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Dong Y, Huang L, Liu L. Comparative analysis of testicular fusion in Spodoptera litura (cutworm) and Bombyx mori (silkworm): Histological and transcriptomic insights. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024:114562. [PMID: 38848820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura commonly known as the cutworm, is among the most destructive lepidopteran pests affecting over 120 plants species. The powerful destructive nature of this lepidopteran is attributable to its high reproductive capacity. The testicular fusion that occurs during metamorphosis from larvae to pupa in S.litura positively influences the reproductive success of the offspring. In contrast, Bombyx mori, the silkworm, retains separate testes throughout its life and does not undergo this fusion process. Microscopic examination reveals that during testicular fusion in S.litura, the peritoneal sheath becomes thinner and more translucent, whereas in B.mori, the analogous region thickens. The outer basement membrane in S.litura exhibits fractures, discontinuity, and uneven thickness accompanied by a significant presence of cellular secretions, large cell size, increased vesicles, liquid droplets, and a proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In contrast, the testicular peritoneal sheath of B.mori at comparable developmental stage exhibits minimal change. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the testicular peritoneal sheath reveals a substantial difference in gene expression between the two species. The disparity in differential expressed genes (DEGs) is linked to an enrichment of numerous transcription factors, intracellular signaling pathways involving Ca2+ and GTPase, as well as intracellular protein transport and signaling pathways. Meanwhile, structural proteins including actin, chitin-binding proteins, membrane protein fractions, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix proteins are predominantly identified. Moreover, the study highlights the enrichment of endopeptidases, serine proteases, proteolytic enzymes and matrix metalloproteins, which may play a role in the degradation of the outer membrane. Five transcription factors-Slforkhead, Slproline, Slcyclic, Slsilk, and SlD-ETS were identified, and their expression pattern were confirmed by qRT-PCR. they are candidates for participating in the regulation of testicular fusion. Our findings underscore significant morphological and trancriptomic variation in the testicular peritoneal sheath of S.litura compared to the silkworm, with substantial changes at the transcriptomic level coinciding with testicular fusion. The research provides valuable clues for understanding the complex mechanisms underlying this unique phenomenon in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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2
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Zahedipour F, Khorram Khorshid HR, Esmaeilzadeh E, Kamali K, Ebadifar A. Association of MMP2 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate in an Iranian population. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2023; 17:149-153. [PMID: 38023796 PMCID: PMC10676531 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2023.40640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is a prevalent congenital disorder. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in palatogenesis and have been proposed to be associated with nonsyndromic CL/P development. This study aimed to examine the association of MMP2 (rs243866) and MMP9 (rs3918242) gene polymorphism with nonsyndromic CL/P in an Iranian population. Methods Blood samples were collected from 120 nonsyndromic CL/P patients and 140 healthy newborns in this case-control study. DNA extraction was performed by the salting-out method, and the samples underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), using Pag and SphI enzymes, for genotyping MMP2 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.5. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The level of statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results No significant association was found between MMP2 gene polymorphism and nonsyndromic CL/P. However, the MMP9 gene polymorphism had a significant association with nonsyndromic CL/P, with a higher prevalence of the T allele and TT genotype in the case group than the control group. Conclusion This study indicated a potential link between MMP9 gene polymorphism and nonsyndromic CL/P in an Iranian population. Future investigations with greater sample diversity and larger sample sizes are required to obtain more comprehensive and robust evidence. In-depth analyses and studies involving different ethnic groups can further enhance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of CL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Department of Orthodontics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Koorosh Kamali
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Asghar Ebadifar
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Wolf CJ, Fitzpatrick H, Becker C, Smith J, Wood C. An improved multicellular human organoid model for the study of chemical effects on palatal fusion. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1513-1533. [PMID: 37530699 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue fusion is a mechanism involved in the development of the heart, iris, genital tubercle, neural tube, and palate during embryogenesis. Failed fusion of the palatal shelves could result in cleft palate (CP), a common birth defect. Organotypic models constructed of human cells offer an opportunity to investigate developmental processes in the human. Previously, our laboratory developed an organoid model of the human palate that contains human mesenchyme and epithelial progenitor cells to study the effects of chemicals on fusion. METHODS Here, we developed an organoid model more representative of the embryonic palate that includes three cell types: mesenchyme, endothelial, and epithelial cells. We measured fusion by a decrease in epithelial cells at the contact point between the organoids and compared the effects of CP teratogens on fusion and toxicity in the previous and current organoid models. We further tested additional suspect teratogens in our new model. RESULTS We found that the three-cell-type model is more sensitive to fusion inhibition by valproic acid and inhibitors of FGF, BMP, and TGFβRI/II. In this new model, we tested other suspect CP teratogens and found that nocodazole, topiramate, and Y27632 inhibit fusion at concentrations that do not induce toxicity. CONCLUSION This sensitive human three-cell-type organotypic model accurately evaluates chemicals for cleft palate teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Wolf
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hunter Fitzpatrick
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carrie Becker
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carmen Wood
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Schoen C, Bloemen M, Carels CEL, Verhaegh GW, Van Rheden R, Roa LA, Glennon JC, Von den Hoff JW. A potential osteogenic role for microRNA-181a-5p during palatogenesis. Eur J Orthod 2023; 45:575-583. [PMID: 37454242 PMCID: PMC10756689 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, we found that the highly conserved hsa-miR-181a-5p is downregulated in palatal fibroblasts of non-syndromic cleft palate-only infants. OBJECTIVES To analyze the spatiotemporal expression pattern of mmu-miR-181a-5p during palatogenesis and identify possible mRNA targets and their involved molecular pathways. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of mmu-miR-181a-5p was analyzed in the developing palates of mouse embryos from E11 to E18 using qPCR and ISH. Mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells from E13 were used to analyze mmu-miR-181a-5p expression during osteogenic differentiation. Differential mRNA expression and target identification were analyzed using whole transcriptome RNA sequencing after transfection with a mmu-miR-181a-5p mimic. Differentially expressed genes were linked with underlying pathways using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS The expression of mmm-miR-181a-5p in the palatal shelves increased from E15 and overlapped with palatal osteogenesis. During early osteogenic differentiation, mmu-miR-181a-5p was upregulated. Transient overexpression resulted in 49 upregulated mRNAs and 108 downregulated mRNAs (adjusted P-value < 0.05 and fold change > ± 1.2). Ossification (Stc1, Mmp13) and cell-cycle-related GO terms were significantly enriched for upregulated mRNAs. Analysis of possible mRNA targets indicated significant enrichment of Hippo signaling (Ywhag, Amot, Frmd6 and Serpine1) and GO terms related to cell migration and angiogenesis. LIMITATIONS Transient overexpression of mmu-miR-181a-5p in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells limited its analysis to early osteogenesis. CONCLUSION Mmu-miR-181-5p expression is increased in the developing palatal shelves in areas of bone formation and targets regulators of the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schoen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon Bloemen
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carine E L Carels
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and orthodontic clinic, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Van Rheden
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Laury A Roa
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- MERLN Institute for Technology—Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Machado RA, de Oliveira LQR, Rangel ALCA, Reis SRDA, Scariot R, Martelli DRB, Martelli-Júnior H, Coletta RD. Brazilian Multiethnic Association Study of Genetic Variant Interactions among FOS, CASP8, MMP2 and CRISPLD2 in the Risk of Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 11:dj11010007. [PMID: 36661544 PMCID: PMC9857865 DOI: 10.3390/dj11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations of CRISPLD2 (cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 2) and genes belonging to its activation pathway, including FOS (Fos proto-oncogene), CASP8 (caspase 8) and MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase 2), with nonsyndromic orofacial cleft risk, have been reported, but the results are yet unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FOS, CASP8 and MMP2 and to determine their SNP-SNP interactions with CRISPLD2 variants in the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL±P) in the Brazilian population. The SNPs rs1046117 (FOS), rs3769825 (CASP8) and rs243836 (MMP2) were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays in a case-control sample containing 801 NSCL±P patients (233 nonsyndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO) and 568 nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP)) and 881 healthy controls via logistic regression analysis adjusted for the effects of sex and genomic ancestry proportions with a multiple comparison p value set at ≤0.01. SNP-SNP interactions with rs1546124, rs8061351, rs2326398 and rs4783099 in CRISPLD2 were performed with the model-based multifactor dimensionality reduction test complemented with a 1000 permutation-based strategy. Although the association between FOS rs1046117 and risk of NSCL±P reached only nominal p values, NSCLO risk was significantly higher in carriers of the FOS rs1046117 C allele (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.10-1.64, p = 0.004), TC heterozygous genotype (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.16-2.18, p = 0.003), and in the dominant model (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.10-2.02, p = 0.007). Individually, no significant associations between cleft risk and the SNPs in CASP8 and MMP2 were observed. SNP-SNP interactions involving CRISPLD2 variants and rs1046117 (FOS), rs3769825 (CASP8) and rs243836 (MMP2) yielded several significant p values, mostly driven by FOS rs1046117 and CASP8 rs3769825 in NSCL±P, FOS rs1046117 in NSCLO and CRISPLD2 rs8061351 in NSCLP. Our study is the first in the Brazilian population to reveal the association of FOS rs1046117 with NSCLO risk, and to support that CRISPLD2, CASP8, FOS and MMP2 interactions may be related to the pathogenesis of this common craniofacial malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-018, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-018, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia Carrinho Ayroza Rangel
