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Chaudhary S, Jain J, Kumar R, Shrinet J, Weaver SC, Auguste AJ, Sunil S. Chikungunya virus molecular evolution in India since its re-emergence in 2005. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab074. [PMID: 34754512 PMCID: PMC8570154 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family, is among the most medically significant mosquito-borne viruses, capable of causing major epidemics of febrile disease and severe, chronic arthritis. Identifying viral mutations is crucial for understanding virus evolution and evaluating those genetic determinants that directly impact pathogenesis and transmissibility. The present study was undertaken to expand on past CHIKV evolutionary studies through robust genome-scale phylogenetic analysis to better understand CHIKV genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics since its reintroduction into India in 2005. We sequenced the complete genomes of fifty clinical isolates collected between 2010 and 2016 from two geographic locations, Delhi and Mumbai. We then analysed them along with 753 genomes available on the Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource sampled over fifteen years (2005-20) from a range of locations across the globe and identified novel genetic variants present in samples from this study. Our analyses show evidence of frequent reintroduction of the virus into India and that the most recent CHIKV outbreak shares a common ancestor as recently as 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaspreet Jain
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Harapan H, Yufika A, Anwar S, Te H, Hasyim H, Nusa R, Dhewantara PW, Mudatsir M. Effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation and Dipole Mode Index on Chikungunya Infection in Indonesia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E119. [PMID: 32708686 PMCID: PMC7558115 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the possible association of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Dipole Mode Index (DMI) on chikungunya incidence overtime, including the significant reduction in cases that was observed in 2017 in Indonesia. Monthly nation-wide chikungunya case reports were obtained from the Indonesian National Disease Surveillance database, and incidence rates (IR) and case fatality rate (CFR) were calculated. Monthly data of Niño3.4 (indicator used to represent the ENSO) and DMI between 2011 and 2017 were also collected. Correlations between monthly IR and CFR and Niño3.4 and DMI were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation. We found that chikungunya case reports declined from 1972 cases in 2016 to 126 cases in 2017, a 92.6% reduction; the IR reduced from 0.67 to 0.05 cases per 100,000 population. No deaths associated with chikungunya have been recorded since its re-emergence in Indonesia in 2001. There was no significant correlation between monthly Niño3.4 and chikungunya incidence with r = -0.142 (95%CI: -0.320-0.046), p = 0.198. However, there was a significant negative correlation between monthly DMI and chikungunya incidence, r = -0.404 (95%CI: -0.229--0.554) with p < 0.001. In conclusion, our initial data suggests that the climate variable, DMI but not Niño3.4, is likely associated with changes in chikungunya incidence. Therefore, further analysis with a higher resolution of data, using the cross-wavelet coherence approach, may provide more robust evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (A.Y.); (M.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Amanda Yufika
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (A.Y.); (M.M.)
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Anwar
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Haypheng Te
- Siem Reap Provincial Health Department, Ministry of Health, Siem Reap 1710, Cambodia;
| | - Hamzah Hasyim
- Faculty of Public Health, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, South Sumatra 30862, Indonesia;
| | - Roy Nusa
- Vector-Borne Disease Control, Research and Development Council, Ministry of Health, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia;
| | - Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara
- Pangandaran Unit of Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health of Indonesia, West Java 46396, Indonesia;
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (A.Y.); (M.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh 23111, Indonesia
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3
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Cirne-Santos CC, Barros CDS, Nogueira CCR, Azevedo RC, Yamamoto KA, Meira GLS, de Vasconcelos ZFM, Ratcliffe NA, Teixeira VL, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Ferreira DF, Paixão ICNDP. Inhibition by Marine Algae of Chikungunya Virus Isolated From Patients in a Recent Disease Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2426. [PMID: 31708898 PMCID: PMC6821653 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is one of the most challenging re-emergent diseases caused by a virus, and with no specific antiviral treatment it has now become a major public health concern. In this investigation, 25 blood samples were collected from patients with characteristic CHIKV symptoms and submitted to a virus isolation protocol, which detected 3 CHIKV isolates. These samples were evaluated by sequencing for the characterization of the strains and any homology to viruses circulating in Brazil during a recent outbreak. These viruses were used for the development of antiviral assays. Subsequently, the inhibitory effects of seaweed extracts on CHIKV replication were studied. The marine species of algae tested were Bryothamnion triquetrum, Caulerpa racemosa, Laurencia dendroidea, Osmundaria obtusiloba, Ulva fasciata, and Kappaphycus alvarezii, all of which are found in different countries including Brazil. The results revealed high levels of CHIKV inhibition, including extracts of O. obtusiloba with inhibition values of 1.25 μg/mL and a selectivity index of 420. Viral inhibition was dependent on the time of addition of extract of O. obtusiloba to the infected cells, with the optimal inhibition occurring up to 16 h after infection. Neuron evaluations with O. obtusiloba were performed and demonstrated low toxicity, and in infected neurons we observed high inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the algal extracts may be promising novel candidates for the development of therapeutic agents against CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Departamento de Ensino, Curso de Farmácia na Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Souza Barros
