leukotoxin A based on phenotypic hemolysis and molecular demonstration of the leukotoxin A gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann P Britton
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pardon B, De Bleecker K, Hostens M, Callens J, Dewulf J, Deprez P. Longitudinal study on morbidity and mortality in white veal calves in Belgium. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:26. [PMID: 22414223 PMCID: PMC3366893 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality and morbidity are hardly documented in the white veal industry, despite high levels of antimicrobial drug use and resistance. The objective of the present study was to determine the causes and epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in dairy, beef and crossbred white veal production. A total of 5853 calves, housed in 15 production cohorts, were followed during one production cycle. Causes of mortality were determined by necropsy. Morbidity was daily recorded by the producers. Results The total mortality risk was 5,3% and was significantly higher in beef veal production compared to dairy or crossbreds. The main causes of mortality were pneumonia (1.3% of the calves at risk), ruminal disorders (0.7%), idiopathic peritonitis (0.5%), enterotoxaemia (0.5%) and enteritis (0.4%). Belgian Blue beef calves were more likely to die from pneumonia, enterotoxaemia and arthritis. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus at necropsy was associated with chronic pneumonia and pleuritis. Of the calves, 25.4% was treated individually and the morbidity rate was 1.66 cases per 1000 calf days at risk. The incidence rate of respiratory disease, diarrhea, arthritis and otitis was 0.95, 0.30, 0.11 and 0.07 cases per 1000 calf days at risk respectively. Morbidity peaked in the first three weeks after arrival and gradually declined towards the end of the production cycle. Conclusions The present study provided insights into the causes and epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in white veal calves in Belgium, housed in the most frequent housing system in Europe. The necropsy findings, identified risk periods and differences between production systems can guide both veterinarians and producers towards the most profitable and ethical preventive and therapeutic protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pardon B, Catry B, Dewulf J, Persoons D, Hostens M, De Bleecker K, Deprez P. Prospective study on quantitative and qualitative antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug use in white veal calves. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1027-38. [PMID: 22262796 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To document and quantify drug use in white veal calves, an intensive livestock production system where multidrug resistance is abundantly present. METHODS Drug consumption data were prospectively collected on 15 white veal production cohorts (n = 5853 calves) in Belgium (2007-09). Treatment incidences (TIs) based on animal defined daily dose (ADD), prescribed daily dose (PDD) and used daily dose (UDD) were calculated. Risk factors were identified by linear regression. RESULTS The average TI(ADD) of antimicrobial treatments was 416.8 ADD per 1000 animals at risk. Predominantly, oral group antimicrobial treatments were used (95.8%). Of the oral group antimicrobial treatments, 12% and 88% were used for prophylactic or metaphylactic indications, respectively. The main indication for group and individual drug use was respiratory disease. The most frequently used antimicrobials (group treatments) were oxytetracycline (23.7%), amoxicillin (18.5%), tylosin (17.2%) and colistin (15.2%). Deviations from the leaflet dosage recommendations were frequently encountered, with 43.7% of the group treatments underdosed (often oxytetracycline and tylosin to treat dysbacteriosis). In 33.3% of the oral antimicrobial group treatments a combination of two antimicrobial preparations was used. Smaller integrations used more antimicrobials in group treatments than larger ones (P < 0.05); an integration is defined as a company that combines all steps of the production chain by having its own feed plant and slaughterhouse and by placing its calves in veal herds owned by producers that fatten these calves for this integration on contract. Producers used higher dosages than prescribed by the veterinarian in cohorts with a single caretaker (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present study provided detailed information on the intensive antimicrobial use in the white veal industry. Reduction can only be achieved by reducing the number of oral group treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rérat M, Albini S, Jaquier V, Hüssy D. Bovine respiratory disease: efficacy of different prophylactic treatments in veal calves and antimicrobial resistance of isolated Pasteurellaceae. Prev Vet Med 2011; 103:265-73. [PMID: 21945813 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two prophylactic antibiotic treatments against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in veal calves. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated Pasteurellaceae were tested. The calves were treated either on the day of arrival by a single administration of tulathromycin (group A, n=20), by a peroral administration of chlortetracycline, sulphadimidine, and tylosin (group B, n=20) for seven consecutive days, or were not prophylactically treated (group C, n=19). On the first day of clinically diagnosed BRD, transtracheal lavage samples were obtained prior to therapeutic treatment and were subsequently cultured. Pasteurellaceae isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents by the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentrations. During the first 56 d after arrival, different calves in group A and B suffered from one episode of clinically diagnosed BRD while calves of group C experienced two episodes. The average daily weight gain during the same period was significantly lower in group C (0.89 ± 0.04kg/d) than in the two prophylactically treated groups (1.14 ± 0.05 and 1.15 ± 0.04 kg/d for group A and B, respectively). The improved performance of groups A and B in comparison to group C could be related to a lower incidence of respiratory disorders during the first days after arrival in the prophylactically treated animals. No differences in the clinical efficacy were seen between the two tested prophylactic treatments. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens isolated (n=79) were Pasteurella multocida (23% of isolated pathogens), Mycoplasma bovis (18%), and Mannheimia varigena (16%). For the isolated Pasteurellaceae, a high resistance pattern was observed to tylosin (83% of the tested P. multocida and 88% of the Mannheimia spp. isolates resistant) and tilmicosin (56% of the tested P. multocida isolates non-sensitive).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rérat
- Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, Posieux, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pardon B, De Bleecker K, Dewulf J, Callens J, Boyen F, Catry B, Deprez P. Prevalence of respiratory pathogens in diseased, non-vaccinated, routinely medicated veal calves. Vet Rec 2011; 169:278. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. De Bleecker
- Animal Health Service Flanders; Industrielaan 29 8820 Torhout Belgium
| | - J. Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit; Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - J. Callens
- Animal Health Service Flanders; Industrielaan 29 8820 Torhout Belgium
| | - F. Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - B. Catry
- Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance; Scientific Institute of Public Health; Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - P. Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Persoons D, Bollaerts K, Smet A, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Martel A, Butaye P, Catry B, Haesebrouck F, Dewulf J. The importance of sample size in the determination of a flock-level antimicrobial resistance profile for Escherichia coli in broilers. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:513-9. [PMID: 21875337 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining herd- or flock-specific antimicrobial resistance profiles is important to guide therapeutic use of antimicrobials and to assess risk factors for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. As such, it is of utmost importance to optimize the sampling strategy for the determination of herd-specific antimicrobial resistance profiles. However, the multitude of prevalences measured at the same time as well as the presence of variation both at the level of the animal and the bacterial population of concern make it impossible to use conventional sample size determination methods. In this article, the use of bootstrapping techniques for sample size determination was explored. In particular, one-stage and two-stage bootstrap samplings were used to determine the optimal number of animals and the optimal number of isolates within one animal. Results show that focus should be on the number of animals sampled rather than on the number of isolates tested within one animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davy Persoons
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Klima C, Alexander T, Read R, Gow S, Booker C, Hannon S, Sheedy C, McAllister T, Selinger L. Genetic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from the nasopharynx of feedlot cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:390-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
34
|
Watts JL, Sweeney MT. Antimicrobial resistance in bovine respiratory disease pathogens: measures, trends, and impact on efficacy. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26:79-88, table of contents. [PMID: 20117544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of newer antimicrobial agents over the past two decades has dramatically improved the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In the same time period, the implementation of standardized susceptibility test methods and BRD-specific interpretive criteria has substantially improved the ability to detect clinical resistance in the BRD pathogens. Although overall levels of resistance to the newer antimicrobial agents are generally low, recent data have indicated the potential for emergence and dissemination of a resistant clone in cattle. These data indicate the need for long-term surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the BRD pathogens and a better understanding of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Watts
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Catry B, Duchateau L, Van de Ven J, Laevens H, Opsomer G, Haesebrouck F, De Kruif A. Efficacy of metaphylactic florfenicol therapy during natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 31:479-87. [PMID: 19000268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of an injectable formulation of florfenicol (300 mg/mL) as metaphylactic control of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated in two double-blind randomly controlled field studies on two Dutch veal calf herds (A and B). Cattle aged not older than 3 months and in the direct presence of calves with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 40 mg/kg florfenicol subcutaneously (s.c.) a positive control treatment (12.5 mg/kg tilmicosin p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd A, and 12.5 mg/kg doxycycline p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd B), or a negative control (one placebo saline s.c. administration on D0). The predominant respiratory pathogens present in pretreatment respiratory samples from affected animals were Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella multocida in outbreaks A and B, respectively. Metaphylactic administration of florfenicol resulted in a statistically significant weight gain, decreased rectal temperature for five consecutive days after treatment and decreased metaphylactic failure percentages compared with both positive and negative control groups. In summary, these studies demonstrated that a single s.c. injection of florfenicol is effective and practical for control of the bacterial component of BRD in veal calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Catry
