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Baum B, Spang A. On the origin of the nucleus: a hypothesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0018621. [PMID: 38018971 PMCID: PMC10732040 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00186-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn this hypothesis article, we explore the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus. In doing so, we first look afresh at the nature of this defining feature of the eukaryotic cell and its core functions-emphasizing the utility of seeing the eukaryotic nucleoplasm and cytoplasm as distinct regions of a common compartment. We then discuss recent progress in understanding the evolution of the eukaryotic cell from archaeal and bacterial ancestors, focusing on phylogenetic and experimental data which have revealed that many eukaryotic machines with nuclear activities have archaeal counterparts. In addition, we review the literature describing the cell biology of representatives of the TACK and Asgardarchaeaota - the closest known living archaeal relatives of eukaryotes. Finally, bringing these strands together, we propose a model for the archaeal origin of the nucleus that explains much of the current data, including predictions that can be used to put the model to the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Spang
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, the Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary & Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, the Netherlands
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2
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Carlton JG, Baum B. Roles of ESCRT-III polymers in cell division across the tree of life. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102274. [PMID: 37944425 PMCID: PMC7615534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Every cell becomes two through a carefully orchestrated process of division. Prior to division, contractile machinery must first be assembled at the cell midzone to ensure that the cut, when it is made, bisects the two separated copies of the genetic material. Second, this contractile machinery must be dynamically tethered to the limiting plasma membrane so as to bring the membrane with it as it constricts. Finally, the connecting membrane must be severed to generate two physically separate daughter cells. In several organisms across the tree of life, Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT)-III family proteins aid cell division by forming composite polymers that function together with the Vps4 AAA-ATPase to constrict and cut the membrane tube connecting nascent daughter cells from the inside. In this review, we discuss unique features of ESCRT-III that enable it to play this role in division in many archaea and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Graham Carlton
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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3
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Cezanne A, Hoogenberg B, Baum B. Probing archaeal cell biology: exploring the use of dyes in the imaging of Sulfolobus cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1233032. [PMID: 37731920 PMCID: PMC10508906 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaea are key players in many critical ecological processes. In comparison to eukaryotes and bacteria, however, our understanding of both the cell biology and diversity of archaea remains limited. While archaea inhabit a wide range of environmental conditions, many species are extremophiles, surviving in extreme temperature, salt or pH conditions, making their cell biology hard to study. Recently, our understanding of archaeal cell biology has been advanced significantly by the advent of live cell imaging in extremis as well as the development of genetic tools to exogenously express fluorescent proteins in some mesophilic archaeal model systems, e.g., Haloferax volcanii. However, for most archaeal species, especially thermophilic species or emerging model systems without well characterized genetic tools, live cell imaging remains dependent on fluorescent chemical probes to label and track the dynamics of living cells. While a wide range of fluorescent stains and markers that label different components of the cell are available commercially, their use has usually been optimized for use in a small number of eukaryotic cell systems. Here we report the successes and failures of the application of membrane, DNA, S-layer and cytoplasm markers in live cell imaging of archaea, as well as the optimization of fixation and immunolabelling approaches. We have applied these markers to the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, but expect some to work in other archaeal species. Furthermore, those procedures that failed in S. acidocaldarius may still prove useful for imaging archaea that grow at a more neutral pH and/or at a less extreme temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cezanne
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Baukje Hoogenberg
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Buzz Baum
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Cazzagon G, Roubinet C, Baum B. Polarized SCAR and the Arp2/3 complex regulate apical cortical remodeling in asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts. iScience 2023; 26:107129. [PMID: 37434695 PMCID: PMC10331462 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the formin-nucleated actomyosin cortex has been shown to drive the changes in cell shape that accompany animal cell division in both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions, the mitotic role of cortical Arp2/3-nucleated actin networks remain unclear. Here using asymmetrically dividing Drosophila neural stem cells as a model system, we identify a pool of membrane protrusions that form at the apical cortex of neuroblasts as they enter mitosis. Strikingly, these apically localized protrusions are enriched in SCAR, and depend on SCAR and Arp2/3 complexes for their formation. Because compromising SCAR or the Arp2/3 complex delays the apical clearance of Myosin II at the onset of anaphase and induces cortical instability at cytokinesis, these data point to a role for an apical branched actin filament network in fine-tuning the actomyosin cortex to enable the precise control of cell shape changes during an asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cazzagon
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Chantal Roubinet