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Richter Nogueira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Produtos Naturais de Algas Marinhas (ALGAMAR), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Renata Campos Azevedo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kristie Aimi Yamamoto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Louzada Silva Meira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Laneuville Teixeira
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais de Algas Marinhas (ALGAMAR), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia e Taxonomia de Algas (LABIOTAL), Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Neotropical, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davis Fernandes Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus in Field-Caught Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Collected during the Recent Outbreaks in 2019, Thailand. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030121. [PMID: 31382507 PMCID: PMC6789480 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. CHIKV infection is spreading worldwide, and it periodically sparks new outbreaks. There are no specific drugs or effective vaccines against CHIKV. The interruption of pathogen transmission by mosquito control provides the only effective approach to the control of CHIKV infection. Many studies have shown that CHIKV can be transmitted among the Ae. aegypti through vertical transmission. The previous chikungunya fever outbreaks in Thailand during 2008–2009 were caused by CHIKV, the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. Recently, there have been 3794 chikungunya cases in 27 provinces reported by the Bureau of Epidemiology of Health Ministry, Thailand during 1 January–16 June 2019; however, the cause of the re-emergence of CHIKV outbreaks is uncertain. Therefore, the aims of this study were to detect and analyze the genetic diversity of CHIKV infection in field-caught mosquitoes. Both female and male Ae. aegypti were collected from endemic areas of Thailand, and CHIKV detection was done by using E1-nested RT-PCR and sequencing analysis. A total of 1646 Ae. aegypti samples (900 females and 746 males) were tested. CHIKV was detected in 54 (3.28%) and 14 samples (0.85%) in female and male mosquitoes, respectively. Seventeen samples of female Ae. aegypti collected from the Ubon Ratchathani, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Sawan, and Songkhla provinces found mutation at E1: A226V. Interestingly, E1: K211E mutation was observed in 50 samples collected from Nong Khai, Bangkok, Prachuap Khiri Khan, and Krabi. In addition, the phylogenetic tree indicated that CHIKV in Ae. aegypti samples were from the Indian Ocean Clade and East/South African Clade. Both clades belong to the ECSA genotype. The information obtained from this study could be used for prediction, epidemiological study, prevention, and effective vector control of CHIKV. For instance, a novel CHIKV strain found in new areas has the potential to lead to a new outbreak. Health authorities could plan and apply control strategies more effectively given the tools provided by this research.
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5
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Harapan H, Michie A, Mudatsir M, Nusa R, Yohan B, Wagner AL, Sasmono RT, Imrie A. Chikungunya virus infection in Indonesia: a systematic review and evolutionary analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:243. [PMID: 30866835 PMCID: PMC6417237 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the high number of chikungunya cases in Indonesia in recent years, comprehensive epidemiological data are lacking. The systematic review was undertaken to provide data on incidence, the seroprevalence of anti-Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) IgM and IgG antibodies, mortality, the genotypes of circulating CHIKV and travel-related cases of chikungunya in the country. In addition, a phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Indonesian CHIKV was conducted. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify eligible studies from EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed and Web of Science as of October 16th 2017. Studies describing the incidence, seroprevalence of IgM and IgG, mortality, genotypes and travel-associated chikungunya were systematically reviewed. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic and evolutionary rate was estimated using Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML), and the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method identified the Time to Most Recent Common Ancestors (TMRCA) of Indonesian CHIKV. The systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42017078205). Results Chikungunya incidence ranged between 0.16-36.2 cases per 100,000 person-year. Overall, the median seroprevalence of anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies in both outbreak and non-outbreak scenarios was 13.3% (17.7 and 7.3% for outbreak and non-outbreak events, respectively). The median seroprevalence of IgG antibodies in both outbreak and non-outbreak settings was 18.5% (range 0.0–73.1%). There were 130 Indonesian CHIKV sequences available, of which 120 (92.3%) were of the Asian genotype and 10 (7.7%) belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype. The ECSA genotype was first isolated in Indonesia in 2008 and was continually sampled until 2011. All ECSA viruses sampled in Indonesia appear to be closely related to viruses that caused massive outbreaks in Southeast Asia countries during the same period. Massive nationwide chikungunya outbreaks in Indonesia were reported during 2009–2010 with a total of 137,655 cases. Our spatio-temporal, phylogenetic and evolutionary data suggest that these outbreaks were likely associated with the introduction of the ECSA genotype of CHIKV to Indonesia. Conclusions Although no deaths have been recorded, the seroprevalence of anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG in the Indonesian population have been relatively high in recent years following re-emergence in early 2001. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that the introduction of ECSA into Indonesia was likely associated with massive chikungunya outbreaks during 2009–2010. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3857-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia.
