1
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Viar GA, Pigino G. Tubulin posttranslational modifications through the lens of new technologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 88:102362. [PMID: 38701611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The Tubulin Code revolutionizes our understanding of microtubule dynamics and functions, proposing a nuanced system governed by tubulin isotypes, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Tubulin isotypes, diverse across species, contribute structural complexity, and are thought to influence microtubule functions. PTMs encode dynamic information on microtubules, which are read by several microtubule interacting proteins and impact on cellular processes. Here we discuss recent technological and methodological advances, such as in genome engineering, live cell imaging, expansion microscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy that reveal new elements and levels of complexity of the tubulin code, including new modifying enzymes and nanopatterns of PTMs on individual microtubules. The Tubulin Code's exploration holds transformative potential, guiding therapeutic strategies and illuminating connections to diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring its relevance in decoding fundamental cellular language.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaia Pigino
- Human Technopole, via Rita Levi Montalcini 1, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Danziger M, Xu F, Noble H, Yang P, Roque DM. Tubulin Complexity in Cancer and Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:21-35. [PMID: 38805123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tubulin plays a fundamental role in cellular function and as the subject for microtubule-active agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Microtubule-binding proteins (e.g., tau, MAP1/2/4, EB1, CLIP, TOG, survivin, stathmin) and posttranslational modifications (e.g., tyrosination, deglutamylation, acetylation, glycation, phosphorylation, polyamination) further diversify tubulin functionality and may permit additional opportunities to understand microtubule behavior in disease and to develop microtubule-modifying approaches to combat ovarian cancer. Tubulin-based structures that project from suspended ovarian cancer cells known as microtentacles may contribute to metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells and could represent an exciting novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danziger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen Noble
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana M Roque
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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McKenna ED, Sarbanes SL, Cummings SW, Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code, from Molecules to Health and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:331-361. [PMID: 37843925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential dynamic polymers composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. They support intracellular trafficking, cell division, cellular motility, and other essential cellular processes. In many species, both α-tubulin and β-tubulin are encoded by multiple genes with distinct expression profiles and functionality. Microtubules are further diversified through abundant posttranslational modifications, which are added and removed by a suite of enzymes to form complex, stereotyped cellular arrays. The genetic and chemical diversity of tubulin constitute a tubulin code that regulates intrinsic microtubule properties and is read by cellular effectors, such as molecular motors and microtubule-associated proteins, to provide spatial and temporal specificity to microtubules in cells. In this review, we synthesize the rapidly expanding tubulin code literature and highlight limitations and opportunities for the field. As complex microtubule arrays underlie essential physiological processes, a better understanding of how cells employ the tubulin code has important implications for human disease ranging from cancer to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D McKenna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Stephanie L Sarbanes
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Steven W Cummings
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Valverde JM, Dubra G, Phillips M, Haider A, Elena-Real C, Fournet A, Alghoul E, Chahar D, Andrés-Sanchez N, Paloni M, Bernadó P, van Mierlo G, Vermeulen M, van den Toorn H, Heck AJR, Constantinou A, Barducci A, Ghosh K, Sibille N, Knipscheer P, Krasinska L, Fisher D, Altelaar M. A cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation switch of disordered protein condensation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6316. [PMID: 37813838 PMCID: PMC10562473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle transitions result from global changes in protein phosphorylation states triggered by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). To understand how this complexity produces an ordered and rapid cellular reorganisation, we generated a high-resolution map of changing phosphosites throughout unperturbed early cell cycles in single Xenopus embryos, derived the emergent principles through systems biology analysis, and tested them by biophysical modelling and biochemical experiments. We found that most dynamic phosphosites share two key characteristics: they occur on highly disordered proteins that localise to membraneless organelles, and are CDK targets. Furthermore, CDK-mediated multisite phosphorylation can switch homotypic interactions of such proteins between favourable and inhibitory modes for biomolecular condensate formation. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and kinetics of mitotic cellular reorganisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Valverde
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geronimo Dubra
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Michael Phillips
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Co, 80208, USA
| | - Austin Haider
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of Denver, 80208, Denver, Co, USA
| | | | - Aurélie Fournet
- CBS, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Emile Alghoul
- IGH, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dhanvantri Chahar
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Nuria Andrés-Sanchez
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Paloni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Co, 80208, USA
| | - Pau Bernadó
- CBS, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Guido van Mierlo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van den Toorn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kingshuk Ghosh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Co, 80208, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of Denver, 80208, Denver, Co, USA
| | - Nathalie Sibille
- CBS, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Puck Knipscheer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3584 CT, Netherlands
| | - Liliana Krasinska
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Fisher
- IGMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Machado M, Klaus S, Klaschka D, Guizetti J, Ganter M. Plasmodium falciparum CRK4 links early mitotic events to the onset of S-phase during schizogony. mBio 2023; 14:e0077923. [PMID: 37345936 PMCID: PMC10470535 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00779-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum proliferates through schizogony in the clinically relevant blood stage of infection. During schizogony, consecutive rounds of DNA replication and nuclear division give rise to multinucleated stages before cellularization occurs. Although these nuclei reside in a shared cytoplasm, DNA replication and nuclear division occur asynchronously. Here, by mapping the proteomic context of the S-phase-promoting kinase PfCRK4, we show that it has a dual role for nuclear-cycle progression: PfCRK4 orchestrates not only DNA replication, but in parallel also the rearrangement of intranuclear microtubules from hemispindles into early mitotic spindles. Live-cell imaging of a reporter parasite showed that these microtubule rearrangements coincide with the onset of DNA replication. Together, our data render PfCRK4 a key factor for nuclear-cycle progression, linking entry into S-phase with the initiation of mitotic events. In part, such links may compensate for the absence of canonical cell cycle checkpoints in P. falciparum. IMPORTANCE The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum proliferates in erythrocytes through schizogony, forming multinucleated stages before cellularization occurs. In marked contrast to the pattern of proliferation seen in most model organisms, P. falciparum nuclei multiply asynchronously despite residing in a shared cytoplasm. This divergent mode of replication is, thus, a good target for therapeutic interventions. To exploit this potential, we investigated a key regulator of the parasite's unusual cell cycle, the kinase PfCRK4 and found that this kinase regulated not only DNA replication but also in parallel the rearrangement of nuclear microtubules into early mitotic spindles. Since canonical cell cycle checkpoints have not been described in P. falciparum parasites, linking entry into S-phase and the initiation of mitotic events via a kinase, may be an alternative means to exert control, which is typically achieved by checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Severina Klaus
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darius Klaschka
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Guizetti
