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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Triggiani D, Zupo R, Giagulli VA, De Pergola G, Piazzolla G, Guastamacchia E, Sabbà C, Triggiani V. Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041004. [PMID: 36839362 PMCID: PMC9967346 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive disorders. Iodine requirements are higher in infants, children, and during pregnancy and lactation than in adult men and non-pregnant women. Iodine is available in a wide range of foods and water and is susceptible to almost complete gastric and duodenal absorption as an iodide ion. A healthy diet usually provides a daily iodine consumption not exceeding 50% of the recommended intake. Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. Despite the relevant improvement in clinical outcomes, subclinical iodine deficiency persists even in Western Europe, especially among girls and women, being an issue in certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy and lactation, and in people consuming unbalanced vegetable-based or salt-restricted diets. Detailed strategies to implement iodine intake (supplementation) could be considered for specific population groups when iodized salt alone is insufficient to provide adequate requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Zupo
- Unit of Data Sciences and Technology Innovation for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology, Saverio de Bellis, Research Hospital, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Unit of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology, Saverio de Bellis, Research Hospital, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Piazzolla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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He L, Li X, Chen Z, Wang W, Wang K, Huang X, Yang Q, Ke W, Liu J, Zha B. High concentration of estradiol has a negative correlation with free thyroxine during the second trimester of pregnancy. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220236. [PMID: 36006849 PMCID: PMC9578107 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between estradiol (E2) and thyroid function during the second trimester of pregnancy and the effect of E2 on sodium iodide transporter (NIS) expression in cultured thyroid cells. Materials and methods We analyzed relationships between E2 and thyroid function in 196 pregnant women during the second trimester. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed between E2 and thyroid function. The human thyroid Nthy-ori3-1 cells were cultured in different E2 concentrations, and the mRNA levels of NIS, estrogen receptor (ER)-α, and ER-β were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Their protein levels were assessed by western blot. Results E2 was positively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and negatively correlated with free thyroxine (FT4) (P < 0.05). When we corrected for age, BMI, alanine aminotransferase, and serum creatinine, E2 was still negatively correlated with FT4 (P < 0.5) during the second trimester. In Nthy-ori3-1 cells treated with 10 nM E2, NIS and ER-β mRNA levels were significantly reduced, while ER-α mRNA level was not altered (P > 0.5). Moreover, 10 nM E2 significantly decreased protein levels of ER-β, phosphorylated versions of protein kinase A (p-PKA), phosphorylated versions of cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), and NIS, while treatment with the ER-β inhibitor restored the expression of p-PKA, p-CREB, and NIS (P < 0.05). Conclusion High concentration of E2 has a negative correlation with FT4. High concentration of E2 can inhibit the NIS expression through the ER-β-mediated pathway, which may cause thyroid hormone fluctuations during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqi He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaoping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wencai Ke
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tng EL, Aung AT, Chong N. Myxedema Coma Precipitated by Iohexol: Case Report and Brief Literature Review on the Wolff-Chaikoff Effect. Thyroid 2022; 32:739-743. [PMID: 35180827 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Failure to escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect (WCE) causes hypothyroidism. Methods: This is the first report of myxedema coma after iohexol administration. The failure of the escape phenomenon in this patient was longer than existing reports. Results: The patient received 42,000 mg of iodine in iohexol cumulatively and developed myxedema coma after 16 days. She was subsequently found to have pre-existing primary hypothyroidism that was treated with levothyroxine 50 μg daily, but had defaulted treatment. She was discharged with levothyroxine 100 μg daily and this was weaned to 50 μg daily over 12 months. Conclusions: Iodine-based contrast media (ICM) can aggravate primary hypothyroidism. In severe cases, it may precipitate myxedema coma. Patients with thyroid disorders should be informed to monitor for aggravation of their symptoms after ICM administration. Long-term follow-up of thyroid function may be needed in patients who fail to escape from the WCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Loon Tng
- Department of Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital; and National University Hospital, University Medicine Cluster; National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Aye Thida Aung
- Department of Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital; and National University Hospital, University Medicine Cluster; National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Nicole Chong
- Department of Endocrinology, National University Hospital, University Medicine Cluster; National University Health System, Singapore
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Sharipov A, Boboev Z, Fazliev S, Gulyamov S, Yunuskhodjayev A, Razzokov J. Development of an Improved Method for the Determination of Iodine/β-Cyclodextrin by Means of HPLC-UV: Validation and the Thyroid-Stimulating Activity Revealed by In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070955. [PMID: 34201915 PMCID: PMC8309194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine, being an intrinsic part of thyroid hormones, is a vital microelement required for normal growth and development, particularly in children. Inadequate daily intake of iodine causes iodine deficiency, which is responsible for several health disorders, such as cretinism and goiters. Therefore, the development of new drugs and/or food supplements for iodine deficiency is crucial. We synthesized an iodine/β-cyclodextrin complex based on a host–guest model, and in this paper, we outline the development of a new quantitative analysis method. We suggest a robust and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method to determine the total amount of iodine species in the complex. Moreover, we performed validation of our method. The results of validation presented here show the reliability, accuracy and high precision of the method. Furthermore, for the first time, we show results of in vivo studies for the thyroid-stimulating activity of the iodine/β-cyclodextrin complex. Our findings indicate that the thyroid-stimulating activity of iodine/β-cyclodextrin is comparable to that of potassium iodide, which is the main active pharmaceutical substance of conventional drugs for iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avez Sharipov
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Zufar Boboev
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (S.G.)
- Medical Devices and Medical Equipment, State Centre of Expertize and Standardization of Medicines, Tashkent 100002, Uzbekistan
| | - Sunnatullo Fazliev
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shokhid Gulyamov
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (S.G.)
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, OSONG-Eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju City 28160, Chungbuk, Korea
| | | | - Jamoliddin Razzokov
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Oybek Street 45, Tashkent 100015, Uzbekistan; (A.S.); (Z.B.); (S.G.)
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- Department of Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
- Institute of Material Sciences, Academy of Sciences, Chingiz Aytmatov 2b, Tashkent 100084, Uzbekistan
- College of Engineering, Akfa University, Kichik Halqa Yuli Street 17, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
- Correspondence:
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Croce L, Gangemi D, Ancona G, Liboà F, Bendotti G, Minelli L, Chiovato L. The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:891-904. [PMID: 33559848 PMCID: PMC7871522 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction. PURPOSE The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations. CONCLUSIONS The repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a "cytokine storm" that would, in turn, induce a "non-thyroidal illness". Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Croce
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- PHD Course in Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Gangemi
- Postgraduate School in Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Ancona
- Postgraduate School in Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Liboà
- Postgraduate School in Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Bendotti
- Postgraduate School in Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Minelli
- Postgraduate School in Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Via S. Maugeri 4, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Sarkar D, Chandra AK, Chakraborty A, Ghosh S, Chattopadhyay S, Singh LH, Ray I. Effects of bamboo shoots (Bambusa balcooa) on thyroid hormone synthesizing regulatory elements at cellular and molecular levels in thyrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112463. [PMID: 31838178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bamboo shoots (BS) are consumed in various forms and used largely in naturopathy for curing ailments since ancient times to present days. It is eaten in South East Asian countries in several indigenous preparations. In north east India, it is consumed predominantly and used as natural cure to treat various diseases. Although known for its beneficial effects, adverse effects including goitrogenic/antithyroidal potential are emerging. AIM OF THE STUDY Endemic goiter exists in Manipur, India even after adequate iodine intake for consumption of BS. It is thus important to study the impact of this goitrogenic food on certain thyroid hormone synthesizing regulatory factors at cellular and molecular level in thyrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical analysis of BS - Bambusa balcooa Roxb (BSBR) extract conducted. IC50 of the extract on thyrocytes in culture was determined. To study the antithyroid effects of this goitrogenic food, activity status of Na+-K+-ATPase, TPO and Deiodinase, mRNA and protein expressions of NIS, TPO and PAX8 were investigated with and without extra iodine in culture media. Simultaneously ROS generation in terms of H2O2 and antioxidant status, NO, LPO were assayed. RESULTS Activities of the studied enzymes decreased depending on dose and time with increased H2O2, decreased antioxidants followed by increased NO with LPO. DNA damage and LDH also increased while mRNA and protein expression of NIS, TPO and PAX8 were downregulated. Extra iodine ameliorated all such effects partially. CONCLUSIONS Bioactive constituents of the extract imbalances oxidative status of thyrocytes impairing action of hormone synthesizing elements at cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deotima Sarkar
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Amar K Chandra
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India.