| | - Alice Michie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Mudatsir Mudatsir
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. T. Tanoeh Abe, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Roy Nusa
- Vector Borne Disease Control, Research and Development Council, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Allison Imrie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia. .,Pathwest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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6
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Cirne-Santos CC, Barros CDS, Nogueira CCR, Azevedo RC, Yamamoto KA, Meira GLS, de Vasconcelos ZFM, Ratcliffe NA, Teixeira VL, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Ferreira DF, Paixão ICNDP. Inhibition by Marine Algae of Chikungunya Virus Isolated From Patients in a Recent Disease Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 31708898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb201902426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is one of the most challenging re-emergent diseases caused by a virus, and with no specific antiviral treatment it has now become a major public health concern. In this investigation, 25 blood samples were collected from patients with characteristic CHIKV symptoms and submitted to a virus isolation protocol, which detected 3 CHIKV isolates. These samples were evaluated by sequencing for the characterization of the strains and any homology to viruses circulating in Brazil during a recent outbreak. These viruses were used for the development of antiviral assays. Subsequently, the inhibitory effects of seaweed extracts on CHIKV replication were studied. The marine species of algae tested were Bryothamnion triquetrum, Caulerpa racemosa, Laurencia dendroidea, Osmundaria obtusiloba, Ulva fasciata, and Kappaphycus alvarezii, all of which are found in different countries including Brazil. The results revealed high levels of CHIKV inhibition, including extracts of O. obtusiloba with inhibition values of 1.25 μg/mL and a selectivity index of 420. Viral inhibition was dependent on the time of addition of extract of O. obtusiloba to the infected cells, with the optimal inhibition occurring up to 16 h after infection. Neuron evaluations with O. obtusiloba were performed and demonstrated low toxicity, and in infected neurons we observed high inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the algal extracts may be promising novel candidates for the development of therapeutic agents against CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino, Curso de Farmácia na Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Souza Barros
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Richter Nogueira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais de Algas Marinhas (ALGAMAR), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Renata Campos Azevedo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kristie Aimi Yamamoto
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Louzada Silva Meira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Laneuville Teixeira
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais de Algas Marinhas (ALGAMAR), Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia e Taxonomia de Algas (LABIOTAL), Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Neotropical, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davis Fernandes Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Izabel Christina Nunes de Palmer Paixão
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Marinha, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Goyal M, Chauhan A, Goyal V, Jaiswal N, Singh S, Singh M. Recent development in the strategies projected for chikungunya vaccine in humans. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:4195-4206. [PMID: 30573950 PMCID: PMC6292406 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s181574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented epidemic spread of chikungunya worldwide illustrates the critical need for potent vaccines and therapeutic interventions. The morbidity and mortality associated with this arboviral infection has become a major public health problem in many countries across different continents. Increasing public–private partnerships have opened new avenues in research and development of vaccines. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances in patented approaches for chikungunya vaccine development and the forthcoming challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
| | | | - Nishant Jaiswal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, .,Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
| | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, .,Indian Council of Medical Research Advanced Centre for Evidence Based Child Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India,
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Abstract
Beginning in 2004, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) went from an endemic pathogen limited to Africa and Asia that caused periodic outbreaks to a global pathogen. Given that outbreaks caused by CHIKV have continued and expanded, serious consideration must be given to identifying potential options for vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no licensed products in this realm, and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control, which are only minimally effective. Therefore, it is prudent to urgently examine further possibilities for control. Vaccines have been shown to be highly effective against vector-borne diseases. However, as CHIKV is known to rapidly spread and generate high attack rates, therapeutics would also be highly valuable. Several candidates are currently being developed; this review describes the multiple options under consideration for future development and assesses their relative advantages and disadvantages.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen H. Waterman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, CDC, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
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Parashar D, Amdekar S, More A, Patil P, More R, Babu VR. Chikungunya fever outbreak in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142 Suppl:S111-5. [PMID: 26905236 PMCID: PMC4795341 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.176639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Parashar