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Xie X, Laster KV, Li J, Nie W, Yi YW, Liu K, Seong YS, Dong Z, Kim DJ. OSGIN1 is a novel TUBB3 regulator that promotes tumor progression and gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:272. [PMID: 37646890 PMCID: PMC11071769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress induced growth inhibitor 1 (OSGIN1) regulates cell death. The role and underlying molecular mechanism of OSGIN1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are uncharacterized. METHODS OSGIN1 expression in NSCLC samples was detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Growth of NSCLC cells and gefitinib-resistant cells expressing OSGIN1 or TUBB3 knockdown was determined by MTT, soft agar, and foci formation assays. The effect of OSGIN1 knockdown on in vivo tumor growth was assessed using NSCLC patient-derived xenograft models and gefitinib-resistant patient-derived xenograft models. Potentially interacting protein partners of OSGIN1 were identified using IP-MS/MS, immunoprecipitation, PLA, and Western blotting assays. Microtubule dynamics were explored by tubulin polymerization assay and immunofluorescence. Differential expression of signaling molecules in OSGIN1 knockdown cells was investigated using phospho-proteomics, KEGG analysis, and Western blotting. RESULTS We found that OSGIN1 is highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and is positively correlated with low survival rates and tumor size in lung cancer patients. OSGIN1 knockdown inhibited NSCLC cell growth and patient-derived NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. Knockdown of OSGIN1 strongly increased tubulin polymerization and re-established gefitinib sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, knockdown of TUBB3 strongly inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that OSGIN1 enhances DYRK1A-mediated TUBB3 phosphorylation, which is critical for inducing tubulin depolymerization. The results of phospho-proteomics and ontology analysis indicated that knockdown of OSGIN1 led to reduced propagation of the MKK3/6-p38 signaling axis. CONCLUSIONS We propose that OSGIN1 modulates microtubule dynamics by enhancing DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation of TUBB3 at serine 172. Moreover, elevated OSGIN1 expression promotes NSCLC tumor growth and gefitinib resistance through the MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathway. Our findings unveil a new mechanism of OSGIN1 and provide a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Kyle Vaughn Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Jian Li
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Wenna Nie
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- International Joint Research Center of Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Wang Q, Bode AM, Zhang T. Targeting CDK1 in cancer: mechanisms and implications. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:58. [PMID: 37311884 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that are proposed as promising candidate targets for cancer treatment. These proteins complexed with cyclins play a critical role in cell cycle progression. Most CDKs demonstrate substantially higher expression in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and, according to the TCGA database, correlate with survival rate in multiple cancer types. Deregulation of CDK1 has been shown to be closely associated with tumorigenesis. CDK1 activation plays a critical role in a wide range of cancer types; and CDK1 phosphorylation of its many substrates greatly influences their function in tumorigenesis. Enrichment of CDK1 interacting proteins with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was conducted to demonstrate that the associated proteins participate in multiple oncogenic pathways. This abundance of evidence clearly supports CDK1 as a promising target for cancer therapy. A number of small molecules targeting CDK1 or multiple CDKs have been developed and evaluated in preclinical studies. Notably, some of these small molecules have also been subjected to human clinical trials. This review evaluates the mechanisms and implications of targeting CDK1 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| | - Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
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8
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Lee KJ, Zhou Q, Li Z. CRK2 controls cytoskeleton morphogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei by phosphorylating β-tubulin to regulate microtubule dynamics. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011270. [PMID: 36947554 PMCID: PMC10069784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules constitute a vital part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes by mediating cell morphogenesis, cell motility, cell division, and intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei contains an array of subpellicular microtubules with their plus-ends positioned toward the posterior cell tip, where extensive microtubule growth and cytoskeleton remodeling take place during early cell cycle stages. However, the control mechanism underlying microtubule dynamics at the posterior cell tip remains elusive. Here, we report that the S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase-cyclin complex CRK2-CYC13 in T. brucei regulates microtubule dynamics by phosphorylating β-tubulin on multiple evolutionarily conserved serine and threonine residues to inhibit its incorporation into cytoskeletal microtubules and promote its degradation in the cytosol. Consequently, knockdown of CRK2 or CYC13 causes excessive microtubule extension and loss of microtubule convergence at the posterior cell tip, leading to cytoskeleton elongation and branching. These findings uncover a control mechanism for cytoskeletal microtubule dynamics by which CRK2 phosphorylates β-tubulin and fine-tunes cellular β-tubulin protein abundance to restrict excess microtubule extension for the maintenance of cytoskeleton architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Joon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ziyin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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10
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Fu Y, Jia X, Yuan J, Yang Y, Zhang T, Yu Q, Zhou J, Wang T. Fam72a functions as a cell-cycle-controlled gene during proliferation and antagonizes apoptosis through reprogramming PP2A substrates. Dev Cell 2023; 58:398-415.e7. [PMID: 36868233 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is key to life. After decades of research, it is unclear whether any parts of this process have yet to be identified. Fam72a is a poorly characterized gene and is evolutionarily conserved across multicellular organisms. Here, we have found that Fam72a is a cell-cycle-regulated gene that is transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated by FoxM1 and APC/C, respectively. Functionally, Fam72a directly binds to tubulin and both the Aα and B56 subunits of PP2A-B56 to modulate tubulin and Mcl1 phosphorylation, which in turn affects the progression of the cell cycle and signaling of apoptosis. Moreover, Fam72a is involved in early responses to chemotherapy, and it efficiently antagonizes various anticancer compounds such as CDK and Bcl2 inhibitors. Thus, Fam72a switches the tumor-suppressive PP2A to be oncogenic by reprogramming its substrates. These findings identify a regulatory axis of PP2A and a protein member in the cell cycle and tumorigenesis regulatory network in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jinwei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Qiujing Yu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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11
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Tanasa S, Shukla N, Cairo A, Ganji RS, Mikulková P, Valuchova S, Raxwal VK, Capitao C, Schnittger A, Zdráhal Z, Riha K. A complex role of Arabidopsis CDKD;3 in meiotic progression and cytokinesis. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e477. [PMID: 36891158 PMCID: PMC9986724 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division that halves the number of chromosomes in two consecutive rounds of chromosome segregation. In angiosperm plants is meiosis followed by mitotic divisions to form rudimentary haploid gametophytes. In Arabidopsis, termination of meiosis and transition to gametophytic development are governed by TDM1 and SMG7 that mediate inhibition of translation. Mutants deficient in this mechanism do not form tetrads but instead undergo multiple cycles of aberrant nuclear divisions that are likely caused by the failure to downregulate cyclin dependent kinases during meiotic exit. A suppressor screen to identify genes that contribute to meiotic exit uncovered a mutation in cyclin-dependent kinase D;3 (CDKD;3) that alleviates meiotic defects in smg7 deficient plants. The CDKD;3 deficiency prevents aberrant meiotic divisions observed in smg7 mutants or delays their onset after initiation of cytokinesis, which permits formation of functional microspores. Although CDKD;3 acts as an activator of cyclin-dependent kinase A;1 (CDKA;1), the main cyclin dependent kinase that regulates meiosis, cdkd;3 mutation appears to promote meiotic exit independently of CDKA;1. Furthermore, analysis of CDKD;3 interactome revealed enrichment for proteins implicated in cytokinesis, suggesting a more complex function of CDKD;3 in cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Tanasa
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Neha Shukla
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Albert Cairo
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ranjani S. Ganji
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Pavlina Mikulková
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Sona Valuchova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Vivek K. Raxwal
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Claudio Capitao
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI)Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental BiologyUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Karel Riha
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC) Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
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12
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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13