- Center of Biological Sciences and of the Health, School of Dentistry, State University of Western Paraná, Cascavel 85819-110, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Scariot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Health Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Hercílio Martelli-Júnior
- Stomatology Clinic, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros 39401-089, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of Professor Edson Antônio Velano, Alfenas 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-018, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-018, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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6
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Deletion of 11q24.2-qter in a male child with cleft lip and palate: an atypical feature of Jacobsen syndrome. J Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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8
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Smith SS, Chu D, Qu T, Aggleton JA, Schneider RA. Species-specific sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and changes to the Mmp13 promoter underlie avian jaw development and evolution. eLife 2022; 11:e66005. [PMID: 35666955 PMCID: PMC9246370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which bind Mmp13, become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser S Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daniel Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tiange Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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9
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Teng T, Teng CS, Kaartinen V, Bush JO. A unique form of collective epithelial migration is crucial for tissue fusion in the secondary palate and can overcome loss of epithelial apoptosis. Development 2022; 149:275520. [PMID: 35593401 PMCID: PMC9188751 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fusion frequently requires the removal of an epithelium that intervenes distinct primordia to form one continuous structure. In the mammalian secondary palate, a midline epithelial seam (MES) forms between two palatal shelves and must be removed to allow mesenchymal confluence. Abundant apoptosis and cell extrusion support their importance in MES removal. However, genetically disrupting the intrinsic apoptotic regulators BAX and BAK within the MES results in complete loss of cell death and cell extrusion, but successful removal of the MES. Novel static- and live-imaging approaches reveal that the MES is removed through streaming migration of epithelial trails and islands to reach the oral and nasal epithelial surfaces. Epithelial trail cells that express the basal epithelial marker ΔNp63 begin to express periderm markers, suggesting that migration is concomitant with differentiation. Live imaging reveals anisotropic actomyosin contractility within epithelial trails, and genetic ablation of actomyosin contractility results in dispersion of epithelial collectives and failure of normal MES migration. These findings demonstrate redundancy between cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis, and reveal a crucial and unique form of collective epithelial migration during tissue fusion. Summary: Multiple cellular processes mediate secondary palate fusion, including a unique form of streaming collective epithelial migration driven by pulsatile actomyosin contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Teng
- University of California San Francisco 1 Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California San Francisco 2 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco 3 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Camilla S. Teng
- University of California San Francisco 1 Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California San Francisco 2 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco 3 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry 5 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences , , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- University of California San Francisco 1 Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California San Francisco 2 Program in Craniofacial Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco 3 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
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10
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Sun B, Xi Y, Huang W, Liang W, Zhou Z, Li W, Huang H, Lin J, Lee H, Chen F. A novel
VEGFA
mutation as a candidate for causing non‐syndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1761-1765. [PMID: 33190376 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohui Sun
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Yulin Xi
- School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Zhibo Zhou
- Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | | | - Jiuxiang Lin
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
| | | | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
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11
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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12
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Morris VE, Hashmi SS, Zhu L, Maili L, Urbina C, Blackwell S, Greives MR, Buchanan EP, Mulliken JB, Blanton SH, Zheng WJ, Hecht JT, Letra A. Evidence for craniofacial enhancer variation underlying nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1261-1272. [PMID: 32318854 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common birth defect for which only ~ 20% of the underlying genetic variation has been identified. Variants in noncoding regions have been increasingly suggested to contribute to the missing heritability. In this study, we investigated whether variation in craniofacial enhancers contributes to NSCLP. Candidate enhancers were identified using VISTA Enhancer Browser and previous publications. Prioritization was based on patterning defects in knockout mice, deletion/duplication of craniofacial genes in animal models and results of whole exome/whole genome sequencing studies. This resulted in 20 craniofacial enhancers to be investigated. Custom amplicon-based sequencing probes were designed and used for sequencing 380 NSCLP probands (from multiplex and simplex families of non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic ethnicities) using Illumina MiSeq. The frequencies of identified variants were compared to ethnically matched European (CEU) and Los Angeles Mexican (MXL) control genomes and used for association analyses. Variants in mm427/MSX1 and hs1582/SPRY1 showed genome-wide significant association with NSCLP (p ≤ 6.4 × 10-11). In silico analysis showed that these enhancer variants may disrupt important transcription factor binding sites. Haplotypes involving these enhancers and also mm435/ABCA4 were significantly associated with NSCLP, especially in NHW (p ≤ 6.3 × 10-7). Importantly, groupwise burden analysis showed several enhancer combinations significantly over-represented in NSCLP individuals, revealing novel NSCLP pathways and supporting a polygenic inheritance model. Our findings support the role of craniofacial enhancer sequence variation in the etiology of NSCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vershanna E Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - S Shahrukh Hashmi
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lisha Zhu
- UTHealth School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Lorena Maili
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christian Urbina
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Greives
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Edward P Buchanan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John B Mulliken
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- UTHealth School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Shriners' Hospital for Children, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Ariadne Letra
- School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, 1941 East Road, BBSB 4210, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The morphogenesis of the mammalian secondary plate is a series of highly dynamic developmental process, including the palate shelves vertical outgrowth, elevation to the horizontal plane and complete fusion in the midline. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins not only form the basic infrastructure for palatal mesenchymal cells to adhere via integrins but also interact with cells to regulate their functions such as proliferation and differentiation. ECM remodeling is essential for palatal outgrowth, expansion, elevation, and fusion. Multiple signaling pathways important for palatogenesis such as FGF, TGF β, BMP, and SHH remodels ECM dynamics. Dysregulation of ECM such as HA synthesis or ECM breakdown enzymes MMPs or ADAMTS causes cleft palate in mouse models. A better understanding of ECM remodeling will contribute to revealing the pathogenesis of cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunman Li
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeyao Zhu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University , Shenzhen, China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
| | - Ou Sha
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen, China
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14
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Identification of Smad-dependent and -independent signaling with transforming growth factor-β type 1/2 receptor inhibition in palatogenesis. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:43-48. [PMID: 32090004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling is one of important function during palatal fusion. Three types of TGF-β receptor (TβR1, TβR2, and TβR3) have been identified, and play essential roles in mechanisms leading to palatal fusion. However, the balance between Smad-dependent/-independent signaling during palatal fusion with inhibited TβR1/2 functions is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate palatal fusion via TGF-β signaling when TβR1 and TβR2, but not TβR3, were inhibited. In addition, the present study examined the functional balance between Smad-dependent/-independent signaling and related gene expression. Palatal organ cultures were treated with TβR1/2 inhibitor in vitro. Control palates were cultured without inhibitor. We observed histological phenotype of palatal fusion, and evaluation of expression pattern by Western blot or real time RT-PCR. Palatal organ cultures treated with the inhibitor did not fuse and the medial edge epithelium remained at embryonic 13 day +72 h in culture. The inhibitor decreased TβR1 and TβR2 expression by approximately 90%, but did not affect TβR3 expression. The expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 was significantly decreased in treated palates compared with controls. The expression of p-Smad4 was slightly decreased in treated palates compared with controls. Smad-independent signaling was also affected by the inhibitor; p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 expressions was significantly reduced in treated palates compared with controls. The expression of transcription factors (Runx1 and Msx1) and extracellular matrix proteins (MMP2/13) was also significantly decreased by inhibitor exposure. Treatment with TβR1/2 inhibitor altered the patterns of the Smad-dependent and -independent signaling pathways during palatal fusion.
