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Volz M, Wyse-Sookoo KR, Travascio F, Huang CY, Best TM. MECHANOBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR STIMULATING CHONDROGENESIS OF STEM CELLS. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:460-487. [PMID: 35615879 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the process of differentiation of stem cells into mature chondrocytes. Such a process consists of chemical, functional, and structural changes which are initiated and mediated by the host environment of the cells. To date, the mechanobiology of chondrogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, experimental activity is focused on recreating specific environmental conditions for stimulating chondrogenesis, and to look for a mechanistic interpretation of the mechanobiological response of cells in the cartilaginous tissues. There are a large number of studies on the topic that vary considerably in their experimental protocols used for providing environmental cues to cells for differentiation, making generalizable conclusions difficult to ascertain. The main objective of this contribution is to review the mechanobiological stimulation of stem cell chondrogenesis and methodological approaches utilized to date to promote chondrogenesis of stem cells in-vitro. In-vivo models will also be explored, but this area is currently limited. An overview of the experimental approaches used by different research groups may help the development of unified testing methods that could be used to overcome existing knowledge gaps, leading to an accelerated translation of experimental findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Volz
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | | | - Francesco Travascio
- University of Miami, 5452, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 217B, Coral Gables, Florida, United States, 33146;
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | - Thomas M Best
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States;
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Dynamic process enhancement on chitosan/gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite-bone derived multilayer scaffold for osteochondral tissue repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kong Y, Duan J, Liu F, Han L, Li G, Sun C, Sang Y, Wang S, Yi F, Liu H. Regulation of stem cell fate using nanostructure-mediated physical signals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12828-12872. [PMID: 34661592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is regulation of stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. Unlike biological and chemical signals, physical signals with adjustable properties can be applied to stem cells in a timely and localized manner, thus making them a hot topic for research in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, and cell biology. According to the signals sensed by cells, physical signals used for regulating stem cell fate can be classified into six categories: mechanical, light, thermal, electrical, acoustic, and magnetic. In most cases, external macroscopic physical fields cannot be used to modulate stem cell fate, as only the localized physical signals accepted by the surface receptors can regulate stem cell differentiation via nanoscale fibrin polysaccharide fibers. However, surface receptors related to certain kinds of physical signals are still unknown. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of functional materials for energy conversion. Consequently, localized physical fields can be produced by absorbing energy from an external physical field and subsequently releasing another type of localized energy through functional nanostructures. Based on the above concepts, we propose a methodology that can be utilized for stem cell engineering and for the regulation of stem cell fate via nanostructure-mediated physical signals. In this review, the combined effect of various approaches and mechanisms of physical signals provides a perspective on stem cell fate promotion by nanostructure-mediated physical signals. We expect that this review will aid the development of remote-controlled and wireless platforms to physically guide stem cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, using optimized stimulation parameters and mechanistic investigations while driving the progress of research in the fields of materials science, cell biology, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jiazhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Neurological Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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Cai X, Daniels O, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Ectopic models recapitulating morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Ann Anat 2021; 237:151721. [PMID: 33753232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage is an extremely specialized connective tissue which covers all diarthrodial joints. Implantation of chondrogenic cells without or with additional biomaterial scaffolds in ectopic locationsin vivo generates substitutes of cartilage with structural and functional characteristics that are used in fundamental investigations while also serving as a basis for translational studies. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant ectopic models, among which subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation and elaborates on implanted cells and biomaterial scaffolds and on their use to recapitulate morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Although the absence of a physiological joint environment and biomechanical stimuli is the major limiting factor, ectopic models are an established component for articular cartilage research aiming to generate a bridge between in vitro data and the clinically more relevant translational orthotopic in vivo models when their limitations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Daniels
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Johnstone B, Stoddart MJ, Im GI. Multi-Disciplinary Approaches for Cell-Based Cartilage Regeneration. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:463-472. [PMID: 31478253 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage does not regenerate in adults. A lot of time and resources have been dedicated to cartilage regeneration research. The current understanding suggests that multi-disciplinary approach including biologic, genetic, and mechanical stimulations may be needed for cell-based cartilage regeneration. This review summarizes contents of a workshop sponsored by International Combined Orthopaedic Societies during the 2019 annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society held in Austin, Texas. Three approaches for cell-based cartilage regeneration were introduced, including cellular basis of chondrogenesis, gene-enhanced cartilage regeneration, and physical modulation to divert stem cells to chondrogenic cell fate. While the complicated nature of cartilage regeneration has not allowed us to achieve successful regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage so far, the utilization of multi-disciplinary approaches in various fields of biomedical engineering will provide means to achieve this goal faster. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:463-472, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Gun-Il Im
- Integrative Research Institute for Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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EMT Transcription Factors Are Involved in the Altered Cell Adhesion under Simulated Microgravity Effect or Overloading by Regulation of E-cadherin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041349. [PMID: 32079291 PMCID: PMC7072942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effect of stress changes on cell adhesion, HUVEC, and MCF-7 cells were treated with simulated microgravity effect (SMG) and overloading (OL). Methods: Rotating Wall Vessel (2D-RWVS) bioreactor was used to create different culture conditions. In addition, the alteration of cell adhesion states, adhesion proteins, and relating factors of adhesion molecules under these two conditions were detected using cell adhesion assay, immunofluorescence, western blot, and qRT-PCR technology. Results: The results showed that the adhesion of cells decreased under SMG, while increased under OL. The expressions of integrin β1, paxillin, and E-cadherin under SMG condition were down-regulated as compared to that of the control group showing a time-dependent pattern of the decreasing. However, under OL condition, the expressions of adhesion proteins were up-regulated as compared to that of the control group, with a time-dependent pattern of increasing. EMT transcription factors Snail, twist, and ZEB1 were up-regulated under SMG while down-regulated under OL. Conclusion: Collectively our results indicated that cells could respond to stress changes to regulate the expressions of adhesion proteins and adapt their adhesion state to the altered mechanical environment. The altered cell adhesion in response to the mechanical stress may involve the changed expression of EMT-inducing factors, Snail, Twist, and ZEB1under the SMG/OL conditions.