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Sreya Chattopadhyay
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Laishram Hemchandra Singh
- Department of Zoology, DM College of Science (Govt. of Manipur), Imphal West, Manipur, 795 001, India
| | - Indrajit Ray
- Department of Human Physiology, Ramkrishna Mahavidyalaya (Govt. of Tripura), Kailashahar, Unakoti District, Tripura, 799 277, India
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RORγt may Influence the Microenvironment of Thyroid Cancer Predicting Favorable Prognosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4142. [PMID: 32139737 PMCID: PMC7058012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of RORγt (Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma) in the tumor microenvironment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We retrospectively analyzed 56 patients (48 papillary and 8 follicular thyroid carcinomas). Immunohistochemical expression of RORγt was compared to other immune markers previously investigated by our group, clinical and pathological information. All patients presented cytoplasmic expression of RORγt in thyroid tumor cells. Seven (12.5%) patients presented no nuclear expression of RORγt. Positivity was few (up to 10%) in 14 patients; 10 to 50% in 5 patients (8.9%); and more than 50% in 30 patients (53.6%). Nuclear RORγt positivity was associated with absence of distant metastasis at diagnosis (p = 0.013) and the need of less cumulative doses of radioactive iodine (p = 0.039). Patients whose tumors were positive for nuclear RORγt presented higher 10-years relapse-free survival rate than those patients who were negative for RORγt (p = 0.023). We classified the patients according to the clustering of immunological immunohistochemical markers. We were able to distinguish a subset (A) of 38 patients who presented high expression of nuclear RORγt and tended to be scarce in proinflammatory immune markers. Other 16 patients integrated a second subset (B) whose tumor microenvironment accumulated proinflammatory markers and presented low expression of nuclear nuclear RORγt. Distant metastasis at diagnosis were more frequent among patients from cluster B than from cluster A (p = 0.008). Our results reinforce that the expression of RORγt together with other immune markers might help predict the prognosis of patients with thyroid cancer and help individualize clinical management.
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Faria M, Domingues R, Paixão F, Bugalho MJ, Matos P, Silva AL. TNFα-mediated activation of NF-κB downregulates sodium-iodide symporter expression in thyroid cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228794. [PMID: 32049985 PMCID: PMC7015378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) mediates transport of iodide across the basolateral membrane of thyroid cells. NIS expression in thyroid cancer (TC) cells allows the use of radioactive iodine (RAI) as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, being RAI therapy the systemic treatment of choice for metastatic disease. Still, a significant proportion of patients with advanced TC lose the ability to respond to RAI therapy and no effective alternative therapies are available. Defective NIS expression is the main reason for impaired iodide uptake in TC and NIS downregulation has been associated with several pathways linked to malignant transformation. NF-κB signaling is one of the pathways associated with TC. Interestingly, NIS expression can be negatively regulated by TNF-α, a bona fide activator of NF-κB with a central role in thyroid autoimmunity. This prompted us to clarify NF-kB’s role in this process. We confirmed that TNF-α leads to downregulation of TSH-induced NIS expression in non-neoplastic thyroid follicular cell-derived models. Notably, a similar effect was observed when NF-κB activation was triggered independently of ligand-receptor specificity, using phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA). TNF-α and PMA downregulation of NIS expression was reverted when NF-κB-dependent transcription was blocked, demonstrating the requirement for NF-kB activity. Additionally, TNF-α and PMA were shown to have a negative impact on TSH-induced iodide uptake, consistent with the observed transcriptional downregulation of NIS. Our data support the involvement of NF-κB-directed transcription in the modulation of NIS expression, where up- or down-regulation of NIS depends on the combined output to NF-κB of several converging pathways. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying NIS expression in the context of normal thyroid physiology may guide the development of pharmacological strategies to increase the efficiency of iodide uptake. Such strategies would be extremely useful in improving the response to RAI therapy in refractory-TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Faria
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Domingues
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
- ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisca Paixão
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
- ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
- ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome M Hershman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles H Emerson
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Peter A Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bilal MY, Dambaeva S, Brownstein D, Kwak-Kim J, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. Iodide Transporters in the Endometrium: A Potential Diagnostic Marker for Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Failures. Med Princ Pract 2020; 29:412-421. [PMID: 32353856 PMCID: PMC7511676 DOI: 10.1159/000508309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The element iodine is an essential nutrient utilized by the thyroid glands, and deficiency of this element has been linked to reproductive failures. Iodide transporters are also present in reproductive tissues and cells of embryonic origin such as the endometrium and trophoblasts, respectively. The aim of this study is to understand if levels of iodide transporters are linked to pregnancy outcomes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS RNA derived from endometrial biopsies from controls or women with recurrent reproductive failures was analyzed utilizing RT-PCR and targeted RNASeq. RESULTS When compared to controls, women with 2 or more reproductive failures had a significant increase (>5 fold) in mRNA levels of the iodine transporters NIS and PENDRIN, but not thyroglobulin when probed vis RT-PCR. Targeted RNASeq analysis confirmed these findings when another group of patients were analyzed. CONCLUSION These findings suggest possible abnormal iodine metabolism and a deficiency of iodine in endometrial tissues from some of the women with reproductive failures. We hypothesize from these findings that inorganic iodide and/or iodine is required for optimal cellular function in reproductive tissues, and that iodide transporters may potentially be used as a marker for infertility or for probing potential localized iodine deficiency that may not present in a typical thyroid panel analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y. Bilal
- aClinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- *Kenneth D. Beaman, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 (USA),
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- aClinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rosalind Franklin University Health System, Vernon Hills, Illinois, USA
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- aClinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Beaman
- aClinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
- bDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Waugh DT. Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1086. [PMID: 30917615 PMCID: PMC6466022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Timothy Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Doherty's Rd, Bandon, Co. Cork, P72 YF10, Ireland.