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Ganguli S, Wyatt T, Nyga A, Lawson RH, Meyer T, Baum B, Matthews HK. Oncogenic Ras deregulates cell-substrate interactions during mitotic rounding and respreading to alter cell division orientation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2728-2741.e3. [PMID: 37343559 PMCID: PMC7614879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras has been shown to change the way cancer cells divide by increasing the forces generated during mitotic rounding. In this way, RasV12 enables cancer cells to divide across a wider range of mechanical environments than normal cells. Here, we identify a further role for oncogenic Ras-ERK signaling in division by showing that RasV12 expression alters the shape, division orientation, and respreading dynamics of cells as they exit mitosis. Many of these effects appear to result from the impact of RasV12 signaling on actomyosin contractility, because RasV12 induces the severing of retraction fibers that normally guide spindle positioning and provide a memory of the interphase cell shape. In support of this idea, the RasV12 phenotype is reversed by inhibition of actomyosin contractility and can be mimicked by the loss of cell-substrate adhesion during mitosis. Finally, we show that RasV12 activation also perturbs division orientation in cells cultured in 2D epithelial monolayers and 3D spheroids. Thus, the induction of oncogenic Ras-ERK signaling leads to rapid changes in division orientation that, along with the effects of RasV12 on cell growth and cell-cycle progression, are likely to disrupt epithelial tissue organization and contribute to cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Ganguli
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Laboratoirè Matiere et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Agata Nyga
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rachel H Lawson
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Helen K Matthews
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Nyga A, Plak K, Kräter M, Urbanska M, Kim K, Guck J, Baum B. Dynamics of cell rounding during detachment. iScience 2023; 26:106696. [PMID: 37168576 PMCID: PMC10165398 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal cells undergo repeated shape changes, for example by rounding up and respreading as they divide. Cell rounding can be also observed in interphase cells, for example when cancer cells switch from a mesenchymal to an ameboid mode of cell migration. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how interphase cells round up. In this article, we demonstrate that a partial loss of substrate adhesion triggers actomyosin-dependent cortical remodeling and ERM activation, which facilitates further adhesion loss causing cells to round. Although the path of rounding in this case superficially resembles mitotic rounding in involving ERM phosphorylation, retraction fiber formation, and cortical remodeling downstream of ROCK, it does not require Ect2. This work provides insights into the way partial loss of adhesion actives cortical remodeling to drive cell detachment from the substrate. This is important to consider when studying the mechanics of cells in suspension, for example using methods like real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Nyga
- Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Katarzyna Plak
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Urbanska
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kyoohyun Kim
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Hurtig F, Burgers TC, Cezanne A, Jiang X, Mol FN, Traparić J, Pulschen AA, Nierhaus T, Tarrason-Risa G, Harker-Kirschneck L, Löwe J, Šarić A, Vlijm R, Baum B. The patterned assembly and stepwise Vps4-mediated disassembly of composite ESCRT-III polymers drives archaeal cell division. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade5224. [PMID: 36921039 PMCID: PMC10017037 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ESCRT-III family proteins form composite polymers that deform and cut membrane tubes in the context of a wide range of cell biological processes across the tree of life. In reconstituted systems, sequential changes in the composition of ESCRT-III polymers induced by the AAA-adenosine triphosphatase Vps4 have been shown to remodel membranes. However, it is not known how composite ESCRT-III polymers are organized and remodeled in space and time in a cellular context. Taking advantage of the relative simplicity of the ESCRT-III-dependent division system in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, one of the closest experimentally tractable prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, we use super-resolution microscopy, electron microscopy, and computational modeling to show how CdvB/CdvB1/CdvB2 proteins form a precisely patterned composite ESCRT-III division ring, which undergoes stepwise Vps4-dependent disassembly and contracts to cut cells into two. These observations lead us to suggest sequential changes in a patterned composite polymer as a general mechanism of ESCRT-III-dependent membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Hurtig
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Thomas C. Q. Burgers
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alice Cezanne
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Frank N. Mol
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jovan Traparić
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Tim Nierhaus
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- University College London, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Jan Löwe
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Crabtree L, Latham D, gross M, Baum B, Randolph K. Social Workers in the Stacks: Public librarians’ Perceptions and Experiences. Public Library Quarterly 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01616846.2023.2188873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Crabtree
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - D. Latham
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - m. gross
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - B. Baum
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - K. Randolph
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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9
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Meadowcroft B, Palaia I, Pfitzner AK, Roux A, Baum B, Šarić A. Mechanochemical Rules for Shape-Shifting Filaments that Remodel Membranes. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:268101. [PMID: 36608212 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.268101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sequential exchange of filament composition to increase filament curvature was proposed as a mechanism for how some biological polymers deform and cut membranes. The relationship between the filament composition and its mechanical effect is lacking. We develop a kinetic model for the assembly of composite filaments that includes protein-membrane adhesion, filament mechanics and membrane mechanics. We identify the physical conditions for such a membrane remodeling and show this mechanism of sequential polymer assembly lowers the energetic barrier for membrane deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Meadowcroft
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Palaia
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Aurélien Roux
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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10