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Ventura RD, Padalhin AR, Park CM, Lee BT. Enhanced decellularization technique of porcine dermal ECM for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Raimondi MT, Laganà M, Conci C, Crestani M, Di Giancamillo A, Gervaso F, Deponti D, Boschetti F, Nava MM, Scandone C, Domeneghini C, Sannino A, Peretti GM. Development and biological validation of a cyclic stretch culture system for the ex vivo engineering of tendons. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 41:400-412. [PMID: 29781355 DOI: 10.1177/0391398818774496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An innovative approach to the treatment of tendon injury or degeneration is given by engineered grafts, made available through the development of bioreactors that generate tendon tissue in vitro, by replicating in vivo conditions. This work aims at the design of a bioreactor capable of applying a stimulation of cyclic strain on cell constructs to promote the production of bioartificial tissue with mechanical and biochemical properties resembling those of the native tissue. METHODS The system was actuated by an electromagnet and design specifications were imposed as follows. The stimulation protocol provides to scaffolds a 3% preload, a 10% deformation, and a stimulation frequency rate set at 0.5, 1, and 2 Hz, which alternates stimulation/resting phases. Porcine tenocytes were seeded on collagen scaffolds and cultured in static or dynamic conditions for 7 and 14 days. RESULTS The culture medium temperature did not exceed 37°C during prolonged culture experiments. The applied force oscillates between 1.5 and 4.5 N. The cyclic stimulation of the engineered constructs let both the cells and the scaffold fibers align along the strain direction in response to the mechanical stimulus. CONCLUSION We designed a pulsatile strain bioreactor for tendon tissue engineering. The in vitro characterization shows a preferential cell alignment at short time points. Prolonged culture time, however, seems to influence negatively on the survival of the cells indicating the need of further optimization concerning the culture conditions and the mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Laganà
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,2 Gemma Prototipi, Longone al Segrino, Italy
| | - Claudio Conci
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Crestani
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- 3 Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gervaso
- 4 Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Federica Boschetti
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele M Nava
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Domeneghini
- 3 Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- 4 Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Peretti
- 6 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Fahy N, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications for cartilage tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:52-63. [PMID: 28763118 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a load-bearing tissue playing a crucial mechanical role in diarthrodial joints, facilitating joint articulation, and minimizing wear. The significance of biomechanical stimuli in the development of cartilage and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype in adult tissues has been well documented. Furthermore, dysregulated loading is associated with cartilage pathology highlighting the importance of mechanical cues in cartilage homeostasis. The repair of damaged articular cartilage resulting from trauma or degenerative joint disease poses a major challenge due to a low intrinsic capacity of cartilage for self-renewal, attributable to its avascular nature. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising cell type for cartilage replacement strategies due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. Chondrogenesis of MSCs is influenced not only by biological factors but also by the environment itself, and various efforts to date have focused on harnessing biomechanics to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Furthermore, recapitulating mechanical cues associated with cartilage development and homeostasis in vivo, may facilitate the development of a cellular phenotype resembling native articular cartilage. The goal of this review is to summarize current literature examining the effect of mechanical cues on cartilage homeostasis, disease, and MSC chondrogenesis. The role of biological factors produced by MSCs in response to mechanical loading will also be examined. An in-depth understanding of the impact of mechanical stimulation on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in terms of endogenous bioactive factor production and signaling pathways involved, may identify therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of more robust strategies for cartilage replacement using MSCs. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:52-63, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fahy
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
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Carpena NT, Abueva CD, Padalhin AR, Lee BT. Evaluation of egg white ovomucin-based porous scaffold as an implantable biomaterial for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2107-2117. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel T. Carpena
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; SoonChunHyang University; Cheonan 330-390 South Korea
- Inobone Corporate R&D Center; 408 Entrepreneurship SoonChunHyang University; Asan 336-745 South Korea
| | - Celine D.G. Abueva
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; SoonChunHyang University; Cheonan 330-390 South Korea
| | - Andrew R. Padalhin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; SoonChunHyang University; Cheonan 330-390 South Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine; SoonChunHyang University; Cheonan 330-390 South Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine; SoonChunHyang University; Cheonan 330-390 South Korea