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15
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Paiva KBS, Maas CS, dos Santos PM, Granjeiro JM, Letra A. Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31921852 PMCID: PMC6923686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development comprises a complex process in humans in which failures or disturbances frequently lead to congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly that occurs due to variations in craniofacial development genes, and may occur as part of a syndrome, or more commonly in isolated forms (non-syndromic). The etiology of CL/P is multifactorial with genes, environmental factors, and their potential interactions contributing to the condition. Rehabilitation of CL/P patients requires a multidisciplinary team to perform the multiple surgical, dental, and psychological interventions required throughout the patient's life. Despite progress, lip/palatal reconstruction is still a major treatment challenge. Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in several genes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, soluble factors, and enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling (e.g., metalloproteinases), have been suggested to play a role in the etiology of CL/P; hence, these may be considered likely targets for the development of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this context, investigations are being conducted on new therapeutic approaches based on tissue bioengineering, associating stem cells with biomaterials, signaling molecules, and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss the role of genes involved in ECM composition and remodeling during secondary palate formation and pathogenesis and genetic etiology of CL/P. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches using bioactive molecules and principles of tissue bioengineering for state-of-the-art CL/P repair and palatal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Soeiro Maas
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Monique dos Santos
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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Sarper SE, Inubushi T, Kurosaka H, Ono Minagi H, Murata Y, Kuremoto KI, Sakai T, Taniuchi I, Yamashiro T. Anterior cleft palate due to Cbfb deficiency and its rescue by folic acid. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038851. [PMID: 31171577 PMCID: PMC6602316 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Core binding factor β (Cbfb) is a cofactor of the Runx family of transcription factors. Among these transcription factors, Runx1 is a prerequisite for anterior-specific palatal fusion. It was previously unclear, however, whether Cbfb served as a modulator or as an obligatory factor in the Runx signaling process that regulates palatogenesis. Here, we report that Cbfb is essential and indispensable in mouse anterior palatogenesis. Palatal fusion in Cbfb mutants is disrupted owing to failed disintegration of the fusing epithelium specifically at the anterior portion, as observed in Runx1 mutants. In these mutants, expression of TGFB3 is disrupted in the area of failed palatal fusion, in which phosphorylation of Stat3 is also affected. TGFB3 protein has been shown to rescue palatal fusion in vitro. TGFB3 also activated Stat3 phosphorylation. Strikingly, the anterior cleft palate in Cbfb mutants is further rescued by pharmaceutical application of folic acid, which activates suppressed Stat3 phosphorylation and Tgfb3 expression in vitro. With these findings, we provide the first evidence that Cbfb is a prerequisite for anterior palatogenesis and acts as an obligatory cofactor in the Runx1/Cbfb-Stat3-Tgfb3 signaling axis. Furthermore, the rescue of the mutant cleft palate using folic acid might highlight potential therapeutic targets aimed at Stat3 modification for the prevention and pharmaceutical intervention of cleft palate. Summary: Epithelial deletion of Cbfb results in an anterior cleft palate with impaired fusion of the palatal process; folic acid application rescues the mutant phenotype with Stat3 activation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye E Sarper
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ono Minagi
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Murata
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Kuremoto
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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TGF-β Signaling and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition during Palatal Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113638. [PMID: 30463190 PMCID: PMC6274911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays an important role in development, including in palatogenesis. The dynamic morphological process of palatal fusion occurs to achieve separation of the nasal and oral cavities. Critically and specifically important in palatal fusion are the medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells, which are initially present at the palatal midline seam and over the course of the palate fusion process are lost from the seam, due to cell migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and/or programed cell death. In order to define the role of TGF-β signaling during this process, several approaches have been utilized, including a small interfering RNA (siRNA) strategy targeting TGF-β receptors in an organ culture context, the use of genetically engineered mice, such as Wnt1-cre/R26R double transgenic mice, and a cell fate tracing through utilization of cell lineage markers. These approaches have permitted investigators to distinguish some specific traits of well-defined cell populations throughout the palatogenic events. In this paper, we summarize the current understanding on the role of TGF-β signaling, and specifically its association with MEE cell fate during palatal fusion. TGF-β is highly regulated both temporally and spatially, with TGF-β3 and Smad2 being the preferentially expressed signaling molecules in the critical cells of the fusion processes. Interestingly, the accessory receptor, TGF-β type 3 receptor, is also critical for palatal fusion, with evidence for its significance provided by Cre-lox systems and siRNA approaches. This suggests the high demand of ligand for this fine-tuned signaling process. We discuss the new insights in the fate of MEE cells in the midline epithelial seam (MES) during the palate fusion process, with a particular focus on the role of TGF-β signaling.