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van Wolferen M, Pulschen AA, Baum B, Gribaldo S, Albers SV. The cell biology of archaea. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1744-1755. [PMID: 36253512 PMCID: PMC7613921 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has revealed the diversity and ubiquity of archaea in nature, with a growing number of studies highlighting their importance in ecology, biotechnology and even human health. Myriad lineages have been discovered, which expanded the phylogenetic breadth of archaea and revealed their central role in the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes. These discoveries, coupled with advances that enable the culturing and live imaging of archaeal cells under extreme environments, have underpinned a better understanding of their biology. In this Review we focus on the shape, internal organization and surface structures that are characteristic of archaeal cells as well as membrane remodelling, cell growth and division. We also highlight some of the technical challenges faced and discuss how new and improved technologies will help address many of the key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen van Wolferen
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Buzz Baum
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Simonetta Gribaldo
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Unit, CNRS UMR2001, Department of Microbiology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Jiang X, Harker-Kirschneck L, Vanhille-Campos C, Pfitzner AK, Lominadze E, Roux A, Baum B, Šarić A. Modelling membrane reshaping by staged polymerization of ESCRT-III filaments. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010586. [PMID: 36251703 PMCID: PMC9612822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ESCRT-III filaments are composite cytoskeletal polymers that can constrict and cut cell membranes from the inside of the membrane neck. Membrane-bound ESCRT-III filaments undergo a series of dramatic composition and geometry changes in the presence of an ATP-consuming Vps4 enzyme, which causes stepwise changes in the membrane morphology. We set out to understand the physical mechanisms involved in translating the changes in ESCRT-III polymer composition into membrane deformation. We have built a coarse-grained model in which ESCRT-III polymers of different geometries and mechanical properties are allowed to copolymerise and bind to a deformable membrane. By modelling ATP-driven stepwise depolymerisation of specific polymers, we identify mechanical regimes in which changes in filament composition trigger the associated membrane transition from a flat to a buckled state, and then to a tubule state that eventually undergoes scission to release a small cargo-loaded vesicle. We then characterise how the location and kinetics of polymer loss affects the extent of membrane deformation and the efficiency of membrane neck scission. Our results identify the near-minimal mechanical conditions for the operation of shape-shifting composite polymers that sever membrane necks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Vanhille-Campos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Elene Lominadze
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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12
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Baum B, Gross M, Latham D, Crabtree L, Randolph K. Bridging the Service Gap: Branch Managers Talk about Social Workers in Public Libraries. Public Library Quarterly 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01616846.2022.2113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Baum
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - M. Gross
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - D. Latham
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - L. Crabtree
- School of Information, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - K. Randolph
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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13
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Kelkar M, Bohec P, Smith MB, Sreenivasan V, Lisica A, Valon L, Ferber E, Baum B, Salbreux G, Charras G. Spindle reorientation in response to mechanical stress is an emergent property of the spindle positioning mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121868119. [PMID: 35727980 PMCID: PMC9245638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121868119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle plays a crucial role in embryos, during tissue development, and in adults, where it functions to dissipate mechanical stress to maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis. While mitotic spindles have been shown to reorient in response to external mechanical stresses, the subcellular cues that mediate spindle reorientation remain unclear. Here, we used a combination of optogenetics and computational modeling to investigate how mitotic spindles respond to inhomogeneous tension within the actomyosin cortex. Strikingly, we found that the optogenetic activation of RhoA only influences spindle orientation when it is induced at both poles of the cell. Under these conditions, the sudden local increase in cortical tension induced by RhoA activation reduces pulling forces exerted by cortical regulators on astral microtubules. This leads to a perturbation of the balance of torques exerted on the spindle, which causes it to rotate. Thus, spindle rotation in response to mechanical stress is an emergent phenomenon arising from the interaction between the spindle positioning machinery and the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kelkar
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Bohec
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Varun Sreenivasan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 75015 Paris , France
| | - Emma Ferber
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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14
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Hatano T, Palani S, Papatziamou D, Salzer R, Souza DP, Tamarit D, Makwana M, Potter A, Haig A, Xu W, Townsend D, Rochester D, Bellini D, Hussain HMA, Ettema TJG, Löwe J, Baum B, Robinson NP, Balasubramanian M. Asgard archaea shed light on the evolutionary origins of the eukaryotic ubiquitin-ESCRT machinery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3398. [PMID: 35697693 PMCID: PMC9192718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESCRT machinery, comprising of multiple proteins and subcomplexes, is crucial for membrane remodelling in eukaryotic cells, in processes that include ubiquitin-mediated multivesicular body formation, membrane repair, cytokinetic abscission, and virus exit from host cells. This ESCRT system appears to have simpler, ancient origins, since many archaeal species possess homologues of ESCRT-III and Vps4, the components that execute the final membrane scission reaction, where they have been shown to play roles in cytokinesis, extracellular vesicle formation and viral egress. Remarkably, metagenome assemblies of Asgard archaea, the closest known living relatives of eukaryotes, were recently shown to encode homologues of the entire cascade involved in ubiquitin-mediated membrane remodelling, including ubiquitin itself, components of the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II subcomplexes, and ESCRT-III and Vps4. Here, we explore the phylogeny, structure, and biochemistry of Asgard homologues of the ESCRT machinery and the associated ubiquitylation system. We provide evidence for the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II subcomplexes being involved in ubiquitin-directed recruitment of ESCRT-III, as it is in eukaryotes. Taken together, our analyses suggest a pre-eukaryotic origin for the ubiquitin-coupled ESCRT system and a likely path of ESCRT evolution via a series of gene duplication and diversification events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Hatano
