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Xu D, Pan J, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Zhao L, Su Y. RpS24 Is Required for Meiotic Divisions and Spermatid Differentiation During Drosophila Spermatogenesis. FASEB J 2025; 39:e70646. [PMID: 40421592 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202403223r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2025] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
In Drosophila, testes contain highly heterogeneous ribosome populations. Several ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been shown to play specific and distinct roles during different stages of spermatogenesis. However, the detailed functions and mechanisms of RPs in spermatogenesis remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the function of RpS24 during Drosophila spermatogenesis. RpS24 is required for sperm production and male fertility of adult flies. Loss of RpS24 causes defects in meiotic chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, failures of spermatid elongation with incomplete axoneme assembly, and twisted mitochondrial derivatives. To trace back the cause of these defects, we found that RpS24 inhibition resulted in the abnormal number and localization of centrosomes in spermatocytes that led to the formation of irregular spindles. During the subsequent elongation process, the centrosome-derived basal body was unable to couple with the nucleus and underwent degradation that impaired microtubule elongation in the RpS24-knockdown spermatid. Our findings indicated that RpS24 may play a necessary role in maintaining the structural stability of centrosomes, therefore affecting spindle assembly in spermatocytes and the subsequent basal body formation and function in spermatids, which are essential for meiotic chromosome segregation, cytokinesis, and flagellum elongation in Drosophila testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Su
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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2
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Leyria J, Fruttero LL, Canavoso LE. Lipids in Insect Reproduction: Where, How, and Why. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38874891 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Modern insects have inhabited the earth for hundreds of millions of years, and part of their successful adaptation lies in their many reproductive strategies. Insect reproduction is linked to a high metabolic rate that provides viable eggs in a relatively short time. In this context, an accurate interplay between the endocrine system and the nutrients synthetized and metabolized is essential to produce healthy offspring. Lipids guarantee the metabolic energy needed for egg formation and represent the main energy source consumed during embryogenesis. Lipids availability is tightly regulated by a complex network of endocrine signals primarily controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) and associated endocrine glands, the corpora allata (CA) and corpora cardiaca (CC). This endocrine axis provides hormones and neuropeptides that significatively affect tissues closely involved in successful reproduction: the fat body, which is the metabolic center supplying the lipid resources and energy demanded in egg formation, and the ovaries, where the developing oocytes recruit lipids that will be used for optimal embryogenesis. The post-genomic era and the availability of modern experimental approaches have advanced our understanding of many processes involved in lipid homeostasis; therefore, it is crucial to integrate the findings of recent years into the knowledge already acquired in the last decades. The present chapter is devoted to reviewing major recent contributions made in elucidating the impact of the CNS/CA/CC-fat body-ovary axis on lipid metabolism in the context of insect reproduction, highlighting areas of fruitful research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Leyria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo L Fruttero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lilián E Canavoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.
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3
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Tsatskis Y, Rosenfeld R, Pearson JD, Boswell C, Qu Y, Kim K, Fabian L, Mohammad A, Wang X, Robson MI, Krchma K, Wu J, Gonçalves J, Hodzic D, Wu S, Potter D, Pelletier L, Dunham WH, Gingras AC, Sun Y, Meng J, Godt D, Schedl T, Ciruna B, Choi K, Perry JRB, Bremner R, Schirmer EC, Brill JA, Jurisicova A, McNeill H. The NEMP family supports metazoan fertility and nuclear envelope stiffness. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb4591. [PMID: 32923640 PMCID: PMC7455189 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies have linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NEMP1 (nuclear envelope membrane protein 1) with early menopause; however, it is unclear whether NEMP1 has any role in fertility. We show that whole-animal loss of NEMP1 homologs in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, and mice leads to sterility or early loss of fertility. Loss of Nemp leads to nuclear shaping defects, most prominently in the germ line. Biochemical, biophysical, and genetic studies reveal that NEMP proteins support the mechanical stiffness of the germline nuclear envelope via formation of a NEMP-EMERIN complex. These data indicate that the germline nuclear envelope has specialized mechanical properties and that NEMP proteins play essential and conserved roles in fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Tsatskis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Robyn Rosenfeld
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joel D. Pearson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Curtis Boswell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Qu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Genome and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ariz Mohammad
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Michael I. Robson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Karen Krchma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - João Gonçalves
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel Potter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wade H. Dunham
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dorothea Godt
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Schedl
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yong In, South Korea
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric C. Schirmer
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Andrea Jurisicova
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Interplay between integrins and PI4P5K Sktl is crucial for cell polarization and reepithelialisation during Drosophila wound healing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16331. [PMID: 31704968 PMCID: PMC6842001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] regulates cell adhesion and actin dynamics during cell migration. PI(4,5)P2 binds various components of the cell adhesion machinery, but how these processes affect migration of the epithelial cell sheet is not well understood. Here, we report that PI(4,5)P2 and Sktl, the kinase that converts PI4P to PI(4,5)P2, are both localized to the rear side of cells during wound healing of the Drosophila larval epidermis. The Sktl localization requires JNK pathway activation and integrins, but not PVR. The sktl knockdown epidermis displays strong defects in would closure, reminiscent of the JNK-depleted epidermis, and shows severe disruption of cell polarity, as determined by myosin II localization. Sktl and βPS integrin colocalize at the rear side of cells forming the trailing edge during wound healing and the two are inter-dependent in that the absence of one severely disrupts the rear localization of the other. These results strongly suggest that the JNK pathway regulates the rear localization of Sktl and integrins and the interplay between Sktl and integrins sets up cell polarity, which is crucial for reepithelialisation during wound healing.
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5
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Johnson KM, Wong JM, Hoshijima U, Sugano CS, Hofmann GE. Seasonal transcriptomes of the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:49-59. [PMID: 30448238 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High latitude seas will be among the first marine systems to be impacted by ocean acidification (OA). Previous research studying the effects of OA on the pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica, has led this species to be identified as a sentinel organism for OA in polar oceans. Here, we present gene expression data on L. h. antarctica, collected in situ during the seasonal transition from early spring to early summer. Our findings suggest that after over-wintering under seasonal sea ice, pteropods progress toward full maturity in the early summer when food becomes increasingly available. This progression is highlighted by a dramatic shift in gene expression that supports the development of cytoskeletal structures, membrane ion transportation, and metabolically important enzymes associated with glycolysis. In addition, we observed signs of defense of genomic integrity and maturation as evidenced by an up-regulation of genes involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, and gametogenesis. These data contribute to a broader understanding of the life-cycle dynamics for L. h. antarctica and provide key insights into the transcriptomic signals of pteropod maturation and growth during this key seasonal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Juliet M Wong
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Umihiko Hoshijima
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Cailan S Sugano
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA; Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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6
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Subcellular Specialization and Organelle Behavior in Germ Cells. Genetics 2018; 208:19-51. [PMID: 29301947 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametes, eggs and sperm, are the highly specialized cell types on which the development of new life solely depends. Although all cells share essential organelles, such as the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi, mitochondria, and centrosomes, germ cells display unique regulation and behavior of organelles during gametogenesis. These germ cell-specific functions of organelles serve critical roles in successful gamete production. In this chapter, I will review the behaviors and roles of organelles during germ cell differentiation.