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Mehta V, Decan N, Ooi S, Gaudreau-Lapierre A, Copeland JW, Trinkle-Mulcahy L. SPECC1L binds the myosin phosphatase complex MYPT1/PP1β and can regulate its distribution between microtubules and filamentous actin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102893. [PMID: 36634848 PMCID: PMC9929477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The subcellular localization, activity , and substrate specificity of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1cat) is mediated through its dynamic association with regulatory subunits in holoenzyme complexes. While some functional overlap is observed for the three human PP1cat isoforms, they also show distinct targeting based on relative preferences for specific regulatory subunits. A well-known example is the preferential association of MYPT1 with PP1β in the myosin phosphatase complex. In smooth muscle, MYPT1/PP1β counteracts the muscle contraction induced by phosphorylation of the light chains of myosin by the myosin light chain kinase. This phosphatase complex is also found in nonmuscle cells, where it is targeted to both myosin and nonmyosin substrates and contributes to regulation of the balance of cytoskeletal structure and motility during cell migration and division. Although it remains unclear how MYPT1/PP1β traffics between microtubule- and actin-associated substrates, our identification of the microtubule- and actin-binding protein SPECC1L in both the PP1β and MYPT1 interactomes suggests that it is the missing link. Our validation of their association using coimmunoprecipitation and proximity biotinylation assays, together with the strong overlap that we observed for the SPECC1L and MYPT1 interactomes, confirmed that they exist in a stable complex in the cell. We further showed that SPECC1L binds MYPT1 directly and that it can impact the balance of the distribution of the MYPT1/PP1β complex between the microtubule and filamentous actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virja Mehta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nathalie Decan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah Ooi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Antoine Gaudreau-Lapierre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John W. Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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14
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Belén Poretti M, Bianconi S, Luque E, Martini AC, Vincenti L, Cantarelli V, Torres P, Ponzio M, Schiöth HB, Carlini VP. Role of the hypothalamus in ghrelin effects on reproduction: sperm function and sexual behavior in male mice. Reproduction 2023; 165:123-134. [PMID: 36322468 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In brief Ghrelin signals to the hypothalamus inhibit reproduction during times of food scarcity. In this study, we demonstrate that ghrelin impairs sperm quality in male mice. Abstract Ghrelin (GHRL) is an orexigenic peptide that has been investigated as one of the signals responsible for the reproductive performance of mammals under fluctuating metabolic conditions. Central GHRL administration impairs spermatogenesis in mice by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function. In the present study, the hypothalamus role as a mediator of GHRL effects on sperm fertilizing capacity and male sexual behavior was evaluated. After 42 days of hypothalamic GHRL infusion or artificial cerebrospinal fluid, in vitro and in vivo sperm fertilizing capacity, testicular α-tubulin, speriolin gene expression and spermatic α-tubulin protein were evaluated. Hypothalamic expression of genes Kiss1, Gpr54 and Gnrh was also studied. The second group of animals was infused with one time only GHRL or artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the hypothalamus to evaluate the effects on sexual behavior. Results demonstrated that chronic GHRL administration to male mice significantly increased the percentages of pre-implantation embryo loss and the number of post-implantation embryo loss. In relation to the gene expression, our results show a relative decrease of Kiss1, Gpr54 and Spatc1. Although no significant differences were observed in the quantitative expression of α-tubulin protein, qualitative changes in its expression pattern were observed. In addition, a dual effect on sexual behavior was observed: 40% of the treated animals showed a significant reduction in the number of mounts and intromissions, while a 60% showed a significant decrease in ejaculation latency vs control animals. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that central GHRL administration possibly induces failure in embryo development and/or implantation in the females mated with treated males, possibly because of a negative effect in the α-tubulin pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Poretti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.,Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Santiago Bianconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.,Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eugenia Luque
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Carolina Martini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Vincenti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Veronica Cantarelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marina Ponzio
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valeria Paola Carlini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA, CONICET- UNC), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.,Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Song K, Jiang X, Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang J, Tian Y, Wang Q, Weng J, Liang Y, Ma W. Ste20-like kinase activity promotes meiotic resumption and spindle microtubule stability in mouse oocytes. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13391. [PMID: 36579845 PMCID: PMC10068952 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ste20-like kinase (SLK) is involved in cell proliferation and migration in somatic cells. This study aims to explore SLK expression and function in mouse oocyte meiosis. Western blot, immunofluorescence, Co-immunoprecipitation, drug treatment, cRNA construct and in vitro transcription, microinjection of morpholino oilgo (MO) and cRNA were performed in oocytes. High and stable protein expression of SLK was detected in mouse oocyte meiosis, with dynamic distribution in the nucleus, chromosomes and spindle apparatus. SLK phosphorylation emerges around meiotic resumption and reaches a peak during metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II. SLK knockdown with MO or expression of kinase-dead SLK K63R dramatically delays meiotic resumption due to sequentially suppressed phosphorylation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and cell division cycle 25C (CDC25C) and dephosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). SLK depletion promotes ubiquitination-mediated degradation of paxillin, an antagonist to α-tubulin deacetylation, and thus destroys spindle assembly and chromosome alignment; these phenotypes can be substantially rescued by exogenous expression of SLK kinase active fragment. Additionally, exogenous SLK effectively promotes meiotic progression and spindle assembly in aging oocytes with reduced SLK. Collectively, this study reveals SLK is required for meiotic resumption and spindle assembly in mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Jiang
- Division of Sport Anatomy, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Weng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjing Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Lai MW, Chow N, Checco A, Kunar B, Redmond D, Rafii S, Rabbany SY. Systems Biology Analysis of Temporal Dynamics That Govern Endothelial Response to Cyclic Stretch. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121837. [PMID: 36551265 PMCID: PMC9775567 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells in vivo are subjected to a wide array of mechanical stimuli, such as cyclic stretch. Notably, a 10% stretch is associated with an atheroprotective endothelial phenotype, while a 20% stretch is associated with an atheroprone endothelial phenotype. Here, a systems biology-based approach is used to present a comprehensive overview of the functional responses and molecular regulatory networks that characterize the transition from an atheroprotective to an atheroprone phenotype in response to cyclic stretch. Using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we determined the role of the equibiaxial cyclic stretch in vitro, with changes to the radius of the magnitudes of 10% and 20%, which are representative of physiological and pathological strain, respectively. Following the transcriptome analysis of next-generation sequencing data, we identified four key endothelial responses to pathological cyclic stretch: cell cycle regulation, inflammatory response, fatty acid metabolism, and mTOR signaling, driven by a regulatory network of eight transcription factors. Our study highlights the dynamic regulation of several key stretch-sensitive endothelial functions relevant to the induction of an atheroprone versus an atheroprotective phenotype and lays the foundation for further investigation into the mechanisms governing vascular pathology. This study has significant implications for the development of treatment modalities for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Lai
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Nathan Chow
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Antonio Checco
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Balvir Kunar
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sina Y. Rabbany
- Bioengineering Program, DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, New York, NY 11549, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-516-463-6672
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17
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Ciliate Microtubule Diversities: Insights from the EFBTU3 Tubulin in the Antarctic Ciliate Euplotes focardii. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122415. [PMID: 36557668 PMCID: PMC9784925 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoans of the Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) assemble many diverse microtubular structures in a single cell throughout the life cycle, a feature that made them useful models to study microtubule complexity and the role of tubulin isotypes. In the Antarctic ciliate Euplotes focardii we identified five β-tubulin isotypes by genome sequencing, named EFBTU1, EFBTU2, EFBTU3, EFBTU4 and EFBTU5. By using polyclonal antibodies directed against EFBTU2/EFBTU1 and EFBTU3, we show that the former isotypes appear to be involved in the formation of all microtubular structures and are particularly abundant in cilia, whereas the latter specifically localizes at the bases of cilia. By RNA interference (RNAi) technology, we silenced the EFBTU3 gene and provided evidence that this isotype has a relevant role in cilia regeneration upon deciliation and in cell division. These results support the long-standing concept that tubulin isotypes possess functional specificity in building diverse microtubular structures.