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dimitra Papatziamou
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Ralf Salzer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Diorge P Souza
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Daniel Tamarit
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mehul Makwana
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Antonia Potter
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Alexandra Haig
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Wenjue Xu
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - David Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - David Rochester
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Dom Bellini
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Hamdi M A Hussain
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Thijs J G Ettema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Nicholas P Robinson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
| | - Mohan Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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15
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Harker-Kirschneck L, Hafner AE, Yao T, Vanhille-Campos C, Jiang X, Pulschen A, Hurtig F, Hryniuk D, Culley S, Henriques R, Baum B, Šarić A. Physical mechanisms of ESCRT-III-driven cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107763119. [PMID: 34983838 PMCID: PMC8740586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107763119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Living systems propagate by undergoing rounds of cell growth and division. Cell division is at heart a physical process that requires mechanical forces, usually exerted by assemblies of cytoskeletal polymers. Here we developed a physical model for the ESCRT-III-mediated division of archaeal cells, which despite their structural simplicity share machinery and evolutionary origins with eukaryotes. By comparing the dynamics of simulations with data collected from live cell imaging experiments, we propose that this branch of life uses a previously unidentified division mechanism. Active changes in the curvature of elastic cytoskeletal filaments can lead to filament perversions and supercoiling, to drive ring constriction and deform the overlying membrane. Abscission is then completed following filament disassembly. The model was also used to explore how different adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven processes that govern the way the structure of the filament is changed likely impact the robustness and symmetry of the resulting division. Comparisons between midcell constriction dynamics in simulations and experiments reveal a good agreement with the process when changes in curvature are implemented at random positions along the filament, supporting this as a possible mechanism of ESCRT-III-dependent division in this system. Beyond archaea, this study pinpoints a general mechanism of cytokinesis based on dynamic coupling between a coiling filament and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Hafner
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Yao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Vanhille-Campos
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Pulschen
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Hurtig
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Dawid Hryniuk
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Culley
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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16
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Nyga A, Muñoz JJ, Dercksen S, Fornabaio G, Uroz M, Trepat X, Baum B, Matthews HK, Conte V. Oncogenic RAS instructs morphological transformation of human epithelia via differential tissue mechanics. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg6467. [PMID: 34644109 PMCID: PMC8514103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The loss of epithelial homeostasis and the disruption of normal tissue morphology are hallmarks of tumor development. Here, we ask how the uniform activation oncogene RAS affects the morphology and tissue mechanics in a normal epithelium. We found that inducible induction of HRAS in confined epithelial monolayers on soft substrates drives a morphological transformation of a 2D monolayer into a compact 3D cell aggregate. This transformation was initiated by the loss of monolayer integrity and formation of two distinct cell layers with differential cell-cell junctions, cell-substrate adhesion, and tensional states. Computational modeling revealed how adhesion and active peripheral tension induces inherent mechanical instability in the system, which drives the 2D-to-3D morphological transformation. Consistent with this, removal of epithelial tension through the inhibition of actomyosin contractility halted the process. These findings reveal the mechanisms by which oncogene activation within an epithelium can induce mechanical instability to drive morphological tissue transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Nyga
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose J. Muñoz
- Department of Mathematics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Matemàtiques de la UPC - BarcelonaTech (IMTECH), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Suze Dercksen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Fornabaio
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Uroz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Vito Conte
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven, Netherlands
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17
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Ramkumar N, Patel JV, Anstatt J, Baum B. Aurora B-dependent polarization of the cortical actomyosin network during mitotic exit. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52387. [PMID: 34431205 PMCID: PMC8490981 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The isotropic metaphase actin cortex progressively polarizes as the anaphase spindle elongates during mitotic exit. This involves the loss of actomyosin cortex from opposing cell poles and the accumulation of an actomyosin belt at the cell centre. Although these spatially distinct cortical remodelling events are coordinated in time, here we show that they are independent of each other. Thus, actomyosin is lost from opposing poles in anaphase cells that lack an actomyosin ring owing to centralspindlin depletion. In examining potential regulators of this process, we identify a role for Aurora B kinase in actin clearance at cell poles. Upon combining Aurora B inhibition with centralspindlin depletion, cells exiting mitosis fail to change shape and remain completely spherical. Additionally, we demonstrate a requirement for Aurora B in the clearance of cortical actin close to anaphase chromatin in cells exiting mitosis with a bipolar spindle and in monopolar cells forced to divide while flat. Altogether, these data suggest a novel role for Aurora B activity in facilitating DNA-mediated polar relaxation at anaphase, polarization of the actomyosin cortex, and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Ramkumar