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Tekari A, Luginbuehl R, Hofstetter W, Egli RJ. Bovine Osteochondral Tissues: A Questionable Model to Evaluate Mechanical Loading In Vitro. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:716-21. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2447513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Xu Q, Li C, Kang Y, Zhang Y. Long term effects of substrate stiffness on the development of hMSC mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micropipette aspiration of hMSCs cultured on different PDMS substrates showed that cells aligned their mechanical properties with the substrate stiffness and cell moduli always displayed a non-monotonic trend along culture time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Xu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
| | - Yuejun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Complexity Institute
- Nanyang Technological University
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Nguyen TBL, Lee BT. A combination of biphasic calcium phosphate scaffold with hyaluronic acid-gelatin hydrogel as a new tool for bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1993-2004. [PMID: 24517159 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bone substitute was fabricated to enhance bone healing by combining ceramic and polymer materials. In this study, Hyaluronic acid (HyA)-Gelatin (Gel) hydrogel was loaded into a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic, and the resulting scaffold, with unique micro- and macroporous orientation, was evaluated for bone regeneration applications. The fabricated scaffold showed high interconnected porosity, with an average compressive strength of 2.8±0.15 MPa, which is usually recommended for cancellous bone substitution. In vitro cytocompatibility studies were conducted using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The HyA-Gel-loaded BCP scaffold resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation at 3 (p<0.05) and 7 days (p<0.001) and high alkaline phosphatase activities at 14 and 21 days. Furthermore, the in vivo studies showed that the implanted HyA-Gel-loaded BCP scaffold begins to degrade within 3 months after implantation. Histological sections also confirmed a rapid new bone formation and a high rate of collagen mineralization. A bone matrix formation was confirmed by positive immunohistochemistry staining of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and collagen type I. In vivo expression of extracellular matrix proteins demonstrated that this novel bone substitute holds great promise for use in stimulating new bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Ba Linh Nguyen
- 1 Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University , Cheonan, South Korea
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15
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Zahedmanesh H, Stoddart M, Lezuo P, Forkmann C, Wimmmer MA, Alini M, Van Oosterwyck H. Deciphering mechanical regulation of chondrogenesis in fibrin-polyurethane composite scaffolds enriched with human mesenchymal stem cells: a dual computational and experimental approach. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1197-212. [PMID: 24199606 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin-polyurethane composite scaffolds support chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from bone marrow and due to their robust mechanical properties allow mechanical loading in dynamic bioreactors, which has been shown to increase the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs through the transforming growth factor beta pathway. The aim of this study was to use the finite element method, mechanical testing, and dynamic in vitro cell culture experiments on hMSC-enriched fibrin-polyurethane composite scaffolds to quantitatively decipher the mechanoregulation of chondrogenesis within these constructs. The study identified compressive principal strains as the key regulator of chondrogenesis in the constructs. Although dynamic uniaxial compression did not induce chondrogenesis, multiaxial loading by combined application of dynamic compression and interfacial shear induced significant chondrogenesis at locations where all the three principal strains were compressive and had a minimum magnitude of 10%. In contrast, no direct correlation was identified between the level of pore fluid velocity and chondrogenesis. Due to the high permeability of the constructs, the pore fluid pressures could not be increased sufficiently by mechanical loading, and instead, chondrogenesis was induced by triaxial compressive deformations of the matrix with a minimum magnitude of 10%. Thus, it can be concluded that dynamic triaxial compressive deformations of the matrix is sufficient to induce chondrogenesis in a threshold-dependent manner, even where the pore fluid pressure is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Zahedmanesh
- 1 Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Li G, Fu N, Yang X, Li M, Ba K, Wei X, Fu Y, Yao Y, Cai X, Lin Y. Mechanical compressive force inhibits adipogenesis of adipose stem cells. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:586-94. [PMID: 24033415 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate effects of mechanical compressive force on differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice ASCs were treated with compressive force (2000 με, 1 Hz) for 2 or 6 h after adipogenic induction for 3 days, then oil red O staining was used to examine oil droplet-filled cells. Adipogenic genes, PPAR-γ1 and APN, were examined by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence (IF) staining was performed to test expression of de-PPAR-γ and ph-PPAR-γ at the protein level. RESULTS Our data showed that mechanical compressive force reduced numbers of oil droplet-filled cells, and down-regulated mRNA levels of both PPAR-γ1 and APN and protein level of PPAR-γ, in ASCs. CONCLUSIONS In culture medium containing adipogenic stimuli, mechanical compressive force inhibited adipogenesis of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang Y, Wang J, Bai D, Song J, Ye R, Zhao Z, Lei