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Hungwe FTT, Laycock KM, Ntereke TD, Mabaka R, Paganotti GM. A historical perspective on arboviruses of public health interest in Southern Africa. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:131-159. [PMID: 38082563 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2290375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are an existing and expanding threat globally, with the potential for causing devastating health and socioeconomic impacts. Mitigating this threat necessitates a One Health approach that integrates vector surveillance, rapid disease detection, and innovative prevention and control measures. In Southern Africa, limited data on the epidemiology of arboviruses, their vectors, and their hosts prevent an effective response. We reviewed the current knowledge on arboviruses in Southern Africa and identified opportunities for further research. A literature search was conducted to identify studies published on arboviruses in 10 tropical and temperate countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) from 1900 onward. We identified 280 studies, half (51.1%) originating from South Africa, that described 31 arboviral species, their vectors, and their clinical effects on hosts reported in the region. Arboviral research flourished in the SADC in the mid-20th century but then declined, before reemerging in the last two decades. Recent research consists largely of case reports describing outbreaks. Historical vector surveillance and serosurveys from the mid-20th century suggest that arboviruses are plentiful across Southern Africa, but large gaps remain in the current understanding of arboviral distribution, transmission dynamics, and public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith T T Hungwe
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine M Laycock
- The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Rorisang Mabaka
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Giacomo M Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Kayange N, Hau DK, Pain K, Mshana SE, Peck R, Gehring S, Groendahl B, Koliopoulos P, Revocatus B, Msaki EB, Malande O. Seroprevalence of Dengue and Chikungunya Virus Infections in Children Living in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1662. [PMID: 37892325 PMCID: PMC10605353 DOI: 10.3390/children10101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Dengue and chikungunya viruses are frequent causes of malarial-like febrile illness in children. The rapid increase in virus transmission by mosquitoes is a global health concern. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the childhood prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases was conducted on 28 June 2019, and updated on 12 February 2022. The search strategy was designed to retrieve all articles pertaining to arboviruses in SSA children using both controlled vocabulary and keywords. The pooled (weighted) proportion of dengue and chikungunya was estimated using a random effect model. The overall pooled prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in SSA children was estimated to be 16% and 7%, respectively. Prevalence was slightly lower during the period 2010-2020 compared to 2000-2009. The study design varied depending on the healthcare facility reporting the disease outbreak. Importantly, laboratory methods used to detect arbovirus infections differed. The present review documents the prevalence of dengue and chikungunya in pediatric patients throughout SSA. The results provide unprecedented insight into the transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses among these children and highlight the need for enhanced surveillance and controlled methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Kayange
- Department of Pediatrics, Bugando Medical Centre, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania;
| | - Duncan K Hau
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Kevin Pain
- Samuel J. Wood Library and C.V. Starr Biomedical Information Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania;
| | - Robert Peck
- Department of Pediatrics, Bugando Medical Centre, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza P.O. Box 1464, Tanzania;
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.G.); (B.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Britta Groendahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.G.); (B.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Philip Koliopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.G.); (B.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Baraka Revocatus
- Department of Data and Statistics, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza P.O. Box 1370, Tanzania;
| | - Evarist B Msaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza P.O. Box 1370, Tanzania;
| | - Ombeva Malande
- East Africa Centre for Vaccines and Immunization (ECAVI), Kampala P.O. Box 3040, Uganda;
- Department of Public Health Phamarmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria P.O. Box 60, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda
- Department of Public Health, UNICAF University, Lusaka P.O. Box 20842, Zambia