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A Ambedkar Road, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Tsetsarkin KA, Chen R, Weaver SC. Interspecies transmission and chikungunya virus emergence. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:143-150. [PMID: 26986235 PMCID: PMC4824623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes severe, debilitating, often chronic arthralgia with high attack rates, resulting in severe morbidity and economic costs to affected communities. Since its first well-documented emergence in Asia in the 1950s, CHIKV has infected millions and, since 2007, has spread widely, probably via viremic travelers, to initiate urban transmission in Europe, the South Pacific, and the Americas. Some spread has been facilitated by adaptive envelope glycoprotein substitutions that enhance transmission by the new vector, Aedes albopictus. Although epistatic constraints may prevent the impact of these mutations in Asian strains now circulating in the Americas, as well as in African CHIKV strains imported into Brazil last year, these constraints could eventually be overcome over time to increase the transmission by A. albopictus in rural and temperate regions. Another major determinant of CHIKV endemic stability in the Americas will be its ability to spill back into an enzootic cycle involving sylvatic vectors and nonhuman primates, an opportunity exploited by yellow fever virus but apparently not by dengue viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes fever and debilitating joint pains in humans. Joint pains may last months or years. It is vectored primarily by the tropical and sub-tropical mosquito,
Aedes aegypti, but is also found to be transmitted by
Aedes albopictus, a mosquito species that can also be found in more temperate climates. In recent years, the virus has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health menace affecting millions of persons throughout the tropical and sub-tropical world and, as such, has also become a frequent cause of travel-associated febrile illness. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the biological and sociological underpinnings of its emergence and its future global outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle R Petersen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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13
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Díaz Y, Carrera JP, Cerezo L, Arauz D, Guerra I, Cisneros J, Armién B, Botello AM, Araúz AB, Gonzalez V, López Y, Moreno L, López-Vergès S, Moreno BA. Chikungunya virus infection: first detection of imported and autochthonous cases in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:482-5. [PMID: 25601996 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that was only endemic in Africa and south Asia until 2005 and 2006, when the virus spread into the Indian Ocean islands, Europe, and Asia. Autochthonous CHIKV transmission in the Caribbean islands was reported in December of 2013. In Panama, two febrile cases were detected in May of 2014: one traveling from Haiti, and the other traveling from the Dominican Republic. After other imported cases were detected, the first autochthonous case was reported in August of the same year. We detected CHIKV viral RNA and isolated the virus from serum samples. The phylogenetic analysis of the two imported isolates and one autochthonous CHIKV isolate indicated that the viruses belong to the Asian lineage in the Caribbean clade and are related to viruses recently identified in Saint Martin island, British Virgin Islands, China, and the Philippines. Although the circulating CHIKV lineages in the Americas have not yet been described, our results suggest that the Asian lineage is circulating in most American countries reporting autochthonous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamilka Díaz
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jean-Paul Carrera
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lizbeth Cerezo
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dimelza Arauz
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ilka Guerra
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Julio Cisneros
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Blas Armién
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ana Margarita Botello
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ana Belén Araúz
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Vladimir Gonzalez
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Yamileth López
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lourdes Moreno
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Sandra López-Vergès
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
| | - Brechla A Moreno
- Departments of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City, Panama; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama; Policentro de Parque Lefevre, Panama City, Panama; Centro de Salud de Rio Abajo, Panama City, Panama
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14
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Dhanwani R, Khan M, Lomash V, Rao PVL, Ly H, Parida M. Characterization of chikungunya virus induced host response in a mouse model of viral myositis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92813. [PMID: 24667237 PMCID: PMC3965460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While a number of studies have documented the persistent presence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in muscle tissue with primary fibroblast as the preferable cell target, little is known regarding the alterations that take place in muscle tissue in response to CHIKV infection. Hence, in the present study a permissive mouse model of CHIKV infection was established and characterized in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease. The two dimensional electrophoresis of muscle proteome performed for differential analysis indicated a drastic reprogramming of the proteins from various classes like stress, inflammation, cytoskeletal, energy and lipid metabolism. The roles of the affected proteins were explained in relation to virus induced myopathy which was further supported by the histopathological and behavioural experiments proving the lack of hind limb coordination and other loco-motor abnormalities in the infected mice. Also, the level of various pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-6, MCP-1, Rantes and TNF-α was significantly elevated in muscles of infected mice. Altogether this comprehensive study of characterizing CHIKV induced mouse myopathy provides many potential targets for further evaluation and biomarker study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Dhanwani
- Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
| | - Vinay Lomash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
| | | | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnestoa, United States of America
| | - Manmohan Parida
- Department of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, India
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15