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18
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Kletter T, Biswas A, Reber S. Engineering metaphase spindles: Construction site and building blocks. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 79:102143. [PMID: 36436307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In an active, crowded cytoplasm, eukaryotic cells construct metaphase spindles from conserved building blocks to segregate chromosomes. Yet, spindles execute their function in a stunning variety of cell shapes and sizes across orders of magnitude. Thus, the current challenge is to understand how unique mesoscale spindle characteristics emerge from the interaction of molecular collectives. Key components of these collectives are tubulin dimers, which polymerise into microtubules. Despite all conservation, tubulin is a genetically and biochemically complex protein family, and we only begin to uncover how tubulin diversity affects microtubule dynamics and thus spindle assembly. Moreover, it is increasingly appreciated that spindles are dynamically intertwined with the cytoplasm that itself exhibits cell-type specific emergent properties with yet mostly unexplored consequences for spindle construction. Therefore, on our way toward a quantitative picture of spindle function, we need to understand molecular behaviour of the building blocks and connect it to the entire cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kletter
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abin Biswas
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Reber
- IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; University of Applied Sciences Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Vélëz H, Gauchan DP, García-Gil MDR. Taxol and β-tubulins from endophytic fungi isolated from the Himalayan Yew, Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956855. [PMID: 36246258 PMCID: PMC9557061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, better known as the anticancer drug Taxol®, has been isolated from several plant species and has been shown to be produced by fungi, actinomycetes, and even bacteria isolated from marine macroalgae. Given its cytostatic effect, studies conducted in the 1990's showed that paclitaxel was toxic to many pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Further studies led to the idea that the differences in paclitaxel sensitivity exhibited by different fungi were due to differences in the β-tubulin protein sequence. With the recent isolation of endophytic fungi from the leaves and bark of the Himalayan Yew, Taxus wallichiana Zucc., and the availability of genomes from paclitaxel-producing fungi, we decided to further explore the idea that endophytic fungi isolated from Yews should be well-adapted to their environment by encoding β-tubulin proteins that are insensitive to paclitaxel. Our results found evidence of episodic positive/diversifying selection at 10 sites (default p-value threshold of 0.1) in the β-tubulin sequences, corresponding to codon positions 33, 55, 172, 218, 279, 335, 359, 362, 379, and 406. Four of these positions (i.e., 172, 279, 359, and 362) have been implicated in the binding of paclitaxel by β-tubulin or formed part of the binding pocket. As expected, all the fungal endophytes grew in different media regardless of the paclitaxel concentration tested. Furthermore, our results also showed that Taxomyces andreanae CBS 279.92, the first fungus shown to produce paclitaxel, is a Basidiomycete fungus as the two beta tubulins encoded by the fungus clustered together with other Basidiomycete fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Vélëz
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Heriberto Vélëz
| | - Dhurva Prasad Gauchan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - María del Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Mitchell CW, Czajewski I, van Aalten DM. Bioinformatic prediction of putative conveyers of O-GlcNAc transferase intellectual disability. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102276. [PMID: 35863433 PMCID: PMC9428853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification that is catalyzed by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and is essential for neurodevelopment and postnatal neuronal function. Missense mutations in OGT segregate with a novel X-linked intellectual disability syndrome, the OGT congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG). One hypothesis for the etiology of OGT-CDG is that loss of OGT activity leads to hypo-O-GlcNAcylation of as yet unidentified, specific neuronal proteins, affecting essential embryonic, and postnatal neurodevelopmental processes; however, the identity of these O-GlcNAcylated proteins is not known. Here, we used bioinformatic techniques to integrate sequence conservation, structural data, clinical data, and the available literature to identify 22 candidate proteins that convey OGT-CDG. We found using gene ontology and PANTHER database data that these candidate proteins are involved in diverse processes including Ras/MAPK signaling, translational repression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and chromatin remodeling. We also identify pathogenic missense variants at O-GlcNAcylation sites that segregate with intellectual disability. This work establishes a preliminary platform for the mechanistic dissection of the links between protein O-GlcNAcylation and neurodevelopment in OGT-CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor W. Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacy Czajewski
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M.F. van Aalten
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom,For correspondence: Daan M. F. van Aalten
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21
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Yunes SA, Willoughby JLS, Kwan JH, Biagi JM, Pokharel N, Chin HG, York EA, Su KC, George K, Shah JV, Emili A, Schaus SE, Hansen U. Factor quinolinone inhibitors disrupt spindles and multiple LSF (TFCP2)-protein interactions in mitosis, including with microtubule-associated proteins. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268857. [PMID: 35704642 PMCID: PMC9200292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor quinolinone inhibitors (FQIs), a first-in-class set of small molecule inhibitors targeted to the transcription factor LSF (TFCP2), exhibit promising cancer chemotherapeutic properties. FQI1, the initial lead compound identified, unexpectedly induced a concentration-dependent delay in mitotic progression. Here, we show that FQI1 can rapidly and reversibly lead to mitotic arrest, even when added directly to mitotic cells, implying that FQI1-mediated mitotic defects are not transcriptionally based. Furthermore, treatment with FQIs resulted in a striking, concentration-dependent diminishment of spindle microtubules, accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in multi-aster formation. Aberrant γ-tubulin localization was also observed. These phenotypes suggest that perturbation of spindle microtubules is the primary event leading to the mitotic delays upon FQI1 treatment. Previously, FQIs were shown to specifically inhibit not only LSF DNA-binding activity, which requires LSF oligomerization to tetramers, but also other specific LSF-protein interactions. Other transcription factors participate in mitosis through non-transcriptional means, and we recently reported that LSF directly binds α-tubulin and is present in purified cellular tubulin preparations. Consistent with a microtubule role for LSF, here we show that LSF enhanced the rate of tubulin polymerization in vitro, and FQI1 inhibited such polymerization. To probe whether the FQI1-mediated spindle abnormalities could result from inhibition of mitotic LSF-protein interactions, mass spectrometry was performed using as bait an inducible, tagged form of LSF that is biotinylated by endogenous enzymes. The global proteomics analysis yielded expected associations for a transcription factor, notably with RNA processing machinery, but also to nontranscriptional components. In particular, and consistent with spindle disruption due to FQI treatment, mitotic, FQI1-sensitive interactions were identified between the biotinylated LSF and microtubule-associated proteins that regulate spindle assembly, positioning, and dynamics, as well as centrosome-associated proteins. Probing the mitotic LSF interactome using small molecule inhibitors therefore supported a non-transcriptional role for LSF in mediating progression through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Yunes
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. S. Willoughby
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julian H. Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Biagi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niranjana Pokharel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily A. York
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Chung Su
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly George
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Schaus
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Bär J, Popp Y, Bucher M, Mikhaylova M. Direct and indirect effects of tubulin post-translational modifications on microtubule stability: Insights and regulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119241. [PMID: 35181405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) mediate various cellular functions such as structural support, chromosome segregation, and intracellular transport. To achieve this, the pivotal properties of MTs have to be changeable and tightly controlled. This is enabled by a high variety of tubulin posttranslational modifications, which influence MT properties directly, via altering the MT lattice structurally, or indirectly by changing MT interaction partners. Here, the distinction between these direct and indirect effects of MT PTMs are exemplified by acetylation of the luminal α-tubulin K40 resulting in decreased rigidity of MTs, and by MT detyrosination which decreases interaction with depolymerizing proteins, thus causing more stable MTs. We discuss how these PTMs are reversed and regulated, e.g. on the level of enzyme transcription, localization, and activity via various signalling pathways including the conventional calcium-dependent proteases calpains and how advances in microscopy techniques and development of live-sensors facilitate the understanding of MT PTM interaction and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bär
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Yannes Popp
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Bucher
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Bileck A, Bortel P, Kriz M, Janker L, Kiss E, Gerner C, Del Favero G. Inward Outward Signaling in Ovarian Cancer: Morpho-Phospho-Proteomic Profiling Upon Application of Hypoxia and Shear Stress Characterizes the Adaptive Plasticity of OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 11:746411. [PMID: 35251951 PMCID: PMC8896345 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.746411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the onset of resistance, ovarian cancer cells display almost unpredictable adaptive potential. This may derive from the tumor genetic ancestry and can be additionally tailored by post translational protein modifications (PTMs). In this study, we took advantage of high-end (phospho)-proteome analysis combined with multiparametric morphometric profiling in high-grade serous (OVCAR-3) and non-serous (SKOV-3) ovarian carcinoma cells. For functional experiments, we applied two different protocols, representing typical conditions of the abdominal cavity and of the growing tumor tissue: on the one side hypoxia (oxygen 1%) which develops within the tumor mass or is experienced during migration/extravasation in non-vascularized areas. On the other hand, fluid shear stress (250 rpm, 2.8 dyn/cm2) which affects tumor surface in the peritoneum or metastases in the bloodstream. After 3 hours incubation, treatment groups were clearly distinguishable by PCA analysis. Whereas basal proteome profiles of OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells appeared almost unchanged, phosphoproteome analysis revealed multiple regulatory events. These affected primarily cellular structure and proliferative potential and consolidated in the proteome signature after 24h treatment. Upon oxygen reduction, metabolism switched toward glycolysis (e.g. upregulation hexokinase-2; HK2) and cell size increased, in concerted regulation of pathways related to Rho-GTPases and/or cytoskeletal elements, resembling a vasculogenic mimicry response. Shear stress regulated proteins governing cell cycle and structure, as well as the lipid metabolism machinery including the delta(14)-sterol reductase, kinesin-like proteins (KIF-22/20A) and the actin-related protein 2/3 complex. Independent microscopy-based validation experiments confirmed cell-type specific morphometric responses. In conclusion, we established a robust workflow enabling the description of the adaptive potential of ovarian cancer cells to physical and chemical stressors typical for the abdominal cavity and supporting the identification of novel molecular mechanisms sustaining tumor plasticity and pharmacologic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Bortel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Kriz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Giorgia Del Favero, ; Christopher Gerner,
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Giorgia Del Favero, ; Christopher Gerner,
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24
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Jaragh-Alhadad LA, Harisa GI, Alanazi FK. Development of nimesulide analogs as a dual inhibitor targeting tubulin and HSP27 for treatment of female cancers. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Soltan OM, Shoman ME, Abdel-Aziz SA, Narumi A, Konno H, Abdel-Aziz M. Molecular hybrids: A five-year survey on structures of multiple targeted hybrids of protein kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113768. [PMID: 34450497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases have grown over the past few years as a crucial target for different cancer types. With the multifactorial nature of cancer, and the fast development of drug resistance for conventional chemotherapeutics, a strategy for designing multi-target agents was suggested to potentially increase drug efficacy, minimize side effects and retain the proper pharmacokinetic properties. Kinase inhibitors were used extensively in such strategy. Different kinase inhibitor agents which target EGFR, VEGFR, c-Met, CDK, PDK and other targets were merged into hybrids with conventional chemotherapeutics such as tubulin polymerization and topoisomerase inhibitors. Other hybrids were designed gathering kinase inhibitors with targeted cancer therapy such as HDAC, PARP, HSP 90 inhibitors. Nitric oxide donor molecules were also merged with kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy. The current review presents the hybrids designed in the past five years discussing their design principles, results and highlights their future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Soltan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mai E Shoman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Salah A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 61111, Minia, Egypt
| | - Atsushi Narumi
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan 4-3-16, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519, Minia, Egypt.