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18
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Sarper SE, Kurosaka H, Inubushi T, Ono Minagi H, Kuremoto KI, Sakai T, Taniuchi I, Yamashiro T. Runx1-Stat3-Tgfb3 signaling network regulating the anterior palatal development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11208. [PMID: 30046048 PMCID: PMC6060112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx1 deficiency results in an anteriorly specific cleft palate at the boundary between the primary and secondary palates and in the first rugae area of the secondary palate in mice. However, the cellular and molecular pathogenesis underlying such regional specificity remain unknown. In this study, Runx1 epithelial-specific deletion led to the failed disintegration of the contacting palatal epithelium and markedly downregulated Tgfb3 expression in the primary palate and nasal septum. In culture, TGFB3 protein rescued the clefting of the mutant. Furthermore, Stat3 phosphorylation was disturbed in the corresponding cleft regions in Runx1 mutants. The Stat3 function was manifested by palatal fusion defects in culture following Stat3 inhibitor treatment with significant downregulation of Tgfb3. Tgfb3 is therefore a critical target of Runx1 signaling, and this signaling axis could be mediated by Stat3 activation. Interestingly, the expression of Socs3, an inhibitor of Stat3, was specific in the primary palate and upregulated by Runx1 deficiency. Thus, the involvement of Socs3 in Runx1-Tgfb3 signaling might explain, at least in part, the anteriorly specific downregulation of Tgfb3 expression and Stat3 activity in Runx1 mutants. This is the first study to show that the novel Runx1-Stat3-Tgfb3 axis is essential in anterior palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye E Sarper
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ono Minagi
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Kuremoto
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
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19
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Chiquet BT, Yuan Q, Swindell EC, Maili L, Plant R, Dyke J, Boyer R, Teichgraeber JF, Greives MR, Mulliken JB, Letra A, Blanton SH, Hecht JT. Knockdown of Crispld2 in zebrafish identifies a novel network for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1441-1450. [PMID: 29899370 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial development is a multifaceted process involving tightly regulated genetic signaling networks, that when perturbed, lead to orofacial abnormalities including cleft lip and/or cleft palate. We and others have shown an association between the cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 2 (CRISPLD2) gene and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP). Further, we demonstrated that knockdown of Crispld2 in zebrafish alters neural crest cell migration patterns resulting in abnormal jaw and palate development. In this study, we performed RNA profiling in zebrafish embryos and identified 249 differentially expressed genes following knockdown of Crispld2. In silico pathway analysis identified a network of seven genes previously implicated in orofacial development for which differential expression was validated in three of the seven genes (CASP8, FOS, and MMP2). Single nucleotide variant (SNV) genotyping of these three genes revealed significant associations between NSCLP and FOS/rs1046117 (GRCh38 chr14:g.75746690 T > C, p = 0.0005) in our nonHispanic white (NHW) families and MMP2/rs243836 (GRCh38 chr16:g.55534236 G > A; p = 0.002) in our Hispanic families. Nominal association was found between NSCLP and CASP8/rs3769825 (GRCh38 chr2:g.202111380 C > A; p < 0.007). Overtransmission of MMP2 haplotypes were identified in the Hispanic families (p < 0.002). Significant gene-gene interactions were identified for FOS-MMP2 in the NHW families and for CASP8-FOS in the NHW simplex family subgroup (p < 0.004). Additional in silico analysis revealed a novel gene regulatory network including five of these newly identified and 23 previously reported NSCLP genes. Our results demonstrate that animal models of orofacial clefting can be powerful tools to identify novel candidate genes and gene regulatory networks underlying NSCLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Chiquet
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Qiuping Yuan
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Eric C Swindell
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Lorena Maili
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert Plant
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dyke
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Ryan Boyer
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - John F Teichgraeber
- Divison of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew R Greives
- Divison of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Susan H Blanton
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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20
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Jin JZ, Lei Z, Lan ZJ, Mukhopadhyay P, Ding J. Inactivation of Fgfr2 gene in mouse secondary palate mesenchymal cells leads to cleft palate. Reprod Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29526646 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling mammalian secondary palate development such as growth, reorientation and fusion. However, little is known about the signaling factors regulating palate initiation. Mouse fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 2 gene (Fgfr2) is expressed on E11.5 in the palate outgrowth within the maxillary process, in a region that is responsible for palate cell specification and shelf initiation. Fgfr2 continues to express in palate on E12.5 and E13.5 in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and inactivation of Fgfr2 expression in mesenchymal cells using floxed Fgfr2 allele and Osr2-Cre leads to cleft palate at various stages including reorientation, horizontal growth and fusion. Notably, some mutant embryos displayed no sign of palate shelf formation suggesting that FGF receptor 2 mediated FGF signaling may play an important role in palate initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Zhen Jin
- Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zhenmin Lei
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zi-Jian Lan
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics & Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc., 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jixiang Ding
- Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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21
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Hutson MS, Leung MCK, Baker NC, Spencer RM, Knudsen TB. Computational Model of Secondary Palate Fusion and Disruption. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:965-979. [PMID: 28045533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenetic events are driven by cell-generated physical forces and complex cellular dynamics. To improve our capacity to predict developmental effects from chemical-induced cellular alterations, we built a multicellular agent-based model in CompuCell3D that recapitulates the cellular networks and collective cell behavior underlying growth and fusion of the mammalian secondary palate. The model incorporated multiple signaling pathways (TGFβ, BMP, FGF, EGF, and SHH) in a biological framework to recapitulate morphogenetic events from palatal outgrowth through midline fusion. It effectively simulated higher-level phenotypes (e.g., midline contact, medial edge seam (MES) breakdown, mesenchymal confluence, and fusion defects) in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Perturbation analysis of various control features revealed model functionality with respect to cell signaling systems and feedback loops for growth and fusion, diverse individual cell behaviors and collective cellular behavior leading to physical contact and midline fusion, and quantitative analysis of the TGF/EGF switch that controls MES breakdown-a key event in morphogenetic fusion. The virtual palate model was then executed with theoretical chemical perturbation scenarios to simulate switch behavior leading to a disruption of fusion following chronic (e.g., dioxin) and acute (e.g., retinoic acid) chemical exposures. This computer model adds to similar systems models toward an integrative "virtual embryo" for simulation and quantitative prediction of adverse developmental outcomes following genetic perturbation and/or environmental disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystem Research & Education, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37832, United States
| | - Maxwell C K Leung
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37832, United States
| | - Nancy C Baker
- Leidos , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Richard M Spencer
- Leidos , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
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22
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Zhang Q, Liu C, Hong S, Min J, Yang Q, Hu M, Zhao Y, Hong L. Excess mechanical stress and hydrogen peroxide remodel extracellular matrix of cultured human uterosacral ligament fibroblasts by disturbing the balance of MMPs/TIMPs via the regulation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:423-430. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Prime S, Pring M, Davies M, Paterson I. TGF-β Signal Transduction in Oro-facial Health and Non-malignant Disease (Part I). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 15:324-36. [DOI: 10.1177/154411130401500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) family of cytokines consists of multi-functional polypeptides that regulate a variety of cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix elaboration, angiogenesis, and immune suppression, among others. In so doing, TGF-β plays a key role in the control of cell behavior in both health and disease. In this report, we review what is known about the mechanisms of activation of the peptide, together with details of TGF-β signal transduction pathways. This review summarizes the evidence implicating TGF-β in normal physiological processes of the craniofacial complex—such as palatogenesis, tooth formation, wound healing, and scarring—and then evaluates its role in non-malignant disease processes such as scleroderma, submucous fibrosis, periodontal disease, and lichen planus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.S. Prime
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Microbiology, Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - M. Pring
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Microbiology, Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - M. Davies
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Microbiology, Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - I.C. Paterson