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12
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Bilal MY, Dambaeva S, Kwak-Kim J, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. A Role for Iodide and Thyroglobulin in Modulating the Function of Human Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1573. [PMID: 29187856 PMCID: PMC5694785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is an essential element required for the function of all organ systems. Although the importance of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis and reproduction is well known, its direct effects on the immune system are elusive. Human leukocytes expressed mRNA of iodide transporters (NIS and PENDRIN) and thyroid-related proteins [thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO)]. The mRNA levels of PENDRIN and TPO were increased whereas TG transcripts were decreased post leukocyte activation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that both PENDRIN and NIS were expressed on the surface of leukocyte subsets with the highest expression occurring on monocytes and granulocytes. Treatment of leukocytes with sodium iodide (NaI) resulted in significant changes in immunity-related transcriptome with an emphasis on increased chemokine expression as probed with targeted RNASeq. Similarly, treatment of leukocytes with NaI or Lugol’s iodine induced increased protein production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These alterations were not attributed to iodide-induced de novo thyroid hormone synthesis. However, upon incubation with thyroid-derived TG, primary human leukocytes but not Jurkat T cells released thyroxine and triiodothyronine indicating that immune cells could potentially influence thyroid hormone balance. Overall, our studies reveal the novel network between human immune cells and thyroid-related molecules and highlight the importance of iodine in regulating the function of human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Bilal
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rosalind Franklin University Health System, Vernon Hills, IL, United States
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth D Beaman
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Ravera S, Reyna-Neyra A, Ferrandino G, Amzel LM, Carrasco N. The Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS): Molecular Physiology and Preclinical and Clinical Applications. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:261-289. [PMID: 28192058 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Active iodide (I-) transport in both the thyroid and some extrathyroidal tissues is mediated by the Na+/I- symporter (NIS). In the thyroid, NIS-mediated I- uptake plays a pivotal role in thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis. THs are key during embryonic and postembryonic development and critical for cell metabolism at all stages of life. The molecular characterization of NIS in 1996 and the use of radioactive I- isotopes have led to significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer and provide the molecular basis for studies aimed at extending the use of radioiodide treatment in extrathyroidal malignancies. This review focuses on the most recent findings on I- homeostasis and I- transport deficiency-causing NIS mutations, as well as current knowledge of the structure/function properties of NIS and NIS regulatory mechanisms. We also discuss employing NIS as a reporter gene using viral vectors and stem cells in imaging, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510;
| | - Andrea Reyna-Neyra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510;
| | - Giuseppe Ferrandino
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510;
| | - L Mario Amzel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Nancy Carrasco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510;
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14
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Plantinga TS, Petrulea MS, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Piciu D, Smit JW, Netea-Maier RT, Georgescu CE. Association of NF-κB polymorphisms with clinical outcome of non-medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:307-318. [PMID: 28428267 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB inflammatory pathway plays a major role in cancer development and clinical progression. Activation of NF-κB signaling is promoted by NFKB1 and inhibited by NFKBIA. The present study aimed to determine the relevance of NFKB1 rs4648068 and NFKBIA rs2233406 genetic variants for non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) susceptibility, progression and clinical outcome. This case-control and cohort study consists of a Romanian discovery cohort (157 patients and 258 controls) and a Dutch validation cohort (138 patients and 188 controls). In addition, patient cohorts were analyzed further for the association of genetic variants with clinical parameters. Functional studies were performed on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No associations were observed between the studied genetic variants and TC susceptibility. Although no statistically significant associations with clinical parameters were observed for NFKB1 rs4648068, the heterozygous genotype of NFKBIA rs2233406 was correlated with decreased radioactive iodide sensitivity requiring higher cumulative dosages to achieve clinical response. These findings were discovered in the Romanian cohort (P < 0.001) and confirmed in the Dutch cohort (P = 0.01). Functional studies revealed that this NFKBIA rs2233406 genotype was associated with elevated TLR4-mediated IL-1β production. In conclusion, genetic variation in NFKBIA, an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling, is associated with clinical response to RAI therapy and with increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, providing a potential mechanism for the observed clinical associations. These data suggest that NF-κB signaling is involved in NMTC pathogenesis and that the inflammatory tumor microenvironment could contribute to RAI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo S Plantinga
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of PathologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirela S Petrulea
- Department of EndocrinologyIuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes W Smit
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen E Georgescu
- Department of EndocrinologyIuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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15
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Alotaibi H, Tuzlakoğlu-Öztürk M, Tazebay UH. The Thyroid Na+/I- Symporter: Molecular Characterization and Genomic Regulation. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2017; 26:92-101. [PMID: 28117294 PMCID: PMC5283716 DOI: 10.4274/2017.26.suppl.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodide (I-) is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and the iodide concentrating mechanism of the thyroid gland is essential for the synthesis of these hormones. In addition, differential uptake of iodine isotopes (radioiodine) is a key modality for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid cancer. The sodium dependent iodide transport activity of the thyroid gland is mainly attributed to the functional expression of the Na+/I- Symporter (NIS) localized at the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes. In this paper, we review and summarize current data on molecular characterization, on structure and function of NIS protein, as well as on the transcriptional regulation of NIS encoding gene in the thyroid gland. We also propose that a better and more precise understanding of NIS gene regulation at the molecular level in both healthy and malignant thyroid cells may lead to the identification of small molecule candidates. These could then be translated into clinical practice for better induction and more effective modulation of radioiodine uptake in dedifferentiated thyroid cancer cells and in their distant metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uygar Halis Tazebay
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kocaeli, Turkey, Phone: +90 262 605 25 22, E-mail:
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16
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Rossich LE, Thomasz L, Nicola JP, Nazar M, Salvarredi LA, Pisarev M, Masini-Repiso AM, Christophe-Hobertus C, Christophe D, Juvenal GJ. Effects of 2-iodohexadecanal in the physiology of thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:292-301. [PMID: 27568464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodide has direct effects on thyroid function. Several iodinated lipids are biosynthesized by the thyroid and they were postulated as intermediaries in the action of iodide. Among them, 2-iodohexadecanal (2-IHDA) has been identified and proposed to play a role in thyroid autoregulation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of iodide and 2-IHDA on thyroid cell physiology. For this purpose, FRTL-5 thyroid cells were incubated with the two compounds during 24 or 48 h and several thyroid parameters were evaluated such as: iodide uptake, intracellular calcium and H2O2 levels. To further explore the molecular mechanism involved in 2-IHDA action, transcript and protein levels of genes involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, as well as the transcriptional expression of these genes were evaluated in the presence of iodide and 2-IHDA. The results obtained indicate that 2-IHDA reproduces the action of excess iodide on the "Wolff-Chaikoff" effect as well as on thyroid specific genes transcription supporting its role in thyroid autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano E Rossich
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisa Thomasz
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Nicola
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magali Nazar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo A Salvarredi
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Pisarev
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Human Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Masini-Repiso
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Guillermo J Juvenal