- MRC LMCBUCLLondonUK
- Present address:
Duke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | | | - Buzz Baum
- MRC LMCBUCLLondonUK
- Present address:
MRC‐LMBCambridgeUK
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18
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Roubinet C, White IJ, Baum B. Asymmetric nuclear division in neural stem cells generates sibling nuclei that differ in size, envelope composition, and chromatin organization. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3973-3983.e4. [PMID: 34297912 PMCID: PMC8491657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although nuclei are the defining features of eukaryotes, we still do not fully understand how the nuclear compartment is duplicated and partitioned during division. This is especially the case for organisms that do not completely disassemble their nuclear envelope upon entry into mitosis. In studying this process in Drosophila neural stem cells, which undergo asymmetric divisions, we find that the nuclear compartment boundary persists during mitosis thanks to the maintenance of a supporting nuclear lamina. This mitotic nuclear envelope is then asymmetrically remodeled and partitioned to give rise to two daughter nuclei that differ in envelope composition and exhibit a >30-fold difference in volume. The striking difference in nuclear size was found to depend on two consecutive processes: asymmetric nuclear envelope resealing at mitotic exit at sites defined by the central spindle, and differential nuclear growth that appears to depend on the available local reservoir of ER/nuclear membranes, which is asymmetrically partitioned between the two daughter cells. Importantly, these asymmetries in size and composition of the daughter nuclei, and the associated asymmetries in chromatin organization, all become apparent long before the cortical release and the nuclear import of cell fates determinants. Thus, asymmetric nuclear remodeling during stem cell divisions may contribute to the generation of cellular diversity by initiating distinct transcriptional programs in sibling nuclei that contribute to later changes in daughter cell identity and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Roubinet
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ian J White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Liu J, Tassinari M, Souza DP, Naskar S, Noel JK, Bohuszewicz O, Buck M, Williams TA, Baum B, Low HH. Bacterial Vipp1 and PspA are members of the ancient ESCRT-III membrane-remodeling superfamily. Cell 2021; 184:3660-3673.e18. [PMID: 34166615 PMCID: PMC8281802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Membrane remodeling and repair are essential for all cells. Proteins that perform these functions include Vipp1/IM30 in photosynthetic plastids, PspA in bacteria, and ESCRT-III in eukaryotes. Here, using a combination of evolutionary and structural analyses, we show that these protein families are homologous and share a common ancient evolutionary origin that likely predates the last universal common ancestor. This homology is evident in cryo-electron microscopy structures of Vipp1 rings from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme presented over a range of symmetries. Each ring is assembled from rungs that stack and progressively tilt to form dome-shaped curvature. Assembly is facilitated by hinges in the Vipp1 monomer, similar to those in ESCRT-III proteins, which allow the formation of flexible polymers. Rings have an inner lumen that is able to bind and deform membranes. Collectively, these data suggest conserved mechanistic principles that underlie Vipp1, PspA, and ESCRT-III-dependent membrane remodeling across all domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Diorge P Souza
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Souvik Naskar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey K Noel
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Martin Buck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Harry H Low
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK.
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20
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Monster JL, Donker L, Vliem MJ, Win Z, Matthews HK, Cheah JS, Yamada S, de Rooij J, Baum B, Gloerich M. An asymmetric junctional mechanoresponse coordinates mitotic rounding with epithelial integrity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202001042. [PMID: 33688935 PMCID: PMC7953256 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are continuously self-renewed, but how epithelial integrity is maintained during the morphological changes that cells undergo in mitosis is not well understood. Here, we show that as epithelial cells round up when they enter mitosis, they exert tensile forces on neighboring cells. We find that mitotic cell-cell junctions withstand these tensile forces through the mechanosensitive recruitment of the actin-binding protein vinculin to cadherin-based adhesions. Surprisingly, vinculin that is recruited to mitotic junctions originates selectively from the neighbors of mitotic cells, resulting in an asymmetric composition of cadherin junctions. Inhibition of junctional vinculin recruitment in neighbors of mitotic cells results in junctional breakage and weakened epithelial barrier. Conversely, the absence of vinculin from the cadherin complex in mitotic cells is necessary to successfully undergo mitotic rounding. Our data thus identify an asymmetric mechanoresponse at cadherin adhesions during mitosis, which is essential to maintain epithelial integrity while at the same time enable the shape changes of mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooske L. Monster
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Donker
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Vliem
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zaw Win
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joleen S. Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Johan de Rooij