L, Hao J, Jiang C, Fang S, An S, Cheng Q, Li J. Cell proliferation is promoted by compressive stress during early stage of chondrogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1935-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Henstock JR, Rotherham M, Rose JB, El Haj AJ. Cyclic hydrostatic pressure stimulates enhanced bone development in the foetal chick femur in vitro. Bone 2013; 53:468-77. [PMID: 23333177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading of bone and cartilage in vivo results in the generation of cyclic hydrostatic forces as bone compression is transduced to fluid pressure in the canalicular network and the joint synovium. It has therefore been suggested that hydrostatic pressure is an important stimulus by which osteochondral cells and their progenitors sense and respond to mechanical loading in vivo. In this study, hydrostatic pressure regimes of 0-279kPa at 0.005-2Hz were applied to organotypically cultured ex vivo chick foetal femurs (e11) for 1hour per day in a custom designed bioreactor for 14days and bone formation assessed by X-ray microtomography and qualified by histology. We found that the mineralised portion of the developing femur cultured under any cyclic hydrostatic pressure regime was significantly larger and/or denser than unstimulated controls but that constant (non-cycling) hydrostatic pressure had no effect on bone growth. Further experiments showed that the increase in bone formation was directly proportional to stimulation frequency (R(2)=0.917), but independent of the magnitude of the pressure applied, whilst even very low frequencies of stimulation (0.005Hz) had significant effects on bone growth. Expression of Type-II collagen in both epiphyses and diaphysis was significantly upregulated (1.48-fold and 1.95-fold respectively), together with osteogenic genes (osteonectin and osteopontin) and the osteocyte maturation marker CD44. This work demonstrates that cyclic hydrostatic pressure promotes bone growth and mineralisation in a developmental model and supports the hypothesis that hydrostatic forces play an important role in regulating bone growth and remodelling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Henstock
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
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Park SH, Sim WY, Min BH, Yang SS, Khademhosseini A, Kaplan DL. Chip-based comparison of the osteogenesis of human bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells under mechanical stimulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46689. [PMID: 23029565 PMCID: PMC3460891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are considered as an attractive stem cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We compared human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and hASCs under dynamic hydraulic compression to evaluate and compare osteogenic abilities. A novel micro cell chip integrated with microvalves and microscale cell culture chambers separated from an air-pressure chamber was developed using microfabrication technology. The microscale chip enables the culture of two types of stem cells concurrently, where each is loaded into cell culture chambers and dynamic compressive stimulation is applied to the cells uniformly. Dynamic hydraulic compression (1 Hz, 1 psi) increased the production of osteogenic matrix components (bone sialoprotein, oateopontin, type I collagen) and integrin (CD11b and CD31) expression from both stem cell sources. Alkaline phosphatase and Alrizarin red staining were evident in the stimulated hMSCs, while the stimulated hASCs did not show significant increases in staining under the same stimulation conditions. Upon application of mechanical stimulus to the two types of stem cells, integrin (β1) and osteogenic gene markers were upregulated from both cell types. In conclusion, stimulated hMSCs and hASCs showed increased osteogenic gene expression compared to non-stimulated groups. The hMSCs were more sensitive to mechanical stimulation and more effective towards osteogenic differentiation than the hASCs under these modes of mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jungwon University, Goesan-eup, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Woo Young Sim
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Medical School, Ajou University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Sik Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Youngtong-Gu, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The influence of delayed compressive stress on TGF-β1-induced chondrogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs through Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8395-405. [PMID: 22922021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli play important roles in regulating chondrogenic differentiation, but seldom studies have focused on when and how mechanical stimuli should be initiated. We have previously shown that Col2α1 mRNA was increased by delayed dynamic compressive stress initiated at the 8th day of chondrogenic culture. The current work is to further study the possibility of using delayed mechanical stress to relay chondrogenesis initiated by exogenous TGF-β1. Mechanical stimulation was delivered from day 8 to day 14 of chondrogenic culture. It showed that delayed compressive stress not only stimulated gene expression and protein synthesis of chondrocyte-specific markers, but also stimulated the endogenous TGF-β1 gene transcription, protein expression and the subsequent activation even when exogenous TGF-β1 was discontinued. Furthermore, mechanical stress also promoted protein phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3, the TGF-β1 downstream effectors. Inhibition TGF-β with SB431542 significantly affected the stress-induced chondrogenic gene expression. In addition, phosphorylated-p38 and RhoB were upregulated by delayed loading in a TGF-β-related manner. Phosphorylated-ERK1/2 and Wnt7a were also increased, but in a TGF-β-independent way. It indicates that delayed compressive stress can be used as an effective substitute for TGF-β1 supplement in inducing chondrogenic differentiation.