- Nuclear Biochemistry Division, Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Wagner AP, Chinnathambi S, Titze IR, Sander EA. Vibratory stimulation enhances thyroid epithelial cell function. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:376-381. [PMID: 28955979 PMCID: PMC5614476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissues of the body are routinely subjected to various forms of mechanical vibration, the frequency, amplitude, and duration of which can contribute both positively and negatively to human health. The vocal cords, which are in close proximity to the thyroid, may also supply the thyroid with important mechanical signals that modulate hormone production via mechanical vibrations from phonation. In order to explore the possibility that vibrational stimulation from vocalization can enhance thyroid epithelial cell function, FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells were subjected to either chemical stimulation with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), mechanical stimulation with physiological vibrations, or a combination of the two, all in a well-characterized, torsional rheometer-bioreactor. The FRTL-5 cells responded to mechanical stimulation with significantly (p<0.05) increased metabolic activity, significantly (p<0.05) increased ROS production, and increased gene expression of thyroglobulin and sodium-iodide symporter compared to un-stimulated controls, and showed an equivalent or greater response than TSH only stimulated cells. Furthermore, the combination of TSH and oscillatory motion produced a greater response than mechanical or chemical stimulation alone. Taken together, these results suggest that mechanical vibrations could provide stimulatory cues that help maintain thyroid function. Thyroid epithelial cells responded to mechanical vibrations similar to those from vocalization. This response was equivalent or greater compared to chemical stimulation. The combination of mechanical and chemical stimulation was synergistic. It may be possible to influence thyroid function with mechanical vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Wagner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - S Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - I R Titze
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, IA, USA.,National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, IA, USA
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18
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Lorenz C, Opitz R, Trubiroha A, Lutz I, Zikova A, Kloas W. The synthetic gestagen levonorgestrel directly affects gene expression in thyroid and pituitary glands of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:63-73. [PMID: 27262936 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic gestagen levonorgestrel (LNG) was previously shown to perturb thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. However, so far the mechanisms underlying the anti-metamorphic effects of LNG remained unknown. Therefore, a series of in vivo and ex vivo experiments was performed to identify potential target sites of LNG action along the pituitary-thyroid axis of X. laevis tadpoles. Prometamorphic tadpoles were treated in vivo with LNG (0.01-10nM) for 72h and brain-pituitary and thyroid tissue was analyzed for marker gene expression. While no treatment-related changes were observed in brain-pituitary tissue, LNG treatment readily affected thyroidal gene expression in tadpoles including decreased slc5a5 and iyd mRNA expression and a strong induction of dio2 and dio3 expression. When using an ex vivo organ explant culture approach, direct effects of LNG on both pituitary and thyroid gland gene expression were detecTable Specifically, treatment of pituitary explants with 10nM LNG strongly stimulated dio2 expression and concurrently suppressed tshb expression. In thyroid glands, ex vivo LNG treatment induced dio2 and dio3 mRNA expression in a thyrotropin-independent manner. When thyroid explants were cultured in thyrotropin-containing media, LNG caused similar gene expression changes as seen after 72h in vivo treatment including a very strong repression of thyrotropin-induced slc5a5 expression. Concerning the anti-thyroidal activity of LNG as seen under in vivo conditions, our ex vivo data provide clear evidence that LNG directly affects expression of genes important for thyroidal iodide handling as well as genes involved in negative feedback regulation of pituitary tshb expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lorenz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Opitz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Achim Trubiroha
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilka Lutz
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Zikova
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
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19
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Serrano-Nascimento C, Nicola JP, Teixeira SDS, Poyares LL, Lellis-Santos C, Bordin S, Masini-Repiso AM, Nunes MT. Excess iodide downregulates Na(+)/I(-) symporter gene transcription through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 426:73-90. [PMID: 26872612 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional mechanisms associated with iodide-induced downregulation of NIS expression remain uncertain. Here, we further analyzed the transcriptional regulation of NIS gene expression by excess iodide using PCCl3 cells. NIS promoter activity was reduced in cells treated for 12-24 h with 10(-5) to 10(-3) M NaI. Site-directed mutagenesis of Pax8 and NF-κB cis-acting elements abrogated the iodide-induced NIS transcription repression. Indeed, excess iodide (10(-3) M) excluded Pax8 from the nucleus, decreased p65 total expression and reduced their transcriptional activity. Importantly, p65-Pax8 physical interaction and binding to NIS upstream enhancer were reduced upon iodide treatment. PI3K/Akt pathway activation by iodide-induced ROS production is involved in the transcriptional repression of NIS expression. In conclusion, the results indicated that excess iodide transcriptionally represses NIS gene expression through the impairment of Pax8 and p65 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the data presented herein described novel roles for PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and oxidative status in the thyroid autoregulatory phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Silvania da Silva Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leonice Lourenço Poyares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camilo Lellis-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Masini-Repiso
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Schmohl KA, Müller AM, Schwenk N, Knoop K, Rijntjes E, Köhrle J, Heuer H, Bartenstein P, Göke B, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Establishment of an Effective Radioiodide Thyroid Ablation Protocol in Mice. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:74-80. [PMID: 26601076 PMCID: PMC4640294 DOI: 10.1159/000381019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high variance in available protocols on iodide-131 ((131)I) ablation in rodents, we set out to establish an effective method to generate a thyroid-ablated mouse model that allows the application of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as a reporter gene without interference with thyroidal NIS. We tested a range of (131)I doses with and without prestimulation of thyroidal radioiodide uptake by a low-iodine diet and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) application. Efficacy of induction of hypothyroidism was tested by measurement of serum T4 concentrations, pituitary TSHβ and liver deiodinase type 1 (DIO1) mRNA expression, body weight analysis, and (99m)Tc-pertechnetate scintigraphy. While 200 µCi (7.4 MBq) (131)I alone was not sufficient to abolish thyroidal T4 production, 500 µCi (18.5 MBq) (131)I combined with 1 week of a low-iodine diet decreased serum concentrations below the detection limit. However, the high (131)I dose resulted in severe side effects. A combination of 1 week of a low-iodine diet followed by injection of bovine TSH before the application of 150 µCi (5.5 MBq) (131)I decreased serum T4 concentrations below the detection limit and significantly increased pituitary TSHβ concentrations. The systemic effects of induced hypothyroidism were shown by growth arrest and a decrease in liver DIO1 expression below the detection limit. (99m)Tc-pertechnetate scintigraphy revealed absence of thyroidal (99m)Tc-pertechnetate uptake in ablated mice. In summary, we report a revised protocol for radioiodide ablation of the thyroid gland in the mouse to generate an in vivo model that allows the study of thyroid hormone action using NIS as a reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter J. Nelson
- Medical Policlinic IV, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
- *Christine Spitzweg, MD, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, DE-81377 Munich (Germany), E-Mail
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21
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22