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7
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Gupta A, Fabian L, Brill JA. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates cilium transition zone maturation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218297. [PMID: 30054387 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular antennae that are essential for human development and physiology. A large number of genetic disorders linked to cilium dysfunction are associated with proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), a structure at the base of cilia that regulates trafficking in and out of the cilium. Despite substantial effort to identify TZ proteins and their roles in cilium assembly and function, processes underlying maturation of TZs are not well understood. Here, we report a role for the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in TZ maturation in the Drosophila melanogaster male germline. We show that reduction of cellular PIP2 levels through ectopic expression of a phosphoinositide phosphatase or mutation of the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase Skittles induces formation of longer than normal TZs. These hyperelongated TZs exhibit functional defects, including loss of plasma membrane tethering. We also report that the onion rings (onr) allele of DrosophilaExo84 decouples TZ hyperelongation from loss of cilium-plasma membrane tethering. Our results reveal a requirement for PIP2 in supporting ciliogenesis by promoting proper TZ maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alind Gupta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada .,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Vangl2 regulates spermatid planar cell polarity through microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeleton in the rat testis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 29497043 PMCID: PMC5832773 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, developing elongating/elongated spermatids are highly polarized cells, displaying unique apico-basal polarity. For instance, the heads of spermatids align perpendicular to the basement membrane with their tails pointing to the tubule lumen. Thus, the maximal number of spermatids are packed within the limited space of the seminiferous epithelium to support spermatogenesis. Herein, we reported findings that elongating/elongated spermatids displayed planar cell polarity (PCP) in adult rat testes in which the proximal end of polarized spermatid heads were aligned uniformly across the plane of the seminiferous epithelium based on studies using confocal microscopy and 3-dimensional (D) reconstruction of the seminiferous tubules. We also discovered that spermatid PCP was regulated by PCP protein Vangl2 (Van Gogh-like protein 2) since Vangl2 knockdown by RNAi was found to perturb spermatid PCP. More important, Vangl2 exerted its regulatory effects through changes in the organization of the microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeleton in the seminiferous epithelium. These changes were mediated via the downstream signaling proteins atypical protein kinase C ξ (PKCζ) and MT-associated protein (MAP)/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2). These findings thus provide new insights regarding the biology of spermatid PCP during spermiogenesis.
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9
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Akhmetova KA, Dorogova NV, Bolobolova EU, Chesnokov IN, Fedorova SA. The Role of Pnut and its Functional Domains in Drosophila Spermatogenesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS. APPLIED RESEARCH 2017; 7:29-35. [PMID: 34306739 PMCID: PMC8297777 DOI: 10.1134/s2079059717010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila Pnut protein belongs to the family of septins, which are conserved GTPases participating in cytokinesis and many more other fundamental cellular processes. Because of their filamentous appearance, membrane association, and functions, septins are considered as the fourth component of the cytoskeleton, along with actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. However, septins are much less studied than the other cytoskeleton elements. We had previously demonstrated that the deletion of the pnut gene leads to mitotic abnormalities in somatic cells. The goal of this work was to study the role of the pnut in Drosophila spermatogenesis. We designed a construct for pnut RNA interference allowing pnut expression to be suppressed ectopically. We analyzed the effect of pnut RNA interference on Drosophila spermatogenesis. Germline cells at the earliest stages of spermatogenesis were the most sensitive to Pnut depletion: the suppression of the pnut expression at these stages leads to male sterility as a result of immotile sperm. The testes of these sterile males did not show any significant meiotic defects; the axonemes and mitochondria were normal. We also analyzed the effect of mutations in the Pnut's conservative domains on Drosophila spermatogenesis. Mutations in the GTPase domain resulted in cyst elongation defects. Deletions of the C-terminal domain led to abnormal testis morphology. Both the GTPase domain and C-terminal domain mutant males were sterile and produced immotile sperm. To summarize, we showed that Pnut participates in spermiogenesis, that is, the late stages of spermatogenesis, when major morphological changes in spermatocytes occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Akhmetova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N. V. Dorogova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E. U. Bolobolova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I. N. Chesnokov
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - S. A. Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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10
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Wu CH, Zong Q, Du AL, Zhang W, Yao HC, Yu XQ, Wang YF. Knockdown of Dynamitin in testes significantly decreased male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2016; 420:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Laurinyecz B, Péter M, Vedelek V, Kovács AL, Juhász G, Maróy P, Vígh L, Balogh G, Sinka R. Reduced expression of CDP-DAG synthase changes lipid composition and leads to male sterility in Drosophila. Open Biol 2016; 6:50169. [PMID: 26791243 PMCID: PMC4736822 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila spermatogenesis is an ideal system to study the effects of changes in lipid composition, because spermatid elongation and individualization requires extensive membrane biosynthesis and remodelling. The bulk of transcriptional activity is completed with the entry of cysts into meiotic division, which makes post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis very sensitive to even a small reduction in gene products. In this study, we describe the effect of changes in lipid composition during spermatogenesis using a hypomorphic male sterile allele of the Drosophila CDP-DAG synthase (CdsA) gene. We find that the CdsA mutant shows defects in spermatid individualization and enlargement of mitochondria and the axonemal sheath of the spermatids. Furthermore, we could genetically rescue the male sterile phenotype by overexpressing Phosphatidylinositol synthase (dPIS) in a CdsA mutant background. The results of lipidomic and genetic analyses of the CdsA mutant highlight the importance of correct lipid composition during sperm development and show that phosphatidic acid levels are crucial in late stages of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mária Péter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktor Vedelek
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila L Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Maróy
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Sinka
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Watanabe S, Borthakur D, Bressan A. Localization of Banana bunchy top virus and cellular compartments in gut and salivary gland tissues of the aphid vector Pentalonia nigronervosa. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:591-602. [PMID: 25728903 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) (Nanoviridae: Babuvirus) is transmitted by aphids of the genus Pentalonia in a circulative manner. The cellular mechanisms by which BBTV translocates from the anterior midgut to the salivary gland epithelial tissues are not understood. Here, we used multiple fluorescent markers to study the distribution and the cellular localization of early and late endosomes, macropinosomes, lysosomes, microtubules, actin filaments, and lipid raft subdomains in the gut and principal salivary glands of Pentalonia nigronervosa. We applied colabeling assays, to colocalize BBTV viral particles with these cellular compartments and structures. Our results suggest that multiple potential cellular processes, including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis and lipid rafts, may not be involved in BBTV internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizu Watanabe
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dulal Borthakur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alberto Bressan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA
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13
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Brill JA, Yildirim S, Fabian L. Phosphoinositide signaling in sperm development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:2-9. [PMID: 27321976 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs)1 are membrane lipids with crucial roles during cell morphogenesis, including the establishment of cytoskeletal organization, membrane trafficking, cell polarity, cell-cycle control and signaling. Recent studies in mice (Mus musculus), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and other organisms have defined germ cell intrinsic requirements for these lipids and their regulatory enzymes in multiple aspects of sperm development. In particular, PIP levels are crucial in germline stem cell maintenance, spermatogonial proliferation and survival, spermatocyte cytokinesis, spermatid polarization, sperm tail formation, nuclear shaping, and production of mature, motile sperm. Here, we briefly review the stages of spermatogenesis and discuss the roles of PIPs and their regulatory enzymes in male germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Sukriye Yildirim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada.