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, Division of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Microbiology, Bristol Dental Hospital and School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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Smane-Filipova L, Pilmane M, Akota I. MMPs and TIMPs expression in facial tissue of children with cleft lip and palate. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:538-542. [PMID: 27876897 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphogenesis of the upper lip and palate is a complex process involving highly regulated interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in cleft lip palate (CLP) aetiology. This study investigated whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4, which are essential for the upper lip and palate fusion, is dysregulated in children with CLP. METHODS Oral mucosa tissue samples were obtained from patients with complete unilateral (CU) CLP (n = 25) and complete bilateral (CB) CLP (n = 19) during corrective plastic surgery and in unaffected control subjects (n = 10). MMPs and TIMPs expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the data were analyzed using the Kruskal - Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS In CLP patients, MMP-2, TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the oral mucosa was seen to have a few to abundant structures, but the overall number of MMP-2, TIMP-2-positive structures was greater than that in controls (P < 0.01). The total number of TIMP-4, MMP-9-positive cells showed a significant decrease in the CBCLP compared with that of CUCLP (P < 0.001). MMP-8 expression trends in the CLP group were similar to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TIMP-4 and MMP-9 are the main ECM remodeling regulatory proteins expressed in CUCLP affected tissues of the oral mucosa. The increased expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in CLP tissues implicates these factors in the regulation of cell migration during ECM turnover independently of different types of clefts. Investigation of MMP and TIMP expression in tissue samples from patients with CLP appears to be a promising approach to the etiopathogenesis of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liene Smane-Filipova
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV 1007, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Huang H, Yang X, Bao M, Cao H, Miao X, Zhang X, Gan L, Qiu M, Zhang Z. Ablation of the Sox11 Gene Results in Clefting of the Secondary Palate Resembling the Pierre Robin Sequence. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7107-18. [PMID: 26826126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.690875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse gene inactivation has shown that the transcription factor Sox11 is required for mouse palatogenesis. However, whether Sox11 is primarily involved in the regulation of palatogenesis still remains elusive. In this study, we explored the role ofSox11in palatogenesis by analyzing the developmental mechanism in cleft palate formation in mutants deficient in Sox11. Sox11 is expressed both in the developing palatal shelf and in the surrounding structures, including the mandible. We found that cleft palate occurs only in the mutant in which Sox11is directly deleted. As in the wild type, the palatal shelves in the Sox11 mutant undergo outgrowth in a downward direction and exhibit potential for fusion and elevation. However, mutant palatal shelves encounter clefting, which is associated with a malpositioned tongue that results in physical obstruction of palatal shelf elevation at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5). We found that loss of Sox11led to reduced cell proliferation in the developing mandibular mesenchyme via Cyclin D1, leading to mandibular hypoplasia, which blocks tongue descent. Extensive analyses of gene expression inSox11 deficiency identified FGF9 as a potential candidate target of Sox11 in the modulation of cell proliferation both in the mandible and the palatal shelf between E12.5 and E13.5. Finally we show, using in vitro assays, that Sox11 directly regulates the expression of Fgf9 and that application of FGF9 protein to Sox11-deficient palatal shelves restores the rate of BrdU incorporation. Taken together, the palate defects presented in the Sox11 loss mutant mimic the clefting in the Pierre Robin sequence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Meiling Bao
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Huanhuan Cao
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Lin Gan
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
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26
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Denis JF, Sader F, Gatien S, Villiard É, Philip A, Roy S. Activation of Smad2 but not Smad3 is required for mediating TGF-beta signaling during limb regeneration in axolotls. Development 2016; 143:3481-3490. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Axolotls are unique amongst vertebrates in their ability to regenerate their tissues (e.g. limbs, tail, skin etc.). The axolotl limb is the most studied regenerating structure. The process is well characterized morphologically; however, it is not well understood at the molecular level. We demonstrate that TGF-β1 is highly regulated during regeneration and that its signaling is necessary. The present study clearly shows that the basement membrane is not prematurely formed in animals treated with the TGF-β antagonist SB-431542. More importantly, it shows that Smad2 and Smad3 are differentially regulated post-translationally during the preparation phase of limb regeneration. Using specific antagonists for Smad2 and Smad3, results indicate that Smad2 is responsible for the action of TGF-β during regeneration and that Smad3 is not required. We also show that Smad2 target genes (MMP2 & 9) are inhibited in SB-431542 treated limbs and non-canonical TGF-β targets are not affected (e.g. MMP13). This is the first study to show that Smad2 and Smad3 are differentially regulated during regeneration and places Smad2 at the heart of TGF-β signaling supporting the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Samuel Gatien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Éric Villiard
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Anie Philip
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal (Québec), Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), Canada
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Abstract
Palatogenesis involves the initiation, growth, morphogenesis, and fusion of the primary and secondary palatal shelves from initially separate facial prominences during embryogenesis to form the intact palate separating the oral cavity from the nostrils. The palatal shelves consist mainly of cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells covered by a simple embryonic epithelium. The growth and patterning of the palatal shelves are controlled by reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulated by multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. During palatal shelf outgrowth, the embryonic epithelium develops a "teflon" coat consisting of a single, continuous layer of periderm cells that prevents the facial prominences and palatal shelves from forming aberrant interepithelial adhesions. Palatal fusion involves not only spatiotemporally regulated disruption of the periderm but also dynamic cellular and molecular processes that result in adhesion and intercalation of the palatal medial edge epithelia to form an intershelf epithelial seam, and subsequent dissolution of the epithelial seam to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. The complexity of regulation of these morphogenetic processes is reflected by the common occurrence of cleft palate in humans. This review will summarize major recent advances and discuss major remaining gaps in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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28
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Hadziabdic N, Kurtovic-Kozaric A, Pojskic N, Sulejmanagic N, Todorovic L. Gene-expression analysis of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 and their tissue inhibitors in chronic periapical inflammatory lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:224-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naida Hadziabdic
- Department of Oral Surgery; School of Dental Medicine; University of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Kurtovic-Kozaric
- Department of Pathology; Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Naris Pojskic
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Mehrotra D. Genomic expression in non syndromic cleft lip and palate patients: A review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2015; 5:86-91. [PMID: 26258020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate are common congenital anomalies with significant medical, psychological, social, and economic ramifications, affecting one in seven hundred live births. Genetic causes of non syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCLP) include chromosomal rearrangements, genetic susceptibility to teratogenic exposures, and complex genetic contributions of multiple genes. Development of the orofacial clefts in an individual will depend on the interaction of several moderately effecting genes with environmental factors. Several candidate genes have been genotyped in different population types, using case parent trio or case control design; also genes have been sequenced and SNPs have been reported. Quantitative and molecular analysis have shown linkage and association studies to be more relevant. Recent literature search shows genome wide association studies using microarray. The aim of this paper was to review the approaches to identify genes associated with NSCLP and to analyze their differential expressions. Although no major gene has been confirmed, a lot of research is ongoing to provide an understanding of the pathophysiology of the orofacial clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mehrotra
- Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
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30
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Lane J, Yumoto K, Azhar M, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Inagaki M, Hu Y, Deng CX, Kim J, Mishina Y, Kaartinen V. Tak1, Smad4 and Trim33 redundantly mediate TGF-β3 signaling during palate development. Dev Biol 2014; 398:231-41. [PMID: 25523394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) plays a critical role in palatal epithelial cells by inducing palatal epithelial fusion, failure of which results in cleft palate, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Recent studies have shown that Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways work redundantly to transduce TGF-β3 signaling in palatal epithelial cells. However, detailed mechanisms by which this signaling is mediated still remain to be elucidated. Here we show that TGF-β activated kinase-1 (Tak1) and Smad4 interact genetically in palatal epithelial fusion. While simultaneous abrogation of both Tak1 and Smad4 in palatal epithelial cells resulted in characteristic defects in the anterior and posterior secondary palate, these phenotypes were less severe than those seen in the corresponding Tgfb3 mutants. Moreover, our results demonstrate that Trim33, a novel chromatin reader and regulator of TGF-β signaling, cooperates with Smad4 during palatogenesis. Unlike the epithelium-specific Smad4 mutants, epithelium-specific Tak1:Smad4- and Trim33:Smad4-double mutants display reduced expression of Mmp13 in palatal medial edge epithelial cells, suggesting that both of these redundant mechanisms are required for appropriate TGF-β signal transduction. Moreover, we show that inactivation of Tak1 in Trim33:Smad4 double conditional knockouts leads to the palatal phenotypes which are identical to those seen in epithelium-specific Tgfb3 mutants. To conclude, our data reveal added complexity in TGF-β signaling during palatogenesis and demonstrate that functionally redundant pathways involving Smad4, Tak1 and Trim33 regulate palatal epithelial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lane
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maiko Inagaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yingling Hu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jieun Kim
- The Saban Research Institute of Children׳s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA.