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Kumar A, Mamidi P, Das I, Nayak TK, Kumar S, Chhatai J, Chattopadhyay S, Suryawanshi AR, Chattopadhyay S. A novel 2006 Indian outbreak strain of Chikungunya virus exhibits different pattern of infection as compared to prototype strain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85714. [PMID: 24465661 PMCID: PMC3896419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent re-emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in India after 32 years and its worldwide epidemics with unprecedented magnitude raised a great public health concern. Methods and Findings In this study, a biological comparison was carried out between a novel 2006 Indian CHIKV outbreak strain, DRDE-06 and the prototype strain S-27 in mammalian cells in order to understand their differential infection pattern. Results showed that S-27 produced maximum number of progenies (2.43E+06 PFU/ml) at 20 to 24 hours post infection whereas DRDE-06 produced more than double number of progenies around 8 hours post infection in mammalian cells. Moreover, the observation of cytopathic effect, detection of viral proteins and viral proliferation assay confirmed the remarkably faster and significantly higher replication efficiency of DRDE-06. Moreover, our mutational analysis of whole genome of DRDE-06 revealed the presence of nineteen mutations as compared to S-27, whereas the analysis of 273 global isolates showed the consistent presence of fifteen out of nineteen mutations in almost all outbreak isolates. Further analysis revealed that ∼46% of recent outbreak strains including DRDE-06 do not contain the E1-A226V mutation which was earlier shown to be associated with the adaptation of CHIKV in a new vector species, Aedes albopictus. Conclusions A novel 2006 Indian CHIKV outbreak strain, DRDE-06 exhibits different pattern of infection as compared to prototype strain, S-27. This might be associated to some specific mutations observed in genome wide mutational analysis in DRDE-06 which emphasizes the need of future experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prabhudutta Mamidi
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Indrani Das
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tapas K. Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sameer Kumar
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jagamohan Chhatai
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Amol R. Suryawanshi
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail:
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16
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Messaoudi I, Vomaske J, Totonchy T, Kreklywich CN, Haberthur K, Springgay L, Brien JD, Diamond MS, DeFilippis VR, Streblow DN. Chikungunya virus infection results in higher and persistent viral replication in aged rhesus macaques due to defects in anti-viral immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2343. [PMID: 23936572 PMCID: PMC3723534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne Alphavirus that causes a clinical disease involving fever, myalgia, nausea and rash. The distinguishing feature of CHIKV infection is the severe debilitating poly-arthralgia that may persist for several months after viral clearance. Since its re-emergence in 2004, CHIKV has spread from the Indian Ocean region to new locations including metropolitan Europe, Japan, and even the United States. The risk of importing CHIKV to new areas of the world is increasing due to high levels of viremia in infected individuals as well as the recent adaptation of the virus to the mosquito species Aedes albopictus. CHIKV re-emergence is also associated with new clinical complications including severe morbidity and, for the first time, mortality. In this study, we characterized disease progression and host immune responses in adult and aged Rhesus macaques infected with either the recent CHIKV outbreak strain La Reunion (LR) or the West African strain 37997. Our results indicate that following intravenous infection and regardless of the virus used, Rhesus macaques become viremic between days 1–5 post infection. While adult animals are able to control viral infection, aged animals show persistent virus in the spleen. Virus-specific T cell responses in the aged animals were reduced compared to adult animals and the B cell responses were also delayed and reduced in aged animals. Interestingly, regardless of age, T cell and antibody responses were more robust in animals infected with LR compared to 37997 CHIKV strain. Taken together these data suggest that the reduced immune responses in the aged animals promotes long-term virus persistence in CHIKV-LR infected Rhesus monkeys. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging Alphavirus that has caused recent massive outbreaks in the Indian Ocean region. In addition, outbreaks have been documented in Europe and elsewhere in the world, initiated by infected travelers returning to their homelands. The recent outbreak strains possess extended vector range and as such, raise the potential of CHIKV outbreaks in the Southeastern parts of the United States. In this study, we examined CHIKV immunity in adult and aged Rhesus macaques following infection with two different CHIKV strains (recent outbreak strain CHIKV-LR and a West African Strain CHIKV-37997). CHIKV-LR causes persistent infection in the aged animals and replicates, on average, to higher levels than CHIKV-37997. Irrespective of the viral strain used, aged animals had delayed and/or reduced immunity compared to adult animals. Our data support the clinical findings of CHIKV susceptibility in vulnerable populations including the aged and provide mechanistic evidence that an effective immune response directed against the virus is required for preventing persistent CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IM); (DNS)
| | - Jennifer Vomaske
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas Totonchy
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig N. Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kristen Haberthur
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Laura Springgay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology, Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology, Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Victor R. DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IM); (DNS)
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17
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Soni A, Pandey KM, Ray P, Jayaram B. Genomes to hits in silico - a country path today, a highway tomorrow: a case study of chikungunya. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:4687-700. [PMID: 23260020 PMCID: PMC3831887 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