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G OA4, Canada.
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14
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Kolay S, Basu U, Raghu P. Control of diverse subcellular processes by a single multi-functional lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Biochem J 2016; 473:1681-92. [PMID: 27288030 PMCID: PMC6609453 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is a multi-functional lipid that regulates several essential subcellular processes in eukaryotic cells. In addition to its well-established function as a substrate for receptor-activated signalling at the plasma membrane (PM), it is now recognized that distinct PI(4,5)P2 pools are present at other organelle membranes. However, a long-standing question that remains unresolved is the mechanism by which a single lipid species, with an invariant functional head group, delivers numerous functions without loss of fidelity. In the present review, we summarize studies that have examined the molecular processes that shape the repertoire of PI(4,5)P2 pools in diverse eukaryotes. Collectively, these studies indicate a conserved role for lipid kinase isoforms in generating functionally distinct pools of PI(4,5)P2 in diverse metazoan species. The sophistication underlying the regulation of multiple functions by PI(4,5)P2 is also shaped by mechanisms that regulate its availability to enzymes involved in its metabolism as well as molecular processes that control its diffusion at nanoscales in the PM. Collectively, these mechanisms ensure the specificity of PI(4,5)P2 mediated signalling at eukaryotic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kolay
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Urbashi Basu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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15
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Phosphoinositide 5- and 3-phosphatase activities of a voltage-sensing phosphatase in living cells show identical voltage dependence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3686-95. [PMID: 27222577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606472113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-sensing phosphatases (VSPs) are homologs of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] 3-phosphatase. However, VSPs have a wider range of substrates, cleaving 3-phosphate from PI(3,4)P2 and probably PI(3,4,5)P3 as well as 5-phosphate from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and PI(3,4,5)P3 in response to membrane depolarization. Recent proposals say these reactions have differing voltage dependence. Using Förster resonance energy transfer probes specific for different PIs in living cells with zebrafish VSP, we quantitate both voltage-dependent 5- and 3-phosphatase subreactions against endogenous substrates. These activities become apparent with different voltage thresholds, voltage sensitivities, and catalytic rates. As an analytical tool, we refine a kinetic model that includes the endogenous pools of phosphoinositides, endogenous phosphatase and kinase reactions connecting them, and four exogenous voltage-dependent 5- and 3-phosphatase subreactions of VSP. We show that apparent voltage threshold differences for seeing effects of the 5- and 3-phosphatase activities in cells are not due to different intrinsic voltage dependence of these reactions. Rather, the reactions have a common voltage dependence, and apparent differences arise only because each VSP subreaction has a different absolute catalytic rate that begins to surpass the respective endogenous enzyme activities at different voltages. For zebrafish VSP, our modeling revealed that 3-phosphatase activity against PI(3,4,5)P3 is 55-fold slower than 5-phosphatase activity against PI(4,5)P2; thus, PI(4,5)P2 generated more slowly from dephosphorylating PI(3,4,5)P3 might never accumulate. When 5-phosphatase activity was counteracted by coexpression of a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase, there was accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 in parallel to PI(3,4,5)P3 dephosphorylation, emphasizing that VSPs can cleave the 3-phosphate of PI(3,4,5)P3.
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16
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Barr J, Yakovlev KV, Shidlovskii Y, Schedl P. Establishing and maintaining cell polarity with mRNA localization in Drosophila. Bioessays 2016; 38:244-53. [PMID: 26773560 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
How cell polarity is established and maintained is an important question in diverse biological contexts. Molecular mechanisms used to localize polarity proteins to distinct domains are likely context-dependent and provide a feedback loop in order to maintain polarity. One such mechanism is the localized translation of mRNAs encoding polarity proteins, which will be the focus of this review and may play a more important role in the establishment and maintenance of polarity than is currently known. Localized translation of mRNAs encoding polarity proteins can be used to establish polarity in response to an external signal, and to maintain polarity by local production of polarity determinants. The importance of this mechanism is illustrated by recent findings, including orb2-dependent localized translation of aPKC mRNA at the apical end of elongating spermatid tails in the Drosophila testis, and the apical localization of stardust A mRNA in Drosophila follicle and embryonic epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinn Barr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Konstantin V Yakovlev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS Laboratory of Cytotechnology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulii Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Giansanti MG, Vanderleest TE, Jewett CE, Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Fabian L, Robinett CC, Brill JA, Loerke D, Fuller MT, Blankenship JT. Exocyst-Dependent Membrane Addition Is Required for Anaphase Cell Elongation and Cytokinesis in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005632. [PMID: 26528720 PMCID: PMC4631508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic and cytokinetic processes harness cell machinery to drive chromosomal segregation and the physical separation of dividing cells. Here, we investigate the functional requirements for exocyst complex function during cell division in vivo, and demonstrate a common mechanism that directs anaphase cell elongation and cleavage furrow progression during cell division. We show that onion rings (onr) and funnel cakes (fun) encode the Drosophila homologs of the Exo84 and Sec8 exocyst subunits, respectively. In onr and fun mutant cells, contractile ring proteins are recruited to the equatorial region of dividing spermatocytes. However, cytokinesis is disrupted early in furrow ingression, leading to cytokinesis failure. We use high temporal and spatial resolution confocal imaging with automated computational analysis to quantitatively compare wild-type versus onr and fun mutant cells. These results demonstrate that anaphase cell elongation is grossly disrupted in cells that are compromised in exocyst complex function. Additionally, we observe that the increase in cell surface area in wild type peaks a few minutes into cytokinesis, and that onr and fun mutant cells have a greatly reduced rate of surface area growth specifically during cell division. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy reveals a massive build-up of cytoplasmic astral membrane and loss of normal Golgi architecture in onr and fun spermatocytes, suggesting that exocyst complex is required for proper vesicular trafficking through these compartments. Moreover, recruitment of the small GTPase Rab11 and the PITP Giotto to the cleavage site depends on wild-type function of the exocyst subunits Exo84 and Sec8. Finally, we show that the exocyst subunit Sec5 coimmunoprecipitates with Rab11. Our results are consistent with the exocyst complex mediating an essential, coordinated increase in cell surface area that potentiates anaphase cell elongation and cleavage furrow ingression. The cell shape changes that underlie cell division are some of the most fundamental changes in cell morphology. Here, we show that a common membrane trafficking pathway is required for both the cell lengthening that occurs during anaphase, and the physical separation of a cell into two equal daughter cells. We measure and define the periods of surface area increase during cell division in Drosophila male germline cells, and demonstrate that subunits of the exocyst tethering complex are required for this process. Invagination of the cleavage furrow fails at an early stage in exocyst mutant spermatocytes, suggesting that membrane addition is part of the initial ingression mechanism. In the absence of exocyst complex function, vesicular trafficking pathways are disrupted, leading to enlarged cytoplasmic membrane stores, and disruption of Golgi architecture. In addition, a vesicular Rab protein, Rab11, biochemically associates with the exocyst complex subunit Sec5. These results suggest that remodeling of the plasma membrane and targeted increases in surface area are an active part of the fundamental mechanisms that permit eukaryotic cell division to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail: (MGG), (JTB)