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31
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Sabóia TM, Reis MF, Martins ÂMC, Romanos HF, Tannure PN, Granjeiro JM, Vieira AR, Antunes LS, Küchler EC, Costa MC. DLX1 and MMP3 contribute to oral clefts with and without positive family history of cancer. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:223-8. [PMID: 25463899 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that oral clefts and cancer share a common genetic background. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and molecular association between oral clefts and cancer. METHODS One hundred forty-eight nuclear families with oral clefts and 162 subjects with no birth defect were recruited. Data on self-reported family history of cancer among first, second, and third degree relatives of each patient were collected via a structured questionnaire. We also investigated the association between polymorphisms in the genes AXIN2, BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, DLX1, DLX2, and MMP3 and oral cleft with and without history of cancer. Markers in these genes were genotyped using real time PCR. Chi-square and t-test were used to assess the differences about self-reported family history of cancer between oral cleft and non-cleft individuals. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was used to analyze the distortion of the inheritance of alleles from parents to their affected offspring. RESULTS Families with oral clefts had an increased risk of having a family history of cancer (p=0.01; odds ratio=1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.87). TDT results showed an association between DLX1 and cleft lip and palate, in which the A allele was undertransmited (p=0.022). For MMP3, G was undertransmited among affected progeny (p=0.019) in cleft palate subgroup. CONCLUSION Oral clefts were associated with positive self-reported family history of cancer and with variants in DLX1 and MMP3. The association between oral clefts and cancer raises interesting possibilities to identify risk markers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana M Sabóia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Reis
- Unit of Clinical Research, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ângela M C Martins
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena F Romanos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia N Tannure
- Discipline of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Veiga de Almeida University, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Unit of Clinical Research, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Bioengineering Program, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leonardo S Antunes
- Unit of Clinical Research, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Erika C Küchler
- Department of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo C Costa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Role of angiogenesis-related genes in cleft lip/palate: review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1579-85. [PMID: 25176321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cleft lip and cleft palate (CLP) are the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies. They have a multifactorial etiology and result from an incomplete fusion of the facial buds. Two main mechanisms, acting alone or interacting with each other, were evidenced in this fusion defect responsible for CLP: defective tissue development and/or defective apoptosis in normal or defective tissues. The objective of this work was to study the implication and role of angiogenesis-related genes in the etiology of CL/P. METHODS Our methodological approach included a systematic and thorough analysis of the genes involved in CL/P (syndromic and non-syndromic forms) including previously identified genes but also genes that could potentially be angiogenesis-related (OMIM, Pub Med).We studied the interactions of these different genes and their relationships with potential environmental factors. RESULTS TGFβ, FGA, PDGFc, PDGFRa, FGF, FGFR1, FGFR2 growth factors as well as MMP and TIMP2 proteolytic enzymes are involved in the genesis of CLP (P>L). Furthermore, 18 genes involved in CLP also interact with angiogenesis-related genes. DISCUSSION Even if the main angiogenesis-related genes involved in CLP formation are genes participating in several biological activities and their implication might not be always related to angiogenesis defects, they nevertheless remain an undeniably important research pathway. Furthermore, their interactions with environmental factors make them good candidates in the field of CLP prevention.
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33
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Deciphering TGF-β3 function in medial edge epithelium specification and fusion during mouse secondary palate development. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1536-43. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Nakajima A, Ito Y, Tanaka E, Sano R, Karasawa Y, Maeno M, Iwata K, Shimizu N, Shuler CF. Functional role of TGF-β receptors during palatal fusion in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1192-204. [PMID: 25105252 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reported expression patterns for TGF-β receptors (TβR-I, -II, and -III) during palatogenesis suggest that they play essential roles in the mechanisms leading to palatal fusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the functions of the three TβRs during palatal fusion. METHODS Using organ culture of mouse palatal shelves, expression levels of TβR-I, -II, and -III were suppressed by transfecting the siRNAs siTβR-I, -II, and -III, respectively. Phosphorylation of SMAD2 was examined as an indicator of downstream signalling via each TβR. Linkage between TGF-β signalling and critical events in palatal fusion led to the use of, MMP-13 expression as an outcome measure for the function of the TGF-β receptors. RESULTS The siRNA treatment decreased the expression level of each receptor by more than 85%. When treated with either siTβR-I or -II, palatal shelves at E13+72 h were not fused, with complete clefting in the anterior and posterior regions. The middle palatal region following treatment with either siTβR-I or -II had fusion from one-half or one-third of the palatal region. Treatment with siTβR-III resulted in a persistent midline seam of medial edge epithelium (MEE) in the anterior region with islands of persistent MEE in the middle and posterior regions of the midline. Treatment with all three siTβRs altered the pattern of SMAD2 phosphorylation. Palatal shelf cultures treated with siTβR-I or -II, but not -III, showed altered MMP-13 expression levels. CONCLUSION The ability to identify and recover MEE and palatal mesenchymal cells during palatal fusion will aid in the evaluation of the different mechanistic events regulated by each TβR during palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakajima
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC-239, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-5 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 7708504, Japan
| | - Remi Sano
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Yoko Karasawa
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan; Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1018310, Japan
| | - Charles F Shuler
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Letra A, Zhao M, Silva RM, Vieira AR, Hecht JT. Functional Significance of MMP3 and TIMP2 Polymorphisms in Cleft Lip/Palate. J Dent Res 2014; 93:651-6. [PMID: 24799419 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514534444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from biological and human studies strongly supports a role for MMP and TIMP genes as candidate genes for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). We previously showed the association of promoter polymorphisms in MMP3 (rs3025058 and rs522616) and TIMP2 (rs8179096) with NSCL/P. In this study, we examined the functional significance of these polymorphisms. A specific DNA-protein complex for MMP3 rs522616 A was detected, and this allele by itself showed greater promoter activity than the G allele. However, the effect of rs522616 was ultimately regulated by the rs3025058 allele on the background. For TIMP2 rs8179096, the T allele showed a 2.5-fold increase in promoter activity when compared with allele C, whereas both C and T alleles were found to bind to nuclear factor kappa B. Our results provide new evidence that promoter polymorphisms in MMP3 and TIMP2 are functional and may affect gene transcription with possible effects on craniofacial development leading to NSCL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Letra
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Zhao
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R M Silva
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A R Vieira
- Departments of Oral Biology and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J T Hecht
- Craniofacial Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Retinoic acid remodels extracellular matrix (ECM) of cultured human fetal palate mesenchymal cells (hFPMCs) through down-regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225:208-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Morissette R, Merke DP, McDonnell NB. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway abnormalities in tenascin-X deficiency associated with CAH-X syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 57:95-102. [PMID: 24380766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with tenascin-X deficiency (CAH-X syndrome) have both endocrine imbalances and characteristic Ehlers Danlos syndrome phenotypes. Unlike other subtypes, tenascin-X-related Ehlers Danlos syndrome is caused by an extracellular matrix protein deficiency rather than a defect in fibrillar collagen or a collagen-modifying enzyme, and the understanding of the disease mechanisms is limited. We hypothesized that transforming growth factor-β pathway dysregulation may, in part, be responsible for connective tissue phenotypes observed in CAH-X, due to this pathway's known role in connective tissue disorders. Fibroblasts and direct tissue from human skin biopsies from CAH-X probands and age- and sex-matched controls were screened for transforming growth factor-β biomarkers known to be dysregulated in other hereditary disorders of connective tissue. In CAH-X fibroblast lines and dermal tissue, pSmad1/5/8 was significantly upregulated compared to controls, suggesting involvement of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. Additionally, CAH-X samples compared to controls exhibited significant increases in fibroblast-secreted TGF-β3, a cytokine important in secondary palatal development, and in plasma TGF-β2, a cytokine involved in cardiac function and development, as well as palatogenesis. Finally, MMP-13, a matrix metalloproteinase important in secondary palate formation and tissue remodeling, had significantly increased mRNA and protein expression in CAH-X fibroblasts and direct tissue. Collectively, these results demonstrate that patients with CAH-X syndrome exhibit increased expression of several transforming growth factor-β biomarkers and provide a novel link between this signaling pathway and the connective tissue dysplasia phenotypes associated with tenascin-X deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morissette
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, NIA Clinical Unit, 5th Floor, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA; The National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Deborah P Merke
- The National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nazli B McDonnell
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, NIA Clinical Unit, 5th Floor, 3001 S. Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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Liu H, Zhao Z, Clarke RB, Gao J, Garrett IR, Margerrison EEC. Enhanced tissue regeneration potential of juvenile articular cartilage. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:2658-67. [PMID: 24043472 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513502945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage undergoes substantial age-related changes in molecular composition, matrix structure, and mechanical properties. These age-related differences between juvenile and adult cartilage manifest themselves as markedly distinct potentials for tissue repair and regeneration. PURPOSE To compare the biological properties and tissue regeneration capabilities of juvenile and adult bovine articular cartilage. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Articular cartilage harvested from juvenile (age, 4 months) and adult (age, 6-8 years) bovine femoral condyles was cultured for 4 weeks to monitor chondrocyte migration, glycosaminoglycan content conservation, and new tissue formation. The cartilage cell density and proliferative activity were also compared. Additionally, the effects of age-related changes on cartilage gene expression were analyzed using the Affymetrix GeneChip array. RESULTS Compared with adult cartilage, juvenile bovine cartilage demonstrated a significantly greater cell density, higher cell proliferation rate, increased cell outgrowth, elevated glycosaminoglycan content, and enhanced matrix metallopeptidase 2 activity. During 4 weeks in culture, only juvenile cartilage was able to generate new cartilaginous tissues, which exhibited pronounced labeling for proteoglycan and type II collagen but not type I collagen. With over 19,000 genes analyzed, distinctive gene expression profiles were identified. The genes mostly involved in cartilage growth and expansion, such as COL2A1, COL9A1, MMP2, MMP14, and TGFB3, were upregulated in juvenile cartilage, whereas the genes primarily responsible for structural integrity, such as COMP, FN1, TIMP2, TIMP3, and BMP2, were upregulated in adult cartilage. CONCLUSION As the first comprehensive comparison between juvenile and adult bovine articular cartilage at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels, the results strongly suggest that juvenile cartilage possesses superior chondrogenic activity and enhanced regenerative potential over its adult counterpart. Additionally, the differential gene expression profiles of juvenile and adult cartilage suggest possible mechanisms underlying cartilage age-related changes in their regeneration capabilities, structural components, and biological properties. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this comparative study between juvenile and adult bovine articular cartilage suggest an enhanced regenerative potential of juvenile cartilage tissue in the restoration of damaged articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Rhonda B. Clarke, MS, Zimmer Orthobiologics Inc, 9301 Amberglen Boulevard, Building J, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78729.