These are exciting times for bioinformaticians, computational biologists and drug designers with the genome and proteome sequences and related structural databases growing at an accelerated pace. The post-genomic era has triggered high expectations for a rapid and successful treatment of diseases. However, in this biological information rich and functional knowledge poor scenario, the challenges are indeed grand, no less than the assembly of the genome of the whole organism. These include functional annotation of genes, identification of druggable targets, prediction of three-dimensional structures of protein targets from their amino acid sequences, arriving at lead compounds for these targets followed by a transition from bench to bedside. We propose here a "Genome to Hits In Silico" strategy (called Dhanvantari) and illustrate it on Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). "Genome to hits" is a novel pathway incorporating a series of steps such as gene prediction, protein tertiary structure determination, active site identification, hit molecule generation, docking and scoring of hits to arrive at lead compounds. The current state of the art for each of the steps in the pathway is high-lighted and the feasibility of creating an automated genome to hits assembly line is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Dash PK, Boutonnier A, Prina E, Sharma S, Reiter P. Development of a SYBR green I based RT-PCR assay for yellow fever virus: application in assessment of YFV infection in Aedes aegypti. Virol J 2012; 9:27. [PMID: 22264275 PMCID: PMC3296605 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow Fever virus (YFV) is an important arboviral pathogen in much of sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical Americas. It is the prototype member of the genus Flavivirus and is transmitted primarily by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes. The incidence of human infections in endemic areas has risen in recent years. Prompt and dependable identification of YFV is a critical component of response to suspect cases. RESULTS We developed a one-step SYBR Green I-based real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay targeting the 5'NTR and capsid-gene junction--for rapid detection and quantification of YFV. The detection limit was 1 PFU/mL, 10-fold more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR, and there was no cross-reactivity with closely related flaviviruses or with alphaviruses. Viral load in samples was determined by standard curve plotted from cycle threshold (Ct) values and virus concentration. The efficacy of the assay in mosquitoes was assessed with spiked samples. The utility of the assay for screening of pooled mosquitoes was also confirmed. Replication of a Cameroon isolate of YFV in Ae. aegypti revealed a marked variation in susceptibility among different colonies at different days post infection (pi). CONCLUSIONS The SYBR Green-1 based qRT-PCR assay is a faster, simpler, more sensitive and less expensive procedure for detection and quantification of YFV than other currently used methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paban Kumar Dash
- Institut Pasteur, Insects and Infectious Disease Unit, CNRS URA 3012, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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Anish T, Vijayakumar K, Leela IAK. Domestic and Environmental Factors of Chikungunya-affected Families in Thiruvananthapuram (Rural) District of Kerala, India. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3:32-6. [PMID: 21572606 PMCID: PMC3068575 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.77293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world is experiencing a pandemic of chikungunya which has swept across Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent. Kerala the southernmost state of India was affected by the chikungunya epidemic twice, first in 2006 and then in 2007. Kerala has got geography and climate which are highly favorable for the breeding of Aedes albopictus, the suspected vector. AIM The aim of the study was to highlight the various domestic and environmental factors of the families affected by chikungunya in 2007 in Thiruvananthapuram district (rural) of Kerala. Settings and design:This is a cross-sectional survey conducted in Thiruvananthapuram (rural) district during November 2007. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This is a cross-sectional survey conducted in Thiruvananthapuram (rural) district during November 2007 MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were selected from field area under three Primary Health Centers.These areas represent the three terrains of the district namely the highland, midland, and lowland. The sample size was estimated to be 134 houses from each study area.The field area of health workers was selected as clusters and six subcenters from each primary health center were randomly selected (lot method). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The proportion of population affected by chikungunya fever is 39.9% (38.9-40.9%). The investigators observed water holding containers in the peri-domestic area of 95.6% of the houses. According to regression (binary logistic) analysis, the area of residence [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 8.01 (6.06-14.60)], residing in a non-remote area [adjusted OR=0.25 (0.16-0.38)], perceived mosquito menace [adjusted OR=3.07 (2.31-4.64)], and containers/tires outside the house [adjusted OR=5.61 (2.74-27.58)] were the independent predictors of the occurrence of chikungunya in households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ts Anish
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Chen CI, Clark DC, Pesavento P, Lerche NW, Luciw PA, Reisen WK, Brault AC. Comparative pathogenesis of epidemic and enzootic Chikungunya viruses in a pregnant Rhesus macaque model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 83:1249-58. [PMID: 21118930 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, an East African genotype of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged, causing significant epidemics of an arthralgic syndrome. In addition, this virus has been associated for the first time with neonatal transmission and neurological complications. In the current study, pregnant Rhesus macaques were inoculated with an enzootic or epidemic strain of CHIKV to compare pathogenesis and transplacental transmission potential. Viremias were similar for both strains and peaked at 2-3 days post-inoculation (dpi). Viral RNA was detected at necropsy at 21 dpi in maternal lymphoid, joint-associated, and spinal cord tissues. The absence of detectable viral RNA and the lack of germinal center development in fetuses indicated that transplacental transmission did not occur. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in all dams and fetuses. Our study establishes a non-human primate model for evaluating vaccines and antiviral therapies and indicates that Rhesus macaques could serve as a competent enzootic reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-I Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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21