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumar P, Singh VP, Agrawal RK, Singh S. Identification of Pasteurella multocida isolates of ruminant origin using polymerase chain reaction and their antibiogram study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:573-8. [PMID: 18759064 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total of 100 isolates of Pasteurella multocida from various ruminant species (cattle, buffalo and sheep) belonging to different parts of country were identified using Pasteurella multocida-PCR (PM-PCR) and capsular PCR assays. PM-PCR revealed an amplicon of approximately 460 bp in all the isolates tested. As regards capsular PCR, 36 of 38 cattle isolates and 30 of 34 buffalo isolates were found to belong to capsular serogroup B whereas rest of the cattle and buffalo isolates belonged to serogroup A of P. multocida. In case of sheep, a total of 26 out of 28 isolates were positive for serogroup A specific PCR while remaining 2 amplified a PCR product specific for serogroup F of P. multocida. All the isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing using 17 different antibiotics. Enrofloxacin was found to be most potent antibiotic as it was effective against 94% of the isolates followed by ofloxacin (93%), chloramphenicol (93%), doxycycline (89%), tetracycline (86%) and ciprofloxacin (84%). Vancomycin, bacitracin and sulfadiazine were ineffective against P. multocida isolates showing 84%, 75% and 82% resistance, respectively. Further, the antibiogram also revealed the development of resistance against multiple drugs among various isolates of the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- All India Network Programme on Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Alexander TW, Cook SR, Yanke LJ, Booker CW, Morley PS, Read RR, Gow SP, McAllister TA. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Mannheimia haemolytica, Mannheimia glucosida and Mannheimia ruminalis. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:165-75. [PMID: 18308486 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to design a multiplex PCR assay to identify Mannheimia haemolytica, Mannheimia glucosida and Mannheimia ruminalis. The multiplex PCR included primer sets HP, amplifying a DNA region from an unknown hypothetical protein, Lkt and Lkt2, amplifying different regions of the leukotoxinD gene, and 16S to amplify universal bacterial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Based on positive amplification, isolates were delineated as M. haemolytica (HP, Lkt, 16S), M. glucosida (HP, Lkt, Lkt2, 16S), or M. ruminalis (HP, 16S). The validity of the assay was examined against 22 reference strains within the family Pasteurellaceae and 17 field isolates (nasal) that had been collected previously from feedlot cattle and tentatively identified as M. haemolytica based on morphology and substrate utilization. Additionally, 200 feedlot cattle were screened for M. haemolytica using multiplex PCR. Forty-four isolates from 25 animals were identified as M. haemolytica. The PCR assay positively identified all M. haemolytica, as confirmed by phenotypic tests and clustering based upon cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Selected nasal isolates that exhibited evidence of haemolysis, but were M. haemolytica-negative based on PCR, were also confirmed negative by phenotypic and FAME analyses. The multiplex PCR assay required no additional phenotypic tests for confirmation of M. haemolytica, within the group of bacteria tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Catry B, Dewulf J, de Kruif A, Vanrobaeys M, Haesebrouck F, Decostere A. Accuracy of Susceptibility Testing of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. Microb Drug Resist 2007; 13:204-11. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2007.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn Catry
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aart de Kruif
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annemie Decostere
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cristancho L, Johnson RP, McEwen SA, Gyles CL. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli in white veal calves. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:200-9. [PMID: 17656044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC O157) and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in feces of white veal calves in an operation in Ontario, to evaluate exposure of the calves to EHEC O157, and to investigate the milk replacer diet and antimicrobial resistance as factors that might influence the prevalence of EHEC O157. Feces from three cohorts of 20-21 calves were collected weekly for 20 weeks and processed for isolation of EHEC O157:H7 and detection of STEC by an ELISA. Exposure to EHEC O157 was also investigated by measuring IgG and IgM antibodies to the O157 lipopolysaccharide (O157 Ab) in sera by ELISA. The prevalences of EHEC O157 were 0.17% of 1151 fecal samples and 3.2% of 62 calves, and for STEC were 68% of 1005 fecal samples and 100% of 62 calves. Seroconversion to active IgG and IgM O157 Ab responses in some calves was not associated with isolation of EHEC O157. The milk replacer contained low levels of antibodies to EHEC antigens and without antimicrobial drugs, it did not inhibit the growth of EHEC O157 in vitro. Two E. coli O157:H7 that were isolated were totally drug sensitive whereas 60 commensal E. coli isolates that were examined were highly resistant. Antibodies in milk replacer that might be protective in vivo, and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in the milk replacer may contribute to the low prevalence of EHEC O157 in white veal calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cristancho