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26
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Rayevsky A, Ozheredov DS, Samofalova D, Ozheredov SP, Karpov PA, Blume YB. The Role of Posttranslational Acetylation in the Association of Autophagy Protein ATG8 with Microtubules in Plant Cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Santiago-Mujika E, Luthi-Carter R, Giorgini F, Kalaria RN, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Tubulin and Tubulin Posttranslational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:730107. [PMID: 34776926 PMCID: PMC8586541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.730107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two most common forms of dementia in older people. Although these two dementia types differ in their etiology, they share many pathophysiological and morphological features, including neuronal loss, which is associated with the microtubule (MT) destabilization. Stabilization of MTs is achieved in different ways: through interactions with MT binding proteins (MTBP) or by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin. Polyglutamylation and tyrosination are two foremost PTMs that regulate the interaction between MTs and MTBPs, and play, therefore, a role in neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize key information on tubulin PTMs in relation to AD and VaD and address the importance of studying further the tubulin code to reveal sites of potential intervention in development of novel and effective dementia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Santiago-Mujika
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Luthi-Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Evington Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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28
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βIII-tubulin overexpression in cancer: Causes, consequences, and potential therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188607. [PMID: 34364992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Class III β-tubulin (βIII-tubulin) is frequently overexpressed in human tumors and is associated with resistance to microtubule-targeting agents, tumor aggressiveness, and poor patient outcome. Understanding the mechanisms regulating βIII-tubulin expression and the varied functions βIII-tubulin may have in different cancers is vital to assess the prognostic value of this protein and to develop strategies to enhance therapeutic benefits in βIII-tubulin overexpressing tumors. Here we gather all the available evidence regarding the clinical implications of βIII-tubulin overexpression in cancer, describe factors that regulate βIII-tubulin expression, and discuss current understanding of the mechanisms underlying βIII-tubulin-mediated resistance to microtubule-targeting agents and tumor aggressiveness. Finally, we provide an overview of emerging therapeutic strategies to target tumors that overexpress βIII-tubulin.
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29
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MacTaggart B, Kashina A. Posttranslational modifications of the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:142-173. [PMID: 34152688 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays important roles in many essential processes at the cellular and organismal levels, including cell migration and motility, cell division, and the establishment and maintenance of cell and tissue architecture. In order to facilitate these varied functions, the main cytoskeletal components-microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments-must form highly diverse intracellular arrays in different subcellular areas and cell types. The question of how this diversity is conferred has been the focus of research for decades. One key mechanism is the addition of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to the major cytoskeletal proteins. This posttranslational addition of various chemical groups dramatically increases the complexity of the cytoskeletal proteome and helps facilitate major global and local cytoskeletal functions. Cytoskeletal proteins undergo many PTMs, most of which are not well understood. Recent technological advances in proteomics and cell biology have allowed for the in-depth study of individual PTMs and their functions in the cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview of the major PTMs that occur on the main structural components of the three cytoskeletal systems-tubulin, actin, and intermediate filament proteins-and highlight the cellular function of these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany MacTaggart
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Kashina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Ferreira LT, Maiato H. Prometaphase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:52-61. [PMID: 34127384 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a metaphase plate in which all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle microtubules and aligned at the cell equator is required for faithful chromosome segregation in metazoans. The achievement of this configuration relies on the precise coordination between several concurrent mechanisms that start upon nuclear envelope breakdown, mediate chromosome capture at their kinetochores during mitotic spindle assembly and culminate with the congression of all chromosomes to the spindle equator. This period is called 'prometaphase'. Because the nature of chromosome capture by mitotic spindle microtubules is error prone, the cell is provided of error correction mechanisms that sense and correct most erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments before committing to separate sister chromatids in anaphase. In this review, aimed for newcomers in the field, more than providing an exhaustive mechanistic coverage of each and every concurrent mechanism taking place during prometaphase, we provide an integrative overview of these processes that ultimately promote the subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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31
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Mosca L, Ilari A, Fazi F, Assaraf YG, Colotti G. Taxanes in cancer treatment: Activity, chemoresistance and its overcoming. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 54:100742. [PMID: 33429249 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor agents. However, their historic classification as antimitotics does not describe all their functions. Indeed, taxanes act in a complex manner, altering multiple cellular oncogenic processes including mitosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ROS production. On the one hand, identification of the diverse effects of taxanes on oncogenic signaling pathways provides opportunities to apply these cytotoxic drugs in a more rational manner. On the other hand, this may facilitate the development of novel treatment modalities to surmount anticancer drug resistance. In the latter respect, chemoresistance remains a major impediment which limits the efficacy of antitumor chemotherapy. Taxanes have shown impact on key molecular mechanisms including disruption of mitotic spindle, mitosis slippage and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, there is an emerging contribution of cellular processes including autophagy, oxidative stress, epigenetic alterations and microRNAs deregulation to the acquisition of taxane resistance. Hence, these two lines of findings are currently promoting a more rational and efficacious taxane application as well as development of novel molecular strategies to enhance the efficacy of taxane-based cancer treatment while overcoming drug resistance. This review provides a general and comprehensive picture on the use of taxanes in cancer treatment. In particular, we describe the history of application of taxanes in anticancer therapeutics, the synthesis of the different drugs belonging to this class of cytotoxic compounds, their features and the differences between them. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms of action of taxanes and the molecular basis underlying the onset of taxane resistance. We further delineate the possible modalities to overcome chemoresistance to taxanes, such as increasing drug solubility, delivery and pharmacokinetics, overcoming microtubule alterations or mitotic slippage, inhibiting drug efflux pumps or drug metabolism, targeting redox metabolism, immune response, and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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32
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Huang DP, Zeng YH, Yuan WQ, Huang XF, Chen SQ, Wang MY, Qiu YJ, Tong GD. Bioinformatics Analyses of Potential miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Axis in HBV-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:335-346. [PMID: 33390802 PMCID: PMC7757140 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: We aimed to explore the crucial miRNA-mRNA axis through bioinformatics analysis and provide evidences for the development of pathophysiological mechanisms and new therapies for HBV-related HCC. Methods: MiRNA (GSE76903) and mRNA (GSE77509) dataset were used to screen differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) using R software. Overlapping genes between DE-mRNAs and target genes of DE-miRNAs were identified as candidate genes. Hub genes were obtained via cytohubba analysis. The expression at protein and mRNA levels and prognostic value of hub genes were evaluated based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Key miRNA-mRNA axes were constructed according to predicted miRNA-mRNA pairs. MiRNA expression and prognostic role were respectively identified using starBase v3.0 and Kaplan-Meier plotter database. Real-time PCR was performed to verify the expression of crucial miRNAs and mRNAs. Coexpression of crucial miRNA and mRNA were analyzed using starBase v3.0. Results: CDK1, CCNB1, CKS2 and CCNE1 were screened as hub genes, which were significantly upregulated at protein and mRNA levels. These up-regulated hub genes were also significantly associated with poor prognosis. Hsa-mir-195-5p/CDK1, hsa-mir-5589-3p/CCNB1 and hsa-let-7c-3p/CKS2 were screened as critical miRNA-mRNA axes. Critical miRNAs were decreased in HCC, which indicates unfavourable prognosis. QPCR results showed that crucial miRNAs were decreased, whereas critical mRNAs were increased in HBV-related HCC. A reverse relationship between miRNA and mRNA in crucial axis was further verified. Conclusion: This study identified several miRNA-mRNA axes in HBV-related HCC. Hsa-mir-195-5p/CDK1, hsa-mir-5589-3p/CCNB1 and hsa-let-7c-3p/CKS2 might serve as potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ping Huang
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Hao Zeng
- College of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Qu Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng-Qian Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Haifeng County, Shanwei 516400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mu-Yao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Jun Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510403, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Dong Tong
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518033, Guangdong Province, China
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33
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Fourel G, Boscheron C. Tubulin mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders as a tool to decipher microtubule function. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3409-3438. [PMID: 33064843 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are a group of severe brain malformations associated with intellectual disability and refractory childhood epilepsy. Human missense heterozygous mutations in the 9 α-tubulin and 10 β-tubulin isoforms forming the heterodimers that assemble into microtubules (MTs) were found to cause MCDs. However, how a single mutated residue in a given tubulin isoform can perturb the entire microtubule population in a neuronal cell remains a crucial question. Here, we examined 85 MCD-associated tubulin mutations occurring in TUBA1A, TUBB2, and TUBB3 and their location in a three-dimensional (3D) microtubule cylinder. Mutations hitting residues exposed on the outer microtubule surface are likely to alter microtubule association with partners, while alteration of intradimer contacts may impair dimer stability and straightness. Other types of mutations are predicted to alter interdimer and lateral contacts, which are responsible for microtubule cohesion, rigidity, and dynamics. MCD-associated tubulin mutations surprisingly fall into all categories, thus providing unexpected insights into how a single mutation may impair microtubule function and elicit dominant effects in neurons.