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Serrano-Nascimento C, da Silva Teixeira S, Nicola JP, Nachbar RT, Masini-Repiso AM, Nunes MT. The acute inhibitory effect of iodide excess on sodium/iodide symporter expression and activity involves the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1145-56. [PMID: 24424051 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iodide (I(-)) is an irreplaceable constituent of thyroid hormones and an important regulator of thyroid function, because high concentrations of I(-) down-regulate sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression and function. In thyrocytes, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) cascade also inhibits NIS expression and function. Because I(-) excess and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway induce similar inhibitory effects on NIS expression, we aimed to study whether the PI3K/Akt cascade mediates the acute and rapid inhibitory effect of I(-) excess on NIS expression/activity. Here, we reported that the treatment of PCCl3 cells with I(-) excess increased Akt phosphorylation under normal or TSH/insulin-starving conditions. I(-) stimulated Akt phosphorylation in a PI3K-dependent manner, because the use of PI3K inhibitors (wortmannin or 2-(4-Morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) abrogated the induction of I(-) effect. Moreover, I(-) inhibitory effect on NIS expression and function were abolished when the cells were previously treated with specific inhibitors of PI3K or Akt (Akt1/2 kinase inhibitor). Importantly, we also found that the effect of I(-) on NIS expression involved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using the fluorogenic probes dihydroethidium and mitochondrial superoxide indicator (MitoSOX Red), we observed that I(-) excess increased ROS production in thyrocytes and determined that mitochondria were the source of anion superoxide. Furthermore, the ROS scavengers N-acetyl cysteine and 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3-(2H)-one blocked the effect of I(-) on Akt phosphorylation. Overall, our data demonstrated the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as a novel mediator of the I(-)-induced thyroid autoregulation, linking the role of thyroid oxidative state to the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (C.S.-N., S.d.S.T., R.T.N., M.T.N.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; and Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (J.P.N., A.M.M.-R.), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Portulano C, Paroder-Belenitsky M, Carrasco N. The Na+/I- symporter (NIS): mechanism and medical impact. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:106-49. [PMID: 24311738 PMCID: PMC3895864 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active I(-) transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as salivary glands, stomach, lactating breast, and small intestine. In the thyroid, NIS-mediated I(-) uptake plays a key role as the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones, of which iodine is an essential constituent. These hormones are crucial for the development of the central nervous system and the lungs in the fetus and the newborn and for intermediary metabolism at all ages. Since the cloning of NIS in 1996, NIS research has become a major field of inquiry, with considerable impact on many basic and translational areas. In this article, we review the most recent findings on NIS, I(-) homeostasis, and related topics and place them in historical context. Among many other issues, we discuss the current outlook on iodide deficiency disorders, the present stage of understanding of the structure/function properties of NIS, information gleaned from the characterization of I(-) transport deficiency-causing NIS mutations, insights derived from the newly reported crystal structures of prokaryotic transporters and 3-dimensional homology modeling, and the novel discovery that NIS transports different substrates with different stoichiometries. A review of NIS regulatory mechanisms is provided, including a newly discovered one involving a K(+) channel that is required for NIS function in the thyroid. We also cover current and potential clinical applications of NIS, such as its central role in the treatment of thyroid cancer, its promising use as a reporter gene in imaging and diagnostic procedures, and the latest studies on NIS gene transfer aimed at extending radioiodide treatment to extrathyroidal cancers, including those involving specially engineered NIS molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Portulano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (C.P., N.C.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; and Department of Molecular Pharmacology (M.P.-B.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10469
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24
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Burns R, O'Herlihy C, Smyth PPA. Regulation of iodide uptake in placental primary cultures. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 2:243-51. [PMID: 24783055 PMCID: PMC3923602 DOI: 10.1159/000356847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of adequate iodide supply to the developing fetus is dependent not only on maternal dietary iodine intake but also on placental iodide transport. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different pregnancy-associated hormones on the uptake of radioiodide by the placenta and to determine if iodide transporter expression is affected by hormone incubation. METHODS Primary cultures of placental trophoblast cells were established from placentas obtained at term from pre-labor caesarean sections. They were pre-incubated with 17β-estradiol, prolactin, oxytocin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone either singly or in combination over 12 h with (125)I uptake being measured after 6 h. RNA was isolated from placental trophoblasts and real-time RT-PCR performed using sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and pendrin (PDS) probes. RESULTS Significant dose response increments in (125)I uptake by trophoblast cells (p < 0.01) were observed following incubation with hCG (60% increase), oxytocin (45% increase) and prolactin (32% increase). Although progesterone (50-200 ng/ml) and 17β-estradiol (1,000-15,000 pg/ml) alone produced no significant differences in uptake, they facilitated increased uptake when combined with prolactin or oxytocin, with a combination of all four hormones producing the greatest increase (82%). Increased (125)I uptake was accompanied by corresponding increments in NIS mRNA (ratio 1.52) compared to untreated control cells. No significantly increased expression levels of PDS were observed. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy-associated hormones, particularly oxytocin and hCG, have a role in promoting placental iodide uptake which may protect the fetus against iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Burns
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C O'Herlihy
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ; National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P P A Smyth
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Thienpont B, Barata C, Raldúa D. Modeling mixtures of thyroid gland function disruptors in a vertebrate alternative model, the zebrafish eleutheroembryo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Degrelle S, Guibourdenche J, Galland F, Bidart J, Fournier T, Evain-Brion D. Iodide transporters expression in early human invasive trophoblast. Placenta 2013; 34:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nicola JP, Reyna-Neyra A, Carrasco N, Masini-Repiso AM. Dietary iodide controls its own absorption through post-transcriptional regulation of the intestinal Na+/I- symporter. J Physiol 2012; 590:6013-26. [PMID: 23006481 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.241307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary I(-) absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is the first step in I(-) metabolism. Given that I(-) is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormones, its concentrating mechanism is of significant physiological importance. We recently described the expression of the Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS) on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelium as a central component of the I(-) absorption system and reported reduced intestinal NIS expression in response to an I(-)-rich diet in vivo. Here, we evaluated the mechanism involved in the regulation of NIS expression by I(-) itself in enterocytes. Excess I(-) reduced NIS-mediated I(-) uptake in IEC-6 cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, which was correlated with a reduction of NIS expression at the plasma membrane. Perchlorate, a competitive inhibitor of NIS, prevented these effects, indicating that an increase in intracellular I(-) regulates NIS. Iodide induced rapid intracellular recruitment of plasma membrane NIS molecules and NIS protein degradation. Lower NIS mRNA levels were detected in response to I(-) treatment, although no transcriptional effect was observed. Interestingly, I(-) decreased NIS mRNA stability, affecting NIS translation. Heterologous green fluorescent protein-based reporter constructs revealed a significant repressive effect of the I(-)-targeting NIS mRNA 3 untranslated region. In conclusion, excess I(-) downregulates NIS expression in enterocytes by virtue of a complex mechanism. Our data suggest that I(-) regulates intestinal NIS mRNA expression at the post-transcriptional level as part of an autoregulatory effect of I(-) on its own metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Nicola
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
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28
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Serrano-Nascimento C, Calil-Silveira J, Goulart-Silva F, Nunes MT. New insights about the posttranscriptional mechanisms triggered by iodide excess on sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression in PCCl3 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:154-61. [PMID: 22001309 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Iodide excess acutely downregulates NIS mRNA expression, as already demonstrated. PCCl3 cells treated or not with NaI, NaI+NaClO(4) or NaI+Methimazole, for 30 min to 24 h, were used to further explore how iodide reduces NIS gene expression. NIS mRNA expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR; its poly(A) tail length, by RACE-PAT; its translation rate, by polysome profile; total NIS content, by Western blotting. NIS mRNA decay rate was evaluated in actinomycin-D-treated cells, incubated with or without NaI for 0-6 h. Iodide treatment caused a reduction in NIS mRNA expression, half-life, poly(A) tail length, recruitment to ribosomes, as well as NIS protein expression. Perchlorate, but not methimazole, prevented these effects. Therefore, reduced poly(A) tail length of NIS mRNA seems to be related to its decreased half-life, in addition to its translation impairment. These data provide new insights about the molecular mechanisms involved in the rapid and posttranscriptional inhibitory effect of iodide on NIS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tseng LM, Huang PI, Chen YR, Chen YC, Chou YC, Chen YW, Chang YL, Hsu HS, Lan YT, Chen KH, Chi CW, Chiou SH, Yang DM, Lee CH. Targeting Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway by Cucurbitacin I Diminishes Self-Renewing and Radiochemoresistant Abilities in Thyroid Cancer-Derived CD133+ Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:410-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Giovanella L. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients treated for differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2012; 7:35-43. [PMID: 30736109 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) generally has a favorable prognosis; however, the chance of a recurrence in patients with DTC is 20%, and 8% of patients with recurrence will subsequently die of the disease. After thyroid remnant ablation, detectable serum thyroglobulin levels are a sensitive marker for residual or recurrent disease, while imaging procedures, primarily neck ultrasound and an iodine-131 (131I) or iodine-123 diagnostic whole-body scan, are useful to localize recurrent disease. However, ultrasound cannot identify lesions outside the neck, and diagnostic whole-body scan is of limited value if progressive dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma cells occurs. In these patients, fluorine-18 (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (18FDG-PET/CT) has been shown to improve detection and localization of tumor foci. Additionally, 18FDG-PET/CT is also of value in selecting patients unlikely to benefit from additional 131I therapy and those at highest risk of disease-specific mortality, which may prompt more alternative therapies. Recently, iodine-124 (124I)-PET/CT was proved to perform better than low-dose diagnostic 131I scans. Additionally, 124I PET/CT succesfully predicts the results of subsequent high-dose post-treatment 131I scans and allows lesion-based dosimetric calculations. The present article reviews the utility and limitations of PET/CT techniques in DTC management and offers practical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovanella
- a Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Centre, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Via Ospedale 12, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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31
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Leoni SG, Kimura ET, Santisteban P, De la Vieja A. Regulation of thyroid oxidative state by thioredoxin reductase has a crucial role in thyroid responses to iodide excess. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1924-35. [PMID: 21903721 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon that supraphysiological doses of iodide (I(-)) temporarily inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis is known as thyroid iodide autoregulation. Recovery of thyroid function has been attributed to sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibition, but the diversity of available data makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions. Iodide excess induces reactive oxygen species production and cell toxicity. However, the roles of the oxidative state of the cell and antioxidant selenoproteins in I(-) autoregulation have never been explored. Here we analyze the effects of high I(-) doses in rat thyroids and in PCCl3 cells in the period comprising I(-) autoregulation (i.e. 0-72 h after I(-) administration), focusing on NIS expression, redox state, and the expression and activity of selenoproteins. Our results show that NIS mRNA inhibition by I(-) does not occur at the transcriptional level, because neither NIS promoter activity nor Pax8 expression or its binding to DNA was modulated. Because I(-) uptake was inhibited much earlier than NIS protein, and no effect was observed on its subcellular localization, we suggest that I(-) is inhibiting NIS in the plasma membrane. The increased reactive oxygen species production leads to an increase in thioredoxin reductase mRNA levels and enzyme activity, which reduces the oxidative stress. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase at either gene expression or activity levels prevented NIS recovery, thus illustrating a new role played by this selenoprotein in the regulation of cell homeostasis and consequently in I(-) autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana G Leoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biome´ dicas “Alberto Sols” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Auto´ noma de Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of iodine-containing thyroid hormones necessary for brain development in the fetus depends not only on maternal dietary intake but also on placental iodine transport. The optimum level of iodine nutrition during pregnancy and the proportion of the pregnant population reaching this level have previously been evaluated. Little information exists on the ability of the placenta to either accumulate or store iodine. This study aims to investigate iodine uptake and tissue iodine content within placental tissue obtained from women delivering at term. METHODS Samples (∼1 cm(3)) obtained from placental cotyledons (n = 19), thyroid (n = 4), and uterine myometrial (n = 4) tissue were incubated for 6 hours with (125)I in the presence and absence of potassium perchlorate. To account for variation in tissue composition, results were expressed in cpm (125)I/μg DNA. RESULTS Placental uptake of (125)I (375 cpm/μg DNA) was significantly higher than that of control myometrial tissue (226 cpm/μg DNA) (p < 0.05) and was ∼25% that of thyroid tissue (1702 cpm/μg DNA). Uptake of (125)I could be partially blocked in the thyroid and placenta, respectively, by potassium perchlorate (100 μM), which had no effect on uptake by myometrial tissue. Iodine content of tissue samples measured using an alkaline ashing technique with Sandell-Kolthoff colorimetry gave a mean value for total iodine of 30.4 ng/g placental tissue (range 21-50 ng/g), 1.74 ng/g myometrial tissue, and 1037 ng/g thyroid tissue. CONCLUSIONS Placental iodine content was only ∼3% that of the thyroid, but on the basis that neonatal iodine stores are very low and highly sensitive to fluctuations in maternal iodine supply, we postulate that placental iodine bioavailability makes a significant contribution to protection against neonatal hypothyroidism. These findings suggest that the placenta has a role not only in uptake but also in storing iodine as a possible means of protecting the fetus from inadequacies in maternal dietary iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Burns
- UCD Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Hingorani M, Spitzweg C, Vassaux G, Newbold K, Melcher A, Pandha H, Vile R, Harrington K. The biology of the sodium iodide symporter and its potential for targeted gene delivery. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2010; 10:242-67. [PMID: 20201784 DOI: 10.2174/156800910791054194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is responsible for thyroidal, salivary, gastric, intestinal and mammary iodide uptake. It was first cloned from the rat in 1996 and shortly thereafter from human and mouse tissue. In the intervening years, we have learned a great deal about the biology of NIS. Detailed knowledge of its genomic structure, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation and pharmacological modulation has underpinned the selection of NIS as an exciting approach for targeted gene delivery. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of using NIS gene therapy as a means of delivering highly conformal radiation doses selectively to tumours. This strategy is particularly attractive because it can be used with both diagnostic (99mTc, 125I, 124I)) and therapeutic (131I, 186Re, 188Re, 211At) radioisotopes and it lends itself to incorporation with standard treatment modalities, such as radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. In this article, we review the biology of NIS and discuss its development for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Hingorani
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW36JB, UK
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Spitzweg C, Morris JC. Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism and goiter due to NIS mutations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 322:56-63. [PMID: 20153805 PMCID: PMC2876245 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cloning of the NIS gene in 1996 allowed examination of the molecular basis of congenital hypothyroidism due to iodide transport defect (ITD) many years after the first case was described by Federman et al. in 1958. Since 1997, when the first NIS mutation causing ITD was identified and characterized, 12 different NIS molecular defects have been described in 31 ITD patients. Interestingly, marked clinical heterogeneity between patients with the same NIS mutation and in patients with different mutations in the NIS gene without a clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been observed. The study of NIS mutations as the molecular basis of ITD has not only yielded extremely valuable structure/function information on NIS, but has also provided an important tool for preclinical diagnosis and genetic counseling of ITD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Several mechanisms are involved in the maintenance of normal thyroid hormone secretion, even when iodine intake exceeds physiologic needs by a factor of 100. The sodium-iodide symporter system contributes most to this stability. Faced with an iodine excess, it throttles the transport of iodide into the thyroid cells, the rate-limiting step of hormone synthesis. Even before the iodine symporter reacts, a sudden iodine overload paradoxically blocks the second step of hormone synthesis, the organification of iodide. This so-called Wolff-Chaikoff effect requires a high (>or=10(-3) molar) intracellular concentration of iodide. The block does not last long, because after a while the sodium-iodide symporter shuts down; this allows intracellular iodide to drop below 10(-3) molar and the near-normal secretion to resume. In some susceptible individuals (e.g., after radio-iodine treatment of Graves' disease or in autoimmune thyroiditis), the sodium-iodide symporter fails to shut down, the intracellular concentration of iodide remains high and chronic hypothyroidism ensues. To complicate matters, iodine excess may also cause hyperthyroidism. The current explanation is that this happens in persons with goitres, for example, after long-standing iodine deficiency. These goitres may contain nodules carrying a somatic mutation that confers a 'constitutive' activation of the TSH receptor. Being no more under pituitary control, these nodules overproduce thyroid hormone and cause iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, when they are presented with sufficient iodine. These autonomous nodules gradually disappear from the population after iodine deficiency has been properly corrected. More recent studies suggest that chronic high iodine intake furthers classical thyroid autoimmunity (hypothyroidism and thyroiditis) and that iodine-induced hyperthyroidism may also have an autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bürgi
- International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), CH-4500 Solothurn, Switzerland.