| | | | - Cayla E. Jewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen C. Robinett
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dinah Loerke
- Department of Physics, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret T. Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - J. Todd Blankenship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGG), (JTB)
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18
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Ben-David G, Miller E, Steinhauer J. Drosophila spermatid individualization is sensitive to temperature and fatty acid metabolism. SPERMATOGENESIS 2015; 5:e1006089. [PMID: 26413411 PMCID: PMC4581069 DOI: 10.1080/21565562.2015.1006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are precursors of potent lipid signaling molecules. They are stored in membrane phospholipids and released by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (ATs) oppose PLA2 by re-esterifying fatty acids into phospholipids, in a biochemical pathway known as the Lands Cycle. Drosophila Lands Cycle ATs oys and nes, as well as 7 predicted PLA2 genes, are expressed in the male reproductive tract. Oys and Nes are required for spermatid individualization. Individualization, which occurs after terminal differentiation, invests each spermatid in its own plasma membrane and removes the bulk of the cytoplasmic contents. We developed a quantitative assay to measure individualization defects. We demonstrate that individualization is sensitive to temperature and age but not to diet. Mutation of the cyclooxygenase Pxt, which metabolizes fatty acids to prostaglandins, also leads to individualization defects. In contrast, modulating phospholipid levels by mutation of the phosphatidylcholine lipase Swiss cheese (Sws) or the ethanolamine kinase Easily shocked (Eas) does not perturb individualization, nor does Sws overexpression. Our results suggest that fatty acid derived signals such as prostaglandins, whose abundance is regulated by the Lands Cycle, are important regulators of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Miller
- Department of Biology; Yeshiva University ; New York, NY USA
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19
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Chakrabarti P, Kolay S, Yadav S, Kumari K, Nair A, Trivedi D, Raghu P. A dPIP5K dependent pool of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) is required for G-protein coupled signal transduction in Drosophila photoreceptors. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004948. [PMID: 25633995 PMCID: PMC4310717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple PIP2 dependent molecular processes including receptor activated phospholipase C activity occur at the neuronal plasma membranes, yet levels of this lipid at the plasma membrane are remarkably stable. Although the existence of unique pools of PIP2 supporting these events has been proposed, the mechanism by which they are generated is unclear. In Drosophila photoreceptors, the hydrolysis of PIP2 by G-protein coupled phospholipase C activity is essential for sensory transduction of photons. We identify dPIP5K as an enzyme essential for PIP2 re-synthesis in photoreceptors. Loss of dPIP5K causes profound defects in the electrical response to light and light-induced PIP2 dynamics at the photoreceptor membrane. Overexpression of dPIP5K was able to accelerate the rate of PIP2 synthesis following light induced PIP2 depletion. Other PIP2 dependent processes such as endocytosis and cytoskeletal function were unaffected in photoreceptors lacking dPIP5K function. These results provide evidence for the existence of a unique dPIP5K dependent pool of PIP2 required for normal Drosophila phototransduction. Our results define the existence of multiple pools of PIP2 in photoreceptors generated by distinct lipid kinases and supporting specific molecular processes at neuronal membranes. PIP2 has been implicated in multiple functions at the plasma membrane. Some of these require its hydrolysis by receptor-activated phospholipase C, whereas others, such as membrane transport and cytoskeletal function, involve the interaction of the intact lipid with cellular proteins. The mechanistic basis underlying the segregation of these two classes of PIP2 dependent functions is unknown; it has been postulated that this might involve unique pools of PIP2 generated by distinct phosphoinsoitide kinases. We have studied this question in Drosophila photoreceptors, a model system where sensory transduction requires robust phospholipase C mediated PIP2 hydrolysis. We find that the activity of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5 kinase encoded by dPIP5K is required to support normal sensory transduction and PIP2 dynamics in photoreceptors. Remarkably, non-PLC dependent functions of PIP2, such as vesicular transport and the actin cytoskeleton, were unaffected in dPIP5K mutants. Thus, dPIP5K supports a pool of PIP2 that is readily available to PLC, but has no role in sustaining other non-PLC mediated PIP2 dependent processes. These findings support the existence of at least two non-overlapping pools of PIP2 at the plasma membrane, and provide a platform for future studies of PIP2 regulation at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Kolay
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Kamalesh Kumari
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Nair
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deepti Trivedi
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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20
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Basiri ML, Ha A, Chadha A, Clark NM, Polyanovsky A, Cook B, Avidor-Reiss T. A migrating ciliary gate compartmentalizes the site of axoneme assembly in Drosophila spermatids. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2622-31. [PMID: 25447994 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most cells, the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm. Entry into the ciliary compartment is regulated by a specialized gate located at the base of the cilium in a region known as the transition zone. The transition zone is closely associated with multiple structures of the ciliary base, including the centriole, axoneme, and ciliary membrane. However, the contribution of these structures to the ciliary gate remains unclear. RESULTS Here we report that, in Drosophila spermatids, a conserved module of transition zone proteins mutated in Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS), including Cep290, Mks1, B9d1, and B9d2, comprise a ciliary gate that continuously migrates away from the centriole to compartmentalize the growing axoneme tip. We show that Cep290 is essential for transition zone composition, compartmentalization of the axoneme tip, and axoneme integrity and find that MKS proteins also delimit a centriole-independent compartment in mouse spermatids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the ciliary gate can migrate away from the base of the cilium, thereby functioning independently of the centriole and of a static interaction with the axoneme to compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus L Basiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Boulevard, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Andrew Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Boulevard, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Abhishek Chadha