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Moutin MJ, Bosc C, Peris L, Andrieux A. Tubulin post-translational modifications control neuronal development and functions. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:253-272. [PMID: 33325152 PMCID: PMC8246997 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are an essential component of the neuronal cytoskeleton; they are involved in various aspects of neuron development, maintenance, and functions including polarization, synaptic plasticity, and transport. Neuronal MTs are highly heterogeneous due to the presence of multiple tubulin isotypes and extensive post‐translational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs—most notably detyrosination, acetylation, and polyglutamylation—have emerged as important regulators of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. With this review, we summarize what is currently known about the impact of tubulin PTMs on microtubule dynamics, neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and transport as well as on brain function in normal and pathological conditions, in particular during neuro‐degeneration. The main therapeutic approaches to neuro‐diseases based on the modulation of tubulin PTMs are also summarized. Overall, the review indicates how tubulin PTMs can generate a large number of functionally specialized microtubule sub‐networks, each of which is crucial to specific neuronal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jo Moutin
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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Borys F, Joachimiak E, Krawczyk H, Fabczak H. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Microtubule Dynamics in Normal and Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163705. [PMID: 32823874 PMCID: PMC7464520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), highly dynamic structures composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, are involved in cell movement and intracellular traffic and are essential for cell division. Within the cell, MTs are not uniform as they can be composed of different tubulin isotypes that are post-translationally modified and interact with different microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). These diverse intrinsic factors influence the dynamics of MTs. Extrinsic factors such as microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) can also affect MT dynamics. MTAs can be divided into two main categories: microtubule-stabilizing agents (MSAs) and microtubule-destabilizing agents (MDAs). Thus, the MT skeleton is an important target for anticancer therapy. This review discusses factors that determine the microtubule dynamics in normal and cancer cells and describes microtubule–MTA interactions, highlighting the importance of tubulin isoform diversity and post-translational modifications in MTA responses and the consequences of such a phenomenon, including drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Borys
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (H.F.)
| | - Hanna Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (H.F.)
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Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code in Microtubule Dynamics and Information Encoding. Dev Cell 2020; 54:7-20. [PMID: 32634400 PMCID: PMC11042690 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are non-covalent mesoscale polymers central to the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Microtubule structure, dynamics, and mechanics are modulated by a cell's choice of tubulin isoforms and post-translational modifications, a "tubulin code," which is thought to support the diverse morphology and dynamics of microtubule arrays across various cell types, cell cycle, and developmental stages. We give a brief historical overview of research into tubulin diversity and highlight recent progress toward uncovering the mechanistic underpinnings of the tubulin code. As a large number of essential pathways converge upon the microtubule cytoskeleton, understanding how cells utilize tubulin diversity is crucial to understanding cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Guo Y, Huang P, Ning W, Zhang H, Yu C. Identification of Core Genes and Pathways in Medulloblastoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1702-1712. [PMID: 32535713 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common intracranial malignancies in children. The present study applied integrated bioinformatics to identify potential core genes associated with the pathogenesis of MB and reveal potential molecular mechanisms. Through the integrated analysis of multiple data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), 414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Combining the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis with gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), eight core genes, including CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB2, AURKA, CDK1, MAD2L1, BUB1B, and RRM2, as well as four core pathways, including "cell cycle", "oocyte meiosis", "p53 pathway" and "DNA replication" were selected. In independent data sets, the core genes showed superior diagnostic values and significant prognostic correlations. Moreover, in the pan-caner data of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), the core genes were also widely abnormally expressed. In conclusion, this study identified core genes and pathways of MB through integrated analysis to deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the MB and provide potential targets and pathways for diagnosis and treatment of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Identification of potential crucial genes and molecular mechanisms in glioblastoma multiforme by bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:859-869. [PMID: 32467990 PMCID: PMC7339479 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor of the adult central nervous system and is associated with poor prognosis. The present study aimed to identify the hub genes in GBM in order to improve the current understanding of the underlying mechanism of GBM. The RNA-seq data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The edgeR package in R software was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two groups: Glioblastoma samples and normal brain samples. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery software. Additionally, Cytoscape and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins tools were used for the protein-protein interaction network, while the highly connected modules were extracted from this network using the Minimal Common Oncology Data Elements plugin. Next, the prognostic significance of the candidate hub genes was analyzed using UALCAN. In addition, the identified hub genes were verified by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR. In total, 1,483 DEGs were identified between GBM and control samples, including 954 upregulated genes and 529 downregulated genes (P<0.01; fold-change >16) and these genes were involved in different GO terms and signaling pathways. Furthermore, CDK1, BUB1, BUB1B, CENPA and GNG3 were identified as key genes in the GBM samples. The UALCAN tool verified that higher expression level of CENPA was relevant to poorer overall survival rates. In conclusion, CDK1, BUB1, BUB1B, CENPA and GNG3 were found to be potential biomarkers for GBM. Additionally, ‘cell cycle’ and ‘γ-aminobutyric acid signaling’ pathways may serve a significant role in the pathogenesis of GBM.