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Seelan RS, Warner DR, Mukhopadhyay PM, Andres SA, Smolenkova IA, Wittliff JL, Michele Pisano M, Greene RM. Epigenetic analysis of laser capture microdissected fetal epithelia. Anal Biochem 2013; 442:68-74. [PMID: 23911529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is a superior method for nondestructive collection of specific cell populations from tissue sections. Although DNA, RNA, and protein have been analyzed from LCM-procured samples, epigenetic analyses, particularly of fetal, highly hydrated tissue, have not been attempted. A standardized protocol with quality assurance measures was established to procure cells by LCM of the medial edge epithelia (MEE) of the fetal palatal processes for isolation of intact microRNA for expression analyses and genomic DNA (gDNA) for CpG methylation analyses. MicroRNA preparations, obtained using the RNAqueous Micro kit (Life Technologies), exhibited better yields and higher quality than those obtained using the Arcturus PicoPure RNA Isolation kit (Life Technologies). The approach was validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine expression of selected microRNAs (miR-99a and miR-200b) and pyrosequencing to determine CpG methylation status of selected genes (Aph1a and Dkk4) in the MEE. These studies describe an optimized approach for employing LCM of epithelial cells from fresh frozen fetal tissue that enables quantitative analyses of microRNA expression levels and CpG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S Seelan
- Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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The etiology of cleft palate formation in BMP7-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59463. [PMID: 23516636 PMCID: PMC3597594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis is a complex process implying growth, elevation and fusion of the two lateral palatal shelves during embryogenesis. This process is tightly controlled by genetic and mechanistic cues that also coordinate the growth of other orofacial structures. Failure at any of these steps can result in cleft palate, which is a frequent craniofacial malformation in humans. To understand the etiology of cleft palate linked to the BMP signaling pathway, we studied palatogenesis in Bmp7-deficient mouse embryos. Bmp7 expression was found in several orofacial structures including the edges of the palatal shelves prior and during their fusion. Bmp7 deletion resulted in a general alteration of oral cavity morphology, unpaired palatal shelf elevation, delayed shelf approximation, and subsequent lack of fusion. Cell proliferation and expression of specific genes involved in palatogenesis were not altered in Bmp7-deficient embryos. Conditional ablation of Bmp7 with Keratin14-Cre or Wnt1-Cre revealed that neither epithelial nor neural crest-specific loss of Bmp7 alone could recapitulate the cleft palate phenotype. Palatal shelves from mutant embryos were able to fuse when cultured in vitro as isolated shelves in proximity, but not when cultured as whole upper jaw explants. Thus, deformations in the oral cavity of Bmp7-deficient embryos such as the shorter and wider mandible were not solely responsible for cleft palate formation. These findings indicate a requirement for Bmp7 for the coordination of both developmental and mechanistic aspects of palatogenesis.
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Hirata A, Katayama K, Tsuji T, Natsume N, Sugahara T, Koga Y, Takano K, Otsuki Y, Nakamura H. Heparanase localization during palatogenesis in mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:760236. [PMID: 23509775 PMCID: PMC3583076 DOI: 10.1155/2013/760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palatogenesis is directed by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and results partly from remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the palatal shelves. Here, we assessed heparanase distribution in developing mouse palates. No heparanase was observed in the vertically oriented palatal shelves in early stages of palate formation. As palate formation progressed, the palatal shelves were reorganized and arranged horizontally above the tongue, and heparanase localized to the epithelial cells of these shelves. When the palatal bilateral shelves first made contact, the heparanase localized to epithelial cells at the tips of shelves. Later in fusing palatal shelves, the cells of the medial epithelial seam (MES) were labeled with intense heparanase signal. In contrast, the basement membrane heparan sulfate (HS) was scarcely observed in the palatal shelves in contact. Moreover, perlecan labeling was sparse in the basement membrane of the MES, on which laminin and type IV collagen were observed. Moreover, we assessed the distribution of matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9, MMP-2, and MMP-3 in developing mouse palates and these MMPs were observed in the MES. Our findings indicated that heparanase was important for palate formation because it mediated degradation of the ECM of palatal shelves. Heparanase may, in concert with other proteases, participate in the regression of the MES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Hirata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan.
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Site-specific expression of gelatinolytic activity during morphogenesis of the secondary palate in the mouse embryo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47762. [PMID: 23091646 PMCID: PMC3472992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in mammalian embryos involves two major events: first, reorientation of the two vertically oriented palatal shelves into a horizontal position above the tongue, and second, fusion of the two shelves at the midline. Genetic evidence in humans and mice indicates the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). As MMP expression patterns might differ from sites of activity, we used a recently developed highly sensitive in situ zymography technique to map gelatinolytic MMP activity in the developing mouse palate. At embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), we detected strong gelatinolytic activity around the lateral epithelial folds of the nasopharyngeal cavity, which is generated as a consequence of palatal shelf elevation. Activity was concentrated in the basement membrane of the epithelial fold but extended into the adjacent mesenchyme, and increased in intensity with lateral outgrowth of the cavity at E15.5. Gelatinolytic activity at this site was not the consequence of epithelial fold formation, as it was also observed in Bmp7-deficient embryos where shelf elevation is delayed. In this case, gelatinolytic activity appeared in vertical shelves at the exact position where the epithelial fold will form during elevation. Mmp2 and Mmp14 (MT1-MMP), but not Mmp9 and Mmp13, mRNAs were expressed in the mesenchyme around the epithelial folds of the elevated palatal shelves; this was confirmed by immunostaining for MMP-2 and MT1-MMP. Weak gelatinolytic activity was also found at the midline of E14.5 palatal shelves, which increased during fusion at E15.5. Whereas MMPs have been implicated in palatal fusion before, this is the first report showing that gelatinases might contribute to tissue remodeling during early stages of palatal shelf elevation and formation of the nasopharynx.