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Khan M, Santhosh SR, Tiwari M, Lakshmana Rao PV, Parida M. Assessment of in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against Chikungunya virus in vero cells. J Med Virol 2010; 82:817-24. [PMID: 20336760 PMCID: PMC7166494 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The resurgence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the form of unprecedented and explosive epidemics in India and the Indian Ocean islands after a gap of 32 years is a major public health concern. Currently, there is no specific therapy available to treat CHIKV infection. In the present study, the in vitro prophylactic and therapeutic effects of chloroquine on CHIKV replication in Vero cells were investigated. Inhibitory effects were observed when chloroquine was administered pre‐infection, post‐infection, and concurrent with infection, suggesting that chloroquine has prophylactic and therapeutic potential. The inhibitory effects were confirmed by performing a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), real‐time reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR analysis of viral RNA levels, and cell viability assays. Chloroquine diminished CHIKV infection in a dose‐dependent manner, with an effective concentration range of 5–20 µM. Concurrent addition of drug with virus, or treatment of cells prior to infection drastically reduced virus infectivity and viral genome copy number by ≥99.99%. The maximum inhibitory effect of chloroquine was observed within 1–3 hr post‐infection (hpi), and treatment was ineffective once the virus successfully passed through the early stages of infection. The mechanism of inhibition of virus activity by chloroquine involved impaired endosomal‐mediated virus entry during early stages of virus replication, most likely through the prevention of endocytosis and/or endosomal acidification, based on a comparative evaluation using ammonium chloride, a known lysosomotropic agent. J. Med. Virol. 82: 817–824, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Khan
- Division of Virology, Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP, India
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Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses of chikungunya virus reveal independent emergences of recent epidemics and various evolutionary rates. J Virol 2010; 84:6497-504. [PMID: 20410280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01603-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, has traditionally circulated in Africa and Asia, causing human febrile illness accompanied by severe, chronic joint pain. In Africa, epidemic emergence of CHIKV involves the transition from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle involving arboreal mosquito vectors and nonhuman primates, into an urban cycle where peridomestic mosquitoes transmit among humans. In Asia, however, CHIKV appears to circulate only in the endemic, urban cycle. Recently, CHIKV emerged into the Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent to cause major epidemics. To examine patterns of CHIKV evolution and the origins of these outbreaks, as well as to examine whether evolutionary rates that vary between enzootic and epidemic transmission, we sequenced the genomes of 40 CHIKV strains and performed a phylogenetic analysis representing the most comprehensive study of its kind to date. We inferred that extant CHIKV strains evolved from an ancestor that existed within the last 500 years and that some geographic overlap exists between two main enzootic lineages previously thought to be geographically separated within Africa. We estimated that CHIKV was introduced from Africa into Asia 70 to 90 years ago. The recent Indian Ocean and Indian subcontinent epidemics appear to have emerged independently from the mainland of East Africa. This finding underscores the importance of surveillance to rapidly detect and control African outbreaks before exportation can occur. Significantly higher rates of nucleotide substitution appear to occur during urban than during enzootic transmission. These results suggest fundamental differences in transmission modes and/or dynamics in these two transmission cycles.
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Staikowsky F, Talarmin F, Grivard P, Souab A, Schuffenecker I, Le Roux K, Lecuit M, Michault A. Prospective study of Chikungunya virus acute infection in the Island of La Réunion during the 2005-2006 outbreak. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7603. [PMID: 19893613 PMCID: PMC2764049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a recently re-emerged arthropod borne virus responsible for a massive outbreak in the Indian Ocean and India, and extended to Southeast Asia as well as Italy. CHIKV has adapted to Aedes albopictus, an anthropophilic mosquito species widely distributed in Asia, Europe, Africa and America. Our objective was to determine the clinical and biological features of patients at the acute phase of CHIKV infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS A prospective study enrolled 274 consecutive patients with febrile arthralgia recorded at the Emergency Department of the Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Réunion between March and May 2006. Three groups were defined: one group of 180 viremic patients (positive CHIKV RT-PCR), one group of 34 patients with acute post-viremic infection (negative CHIKV RT-PCR, positive anti-CHIKV IgM and negative IgG), and one group of 46 uninfected patients (negative CHIKV RT-PCR, anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG). Bivariate analyses of clinical and biological features between groups were performed. Patients with CHIKV viremia presented typically with asymmetrical bilateral polyarthralgia (96.5%) affecting the lower (98%) and small joints (74.8%), as well as asthenia (88.6%), headache (70%), digestive trouble (63.3%), myalgia (59%), exanthems (47.8%), conjunctival hyperhemia (23%) and adenopathy (8.9%). Vertigo, cutaneous dysesthesia, pharyngitis and haemorrhages were seldom observed. So far unreported symptoms such as chondrocostal arthralgia (20%), entesopathies (1.6%), talalgia (14%) were also noted. Prurit was less frequent during the viremic than post-viremic phase (13.9% vs. 41.2%; p<0.001), whereas lymphopenia was more frequent (87.6% vs. 39.4%; p<0.001). Others biological abnormalities included leukopenia (38.3%), thrombocytopenia (37.3%), increased ASAT and ALAT blood levels (31.6 and 7.3%, respectively) and hypocalcemia (38.7%). Lymphopenia <1,000/mm(3) was very closely associated with viremic patients (Yule coefficient 0.82, positive predictive value 92.3%). Age under 65 was associated with a benign course, as no patients younger than 65 had to be hospitalized (Yule coefficient 0.78). CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of CHIKV infection in acute phase is based on commonly accepted clinical criteria (fever and arthralgia), however clinical and biological diffrences exist in acute phase depending on whether or not the patient is within the viremic phase of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Staikowsky