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Zink IA, Fouqueau T, Tarrason Risa G, Werner F, Baum B, Bläsi U, Schleper C. Comparative CRISPR type III-based knockdown of essential genes in hyperthermophilic Sulfolobales and the evasion of lethal gene silencing. RNA Biol 2021; 18:421-434. [PMID: 32957821 PMCID: PMC7951960 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1813411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR type III systems, which are abundantly found in archaea, recognize and degrade RNA in their specific response to invading nucleic acids. Therefore, these systems can be harnessed for gene knockdown technologies even in hyperthermophilic archaea to study essential genes. We show here the broader usability of this posttranscriptional silencing technology by expanding the application to further essential genes and systematically analysing and comparing silencing thresholds and escape mutants. Synthetic guide RNAs expressed from miniCRISPR cassettes were used to silence genes involved in cell division (cdvA), transcription (rpo8), and RNA metabolism (smAP2) of the two crenarchaeal model organisms Saccharolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Results were systematically analysed together with those obtained from earlier experiments of cell wall biogenesis (slaB) and translation (aif5A). Comparison of over 100 individual transformants revealed gene-specific silencing maxima ranging between 40 and 75%, which induced specific knockdown phenotypes leading to growth retardation. Exceedance of this threshold by strong miniCRISPR constructs was not tolerated and led to specific mutation of the silencing miniCRISPR array and phenotypical reversion of cultures. In two thirds of sequenced reverted cultures, the targeting spacers were found to be precisely excised from the miniCRISPR array, indicating a still hypothetical, but highly active recombination system acting on the dynamics of CRISPR spacer arrays. Our results indicate that CRISPR type III - based silencing is a broadly applicable tool to study in vivo functions of essential genes in Sulfolobales which underlies a specific mechanism to avoid malignant silencing overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Anna Zink
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Fouqueau
- RNAP Lab, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Tarrason Risa
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- RNAP Lab, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Udo Bläsi
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Schleper
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Abstract
The defining feature of the eukaryotic cell, the nucleus, is bounded by a double envelope. This envelope and the nuclear pores within it play a critical role in separating the genome from the cytoplasm. It also presents cells with a challenge. How are cells to remodel the nuclear compartment boundary during mitosis without compromising nuclear function? In the two billion years since the emergence of the first cells with a nucleus, eukaryotes have evolved a range of strategies to do this. At one extreme, the nucleus is disassembled upon entry into mitosis and then reassembled anew in the two daughter cells. At the other, cells maintain an intact nuclear compartment boundary throughout the division process. In this review, we discuss common features of the division process that underpin remodelling mechanisms, the topological challenges involved and speculate on the selective pressures that may drive the evolution of distinct modes of division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Buzz Baum
- Lab of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; Lab for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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23
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Forster JC, Krausser J, Vuyyuru MR, Baum B, Šarić A. Exploring the Design Rules for Efficient Membrane-Reshaping Nanostructures. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:228101. [PMID: 33315453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.228101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the role of the surface patterning of nanostructures for cell membrane reshaping. To accomplish this, we combine an evolutionary algorithm with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and explore the solution space of ligand patterns on a nanoparticle that promote efficient and reliable cell uptake. Surprisingly, we find that in the regime of low ligand number the best-performing structures are characterized by ligands arranged into long one-dimensional chains that pattern the surface of the particle. We show that these chains of ligands provide particles with high rotational freedom and they lower the free energy barrier for membrane crossing. Our approach reveals a set of nonintuitive design rules that can be used to inform artificial nanoparticle construction and the search for inhibitors of viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Forster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Krausser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
| | - Manish R Vuyyuru
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BS London, United Kingdom
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24
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Baum B, Dey G. Moving simply: Naegleria crawls and feeds using an ancient Arp2/3-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202009031. [PMID: 33064835 PMCID: PMC7577051 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arp2/3-nucleated actin filaments drive crawling motility and phagocytosis in animal cells and slime molds. In this issue, Velle and Fritz-Laylin (2020. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202007158) now show that Naegleria gruberi, belonging to a lineage that diverged from opisthokonts around a billion years ago, uses similar mechanisms to crawl and phagocytose bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gautam Dey
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Dimitracopoulos A, Srivastava P, Chaigne A, Win Z, Shlomovitz R, Lancaster OM, Le Berre M, Piel M, Franze K, Salbreux G, Baum B. Mechanochemical Crosstalk Produces Cell-Intrinsic Patterning of the Cortex to Orient the Mitotic Spindle. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3687-3696.e4. [PMID: 32735816 PMCID: PMC7521479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating animal cells are able to orient their mitotic spindles along their interphase cell axis, setting up the axis of cell division, despite rounding up as they enter mitosis. This has previously been attributed to molecular memory and, more specifically, to the maintenance of adhesions and retraction fibers in mitosis [1-6], which are thought to act as local cues that pattern cortical Gαi, LGN, and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) [3, 7-18]. This cortical machinery then recruits and activates Dynein motors, which pull on astral microtubules to position the mitotic spindle. Here, we reveal a dynamic two-way crosstalk between the spindle and cortical motor complexes that depends on a Ran-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) signal [12], which is sufficient to drive continuous monopolar spindle motion independently of adhesive cues in flattened human cells in culture. Building on previous work [1, 12, 19-23], we implemented a physical model of the system that recapitulates the observed spindle-cortex interactions. Strikingly, when this model was used to study spindle dynamics in cells entering mitosis, the chromatin-based signal was found to preferentially clear force generators from the short cell axis, so that cortical motors pulling on astral microtubules align bipolar spindles with the interphase long cell axis, without requiring a fixed cue or a physical memory of interphase shape. Thus, our analysis shows that the ability of chromatin to pattern the cortex during the process of mitotic rounding is sufficient to translate interphase shape into a cortical pattern that can be read by the spindle, which then guides the axis of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dimitracopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | - Agathe Chaigne