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Jalali A, Zhu X, Liu C, Nawshad A. Induction of palate epithelial mesenchymal transition by transforming growth factor β3 signaling. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:633-48. [PMID: 22775504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGFβ)3 is essential for palate development, particularly during the late phase of palatogenesis when the disintegration of the palatal medial edge seam (MES) occurs resulting in mesenchymal confluence. The MES is composed of medial-edge epithelium (MEE) of opposite palatal shelves; its complete disintegration is essential for mediating correct craniofacial morphogenesis. This phenomenon is initiated by TGFβ3 upon adherence of opposing palatal shelves, and subsequently epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) instigates the loss of E-Cadherin, causing the MES to break into small epithelial islands forming confluent palatal mesenchyme; however, apoptosis and cell migration or in combination of all are other established mechanisms of seam disintegration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that cause this E-Cadherin loss, we isolated and cultured murine embryonic primary MES cells from adhered palates and employed several biological approaches to explore the mechanism by which TGFβ3 facilitates palatal seam disintegration. Here, we demonstrate that TGFβ3 signals by activating both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. However, activation of the two most common EMT related transcription factors, Snail and SIP, was facilitated by Smad-independent pathways, contrary to the commonly accepted Smad-dependent pathway. Finally, we provide the first evidence that TGFβ3-activated Snail and SIP1, combined with Smad4, bind to the E-Cadherin promoter to repress its transcription in response to TGFβ3 signaling. These results suggest that TGFβ3 uses multiple pathways to activate Snail and SIP1 and these transcription factors repress the cell-cell adhesion protein, E-Cadherin, to induce palatal epithelial seam EMT. Manipulation and intervention of the pathways stimulated by TGFβ3 during palate development may have a significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Jalali
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68512, USA
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Letra A, Silva RM, Motta LG, Blanton SH, Hecht JT, Granjeirol JM, Vieira AR. Association of MMP3 and TIMP2 promoter polymorphisms with nonsyndromic oral clefts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:540-8. [PMID: 22730240 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral clefts are common congenital anomalies and result from defects during embryogenesis. The complex etiology is evident by the number of genes and signaling pathways involved in craniofacial development. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) are responsible for tissue remodeling during craniofacial development. METHODS In this study, we investigated the association of polymorphisms in 14 biologically relevant MMP and TIMP genes in 494 individuals with oral clefts and 413 control individuals from Brazil. Genotypes were generated using Taqman chemistry. Analyses were performed using PLINK software. RESULTS Polymorphisms in MMP3 (rs522616) and TIMP2 (rs8179096) showed significant association with all cleft types (all clefts, cleft lip/palate, and cleft palate; p ≤ 0.002). An additional family-based dataset (881 case-parent trios) from the United States was used for confirmation of the association findings (p < 0.05). Analysis of gene-gene interaction suggests that MMP3 and TIMP2 may interactively contribute to a cleft phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence that variation in MMP3 may contribute to nonsyndromic oral clefts and further supports the involvement of TIMP2 as a cleft susceptibility gene. Although additional studies are still necessary to unveil the exact mechanism by which MMP3 and TIMP2 would contribute to a cleft phenotype, allelic polymorphisms in these genes and their interactions may partly explain the variance of individual susceptibility to oral clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Letra
- Department of Oral Biology and Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gkantidis N, Katsaros C, Chiquet M. Detection of gelatinolytic activity in developing basement membranes of the mouse embryo head by combining sensitive in situ zymography with immunolabeling. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:557-71. [PMID: 22688677 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence indicates that the major gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in mammalian craniofacial development. Since these matrix metalloproteinases are secreted as proenzymes that require activation, their tissue distribution does not necessarily reflect the sites of enzymatic activity. Information regarding the spatial and temporal expression of gelatinolytic activity in the head of the mammalian embryo is sparse. Sensitive in situ zymography with dye-quenched gelatin (DQ-gelatin) has been introduced recently; gelatinolytic activity results in a local increase in fluorescence. Using frontal sections of wild-type mouse embryo heads from embryonic day 14.5-15.5, we optimized and validated a simple double-labeling in situ technique for combining DQ-gelatin zymography with immunofluorescence staining. MMP inhibitors were tested to confirm the specificity of the reaction in situ, and results were compared to standard SDS-gel zymography of tissue extracts. Double-labeling was used to show the spatial relationship in situ between gelatinolytic activity and immunostaining for gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, collagenase 3 (MMP-13) and MT1-MMP (MMP-14), a major activator of pro-gelatinases. Strong gelatinolytic activity, which partially overlapped with MMP proteins, was confirmed for Meckel's cartilage and developing mandibular bone. In addition, we combined in situ zymography with immunostaining for extracellular matrix proteins that are potential gelatinase substrates. Interestingly, gelatinolytic activity colocalized precisely with laminin-positive basement membranes at specific sites around growing epithelia in the developing mouse head, such as the ducts of salivary glands or the epithelial fold between tongue and lower jaw region. Thus, this sensitive method allows to associate, with high spatial resolution, gelatinolytic activity with epithelial morphogenesis in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Tissue fusion events during embryonic development are crucial for the correct formation and function of many organs and tissues, including the heart, neural tube, eyes, face and body wall. During tissue fusion, two opposing tissue components approach one another and integrate to form a continuous tissue; disruption of this process leads to a variety of human birth defects. Genetic studies, together with recent advances in the ability to culture developing tissues, have greatly enriched our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in tissue fusion. This review aims to bring together what is currently known about tissue fusion in several developing mammalian organs and highlights some of the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Ray
- HHMI, Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abstract
Orofacial clefts occur with a frequency of 1 to 2 per 1000 live births. Cleft palate, which accounts for 30% of orofacial clefts, is caused by the failure of the secondary palatal processes--medially directed, oral projections of the paired embryonic maxillary processes--to fuse. Both gene mutations and environmental effects contribute to the complex etiology of this disorder. Although much progress has been made in identifying genes whose mutations are associated with cleft palate, little is known about the mechanisms by which the environment adversely influences gene expression during secondary palate development. An increasing body of evidence, however, implicates epigenetic processes as playing a role in adversely influencing orofacial development. Epigenetics refers to inherited changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by processes other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. Such processes include, but are not limited to, DNA methylation, microRNA effects, and histone modifications that alter chromatin conformation. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the possible role epigenetics may play during development of the secondary palate. Specifically, we present the salient features of the embryonic palatal methylome and profile the expression of numerous microRNAs that regulate protein-encoding genes crucial to normal orofacial ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Birth Defects Center, ULSD, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Ackermans MMG, Zhou H, Carels CEL, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. Vitamin A and clefting: putative biological mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:613-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Nikopensius T, Kempa I, Ambrozaitytė L, Jagomägi T, Saag M, Matulevičienė A, Utkus A, Krjutškov K, Tammekivi V, Piekuse L, Akota I, Barkane B, Krumina A, Klovins J, Lace B, Kučinskas V, Metspalu A. Variation in FGF1, FOXE1, and TIMP2 genes is associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2011; 91:218-25. [PMID: 21462296 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common complex birth defect caused by the interaction between multiple genes and environmental factors. METHODS Five hundred and eighty-seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in 40 candidate genes related to orofacial clefting were tested for association with CL/P in a clefting sample composed of 300 patients and 606 controls from Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian populations. RESULTS In case-control comparisons, the minor alleles of FGF1 rs34010 (p = 4.56 × 10(-4) ), WNT9B rs4968282 (p = 0.0013), and FOXE1 rs7860144 (p = 0.0021) were associated with a decreased risk of CL/P. Multiple haplotypes in FGF1, FOXE1, and TIMP2 and haplotypes in WNT9B, PVRL2, and LHX8 were associated with CL/P. The strongest association was found for protective haplotype rs250092/rs34010 GT in the FGF1 gene (p = 5.01 × 10(-4) ). The strongest epistatic interaction was observed between the COL2A1 and WNT3 genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide for the first time evidence implicating FGF1 in the occurrence of CL/P, and support TIMP2 and WNT9B as novel loci predisposing to CL/P. We have also replicated recently reported significant associations between variants in or near FOXE1 and CL/P. It is likely that variation in FOXE1, TIMP2, and the FGF and Wnt signaling pathway genes confers susceptibility to nonsyndromic CL/P in Northeastern European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Nikopensius
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Abstract
Cleft palate, a malformation of the secondary palate development, is one of the most common human congenital birth defects. Palate formation is a complex process resulting in the separation of the oral and nasal cavities that involves multiple events, including palatal growth, elevation, and fusion. Recent findings show that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling plays crucial roles in regulating palate development in both the palatal epithelium and mesenchyme. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β signaling during palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iwata
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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