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21
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Zorlutuna P, Annabi N, Camci-Unal G, Nikkhah M, Cha JM, Nichol JW, Manbachi A, Bae H, Chen S, Khademhosseini A. Microfabricated biomaterials for engineering 3D tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:1782-804. [PMID: 22410857 PMCID: PMC3432416 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking natural tissue structure is crucial for engineered tissues with intended applications ranging from regenerative medicine to biorobotics. Native tissues are highly organized at the microscale, thus making these natural characteristics an integral part of creating effective biomimetic tissue structures. There exists a growing appreciation that the incorporation of similar highly organized microscale structures in tissue engineering may yield a remedy for problems ranging from vascularization to cell function control/determination. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in the field of microscale tissue engineering and discuss the use of various biomaterials for generating engineered tissue structures with microscale features. In particular, we will discuss the use of microscale approaches to engineer the architecture of scaffolds, generate artificial vasculature, and control cellular orientation and differentiation. In addition, the emergence of microfabricated tissue units and the modular assembly to emulate hierarchical tissues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Zorlutuna
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Scott MA, Levi B, Askarinam A, Nguyen A, Rackohn T, Ting K, Soo C, James AW. Brief review of models of ectopic bone formation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:655-67. [PMID: 22085228 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic bone formation is a unique biologic entity--distinct from other areas of skeletal biology. Animal research models of ectopic bone formation most often employ rodent models and have unique advantages over orthotopic (bone) environments, including a relative lack of bone cytokine stimulation and cell-to-cell interaction with endogenous (host) bone-forming cells. This allows for relatively controlled in vivo experimental bone formation. A wide variety of ectopic locations have been used for experimentation, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation. The method, benefits and detractions of each method are summarized in the following review. Briefly, subcutaneous implantation is the simplest method. However, the most pertinent concern is the relative paucity of bone formation in comparison to other models. Intramuscular implantation is also widely used and relatively simple, however intramuscular implants are exposed to skeletal muscle satellite progenitor cells. Thus, distinguishing host from donor osteogenesis becomes challenging without cell-tracking studies. The kidney capsule (perirenal or renal capsule) method is less widely used and more technically challenging. It allows for supraphysiologic blood and nutrient resource, promoting robust bone growth. In summary, ectopic bone models are extremely useful in the evaluation of bone-forming stem cells, new osteoinductive biomaterials, and growth factors; an appropriate choice of model, however, will greatly increase experimental success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Scott
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Henderson, Nevada, USA
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23
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Hwang Y, Phadke A, Varghese S. Engineered microenvironments for self-renewal and musculoskeletal differentiation of stem cells. Regen Med 2011; 6:505-24. [PMID: 21749208 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for therapies aimed at regenerating damaged tissue, drug screening and studying in vitro models of human disease. However, many challenges remain before these applications can become a reality. One such challenge is developing chemically defined and scalable culture conditions for derivation and expansion of clinically viable human pluripotent stem cells, as well as controlling their differentiation with high specificity. Interaction of stem cells with their extracellular microenvironment plays an important role in determining their differentiation commitment and functions. Regenerative medicine approaches integrating cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and soluble factors could lead to development of robust microenvironments to control various cellular responses. Indeed, several of these recent developments have provided significant insight into the design of microenvironments that can elicit the targeted cellular response. In this article, we will focus on some of these developments with an emphasis on matrix-mediated expansion of human pluripotent stem cells while maintaining their pluripotency. We will also discuss the role of matrix-based cues and cell-cell interactions in the form of soluble signals in directing stem cell differentiation into musculoskeletal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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24
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Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:613-27. [PMID: 22030892 PMCID: PMC3306561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by pain and disability. It involves all ages and 70% of people aged >65 have some degree of osteoarthritis. Natural cartilage repair is limited because chondrocyte density and metabolism are low and cartilage has no blood supply. The results of joint-preserving treatment protocols such as debridement, mosaicplasty, perichondrium transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation vary largely and the average long-term result is unsatisfactory. One reason for limited clinical success is that most treatments require new cartilage to be formed at the site of a defect. However, the mechanical conditions at such sites are unfavorable for repair of the original damaged cartilage. Therefore, it is unlikely that healthy cartilage would form at these locations. The most promising method to circumvent this problem is to engineer mechanically stable cartilage ex vivo and to implant that into the damaged tissue area. This review outlines the issues related to the composition and functionality of tissue-engineered cartilage. In particular, the focus will be on the parameters cell source, signaling molecules, scaffolds and mechanical stimulation. In addition, the current status of tissue engineering of cartilage will be discussed, with the focus on extracellular matrix content, structure and its functionality.