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zaw Win
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roie Shlomovitz
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oscar M Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maël Le Berre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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26
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Pfitzner AK, Mercier V, Jiang X, Moser von Filseck J, Baum B, Šarić A, Roux A. An ESCRT-III Polymerization Sequence Drives Membrane Deformation and Fission. Cell 2020; 182:1140-1155.e18. [PMID: 32814015 PMCID: PMC7479521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) catalyzes membrane fission from within membrane necks, a process that is essential for many cellular functions, from cell division to lysosome degradation and autophagy. How it breaks membranes, though, remains unknown. Here, we characterize a sequential polymerization of ESCRT-III subunits that, driven by a recruitment cascade and by continuous subunit-turnover powered by the ATPase Vps4, induces membrane deformation and fission. During this process, the exchange of Vps24 for Did2 induces a tilt in the polymer-membrane interface, which triggers transition from flat spiral polymers to helical filament to drive the formation of membrane protrusions, and ends with the formation of a highly constricted Did2-Ist1 co-polymer that we show is competent to promote fission when bound on the inside of membrane necks. Overall, our results suggest a mechanism of stepwise changes in ESCRT-III filament structure and mechanical properties via exchange of the filament subunits to catalyze ESCRT-III activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Buzz Baum
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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27
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Trylinski M, Baum B. Developing cells remember where they came from, thanks to keratin filaments. Nature 2020; 585:352-353. [PMID: 32848238 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Dey G, Culley S, Curran S, Schmidt U, Henriques R, Kukulski W, Baum B. Closed mitosis requires local disassembly of the nuclear envelope. Nature 2020; 585:119-123. [PMID: 32848252 PMCID: PMC7610560 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
At the end of mitosis, eukaryotic cells must segregate the two copies of their replicated genome into two new nuclear compartments1. They do this either by first dismantling and later reassembling the nuclear envelope in an 'open mitosis' or by reshaping an intact nucleus and then dividing it into two in a 'closed mitosis'2,3. Mitosis has been studied in a wide variety of eukaryotes for more than a century4, but how the double membrane of the nuclear envelope is split into two at the end of a closed mitosis without compromising the impermeability of the nuclear compartment remains unknown5. Here, using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (a classical model for closed mitosis5), genetics, live-cell imaging and electron tomography, we show that nuclear fission is achieved via local disassembly of nuclear pores within the narrow bridge that links segregating daughter nuclei. In doing so, we identify the protein Les1, which is localized to the inner nuclear envelope and restricts the process of local nuclear envelope breakdown to the bridge midzone to prevent the leakage of material from daughter nuclei. The mechanism of local nuclear envelope breakdown in a closed mitosis therefore closely mirrors nuclear envelope breakdown in open mitosis3, revealing an unexpectedly high conservation of nuclear remodelling mechanisms across diverse eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK
| | | | - Uwe Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
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29
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Tarrason Risa G, Hurtig F, Bray S, Hafner AE, Harker-Kirschneck L, Faull P, Davis C, Papatziamou D, Mutavchiev DR, Fan C, Meneguello L, Arashiro Pulschen A, Dey G, Culley S, Kilkenny M, Souza DP, Pellegrini L, de Bruin RAM, Henriques R, Snijders AP, Šarić A, Lindås AC, Robinson NP, Baum B. The proteasome controls ESCRT-III-mediated cell division in an archaeon. Science 2020; 369:eaaz2532. [PMID: 32764038 PMCID: PMC7116001 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is the closest experimentally tractable archaeal relative of eukaryotes and, despite lacking obvious cyclin-dependent kinase and cyclin homologs, has an ordered eukaryote-like cell cycle with distinct phases of DNA replication and division. Here, in exploring the mechanism of cell division in S. acidocaldarius, we identify a role for the archaeal proteasome in regulating the transition from the end of one cell cycle to the beginning of the next. Further, we identify the archaeal ESCRT-III homolog, CdvB, as a key target of the proteasome and show that its degradation triggers division by allowing constriction of the CdvB1:CdvB2 ESCRT-III division ring. These findings offer a minimal mechanism for ESCRT-III-mediated membrane remodeling and point to a conserved role for the proteasome in eukaryotic and archaeal cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tarrason Risa
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Fredrik Hurtig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sian Bray
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne E Hafner
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, UK
| | - Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, UK
| | - Peter Faull
- Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Colin Davis
- Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Papatziamou
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Delyan R Mutavchiev
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Catherine Fan
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Leticia Meneguello
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Gautam Dey
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mairi Kilkenny
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diorge P Souza
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Biochemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robertus A M de Bruin
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - Anđela Šarić
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ann-Christin Lindås