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Karri K, Waxman DJ. Widespread Dysregulation of Long Noncoding Genes Associated With Fatty Acid Metabolism, Cell Division, and Immune Response Gene Networks in Xenobiotic-exposed Rat Liver. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:291-310. [PMID: 31926019 PMCID: PMC7098378 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic exposure dysregulates hundreds of protein-coding genes in mammalian liver, impacting many physiological processes and inducing diverse toxicological responses. Little is known about xenobiotic effects on long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), many of which have important regulatory functions. Here, we present a computational framework to discover liver-expressed, xenobiotic-responsive lncRNAs (xeno-lncs) with strong functional, gene regulatory potential and elucidate the impact of xenobiotic exposure on their gene regulatory networks. We assembled the long noncoding transcriptome of xenobiotic-exposed rat liver using RNA-seq datasets from male rats treated with 27 individual chemicals, representing 7 mechanisms of action (MOAs). Ortholog analysis was combined with coexpression data and causal inference methods to infer lncRNA function and deduce gene regulatory networks, including causal effects of lncRNAs on protein-coding gene expression and biological pathways. We discovered > 1400 liver-expressed xeno-lncs, many with human and/or mouse orthologs. Xenobiotics representing different MOAs often regulated common xeno-lnc targets: 123 xeno-lncs were dysregulated by ≥ 10 chemicals, and 5 xeno-lncs responded to ≥ 20 of the 27 chemicals investigated; 81 other xeno-lncs served as MOA-selective markers of xenobiotic exposure. Xeno-lnc-protein-coding gene coexpression regulatory network analysis identified xeno-lncs closely associated with exposure-induced perturbations of hepatic fatty acid metabolism, cell division, or immune response pathways, and with apoptosis or cirrhosis. We also identified hub and bottleneck lncRNAs, which are expected to be key regulators of gene expression. This work elucidates extensive networks of xeno-lnc-protein-coding gene interactions and provides a framework for understanding the widespread transcriptome-altering actions of foreign chemicals in a key-responsive mammalian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Karri
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:307-326. [PMID: 32107477 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell division, shaping, motility and intracellular transport. Despite their functional heterogeneity, microtubules have a highly conserved structure made from almost identical molecular building blocks: the tubulin proteins. Alternative tubulin isotypes and a variety of post-translational modifications control the properties and functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton, a concept known as the 'tubulin code'. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular components of the tubulin code and how they impact microtubule properties and functions. We discuss how tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications control microtubule behaviour at the molecular level and how this translates into physiological functions at the cellular and organism levels. We then go on to show how fine-tuning of microtubule function by some tubulin modifications can affect homeostasis and how perturbation of this fine-tuning can lead to a range of dysfunctions, many of which are linked to human disease.
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During mitosis ZEB1 "switches" from being a chromatin-bound epithelial gene repressor, to become a microtubule-associated protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118673. [PMID: 32057919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are polymers of α/β-tubulin, with microtubule organization being regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Herein, we describe a novel role for the epithelial gene repressor, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), that "switches" from a chromatin-associated protein during interphase, to a MAP that associates with α-, β- and γ-tubulin during mitosis. Additionally, ZEB1 was also demonstrated to associate with γ-tubulin at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Using confocal microscopy, ZEB1 localization was predominantly nuclear during interphase, with α/β-tubulin being primarily cytoplasmic and the association between these proteins being minimal. However, during the stages of mitosis, ZEB1 co-localization with α-, β-, and γ-tubulin was significantly increased, with the association commonly peaking during metaphase in multiple tumor cell-types. ZEB1 was also observed to accumulate in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. The increased interaction between ZEB1 and α-tubulin during mitosis was also confirmed using the proximity ligation assay. In contrast to ZEB1, its paralog ZEB2, was mainly perinuclear and cytoplasmic during interphase, showing some co-localization with α-tubulin during mitosis. Considering the association between ZEB1 with α/β/γ-tubulin during mitosis, studies investigated ZEB1's role in the cell cycle. Silencing ZEB1 resulted in a G2-M arrest, which could be mediated by the up-regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 that are known downstream targets repressed by ZEB1. However, it cannot be excluded the G2/M arrest observed after ZEB1 silencing is not due to its roles as a MAP. Collectively, ZEB1 plays a role as a MAP during mitosis and could be functionally involved in this process.
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Valmiki RR, Venkatesalu S, Chacko AG, Prabhu K, Thomas MM, Mathew V, Yoganathan S, Muthusamy K, Chacko G, Vanjare HA, Krothapalli SB. Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals Akt isoform-specific regulation of cytoskeleton proteins in human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2019; 134:104654. [PMID: 31884041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Akt is one of the most important downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR pathway. Hyperactivation and expression of this pathway are seen in a variety of neurological disorders including human temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). Nevertheless, the expression and activation profiles of the Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 and their functional roles in human TLE-HS have not been studied. We examined the protein expression and activation (phosphorylation) patterns of Akt and its isoforms in human hippocampal tissue from TLE and non-TLE patients. A phosphoproteomic approach followed by interactome analysis of each Akt isoform was used to understand protein-protein interactions and their role in TLE-HS pathology. Our results demonstrated activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway as well as activation of Akt downstream substrates like GSK3β, mTOR, and S6 in TLE-HS samples. Akt1 isoform levels were significantly increased in the TLE-HS samples as compared to the non-TLE samples. Most importantly, different isoforms were activated in different TLE-HS samples, Akt2 was activated in three samples, Akt2 and Akt1 were simultaneously activated in one sample and Akt3 was activated in two samples. Our phosphoproteomic screen across six TLE-HS samples identified 183 proteins phosphorylated by Akt isoforms, 29 of these proteins belong to cytoskeletal modification. Also, we were able to identify proteins of several other classes involved in glycolysis, neuronal development, protein folding and excitatory amino acid transport functions as Akt substrates. Taken together, our data offer clues to understand the role of Akt and its isoforms in underlying the pathology of TLE-HS and further, modulation of Akt/mTOR pathway using Akt isoforms specific inhibitors may offer a new therapeutic window for treatment of human TLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramanna Valmiki
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Subhashini Venkatesalu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ari George Chacko
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Krishna Prabhu
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Maya Mary Thomas
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vivek Mathew
- Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Geeta Chacko
- Neuropathology, Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Srinivasa Babu Krothapalli
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, Tamilnadu, India
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Levrier C, Rockstroh A, Gabrielli B, Kavallaris M, Lehman M, Davis RA, Sadowski MC, Nelson CC. Discovery of thalicthuberine as a novel antimitotic agent from nature that disrupts microtubule dynamics and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:652-668. [PMID: 28749250 PMCID: PMC5976206 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1356512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the mechanism of action of the natural product thalicthuberine (TH) in prostate and cervical cancer cells. TH induced a strong accumulation of LNCaP cells in mitosis, severe mitotic spindle defects, and asymmetric cell divisions, ultimately leading to mitotic catastrophe accompanied by cell death through apoptosis. However, unlike microtubule-binding drugs (vinblastine and paclitaxel), TH did not directly inhibit tubulin polymerization when tested in a cell-free system, whereas it reduced cellular microtubule polymer mass in LNCaP cells. This suggests that TH indirectly targets microtubule dynamics through inhibition of a critical regulator or tubulin-associated protein. Furthermore, TH is not a major substrate for P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which is responsible for multidrug resistance in numerous cancers, providing a rationale to further study TH in cancers with Pgp-mediated treatment resistance. The identification of TH's molecular target in future studies will be of great value to the development of TH as potential treatment of multidrug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Levrier
- a Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia.,b Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- a Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- c The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; Translational Research Institute ; Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- d Tumour Biology and Targeting Program , Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,e ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine , UNSW Australia , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Melanie Lehman
- a Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia.,f Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Rohan A Davis
- a Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia.,b Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- a Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- a Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
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Tubulin heterogeneity regulates functions and dynamics of microtubules and plays a role in the development of drug resistance in cancer. Biochem J 2019; 476:1359-1376. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Microtubules, composed of αβ-tubulin heterodimers, exhibit diverse structural and functional properties in different cell types. The diversity in the microtubule structure originates from tubulin heterogeneities, namely tubulin isotypes and their post-translational modifications (PTMs). These heterogeneities confer differential stability to microtubules and provide spatial cues for the functioning of the cell. Furthermore, the altered expressions of tubulin isotypes and PTMs are prominent factors for the development of resistance against some cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the tubulin isotypes and PTMs and how, together, they control the cellular functions of the microtubules. We also describe how cancer cells use this tubulin heterogeneity to acquire resistance against clinical agents and discuss existing attempts to counter the developed resistance.