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25
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Simulated microgravity using a rotary cell culture system promotes chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the p38 MAPK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:412-8. [PMID: 21971552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent, and the chondrogenesis of MSCs is affected by mechanical stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate, using a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) bioreactor, the effects of microgravity on the chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs), which were cultured in pellets with or without the chondrogenic growth factor TGF-β1. In addition, we evaluated the role of the p38 MAPK pathway in this process. The real-time PCR and histological results show that microgravity has a synergistic effect on chondrogenesis with TGF-β1. The p38 MAPK pathway was activated by TGF-β1 alone and was further stimulated by microgravity. Inhibition of p38 activity with SB203580 suppressed chondrocyte-specific gene expression and matrix production. These findings suggest that the p38 MAPK signal acts as an essential mediator in the microgravity-induced chondrogenesis of ADSCs.
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26
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Park SH, Choi BH, Park SR, Min BH. Chondrogenesis of Rabbit Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Fibrin/Hyaluronan Composite ScaffoldIn Vitro. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1277-86. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyug Park
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Division of Biomedical and Bioengineering Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - So Ra Park
- Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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27
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Wu HW, Lin CC, Lee GB. Stem cells in microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:13401. [PMID: 21522491 PMCID: PMC3082338 DOI: 10.1063/1.3528299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic techniques have been recently developed for cell-based assays. In microfluidic systems, the objective is for these microenvironments to mimic in vivo surroundings. With advantageous characteristics such as optical transparency and the capability for automating protocols, different types of cells can be cultured, screened, and monitored in real time to systematically investigate their morphology and functions under well-controlled microenvironments in response to various stimuli. Recently, the study of stem cells using microfluidic platforms has attracted considerable interest. Even though stem cells have been studied extensively using bench-top systems, an understanding of their behavior in in vivo-like microenvironments which stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation is still lacking. In this paper, recent cell studies using microfluidic systems are first introduced. The various miniature systems for cell culture, sorting and isolation, and stimulation are then systematically reviewed. The main focus of this review is on papers published in recent years studying stem cells by using microfluidic technology. This review aims to provide experts in microfluidics an overview of various microfluidic systems for stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Wen Wu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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28
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Au-Yeung KL, Sze KY, Sham MH, Chan BP. Development of a micromanipulator-based loading device for mechanoregulation study of human mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional collagen constructs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:93-107. [PMID: 19368498 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical signal is important for regulating cellular activities, including proliferation, metabolism, matrix production, and orientation. Bioreactors with loading functions can be used to precondition cells in three-dimensional (3D) constructs so as to study the cellular responses to mechanical stimulation. However, full-scale bioreactor is not always an affordable option considering the high cost of equipment and the liter-sized medium with serum and growth factor supplements. In this study, a custom-built loading system was developed by coupling a conventional camera-equipped inverted research microscope with two micromanipulators. The system was programmed to deliver either cyclic compressive loading with different frequencies or static compressive loading for 1 week to investigate the cellular responses of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) entrapped in a 3D construct consists of reconstituted collagen fibers. Cellular properties, including their alignment, cytoskeleton, and cell metabolism, and properties of matrix molecules, such as collagen fiber alignment and glycosaminoglycan deposition, were evaluated. Using a MatLab-based image analysis program, reorientation of the entrapped cells from a random distribution to a preferred alignment along the loading direction in constructs with both static and cyclic compression has been demonstrated, but no such alignment was found in the free-floating controls. Fluorescent staining on filamentous actin cytoskeleton also confirmed the finding. Nevertheless, the collagen fiber meshwork entrapping the hMSCs remained randomly distributed, and no change in cellular metabolism and glycosaminoglycans production was noted. The current study provides a simple and affordable option toward setting up a mechanoregulation facility based on existing laboratory equipment and sheds new insights on the effect of mechanical loading on the alignment of hMSCs in 3D collagen constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Lok Au-Yeung
- The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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29
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Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Vinardell T, O’Brien FJ, Campbell VA, Kelly DJ. The Response of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Dynamic Compression Following TGF-β3 Induced Chondrogenic Differentiation. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:2896-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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Microengineering Approach for Directing Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. STUDIES IN MECHANOBIOLOGY, TISSUE ENGINEERING AND BIOMATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2010_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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31
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Kim DH, Kim SH, Heo SJ, Shin JW, Lee SW, Park SA, Shin JW. Enhanced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into NP-like cells via 3D co-culturing with mechanical stimulation. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 108:63-7. [PMID: 19577195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a three-dimensional co-culturing system of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells from New Zealand white male rabbits to differentiate MSCs into NP-like cells. The preferable ratio of MSCs to NP cells and the effects of mechanical stimulation were investigated without biochemical reagents. The preferable ratio was investigated without mechanical stimulation using five groups: Group I (MSC control); Group II (NP cell control); and Groups III, IV, and V, for which the ratios of NP cells to MSCs were 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1, respectively. During culture for 10 days without stimulation, the proliferation of MSCs did not increase after day 4. NP cells proliferated more when co-cultured as in Group V. However, the degree of differentiation of MSCs increased significantly in Group V. The differentiation of NP cells decreased gradually over time. When mechanical stimulation was applied to Groups I, II, and V, it contributed to the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells, as well as to that of NP cells, but did not contribute to the proliferation of either cell type. The contribution of mechanical stimulation to differentiation was also confirmed by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwa Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Cellular and Biomechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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32