- Emergency Department, Pôle des Spécialités de l'Urgence, Centre Hospitalier Régional de La Réunion, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
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Santhosh SR, Dash PK, Parida M, Khan M, Rao PVL. Appearance of E1: A226V mutant Chikungunya virus in Coastal Karnataka, India during 2008 outbreak. Virol J 2009; 6:172. [PMID: 19857273 PMCID: PMC2774687 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya has resurged in the form of unprecedented explosive epidemic in 2006 after a long gap in India affecting 1.39 million of persons. The disease continued for the next two consecutive years affecting 59,535 and 64,548 persons during 2007 and 2008 respectively. The 2008 outbreak being the second largest among these three years the information regarding the etiology and the mutations involved are useful for further control measures. Among the 2008 outbreaks the Coastal Karnataka accounts for the 46,510 persons. An in-depth investigation of Chikungunya epidemic of Coastal Karnataka, India, 2008 by serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR and genome sequencing revealed the presence and continued circulation of A226V mutant Chikungunya virus. The appearance of this mutant virus was found to be associated with higher prevalence of vector Aedes albopictus and the geographical proximity of coastal Karnataka with the adjoining Kerala state. This is the first report regarding the appearance of this mutation in Karnataka state of India. The present study identified the presence and association of A226V mutant virus with Chikungunya outbreak in India during 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Santhosh
- Division of Virology, Defence R & D Establishment (DRDE), Jhansi Road, Gwalior, MP, PIN - 474 002, India.
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Ng LFP, Chow A, Sun YJ, Kwek DJC, Lim PL, Dimatatac F, Ng LC, Ooi EE, Choo KH, Her Z, Kourilsky P, Leo YS. IL-1beta, IL-6, and RANTES as biomarkers of Chikungunya severity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4261. [PMID: 19156204 PMCID: PMC2625438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the immunopathogenesis of Chikungunya virus. Circulating levels of immune mediators and growth factors were analyzed from patients infected during the first Singaporean Chikungunya fever outbreak in early 2008 to establish biomarkers associated with infection and/or disease severity. Methods and Findings Adult patients with laboratory-confirmed Chikungunya fever infection, who were referred to the Communicable Disease Centre/Tan Tock Seng Hospital during the period from January to February 2008, were included in this retrospective study. Plasma fractions were analyzed using a multiplex-microbead immunoassay. Among the patients, the most common clinical features were fever (100%), arthralgia (90%), rash (50%) and conjunctivitis (40%). Profiles of 30 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were able to discriminate the clinical forms of Chikungunya from healthy controls, with patients classified as non-severe and severe disease. Levels of 8 plasma cytokines and 4 growth factors were significantly elevated. Statistical analysis showed that an increase in IL-1β, IL-6 and a decrease in RANTES were associated with disease severity. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive report on the production of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors during acute Chikungunya virus infection. Using these biomarkers, we were able to distinguish between mild disease and more severe forms of Chikungunya fever, thus enabling the identification of patients with poor prognosis and monitoring of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (LFPN); (YSL)
| | - Angela Chow
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Communicable Disease Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong-Jiang Sun
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Communicable Disease Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dyan J. C. Kwek
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poh-Lian Lim
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Communicable Disease Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lee-Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Khar-Heng Choo
- Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philippe Kourilsky
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Sin Leo
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Communicable Disease Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (LFPN); (YSL)
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Lakshmi V, Neeraja M, Subbalaxmi MVS, Parida MM, Dash PK, Santhosh SR, Rao PVL. Clinical features and molecular diagnosis of Chikungunya fever from South India. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1436-42. [PMID: 18419449 PMCID: PMC7107878 DOI: 10.1086/529444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemic of Chikungunya fever of unprecedented magnitude occurred in many parts of India in early 2006 after an interval of 33 years, and there has been a resurgence in some parts of South India since June 2007. The article highlights clinical manifestations of infection and various molecular tests that were used for diagnoses of Chikungunya virus infection. Of particular interest is the real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT LAMP) assay, which is rapid and cost-effective and can be adopted at ill-equipped laboratories. Clinical symptoms were characterized by a triad of fever, rash, and severe rheumatic manifestations. RT LAMP identified 20 additional Chikungunya virus-positive cases, compared with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Chikungunya virus was isolated from 20 randomly selected samples. Genotyping of the virus isolates revealed that the East Central South African genotype of Chikungunya virus was the etiologic agent of this epidemic. Molecular diagnosis is an important tool to identify such new vectorborne viral illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemu Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
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