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Boulevard, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Andrey Polyanovsky
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Toreza, 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boaz Cook
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Boulevard, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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21
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Balakrishnan SS, Basu U, Raghu P. Phosphoinositide signalling in Drosophila. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:770-84. [PMID: 25449646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are lipids that mediate a range of conserved cellular processes in eukaryotes. These include the transduction of ligand binding to cell surface receptors, vesicular transport and cytoskeletal function. The nature and functions of PtdInsPs were initially elucidated through biochemical experiments in mammalian cells. However, over the years, genetic and cell biological analysis in a range of model organisms including S. cerevisiae, D. melanogaster and C. elegans have contributed to an understanding of the involvement of PtdInsPs in these cellular events. The fruit fly Drosophila is an excellent genetic model for the analysis of cell and developmental biology as well as physiological processes, particularly analysis of the complex relationship between the cell types of a metazoan in mediating animal physiology. PtdInsP signalling pathways are underpinned by enzymes that synthesise and degrade these molecules and also by proteins that bind to these lipids in cells. In this review we provide an overview of the current understanding of PtdInsP signalling in Drosophila. We provide a comparative genomic analysis of the PtdInsP signalling toolkit between Drosophila and mammalian systems. We also review some areas of cell and developmental biology where analysis in Drosophila might provide insights into the role of this lipid-signalling pathway in metazoan biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi S Balakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Urbashi Basu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.
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22
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The Atypical Cadherin Fat Directly Regulates Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic State. Cell 2014; 158:1293-1308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Zhu H, Han M. Exploring developmental and physiological functions of fatty acid and lipid variants through worm and fly genetics. Annu Rev Genet 2014; 48:119-48. [PMID: 25195508 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-041814-095928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are more than biomolecules for energy storage and membrane structure. With ample structural variation, lipids critically participate in nearly all aspects of cellular function. Lipid homeostasis and metabolism are closely related to major human diseases and health problems. However, lipid functional studies have been significantly underdeveloped, partly because of the difficulty in applying genetics and common molecular approaches to tackle the complexity associated with lipid biosynthesis, metabolism, and function. In the past decade, a number of laboratories began to analyze the roles of lipid metabolism in development and other physiological functions using animal models and combining genetics, genomics, and biochemical approaches. These pioneering efforts have not only provided valuable insights regarding lipid functions in vivo but have also established feasible methodology for future studies. Here, we review a subset of these studies using Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhu Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309;
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24
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Xu S, Tyagi S, Schedl P. Spermatid cyst polarization in Drosophila depends upon apkc and the CPEB family translational regulator orb2. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004380. [PMID: 24830287 PMCID: PMC4022466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature Drosophila sperm are highly polarized cells—on one side is a nearly 2 mm long flagellar tail that comprises most of the cell, while on the other is the sperm head, which carries the gamete's genetic information. The polarization of the sperm cells commences after meiosis is complete and the 64-cell spermatid cyst begins the process of differentiation. The spermatid nuclei cluster to one side of the cyst, while the flagellar axonemes grows from the other. The elongating spermatid bundles are also polarized with respect to the main axis of the testis; the sperm heads are always oriented basally, while the growing tails extend apically. This orientation within the testes is important for transferring the mature sperm into the seminal vesicles. We show here that orienting cyst polarization with respect to the main axis of the testis depends upon atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC), a factor implicated in polarity decisions in many different biological contexts. When apkc activity is compromised in the male germline, the direction of cyst polarization within this organ is randomized. Significantly, the mechanisms used to spatially restrict apkc activity to the apical side of the spermatid cyst are different from the canonical cross-regulatory interactions between this kinase and other cell polarity proteins that normally orchestrate polarization. We show that the asymmetric accumulation of aPKC protein in the cyst depends on an mRNA localization pathway that is regulated by the Drosophila CPEB protein Orb2. orb2 is required to properly localize and activate the translation of apkc mRNAs in polarizing spermatid cysts. We also show that orb2 functions not only in orienting cyst polarization with respect to the apical-basal axis of the testis, but also in the process of polarization itself. One of the orb2 targets in this process is its own mRNA. Moreover, the proper execution of this orb2 autoregulatory pathway depends upon apkc. After completion of meiosis, the 64 cells in the spermatid cyst begin differentiating into sperm. Sperm are highly polarized cells and a critical step in their differentiation is spermatid cyst polarization. Spermatids are also polarized within the testis, with the heads of the elongating spermatids located basally, while the tails extend apically. We show that aPKC accumulates preferentially on the apical side of the cyst during polarization and is required to correctly orient cyst polarization with respect to the apical-basal axis of the testis. Unexpectedly, aPKC activity is spatially restricted by a mechanism that depends upon the CPEB family translational regulator orb2. orb2 is required to asymmetrically localize and activate the translation of apkc mRNAs during spermatid differentiation. In addition to correctly orienting the direction of cyst polarization, orb2 is required for the process of polarization itself. One of the orb2 regulatory targets in this process is its own mRNA, and this autoregulatory activity depends, in turn, upon apkc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwa Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Institute of Gene Biology, RAS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Demarco RS, Eikenes ÅH, Haglund K, Jones DL. Investigating spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods 2014; 68:218-27. [PMID: 24798812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful model system to probe a variety of developmental and cell biological questions, such as the characterization of mechanisms that regulate stem cell behavior, cytokinesis, meiosis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Classical genetic approaches, together with binary expression systems, FRT-mediated recombination, and novel imaging systems to capture single cell behavior, are rapidly expanding our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating all aspects of spermatogenesis. This methods chapter provides a detailed description of the system, a review of key questions that have been addressed or remain unanswered thus far, and an introduction to tools and techniques available to probe each stage of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Demarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Åsmund H Eikenes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Montebello, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Montebello, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Montebello, Norway; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Montebello, Norway