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Li J, Zhao Z, Yang J, Liu J, Wang J, Li X, Liu Y. p38 MAPK mediated in compressive stress-induced chondrogenesis of rat bone marrow MSCs in 3D alginate scaffolds. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:609-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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van Noort D, Ong SM, Zhang C, Zhang S, Arooz T, Yu H. Stem cells in microfluidics. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:52-60. [PMID: 19205022 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of microtechnology and microfluidic platforms for cell culture, stem cell research can be put into a new context. Inside microfluidics, microenvironments can be more precisely controlled and their influence on cell fate studied. Microfluidic devices can be made transparent and the cells monitored real time by imaging, using fluorescence markers to probe cell functions and cell fate. This article gives a perspective on the yet untapped utility of microfluidic devices for stem cell research. It will guide the biologists through some basic microtechnology and the application of microfluidics to cell research, as well as highlight to the engineers the cell culture capabilities of microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny van Noort
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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34
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Park H, Temenoff JS, Tabata Y, Caplan AI, Raphael RM, Jansen JA, Mikos AG. Effect of dual growth factor delivery on chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit marrow mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in injectable hydrogel composites. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:889-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Min BH, Lee HJ, Kim YJ. Cartilage Repair Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2009. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2009.52.11.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Hyun Min
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University College of Medicine, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Korea
| | - Young Jick Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Korea
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36
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Tan SCW, Pan WX, Ma G, Cai N, Leong KW, Liao K. Viscoelastic behaviour of human mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:40. [PMID: 18644160 PMCID: PMC2500016 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we have investigated the viscoelastic behaviour of individual human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and the role of F-actin filaments in maintaining these properties, using micropipette aspiration technique together with a standard linear viscoelastic solid model. RESULTS Under a room temperature of 20 degrees C, the instantaneous and equilibrium Young's modulus, E0 and Einfinity, were found to be 886 +/- 289 Pa and 372 +/- 125 Pa, respectively, while the apparent viscosity, mu, was 2710 +/- 1630 Pa.s. hMSCs treated with cytochalasin D up to 20 microM at 20 degrees C registered significant drop of up to 84% in stiffness and increase of up to 255% in viscosity. At the physiological temperature of 37 degrees C, E0 and Einfinity have decreased by 42-66% whereas mu has increased by 95%, compared to the control. Majority of the hMSCs behave as viscoelastic solid with a rapid initial increase in aspiration length and it gradually levels out with time. Three other types of non-typical viscoelastic behavior of hMSCs were also seen. CONCLUSION hMSCs behave as viscoelastic solid. Its viscoelstic behaviour are dependent on the structural integrity of the F-actin filaments and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C W Tan
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore.
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37
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Roh JD, Nelson GN, Udelsman BV, Brennan MP, Lockhart B, Fong PM, Lopez-Soler RI, Saltzman WM, Breuer CK. Centrifugal seeding increases seeding efficiency and cellular distribution of bone marrow stromal cells in porous biodegradable scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:2743-9. [PMID: 17880269 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2007.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for a variety of tissue engineering applications, given their ready availability and ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. MSCs have been successfully used to create neotissue for cardiovascular, urological, and orthopedic reconstructive surgical procedures in preclinical studies. The ability to optimize seeding techniques of MSCs onto tissue engineering scaffolds and the ability to control neotissue formation in vitro will be important for the rational design of future tissue engineering applications using MSCs. In this study we investigated the effect of centrifugal force on seeding MSCs into a biodegradable polyester scaffold. MSCs were isolated and seeded onto porous scaffold sections composed of nonwoven polyglycolic acid mesh coated with poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone). Compared to standard static seeding techniques, centrifugal seeding increased the seeding efficiency by 38% (p < 0.007) and significantly improved cellular distribution throughout the scaffold. Overall, centrifugal seeding of MSCs enhances seeding efficiency and improves cellular penetration into scaffolds, making it a potentially useful technique for manipulating neotissue formation by MSCs for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Roh
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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38
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Sim WY, Park SW, Park SH, Min BH, Park SR, Yang SS. A pneumatic micro cell chip for the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells under mechanical stimulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1775-1782. [PMID: 18030400 DOI: 10.1039/b712361m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new micro cell chip which can induce stem cells to differentiate into specific body cell types has been designed and fabricated for tissue engineering. This paper presents the test results of a micro cell stimulator which can provide a new miniaturized tool in cell stimulation, culture and analysis for stem cell research. The micro cell stimulator is designed to apply compressive pressure to the hMSCs (human mesenchymal stem cells) for inducing osteogenesis. The micro cell stimulator is based on the pneumatic actuator with a flexible diaphragm which consists of an air chamber and cell chambers. The hMSCs under cyclic compressive stimulation for one week were observed and assessed by monitoring CD90 (Thy-1), actin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red expression. The results suggest that cyclic mechanical stimulation is attributed to the different phenomenon of cultured hMSCs in cell proliferation and differentiation. These results are important for the feasibility of the micro cell stimulator to provide the reduction of the necessary quantity of cells, process cost and the increase of the throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Young Sim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Information Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Korea