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A Survey on Tubulin and Arginine Methyltransferase Families Sheds Light on P. lividus Embryo as Model System for Antiproliferative Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092136. [PMID: 31052191 PMCID: PMC6539552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulins and microtubules (MTs) represent targets for taxane-based chemotherapy. To date, several lines of evidence suggest that effectiveness of compounds binding tubulin often relies on different post-translational modifications on tubulins. Among them, methylation was recently associated to drug resistance mechanisms impairing taxanes binding. The sea urchin is recognized as a research model in several fields including fertilization, embryo development and toxicology. To date, some α- and β-tubulin genes have been identified in P. lividus, while no data are available in echinoderms for arginine methyl transferases (PRMT). To evaluate the exploiting of the sea urchin embryo in the field of antiproliferative drug development, we carried out a survey of the expressed α- and β-tubulin gene sets, together with a comprehensive analysis of the PRMT gene family and of the methylable arginine residues in P. lividus tubulins. Because of their specificities, the sea urchin embryo may represent an interesting tool for dissecting mechanisms of tubulin targeting drug action. Therefore, results herein reported provide evidences supporting the P. lividus embryo as animal system for testing antiproliferative drugs.
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Grimes KM, Prasad V, McNamara JW. Supporting the heart: Functions of the cardiomyocyte's non-sarcomeric cytoskeleton. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:187-196. [PMID: 30978342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The non-contractile cytoskeleton in cardiomyocytes is comprised of cytoplasmic actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. In addition to providing mechanical support to these cells, these structures are important effectors of tension-sensing and signal transduction and also provide networks for the transport of proteins and organelles. The majority of our knowledge on the function and structure of these cytoskeletal networks comes from research on proliferative cell types. However, in recent years, researchers have begun to show that there are important cardiomyocyte-specific functions of the cytoskeleton. Here we will discuss the current state of cytoskeletal biology in cardiomyocytes, as well as research from other cell types, that together suggest there is a wealth of knowledge on cardiac health and disease waiting to be uncovered through exploration of the complex signaling networks of cardiomyocyte non-sarcomeric cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James W McNamara
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Muhie S, Miller SA, Moyler C, Jett M, Hammamieh R. The responses of lungs and adjacent lymph nodes in responding to Yersinia pestis infection: A transcriptomic study using a non-human primate model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209592. [PMID: 30789917 PMCID: PMC6383991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation of treatment during the pre-symptomatic phase of Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) infection is particularly critical. The rapid proliferation of Y. pestis typically couples with the manifestation of common flu-like early symptoms that often misguides the medical intervention. Our study used African green monkeys (AGM) that did not exhibit clear clinical symptoms for nearly two days after intranasal challenge with Y. pestis and succumbed within a day after showing the first signs of clinical symptoms. The lung, and mediastinal and submandibular lymph nodes (LN) accumulated significant Y. pestis colonization immediately after the intranasal challenge. Hence, organ-specific molecular investigations are deemed to be the key to elucidating mechanisms of the initial host response. Our previous study focused on the whole blood of AGM, and we found early perturbations in the ubiquitin-microtubule-mediated host defense. Altered expression of the genes present in ubiquitin and microtubule networks indicated an early suppression of these networks in the submandibular lymph nodes. In concert, the upstream toll-like receptor signaling and downstream NFκB signaling were inhibited at the multi-omics level. The inflammatory response was suppressed in the lungs, submandibular lymph nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes. We posited a causal chain of molecular mechanisms that indicated Y. pestis was probably able to impair host-mediated proteolysis activities and evade autophagosome capture by dysregulating both ubiquitin and microtubule networks in submandibular lymph nodes. Targeting these networks in a submandibular LN-specific and time-resolved fashion could be essential for development of the next generation therapeutics for pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Aarti Gautam
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Seid Muhie
- The Geneva Foundation, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- ORISE, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Candace Moyler
- ORISE, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira LT, Figueiredo AC, Orr B, Lopes D, Maiato H. Dissecting the role of the tubulin code in mitosis. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:33-74. [PMID: 29804676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process that takes place in all eukaryotes and involves the equal division of genetic material from a parental cell into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, chromosome movement and segregation are orchestrated by a specialized structure known as the mitotic spindle, composed of a bipolar array of microtubules. The fundamental structure of microtubules comprises of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that associate head-to-tail and laterally to form hollow filaments. In vivo, microtubules are modified by abundant and evolutionarily conserved tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs), giving these filaments the potential for a wide chemical diversity. In recent years, the concept of a "tubulin code" has emerged as an extralayer of regulation governing microtubule function. A range of tubulin isoforms, each with a diverse set of PTMs, provides a readable code for microtubule motors and other microtubule-associated proteins. This chapter focuses on the complexity of tubulin PTMs with an emphasis on detyrosination and summarizes the methods currently used in our laboratory to experimentally manipulate these modifications and study their impact in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Orr
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Danilo Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Disruption of the psychiatric risk gene Ankyrin 3 enhances microtubule dynamics through GSK3/CRMP2 signaling. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:135. [PMID: 30046097 PMCID: PMC6060177 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ankyrin 3 gene (ANK3) is a well-established risk gene for psychiatric illness, but the mechanisms underlying its pathophysiology remain elusive. We examined the molecular effects of disrupting brain-specific Ank3 isoforms in mouse and neuronal model systems. RNA sequencing of hippocampus from Ank3+/- and Ank3+/+ mice identified altered expression of 282 genes that were enriched for microtubule-related functions. Results were supported by increased expression of microtubule end-binding protein 3 (EB3), an indicator of microtubule dynamics, in Ank3+/- mouse hippocampus. Live-cell imaging of EB3 movement in primary neurons from Ank3+/- mice revealed impaired elongation of microtubules. Using a CRISPR-dCas9-KRAB transcriptional repressor in mouse neuro-2a cells, we determined that repression of brain-specific Ank3 increased EB3 expression, decreased tubulin acetylation, and increased the soluble:polymerized tubulin ratio, indicating enhanced microtubule dynamics. These changes were rescued by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) with lithium or CHIR99021, a highly selective GSK3 inhibitor. Brain-specific Ank3 repression in neuro-2a cells increased GSK3 activity (reduced inhibitory phosphorylation) and elevated collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) phosphorylation, a known GSK3 substrate and microtubule-binding protein. Pharmacological inhibition of CRMP2 activity attenuated the rescue of EB3 expression and tubulin polymerization in Ank3-repressed cells by lithium or CHIR99021, suggesting microtubule instability induced by Ank3 repression is dependent on CRMP2 activity. Taken together, our data indicate that ANK3 functions in neuronal microtubule dynamics through GSK3 and its downstream substrate CRMP2. These findings reveal cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain-specific ANK3 disruption that may be related to its role in psychiatric illness.
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He L, Shi L, Du Z, Huang H, Gong R, Ma L, Chen L, Gao S, Lyu J, Gu H. Mebendazole exhibits potent anti-leukemia activity on acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:61-68. [PMID: 29750898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common types of acute leukemia in adults with the lowest survival rate of all leukemia. Resistance to cytarabine and anthracycline-based chemotherapy is a major cause of treatment failure. Thus, finding new drugs with anti-leukemia activities and minimal side effect is urgently needed. Here through screening more than 1000 drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of United States, the anthelmintic drug mebendazole (MBZ) was found to inhibit the growth of AML cell lines (THP-1, U937, NB4 and K562) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) from AML patients at pharmacologically achievable concentrations. In contrast, similar concentration of MBZ had little inhibitory effect on the growth of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In addition, MBZ induced mitotic arrest and mitotic catastrophe in AML cells based on nuclear morphology, cell cycle distribution, mitotic marker analyses and the number of multinucleated cells and apoptotic cells. Furthermore, MBZ treatment inhibited activation of Akt and Erk in AML leukemic cells. Finally, MBZ repressed the progression of leukemic cells in vivo and prolonged survival in AML xenograft mouse model. Taken together, our results suggest that MBZ could be a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licai He
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Liuzhi Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhuanyun Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - He Huang
- Internal Medicine of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lianjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shenmeng Gao
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Haihua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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