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Serrano-Nascimento C, Calil-Silveira J, Nunes MT. Posttranscriptional regulation of sodium-iodide symporter mRNA expression in the rat thyroid gland by acute iodide administration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C893-9. [PMID: 20107044 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00224.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Iodide is an important regulator of thyroid activity. Its excess elicits the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, characterized by an acute suppression of thyroid hormone synthesis, which has been ascribed to serum TSH reduction or TGF-beta increase and production of iodolipids in the thyroid. These alterations take hours/days to occur, contrasting with the promptness of Wolff-Chaikoff effect. We investigated whether acute iodide administration could trigger events that precede those changes, such as reduction of sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) mRNA abundance and adenylation, and if perchlorate treatment could counteract them. Rats subjected or not to methylmercaptoimidazole treatment (0.03%) received NaI (2,000 microg/0.5 ml saline) or saline intraperitoneally and were killed 30 min up to 24 h later. Another set of animals was treated with iodide and perchlorate, in equimolar doses. NIS mRNA content was evaluated by Northern blotting and real-time PCR, and NIS mRNA poly(A) tail length by rapid amplification of cDNA ends-poly(A) test (RACE-PAT). We observed that NIS mRNA abundance and poly(A) tail length were significantly reduced in all periods of iodide treatment. Perchlorate reversed these effects, indicating that iodide was the agent that triggered the modifications observed. Since the poly(A) tail length of mRNAs is directly associated with their stability and translation efficiency, we can assume that the rapid decay of NIS mRNA abundance observed was due to a reduction of its stability, a condition in which its translation could be impaired. Our data show for the first time that iodide regulates NIS mRNA expression at posttranscriptional level, providing a new mechanism by which iodide exerts its autoregulatory effect on thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Liu XH, Chen GG, Vlantis AC, van Hasselt CA. Iodine mediated mechanisms and thyroid carcinoma. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2009; 46:302-18. [DOI: 10.3109/10408360903306384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Smith VE, Read ML, Turnell AS, Watkins RJ, Watkinson JC, Lewy GD, Fong JCW, James SR, Eggo MC, Boelaert K, Franklyn JA, McCabe CJ. A novel mechanism of sodium iodide symporter repression in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3393-402. [PMID: 19706688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.045427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancers and their metastases frequently exhibit reduced iodide uptake, impacting on the efficacy of radioiodine ablation therapy. PTTG binding factor (PBF) is a proto-oncogene implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. We recently reported that PBF inhibits iodide uptake, and have now elucidated a mechanism by which PBF directly modulates sodium iodide symporter (NIS) activity in vitro. In subcellular localisation studies, PBF overexpression resulted in the redistribution of NIS from the plasma membrane into intracellular vesicles, where it colocalised with the tetraspanin CD63. Cell-surface biotinylation assays confirmed a reduction in plasma membrane NIS expression following PBF transfection compared with vector-only treatment. Coimmunoprecipitation and GST-pull-down experiments demonstrated a direct interaction between NIS and PBF, the functional consequence of which was assessed using iodide-uptake studies in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. PBF repressed iodide uptake, whereas three deletion mutants, which did not localise within intracellular vesicles, lost the ability to inhibit NIS activity. In summary, we present an entirely novel mechanism by which the proto-oncogene PBF binds NIS and alters its subcellular localisation, thereby regulating its ability to uptake iodide. Given that PBF is overexpressed in thyroid cancer, these findings have profound implications for thyroid cancer ablation using radioiodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki E Smith
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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Bizhanova A, Kopp P. Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1084-90. [PMID: 19196800 PMCID: PMC2654752 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for normal development and metabolism. Thyroid hormone biosynthesis requires iodide uptake into the thyrocytes and efflux into the follicular lumen, where it is organified on selected tyrosyls of thyroglobulin. Uptake of iodide into the thyrocytes is mediated by an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein, the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), which actively cotransports two sodium cations per each iodide anion. NIS-mediated transport of iodide is driven by the electrochemical sodium gradient generated by the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. NIS is expressed in the thyroid, the salivary glands, gastric mucosa, and the lactating mammary gland. TSH and iodide regulate iodide accumulation by modulating NIS activity via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Biallelic mutations in the NIS gene lead to a congenital iodide transport defect, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypothyroidism, goiter, low thyroid iodide uptake, and a low saliva/plasma iodide ratio. Pendrin is an anion transporter that is predominantly expressed in the inner ear, the thyroid, and the kidney. Biallelic mutations in the SLC26A4 gene lead to Pendred syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness, goiter, and impaired iodide organification. In thyroid follicular cells, pendrin is expressed at the apical membrane. Functional in vitro data and the impaired iodide organification observed in patients with Pendred syndrome support a role of pendrin as an apical iodide transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Bizhanova
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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40
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Carvalho DP, Ferreira ACF. The importance of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) for thyroid cancer management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:672-82. [PMID: 17891230 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland has the ability to uptake and concentrate iodide, which is a fundamental step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Radioiodine has been used as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for several years. However, the studies related to the mechanisms of iodide transport were only possible after the cloning of the gene that encodes the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). The studies about the regulation of NIS expression and the possibility of gene therapy with the aim of transferring NIS gene to cells that normally do not express the symporter have also become possible. In the majority of hypofunctioning thyroid nodules, both benign and malignant, NIS gene expression is maintained, but NIS protein is retained in the intracellular compartment. The expression of NIS in non-thyroid tumoral cells in vivo has been possible through the transfer of NIS gene under the control of tissue-specific promoters. Apart from its therapeutic use, NIS has also been used for the localization of metastases by scintigraphy or PET-scan with 124I. In conclusion, NIS gene cloning led to an important development in the field of thyroid pathophysiology, and has also been fundamental to extend the use of radioiodine for the management of non-thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Differential gene expression analysis of iodide-treated rat thyroid follicular cell line PCCl3. Genomics 2008; 91:356-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Decreased radioiodine uptake of FRTL-5 cells after 131I incubation in vitro: molecular biological investigations indicate a cell cycle-dependent pathway. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35:1204-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Degon M, Chipkin SR, Hollot CV, Zoeller RT, Chait Y. A computational model of the human thyroid. Math Biosci 2007; 212:22-53. [PMID: 18291425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid, the largest gland in the endocrine system, secretes hormones that help promote bodily growth and development. This gland regulates hormonal secretion rate in spite of changes in dietary iodine which is a key ingredient in the hormone's biosynthesis. The thyroid relies on several feedback mechanisms for this regulation, and in this paper we use recent molecular-level and clinical observations to engineer a computational thyroid model. We use simulation and analysis to show that this models captures known aspects of thyroid physiology. We identify features in the model that are responsible for hormonal regulation, and use the model to identify and evaluate competing hypotheses associated with Wolff-Chaikoff escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Degon
- USUHS School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Li H, Richard K, McKinnon B, Mortimer RH. Effect of Iodide on Human Choriogonadotropin, Sodium-Iodide Symporter Expression, and Iodide Uptake in BeWo Choriocarcinoma Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4046-51. [PMID: 17726079 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Active placental transport of maternal iodide by the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) provides an essential substrate for fetal thyroid hormone synthesis. NIS is expressed in trophoblast and is regulated by human choriogonadotropin (hCG). In thyroid, iodide down-regulates expression of several genes including NIS. Placentas of iodine-deficient rats demonstrate up-regulation of NIS mRNA, suggesting a role for iodide in regulating placental NIS. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The objectives were to examine effects of iodide on expression of NIS and hCG in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Gene expression was studied by quantitative real-time PCR. Effects on NIS protein expression were assessed by Western blotting. Functional activity of NIS was measured by (125)I uptake. Expression of hCG protein was assessed by immunoassay of secreted hormone. RESULTS Iodide inhibited NIS mRNA and membrane protein expression as well as (125)I uptake, which were paralleled by decreased betahCG mRNA expression and protein secretion. Iodide had no effects on pendrin expression. Addition of hCG increased NIS mRNA expression. This effect was partially inhibited by addition of iodide. The inhibitory effects of iodide on NIS mRNA expression were abolished by propylthiouracil and dithiothreitol. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that expression of placental NIS is modulated by maternal iodide. This may occur through modulation of hCG effects on NIS and hCG gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huika Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital and Queensland Health Pathology Services, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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Cheng Q, Smith EE, Liu F, Gentle A, Hooper MJ, Anderson TA. Effects of perchlorate on sodium-iodide symporter and pendrin gene expression in deer mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:390-8. [PMID: 17607730 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effects of perchlorate on sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and pendrin gene expression in deer mice kidney and stomach were investigated. This was accomplished by isolating a partial cDNA sequence of deer mice NIS gene of 425 bps, and quantitatively analyzing NIS mRNA expression in various deer mouse tissues. The highest NIS expression level was in the stomach, followed by testes, brain, and large intestine; very low expression of NIS was observed in the lung, kidney, heart, and liver. Exposure to perchlorate through drinking water for 28 days did not significantly increase NIS gene expression in the kidney and stomach, and pendrin gene expression in the kidney. In a depuration experiment in which deer mice were exposed to perchlorate for 8-h followed by an 88-h depuration period, no significant difference was observed between the low and high exposure groups in terms of NIS or pendrin gene expression in the kidney or stomach at the end of the experiment. Furthermore, no significant linear relationship was observed between gene expression (either NIS or pendrin) in the kidney and perchlorate mass excreted via urine at day 28, average daily excretion, or total excretion mass over the 28 day exposure. Several factors could influence the effect of perchlorate exposure on NIS and pendrin gene expression in the stomach and kidney, including (1) pre-exposure to trace perchlorate through food and water perhaps resulting in adaptation (or tolerance) in these animals; (2) metabolism of perchlorate in deer mice causing only 46-61% perchlorate excreted into urine. It is also possible that there is no effect of perchlorate exposure and/or urinary excretion on NIS and pendrin gene expression, particularly in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqiong Cheng
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, USA.