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Tan J, Oh K, Burgess J, Hipfner DR, Brill JA. PI4KIIIα is required for cortical integrity and cell polarity during Drosophila oogenesis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:954-66. [PMID: 24413170 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides regulate myriad cellular processes, acting as potent signaling molecules in conserved signaling pathways and as organelle gatekeepers that recruit effector proteins to membranes. Phosphoinositide-generating enzymes have been studied extensively in yeast and cultured cells, yet their roles in animal development are not well understood. Here, we analyze Drosophila melanogaster phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα (PI4KIIIα) during oogenesis. We demonstrate that PI4KIIIα is required for production of plasma membrane PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 and is crucial for actin organization, membrane trafficking and cell polarity. Female germ cells mutant for PI4KIIIα exhibit defects in cortical integrity associated with failure to recruit the cytoskeletal-membrane crosslinker Moesin and the exocyst subunit Sec5. These effects reflect a unique requirement for PI4KIIIα, as egg chambers from flies mutant for either of the other Drosophila PI4Ks, fwd or PI4KII, show Golgi but not plasma membrane phenotypes. Thus, PI4KIIIα is a vital regulator of a functionally distinct pool of PtdIns4P that is essential for PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent processes in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tan
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL, 686 Bay Street, Room 15.9716, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
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Amaral A, Castillo J, Ramalho-Santos J, Oliva R. The combined human sperm proteome: cellular pathways and implications for basic and clinical science. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:40-62. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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28
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Rousso T, Shewan AM, Mostov KE, Schejter ED, Shilo BZ. Apical targeting of the formin Diaphanous in Drosophila tubular epithelia. eLife 2013; 2:e00666. [PMID: 23853710 PMCID: PMC3707080 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical secretion from epithelial tubes of the Drosophila embryo is mediated by apical F-actin cables generated by the formin-family protein Diaphanous (Dia). Apical localization and activity of Dia are at the core of restricting F-actin formation to the correct membrane domain. Here we identify the mechanisms that target Dia to the apical surface. PI(4,5)P2 levels at the apical membrane regulate Dia localization in both the MDCK cyst model and in Drosophila tubular epithelia. An N-terminal basic domain of Dia is crucial for apical localization, implying direct binding to PI(4,5)P2. Dia apical targeting also depends on binding to Rho1, which is critical for activation-induced conformational change, as well as physically anchoring Dia to the apical membrane. We demonstrate that binding to Rho1 facilitates interaction with PI(4,5)P2 at the plane of the membrane. Together these cues ensure efficient and distinct restriction of Dia to the apical membrane. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00666.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Rousso
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Annette M Shewan
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eyal D Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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29
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Liu Z, Huang X. Lipid metabolism in Drosophila: development and disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:44-50. [PMID: 23257293 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are three major components of the cell. Despite a few basic metabolic pathways, we know very little about lipids, compared with the explosion of knowledge about proteins and nucleic acids. How many different forms of lipids are there? What are the in vivo functions of individual lipid? How does lipid metabolism contribute to normal development and human health? Many of these questions remain unanswered. For over a century, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model organism to study basic biological questions. In recent years, increasing evidences proved that Drosophila models are highly valuable for lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis researches. Some recent progresses of lipid metabolic regulation during Drosophila development and in Drosophila models of human diseases will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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30
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Belloni G, Sechi S, Riparbelli MG, Fuller MT, Callaini G, Giansanti MG. Mutations in Cog7 affect Golgi structure, meiotic cytokinesis and sperm development during Drosophila spermatogenesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5441-52. [PMID: 22946051 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex plays essential roles in Golgi function, vesicle trafficking and glycosylation. Deletions in the human COG7 gene are associated with a rare multisystemic congenital disorder of glycosylation that causes mortality within the first year of life. In this paper, we characterise the Drosophila orthologue of COG7 (Cog7). Loss-of-function Cog7 mutants are viable but male sterile. The Cog7 gene product is enriched in the Golgi stacks and in Golgi-derived structures throughout spermatogenesis. Mutations in the Cog7 gene disrupt Golgi architecture and reduce the number of Golgi stacks in primary spermatocytes. During spermiogenesis, loss of the Cog7 protein impairs the assembly of the Golgi-derived acroblast in spermatids and affects axoneme architecture. Similar to the Cog5 homologue, four way stop (Fws), Cog7 enables furrow ingression during cytokinesis. We show that the recruitment of the small GTPase Rab11 and the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein Giotto (Gio) to the cleavage site requires a functioning wild-type Cog7 gene. In addition, Gio coimmunoprecipitates with Cog7 and with Rab11 in the testes. Our results altogether implicate Cog7 as an upstream component in a gio-Rab11 pathway controlling membrane addition during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Belloni
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Vernay A, Schaub S, Guillas I, Bassilana M, Arkowitz RA. A steep phosphoinositide bis-phosphate gradient forms during fungal filamentous growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:711-30. [PMID: 22891265 PMCID: PMC3514036 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A gradient of PI(4,5)P2 formed by phospholipid synthesis, diffusion,
and regulated turnover is crucial for filamentous growth. Membrane lipids have been implicated in many critical cellular processes, yet
little is known about the role of asymmetric lipid distribution in cell
morphogenesis. The phosphoinositide bis-phosphate PI(4,5)P2 is
essential for polarized growth in a range of organisms. Although an asymmetric
distribution of this phospholipid has been observed in some cells, long-range
gradients of PI(4,5)P2 have not been observed. Here, we show that in
the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans a steep,
long-range gradient of PI(4,5)P2 occurs concomitant with emergence of
the hyphal filament. Both sufficient PI(4)P synthesis and the actin cytoskeleton
are necessary for this steep PI(4,5)P2 gradient. In contrast, neither
microtubules nor asymmetrically localized mRNAs are critical. Our results
indicate that a gradient of PI(4,5)P2, crucial for filamentous
growth, is generated and maintained by the filament tip–localized
PI(4)P-5-kinase Mss4 and clearing of this lipid at the back of the cell.