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Kawonga F, Misinzo G, Pemba DF. Serological and molecular evidence of chikungunya virus infection among febrile outpatients seeking healthcare in Northern Malawi. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2023; 13:2229573. [PMID: 37387776 PMCID: PMC10304438 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2023.2229573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite global evidence of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in humans that is caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), little is known about the occurrence of CHIKF in Malawi. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of CHIKF and to molecularly confirm the presence of CHIKV ribonucleic acid (RNA) among febrile outpatients seeking health care at Mzuzu Central Hospital in the Northern Region of Malawi. Methods: Enzyme-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the presence or absence of specific antibodies against CHIKV. Reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on randomly selected anti-CHIKV IgM-positive samples to detect CHIKV RNA. Results: Out of 119 CHIKF suspected samples analyzed, 73 tested positive for anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies, with an overall seroprevalence of 61.3%. Most of the CHIKV infected individuals presented with joint pain, abdominal pain, vomiting and nose bleeding with seroprevalence of 45.2%, 41.1%, 16.4% and 12.3%, respectively. All the randomly selected samples that were positive for CHIKV anti-IgM by ELISAhad detectable CHIKV RNA by RT-PCR. Conclusion: The presence of anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies suggests the presence of recent CHIKV infection. We therefore recommend for the inclusion of CHIKF as the differential diagnosis in febrile ill patients in Mzuzu city, Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flywell Kawonga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS African Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS African Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dylo Foster Pemba
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratory, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
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Adaptation to a Multiplex Bead Assay and Seroprevalence to Rift Valley Fever N Protein: Nampula Province, Mozambique, 2013-2014. J Virol 2022; 96:e0067222. [PMID: 35894603 PMCID: PMC9400480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with outbreaks reported in the Arabian Peninsula and throughout SSA. The natural reservoir for RVFV are ruminants, with livestock populations exceeding 50% exposure rates in some areas of SSA. Transmission to humans can occur through exposure to infected livestock products or multiple species of mosquito vectors. In 2013 and 2014, cross-sectional surveys occurred in two districts of Nacala-a-Velha and Mecubúri in northern Mozambique, and participants provided blood samples for later serological assays. IgG against the N protein of RVFV was detected through multiplex bead assay (MBA). Of the 2,278 persons enrolled between the two surveys and study sites, 181 (7.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.9%-9.1%) were found to be IgG seropositive with increasing seroprevalence with older age and significantly higher seroprevalence in Nacala-a-Velha (10.5%, 8.8%-12.5%) versus Mecubúri (5.7%, 4.5%-7.1%). Seroprevalence estimates were not significantly different between the 2013 and 2014 surveys. Significant spatial clustering of IgG positive persons were consistent among surveys and within the two districts, pointing toward the consistency of serology data for making population-level assumptions regarding RVFV seroprevalence. A subset of persons (n = 539) provided samples for both the 2013 and 2014 surveys, and a low percentage (0.81%) of these were found to seroconvert between these two surveys. Including the RVFV N protein in an MBA antigen panel could assist elucidate RVFV exposure in SSA. IMPORTANCE Due to sporadic transmission, human contact with Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is difficult to ascertain at a population level. Detection of antibodies against RVFV antigens assist in estimating exposure as antibodies remain in the host long after the virus has been cleared. In this study, we show that antibodies against RVFV N protein can be detected from dried blood spot (DBS) samples being assayed by multiplex bead assay. DBS from two districts in northern Mozambique were tested for IgG against the N protein, and 7.9% of all enrolled persons were seropositive. Older persons, males, and persons residing closer to the coast had higher RVFV N protein seroprevalence. Spatial clustering of IgG positive persons was noted in both districts. These results show low exposure rates to RVFV in these two northern districts in Mozambique, and the ability to perform serology for the RVFV N protein from dried blood samples.
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Chikungunya in Infants and Children: Is Pathogenesis Increasing? Viruses 2019; 11:v11030294. [PMID: 30909568 PMCID: PMC6466311 DOI: 10.3390/v11030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first extensively described in children during outbreaks in India and South Asia during the mid-1960s. Prior to the 2005 emergence of CHIKV on Reunion Island, CHIKV infection was usually described as a dengue-like illness with arthralgia in Africa and febrile hemorrhagic disease in Asia. Soon after the 2005 emergence, severe CNS consequences from vertical and perinatal transmission were described and as CHIKV continued to emerge in new areas over the next 10 years, severe manifestation of infection and sequelae were increasingly reported in infants and neonates. The following review describes the global reemergence and the syndromes of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in infants and children. The various manifestations of CHIKF are described and connected to the viral lineage that was documented in the area at the time the disease was described. The data show that certain manifestations of CHIKF occur with specific viral lineages and genetic motifs, which suggests that severe manifestations of CHIKF in the very young may be associated with the emergence of new viral lineages.
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