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Catry B, Dewulf J, Goffin T, Decostere A, Haesebrouck F, De Kruif A. Short Communication:Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns ofEscherichia coliThrough the Digestive Tract of Veal Calves. Microb Drug Resist 2007; 13:147-50. [PMID: 17650969 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2007.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences in resistance patterns of Escherichia coli in different parts of the digestive tract of veal calves. Therefore, after slaughter, the lower intestinal tract of 19 calves was sampled at five locations (duodenum, jejunum, cecum, colon, and rectum), and up to three E. coli isolates per sample underwent susceptibility testing for seven antimicrobial agents (gentamicin, amoxycillin + clavulanic acid, tetracycline, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and enrofloxacin), using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiresistance (resistance to more than two compounds) was present in 93.5% of all isolates (n = 179). For gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and enrofloxacin, the percentage of resistant E. coli isolates was significantly lower in the duodenum and jejunum than in the cecum, colon, and rectum. For ampicillin, the percentage of resistance was significantly lower in the jejunum, compared to the other segments of the intestinal tract. For the other antimicrobials tested, no significant differences in the percentage of resistant isolates throughout the intestinal tract were detected. In conclusion, resistance among enteric E. coli from veal calves can reach high levels and prevalence depends on localization of sampling. These considerations should be taken into account when further fine-tuning sampling protocols for indicator bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn Catry
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Duff GC, Galyean ML. Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:823-40. [PMID: 17085724 PMCID: PMC7109667 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality from bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and associated losses in performance and carcass merit continue to plague the beef cattle industry. Several viral/bacterial agents are responsible for BRD, and interactions occur among the agents. Viral agents often predispose animals to bacterial infections, and Mannheimia haemolytica is the most frequently isolated organism in cattle with BRD. Laboratory tests are available to characterize organisms causing BRD using easily obtained nasal swab samples. Testing for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus can be done by a 2-stage technique using PCR and immunohistochemistry. Preconditioning programs that include preweaning viral vaccination programs along with castration could have a significant influence on decreasing BRD in the cattle feeding industry. Metaphylactic antibiotic programs continue to be effective; however, antibiotic resistance is a public concern, and additional management options (e.g., direct-fed microbials or other compounds with antimicrobial properties) deserve attention. Diets with an increased energy concentration achieved by decreasing the dietary roughage concentration may slightly increase the rate of BRD morbidity; however, these diets also increase ADG, DMI, and G:F compared with lower-energy, greater-roughage diets. The extent to which performance and BRD morbidity are affected by dietary protein concentration needs further study, but low and high protein concentrations should probably be avoided. Several trace minerals (e.g., Cu, Se, and Zn) affect immune function, but the effects of supplementation on performance and immune function in model challenge systems and in field studies are equivocal. Adding vitamin E to receiving diets at pharmacological levels (e.g., >1,000 IU x animal(-1) x day(-1)) seems beneficial for decreasing BRD morbidity, but it has little effect on performance. Given the limited ability to consistently modify immune function and BRD morbidity through dietary manipulations, we recommend that the diets for newly received cattle be formulated to adjust nutrient concentrations for low feed intake and to provide optimal performance during the receiving period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Duff
- Department of Animal Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0038, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Catry B, Boyen F, Baele M, Dewulf J, de Kruif A, Vaneechoutte M, Haesebrouck F, Decostere A. Recovery of Moraxella ovis from the bovine respiratory tract and differentiation of Moraxella species by tDNA-intergenic spacer PCR. Vet Microbiol 2006; 120:375-80. [PMID: 17141983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify Moraxella (M.)--like organisms recovered from calves suffering from respiratory disease down to species level by means of tDNA-intergenic spacer length polymorphism analysis (tDNA-PCR), and to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these isolates using an agar dilution technique. A total of 16 isolates originating from 12 unrelated occasions were identified as Moraxella ovis, and tDNA fingerprinting showed clear delineation from other Moraxella species. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (in microg/mL) for 90% of the investigated isolates were < or =0.03 for ampicillin; 0.25 for ceftiofur; 0.5 for oxytetracycline; 8 for gentamicin; 64 for spectinomycin; 0.5/9.5 for the combination trimethoprim-sulfonamides; 4 for erythromycin; 8 for tilmicosin; 1 for florfenicol and 0.125 for enrofloxacin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn Catry
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|