Furthermore, we propose that slow membrane diffusion of PI(4,5)P2
contributes to the maintenance of such a gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Vernay
- Institute of Biology Valrose, Université Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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32
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Hernández G, Han H, Gandin V, Fabian L, Ferreira T, Zuberek J, Sonenberg N, Brill JA, Lasko P. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-3 is essential for meiotic chromosome segregation, cytokinesis and male fertility in Drosophila. Development 2012; 139:3211-20. [PMID: 22833128 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is translationally regulated during many cellular and developmental processes. Translation can be modulated by affecting the recruitment of mRNAs to the ribosome, which involves recognition of the 5' cap structure by the cap-binding protein eIF4E. Drosophila has several genes encoding eIF4E-related proteins, but the biological role of most of them remains unknown. Here, we report that Drosophila eIF4E-3 is required specifically during spermatogenesis. Males lacking eIF4E-3 are sterile, showing defects in meiotic chromosome segregation, cytokinesis, nuclear shaping and individualization. We show that eIF4E-3 physically interacts with both eIF4G and eIF4G-2, the latter being a factor crucial for spermatocyte meiosis. In eIF4E-3 mutant testes, many proteins are present at different levels than in wild type, suggesting widespread effects on translation. Our results imply that eIF4E-3 forms specific eIF4F complexes that are essential for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greco Hernández
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec, H3G 0B1, Canada
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Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster spermatids undergo dramatic morphological changes as they differentiate from small round cells approximately 12 μm in diameter into highly polarized, 1.8 mm long, motile sperm capable of participating in fertilization. During spermiogenesis, syncytial cysts of 64 haploid spermatids undergo synchronous differentiation. Numerous changes occur at a subcellular level, including remodeling of existing organelles (mitochondria, nuclei), formation of new organelles (flagellar axonemes, acrosomes), polarization of elongating cysts and plasma membrane addition. At the end of spermatid morphogenesis, organelles, mitochondrial DNA and cytoplasmic components not needed in mature sperm are stripped away in a caspase-dependent process called individualization that results in formation of individual sperm. Here, we review the stages of Drosophila spermiogenesis and examine our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in shaping male germ cell-specific organelles and forming mature, fertile sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program; The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Cell Biology Program; The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
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34
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Lipid metabolism and Drosophila sperm development. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:35-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Rohn JL, Sims D, Liu T, Fedorova M, Schöck F, Dopie J, Vartiainen MK, Kiger AA, Perrimon N, Baum B. Comparative RNAi screening identifies a conserved core metazoan actinome by phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 194:789-805. [PMID: 21893601 PMCID: PMC3171124 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RNAi screens in Drosophila and human cells for novel actin
regulators revealed conserved roles for proteins involved in nuclear actin
export, RNA splicing, and ubiquitination. Although a large number of actin-binding proteins and their regulators have been
identified through classical approaches, gaps in our knowledge remain. Here, we
used genome-wide RNA interference as a systematic method to define metazoan
actin regulators based on visual phenotype. Using comparative screens in
cultured Drosophila and human cells, we generated phenotypic
profiles for annotated actin regulators together with proteins bearing predicted
actin-binding domains. These phenotypic clusters for the known metazoan
“actinome” were used to identify putative new core actin
regulators, together with a number of genes with conserved but poorly studied
roles in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, several of which we studied
in detail. This work suggests that although our search for new components of the
core actin machinery is nearing saturation, regulation at the level of nuclear
actin export, RNA splicing, ubiquitination, and other upstream processes remains
an important but unexplored frontier of actin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rohn
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK.
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36
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Yu Y, Nomikos M, Theodoridou M, Nounesis G, Lai FA, Swann K. PLCζ causes Ca(2+) oscillations in mouse eggs by targeting intracellular and not plasma membrane PI(4,5)P(2). Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:371-80. [PMID: 22114355 PMCID: PMC3258180 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-08-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm-specific phospholipase C ζ (PLCζ) activates embryo development by triggering intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations in mammalian eggs indistinguishable from those at fertilization. Somatic PLC isozymes generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphophate-mediated Ca(2+) release by hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)) in the plasma membrane. Here we examine the subcellular source of PI(4,5)P(2) targeted by sperm PLCζ in mouse eggs. By monitoring egg plasma membrane PI(4,5)P(2) with a green fluorescent protein-tagged PH domain, we show that PLCζ effects minimal loss of PI(4,5)P(2) from the oolemma in contrast to control PLCδ1, despite the much higher potency of PLCζ in eliciting Ca(2+) oscillations. Specific depletion of this PI(4,5)P(2) pool by plasma membrane targeting of an inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (Inp54p) blocked PLCδ1-mediated Ca(2+) oscillations but not those stimulated by PLCζ or sperm. Immunolocalization of PI(4,5)P(2), PLCζ, and catalytically inactive PLCζ (ciPLCζ) revealed their colocalization to distinct vesicular structures inside the egg cortex. These vesicles displayed decreased PI(4,5)P(2) after PLCζ injection. Targeted depletion of vesicular PI(4,5)P(2) by expression of ciPLCζ-fused Inp54p inhibited the Ca(2+) oscillations triggered by PLCζ or sperm but failed to affect those mediated by PLCδ1. In contrast to somatic PLCs, our data indicate that sperm PLCζ induces Ca(2+) mobilization by hydrolyzing internal PI(4,5)P(2) stores, suggesting that the mechanism of mammalian fertilization comprises a novel phosphoinositide signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansong Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Michail Nomikos
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - George Nounesis
- National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - F. Anthony Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Swann
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Xiong X, Xu Q, Huang Y, Singh RD, Anderson R, Leof E, Hu J, Ling K. An association between type Iγ PI4P 5-kinase and Exo70 directs E-cadherin clustering and epithelial polarization. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:87-98. [PMID: 22049025 PMCID: PMC3248907 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-05-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E-Cadherin-mediated formation of adherens junctions (AJs) is essential for the morphogenesis of epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms underlying E-cadherin clustering and AJ maturation are not fully understood. Here we report that type Iγ phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIPKIγ) associates with the exocyst via a direct interaction with Exo70, the exocyst subunit that guides the polarized targeting of exocyst to the plasma membrane. By means of this interaction, PIPKIγ mediates the association between E-cadherin and Exo70 and determines the targeting of Exo70 to AJs. Further investigation revealed that Exo70 is necessary for clustering of E-cadherin on the plasma membrane and extension of nascent E-cadherin adhesions, which are critical for the maturation of cohesive AJs. In addition, we observed phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI4,5P(2)) accumulation at E-cadherin clusters during the assembly of E-cadherin adhesions. PIPKIγ-generated PI4,5P(2) is required for recruiting Exo70 to newly formed E-cadherin junctions and facilitates the assembly and maturation of AJs. These results support a model in which PIPKIγ and PIPKIγ-generated PI4,5P(2) pools at nascent E-cadherin contacts cue Exo70 targeting and orient the tethering of exocyst-associated E-cadherin. This could be an important mechanism that regulates E-cadherin clustering and AJ maturation, which is essential for the establishment of solid, polarized epithelial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunhao Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Isaji M, Lenartowska M, Noguchi T, Frank DJ, Miller KG. Myosin VI regulates actin structure specialization through conserved cargo-binding domain sites. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22755. [PMID: 21853045 PMCID: PMC3154908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin structures are often stable, remaining unchanged in organization for the lifetime of a differentiated cell. Little is known about stable actin structure formation, organization, or maintenance. During Drosophila spermatid individualization, long-lived actin cones mediate cellular remodeling. Myosin VI is necessary for building the dense meshwork at the cones' fronts. We test several ideas for myosin VI's mechanism of action using domain deletions or site-specific mutations of myosin VI. The head (motor) and globular tail (cargo-binding) domains were both needed for localization at the cone front and dense meshwork formation. Several conserved partner-binding sites in the globular tail previously identified in vertebrate myosin VI were critical for function in cones. Localization and promotion of proper actin organization were separable properties of myosin VI. A vertebrate myosin VI was able to localize and function, indicating that functional properties are conserved. Our data eliminate several models for myosin VI's mechanism of action and suggest its role is controlling organization and action of actin assembly regulators through interactions at conserved sites. The Drosophila orthologues of interaction partners previously identified for vertebrate myosin VI are likely not required, indicating novel partners mediate this effect. These data demonstrate that generating an organized and functional actin structure in this cell requires multiple activities coordinated by myosin VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Isaji
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marta Lenartowska
- Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Tatsuhiko Noguchi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Deborah J. Frank
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathryn G. Miller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Divide and polarize: recent advances in the molecular mechanism regulating epithelial tubulogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:638-46. [PMID: 21807489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial organs are generated from groups of non-polarized cells by a combination of processes that induce the acquisition of cell polarity, lumen formation, and the subsequent steps required for tubulogenesis. The subcellular mechanisms associated to these processes are still poorly understood. The extracellular environment provides a cue for the initial polarization, while cytoskeletal rearrangements build up the three-dimensional architecture that supports the central lumen. The proper orientation of cell division in the epithelium has been found to be required for the normal formation of the central lumen in epithelial morphogenesis. Moreover, recent data in cellular models and in vivo have shed light into the underlying mechanisms that connect the spindle orientation machinery with cell polarity. In addition, recent work has clarified the core molecular components of the vesicle trafficking machinery in epithelial morphogenesis, including Rab-GTPases and the Exocyst, as well as an increasing list of microtubule-binding and actin-binding proteins and motors, most of which are conserved from yeast to humans. In this review we will focus on the discussion of novel findings that have unveiled important clues for the mechanisms that regulate epithelial tubulogenesis.
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40
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Abstract
The asymmetric polarization of cells allows specialized functions to be performed at discrete subcellular locales. Spatiotemporal coordination of polarization between groups of cells allowed the evolution of metazoa. For instance, coordinated apical-basal polarization of epithelial and endothelial cells allows transport of nutrients and metabolites across cell barriers and tissue microenvironments. The defining feature of such tissues is the presence of a central, interconnected luminal network. Although tubular networks are present in seemingly different organ systems, such as the kidney, lung, and blood vessels, common underlying principles govern their formation. Recent studies using in vivo and in vitro models of lumen formation have shed new light on the molecular networks regulating this fundamental process. We here discuss progress in understanding common design principles underpinning de novo lumen formation and expansion.
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Sartain CV, Cui J, Meisel RP, Wolfner MF. The poly(A) polymerase GLD2 is required for spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2011; 138:1619-29. [PMID: 21427144 DOI: 10.1242/dev.059618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The DNA of a developing sperm is normally inaccessible for transcription for part of spermatogenesis in many animals. In Drosophila melanogaster, many transcripts needed for late spermatid differentiation are synthesized in pre-meiotic spermatocytes, but are not translated until later stages. Thus, post-transcriptional control mechanisms are required to decouple transcription and translation during spermatogenesis. In the female germline, developing germ cells accomplish similar decoupling through poly(A) tail alterations to ensure that dormant transcripts are not prematurely translated: a transcript with a short poly(A) tail will remain untranslated, whereas elongating the poly(A) tail permits protein production. In Drosophila, the ovary-expressed cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase WISPY is responsible for stage-specific poly(A) tail extension in the female germline. Here, we examine the possibility that a recently derived testis-expressed WISPY paralog, GLD2, plays a similar role in the Drosophila male germline. We show that knockdown of Gld2 transcripts causes male sterility, as GLD2-deficient males do not produce mature sperm. Spermatogenesis up to and including meiosis appears normal in the absence of GLD2, but post-meiotic spermatid development rapidly becomes abnormal. Nuclear bundling and F-actin assembly are defective in GLD2 knockdown testes and nuclei fail to undergo chromatin reorganization in elongated spermatids. GLD2 also affects the incorporation of protamines and the stability of dynamin and transition protein transcripts. Our results indicate that GLD2 is an important regulator of late spermatogenesis and is the first example of a Gld-2 family member that plays a significant role specifically in male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V Sartain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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42
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Zhou X, Fabian L, Bayraktar JL, Ding HM, Brill JA, Chang HC. Auxilin is required for formation of Golgi-derived clathrin-coated vesicles during Drosophila spermatogenesis. Development 2011; 138:1111-20. [PMID: 21343365 PMCID: PMC3203210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.057422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin has previously been implicated in Drosophila male fertility and spermatid individualization. To understand further the role of membrane transport in this process, we analyzed the phenotypes of mutations in Drosophila auxilin (aux), a regulator of clathrin function, in spermatogenesis. Like partial loss-of-function Clathrin heavy chain (Chc) mutants, aux mutant males are sterile and produce no mature sperm. The reproductive defects of aux males were rescued by male germ cell-specific expression of aux, indicating that auxilin function is required autonomously in the germ cells. Furthermore, this rescue depends on both the clathrin-binding and J domains, suggesting that the ability of Aux to bind clathrin and the Hsc70 ATPase is essential for sperm formation. aux mutant spermatids show a deficit in formation of the plasma membrane during elongation, which probably disrupts the subsequent coordinated migration of investment cones during individualization. In wild-type germ cells, GFP-tagged clathrin localized to clusters of vesicular structures near the Golgi. These structures also contained the Golgi-associated clathrin adaptor AP-1, suggesting that they were Golgi-derived. By contrast, in aux mutant cells, clathrin localized to abnormal patches surrounding the Golgi and its colocalization with AP-1 was disrupted. Based on these results, we propose that Golgi-derived clathrin-positive vesicles are normally required for sustaining the plasma membrane increase necessary for spermatid differentiation. Our data suggest that Aux participates in forming these Golgi-derived clathrin-positive vesicles and that Aux, therefore, has a role in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Bayraktar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Hong-Mei Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4S 1A8, Canada
| | - Henry C. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
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