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Abstract
Prolonged intake of large amounts of iodide has been reported to increase the incidence of goiter and/or hypothyroidism in humans as well as animals prone to spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. In the current study, we investigated the role of dietary iodide on the development of hypothyroidism, as well as thyroiditis, in strains of mice that do not develop spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. Intake of 0.05% NaI via drinking water for 10 wk induced hypothyroidism in SJL/J mice as indicated by elevated TSH and depressed total T(4) values in serum and formation of colloidal goiter with an inactive flattened thyroid epithelium. Hypothyroidism did not appear to have an autoimmune basis because only focal mononuclear cell infiltrates were found intrathyroidally, and antithyroglobulin antibodies or increased organification of iodide were not detected. These phenomena were not observed in similarly treated CBA/J mice, suggesting polymorphisms in genes controlling events downstream of iodide uptake by thyrocytes. Interestingly, RT-PCR analysis indicated that unlike CBA/J, SJL/J mice could not down-regulate Na/I symporter gene expression during the NaI treatment. No significant temporal or strain differences were observed regarding the expression of thyroglobulin, pendrin, thyroid peroxidase, and DUOX1 and DUOX2 genes after NaI intake. Our results point to the generation of a mouse model for the study of iodine-induced hypothyroidism, which does not seem to have an autoimmune basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan S Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Prante O, Bläser D, Maschauer S, Kuwert T. In vitro characterization of the thyroidal uptake of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:305-14. [PMID: 17383580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Positron emission tomography (PET) using O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine (FET) has been successfully employed in the diagnostic workup of brain tumors. Knowledge on the mechanisms of the uptake of radiolabeled amino acids into thyroidal tissues and well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas is limited. We therefore studied several factors potentially governing the uptake of FET in the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5 in comparison with thyroid tumor cell lines of human origin. METHODS FET uptake was determined in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-stimulated and TSH-deprived FRTL-5 cells, as well as in the cell lines U-138 MG (human glioblastoma), Onco DG-1 (human papillary thyroid carcinoma) and ML-1 (human follicular thyroid carcinoma). The TSH responsiveness of cells was measured by the incubation of TSH-treated and untreated control cells with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG). All cellular tracer uptake values were related to total protein mass and expressed as percentage per milligram. For countertransport studies, FRTL-5 cells were exposed to 10-300 microM tyrosine methyl ester. TSH-stimulated and TSH-deprived FRTL-5 cells were incubated with 100 kBq/ml FET for 20 min. 2-Aminobicyclo-[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), alpha-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid, L-serine and tryptophan were used as competitive inhibitors of FET uptake. All inhibition experiments were repeated with the human thyroid carcinoma cell lines to obtain comparative FET uptake values. RESULTS The FET uptake was 155+/-30%/mg in FRTL-5 cells (n=6), 108+/-14%/mg in U-138 MG cells (n=6), 194+/-60%/mg in ML-1 cells (n=9) and 64+/-23%/mg in Onco DG-1 cells (n=6) under identical incubation conditions. Preloading with tyrosine methyl ester increased cellular FET uptake dose dependently in FRTL-5 cells (165+/-25%, n=6). While TSH increased the uptake of FDG in FRTL-5 cells by sixfold, there was no TSH effect on FET accumulation. FET uptake by TSH-treated FRTL-5 cells was sodium independent and significantly inhibited by BCH (91.4+/-3.0%, n=9), tryptophan (94.8+/-1.6%, n=8) and serine (83.2+/-10.8%, n=12). TSH-starved FRTL-5 cells had a sodium-dependent component with a similar inhibition pattern. Onco DG-1 mainly confirmed the inhibition pattern of FET uptake in FRTL-5 cells, reflecting System-L-mediated FET uptake that was blocked by BCH and serine (72-85%, n=9). ML-1 cells revealed a pronounced sodium-dependent FET uptake that was inhibited by tryptophan (70+/-10%, n=9, P<.05) in the presence and in the absence of sodium, suggesting a contribution of alternative amino acid carriers. CONCLUSION FET uptake by FRTL-5 cells is not TSH dependent. FET uptake by FRTL-5 cells seems to be mainly mediated by a carrier exhibiting the characteristics of the System L amino acid transporter. FET uptake in thyroid cells and thyroid carcinoma cells was in the same range as that in a glioblastoma cell line. This encourages further research efforts towards the clinical evaluation of FET for the diagnostic workup of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Boelaert K, Smith VE, Stratford AL, Kogai T, Tannahill LA, Watkinson JC, Eggo MC, Franklyn JA, McCabe CJ. PTTG and PBF repress the human sodium iodide symporter. Oncogene 2007; 26:4344-56. [PMID: 17297475 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the thyroid to accumulate iodide provides the basis for radioiodine ablation of differentiated thyroid cancers and their metastases. Most thyroid tumours exhibit reduced iodide uptake, although the mechanisms accounting for this remain poorly understood. Pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) is a proto-oncogene implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid tumours. We now show that PTTG and its binding factor PBF repress expression of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) messenger RNA (mRNA), and inhibit iodide uptake. This process is mediated at least in part through fibroblast growth factor-2. In detailed studies of the NIS promoter in rat FRTL-5 cells, PTTG and PBF demonstrated specific inhibition of promoter activity via the human upstream enhancer element (hNUE). Within this approximately 1 kb element, a complex PAX8-upstream stimulating factor 1 (USF1) response element proved critical both to basal promoter activity and to PTTG and PBF repression of NIS. In particular, repression by PTTG was contingent upon the USF1, but not the PAX8, site. Finally, in human primary thyroid cells, PTTG and PBF similarly repressed the NIS promoter via hNUE. Taken together, our data suggest that the reported overexpression of PTTG and PBF in differentiated thyroid cancer has profound implications for activity of the NIS gene, and hence significantly impacts upon the efficacy of radioiodine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boelaert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Fortin MA, Salnikov AV, Nestor M, Heldin NE, Rubin K, Lundqvist H. Immuno-PET of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine-labelled antibody cMAb U36: application to antibody tumour uptake studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:1376-87. [PMID: 17277931 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the suitability of the chimeric monoclonal anti-human CD44 splice version 6 antibody (cMAb U36) for targeting and visualising human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with PET. We also performed experiments aimed at elucidating the relation between tumour interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) and the tumour uptake of antibodies. METHODS The affinity and specificity of the cMAb U36 for KAT-4 cells were evaluated in vitro, as was the Na+/I- symporter (NIS) expression. Biodistribution studies were performed on KAT-4 carcinoma-bearing mice injected with 124I-cMAb U36 or free iodine. Biodistribution studies were also performed in animals treated with the specific TGF-beta1 and -beta3 inhibitor Fc:TbetaRII, which lowers TIFP. Treated and non-treated animals were scanned by microPET. RESULTS Cultured human undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid carcinoma KAT-4 cells expressed low levels of NIS and uptake of free iodine was insignificant. The cMAb U36 expressed an affinity (KD) of 11+/-2 nM. Tumour radioactivity uptake reached maximum values 48 h after injection of 124I-cMAb U36 (approximately 22%IA/g). KAT-4 carcinomas were readily identified in all 124I-immuno-PET images. Radioactivity tumour uptake in Fc:TbetaRII-treated animals was significantly lower at 24 and 48 h after injection, and five times higher thyroid uptake was also noted. CONCLUSION We successfully used 124I-cMAb U36 to visualise CD44v6-expressing human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Given the lack of NIS expression in KAT-4, tumour visualisation is not due to free iodine uptake. Lowering the TIFP in KAT-4 carcinomas did not increase the uptake of mAbs into tumour tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Fortin
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4, Canada.
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