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39
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Park SR, Choi BH, Min BH. Low-Intensity Ultrasound (LIUS) as an Innovative Tool for Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). Organogenesis 2007; 3:74-8. [PMID: 19279704 PMCID: PMC2649621 DOI: 10.4161/org.3.2.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a capacity to differentiate into the chondrogenic lineage and are a valuable allogenic source for cartilage tissue engineering. However, they still have critical limitations of relatively inefficient chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and of dedifferentiation and/or hypertrophic changes at late stages of differentiation. Numerous approaches using biochemical and mechanical factors have been tried but have so far failed to overcome these problems. Recent studies by other groups and ours have shown that low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) is an efficient tool for promoting the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs both in vitro and in vivo. A series of our experiments suggests that LIUS not only induces chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs but also has diverse additional activities that enhance the viability of MSCs, increase possibly the integrity of the differentiated tissues and delays hypertrophic changes during differentiation. Therefore, LIUS could be an innovative and versatile tool for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Ra Park
- Department of Physiology; Inha University Collage of Medicine; Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Cell Therapy Center; Ajou University School of Medicine; Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Cell Therapy Center; Ajou University School of Medicine; Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Ajou University School of Medicine; Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Gyeonggi, Korea
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40
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Lee HJ, Choi BH, Min BH, Park SR. Low-intensity ultrasound inhibits apoptosis and enhances viability of human mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional alginate culture during chondrogenic differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1049-57. [PMID: 17428192 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated optimal chondrogenic conditions, but only a few of them have addressed their effects on cell viability or the methods to enhance it. This study investigated the effect of low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS), a well-known chondrogenic inducer, on the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during chondrogenic differentiation in three-dimensional (3-D) alginate culture. The hMSCs/alginate layer was cultured in a chondrogenic defined medium and treated with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and/or LIUS for 2 weeks. Along with chondrogenic differentiation for 2 weeks, the 3-D alginate culture and TGF-beta1 treatment resulted in the decrease of cell viability, which appeared to be mediated by apoptosis. In contrast, co-treatment with LIUS clearly enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis under the same conditions. The effect of LIUS on the apoptotic event was further demonstrated by changes in the expression of apoptosis/viability related genes of p53, bax, bcl-2, and PCNA. These results suggest that the LIUS treatment could be a valuable tool in cartilage tissue engineering using MSCs as it enhances cell viability and directs the chondrogenic differentiation process, its well-known activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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41
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Cui JH, Park SR, Park K, Choi BH, Min BH. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells with low-intensity ultrasound for cartilage formation in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:351-60. [PMID: 17518569 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of in vitro preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using low-intensity ultrasound (US) in the induction of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in vivo. After rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs were seeded onto a polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffold, the PGA-MSCs constructs were divided into 4 subgroups: untreated control, low-intensity US group, transforming growth factor-beta [TGF]-treated group and low-intensity US/TGF group. The chondrocyte-seeded PGA construct served as a positive control. For 1 week before implantation, the low-intensity US groups were subjected to ultrasound treatment for 20 min daily at an intensity of 200 mW/cm(2). The TGF groups were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-beta1. The cells were then implanted into the nude mouse subcutaneously. Retrieved 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after implantation, each construct underwent gross examination, histology, biochemical assays, mechanical testing, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Substantial size reduction and blood invasion were found much earlier in the groups that did not undergo low-intensity US than in those that did. Safranin O/Fast green staining revealed that the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was more widespread throughout the constructs in the low-intensity US groups. In the biochemical and mechanical analyses, the low-intensity US and low-intensity US/TGF groups were significantly better in forming hyaline cartilage-like tissue by 4 weeks than the non-low-intensity US groups. Presented by von Kossa staining, the development of osteogenic phenotypes was highly suppressed until 4 weeks in the low-intensity US groups, along with compressive strength comparable to the positive control. In the RT-PCR analysis before implantation, the messenger RNA levels of Sox-9, aggrecan, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 were higher in the low-intensity US groups, while those of type I and type X collagens and matrix metalloproteinase-13 were higher in the non-low-intensity US groups. Blood invasion into the constructs was also considerably hindered in the low-intensity US groups. These results strongly indicate that low-intensity US preconditioning in vitro could be an effective cue to upregulate chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hao Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Wonchon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
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42
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Min BH, Choi BH, Park SR. Low intensity ultrasound as a supporter of cartilage regeneration and its engineering. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Cui JH, Park SR, Park K, Choi BH, Min BH. Preconditioning of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Low-Intensity Ultrasound for Cartilage FormationIn Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.2007.13.ft-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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