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas P Robinson
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, UK
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30
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Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Pulschen AA, Mutavchiev DR, Culley S, Sebastian KN, Roubinet J, Roubinet M, Risa GT, van Wolferen M, Roubinet C, Schmidt U, Dey G, Albers SV, Henriques R, Baum B. Live Imaging of a Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Reveals Distinct Roles for Two ESCRT-III Homologs in Ensuring a Robust and Symmetric Division. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2852-2859.e4. [PMID: 32502411 PMCID: PMC7372223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging has revolutionized our understanding of dynamic cellular processes in bacteria and eukaryotes. Although similar techniques have been applied to the study of halophilic archaea [1-5], our ability to explore the cell biology of thermophilic archaea has been limited by the technical challenges of imaging at high temperatures. Sulfolobus are the most intensively studied members of TACK archaea and have well-established molecular genetics [6-9]. Additionally, studies using Sulfolobus were among the first to reveal striking similarities between the cell biology of eukaryotes and archaea [10-15]. However, to date, it has not been possible to image Sulfolobus cells as they grow and divide. Here, we report the construction of the Sulfoscope, a heated chamber on an inverted fluorescent microscope that enables live-cell imaging of thermophiles. By using thermostable fluorescent probes together with this system, we were able to image Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells live to reveal tight coupling between changes in DNA condensation, segregation, and cell division. Furthermore, by imaging deletion mutants, we observed functional differences between the two ESCRT-III proteins implicated in cytokinesis, CdvB1 and CdvB2. The deletion of cdvB1 compromised cell division, causing occasional division failures, whereas the ΔcdvB2 exhibited a profound loss of division symmetry, generating daughter cells that vary widely in size and eventually generating ghost cells. These data indicate that DNA separation and cytokinesis are coordinated in Sulfolobus, as is the case in eukaryotes, and that two contractile ESCRT-III polymers perform distinct roles to ensure that Sulfolobus cells undergo a robust and symmetrical division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delyan R Mutavchiev
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kim Nadine Sebastian
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marleen van Wolferen
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chantal Roubinet
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Uwe Schmidt
- Center for System Biology Dresden (CSBD), 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gautam Dey
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology II - Microbiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and the Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1E6BT, UK.
| | - David A Baum
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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33
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Lam MSY, Lisica A, Ramkumar N, Hunter G, Mao Y, Charras G, Baum B. Isotropic myosin-generated tissue tension is required for the dynamic orientation of the mitotic spindle. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1370-1379. [PMID: 32320325 PMCID: PMC7353144 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to divide along their longest axis has been proposed to play an important role in maintaining epithelial tissue homeostasis in many systems. Because the division plane is largely set by the position of the anaphase spindle, it is important to understand how spindles become oriented. While several molecules have been identified that play key roles in spindle orientation across systems, most notably Mud/NuMA and cortical dynein, the precise mechanism by which spindles detect and align with the long cell axis remain poorly understood. Here, in exploring the dynamics of spindle orientation in mechanically distinct regions of the fly notum, we find that the ability of cells to properly reorient their divisions depends on local tissue tension. Thus, spindles reorient to align with the long cell axis in regions where isotropic tension is elevated, but fail to do so in elongated cells within the crowded midline, where tension is low, or in regions that have been mechanically isolated from the rest of the tissue via laser ablation. Importantly, these differences in spindle behavior outside and inside the midline can be recapitulated by corresponding changes in tension induced by perturbations that alter nonmuscle myosin II activity. These data lead us to propose that isotropic tension within an epithelium provides cells with a mechanically stable substrate upon which localized cortical motor complexes can act on astral microtubules to orient the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, and
| | | | | | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, and
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, and
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34
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Matthews HK, Ganguli S, Plak K, Taubenberger AV, Win Z, Williamson M, Piel M, Guck J, Baum B. Oncogenic Signaling Alters Cell Shape and Mechanics to Facilitate Cell Division under Confinement. Dev Cell 2020; 52:563-573.e3. [PMID: 32032547 PMCID: PMC7063569 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To divide in a tissue, both normal and cancer cells become spherical and mechanically stiffen as they enter mitosis. We investigated the effect of oncogene activation on this process in normal epithelial cells. We found that short-term induction of oncogenic RasV12 activates downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK-ERK) signaling to alter cell mechanics and enhance mitotic rounding, so that RasV12-expressing cells are softer in interphase but stiffen more upon entry into mitosis. These RasV12-dependent changes allow cells to round up and divide faithfully when confined underneath a stiff hydrogel, conditions in which normal cells and cells with reduced levels of Ras-ERK signaling suffer multiple spindle assembly and chromosome segregation errors. Thus, by promoting cell rounding and stiffening in mitosis, oncogenic RasV12 enables cells to proliferate under conditions of mechanical confinement like those experienced by cells in crowded tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Sushila Ganguli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Plak
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna V Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zaw Win
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Max Williamson
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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35
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Wyatt TPJ, Fouchard J, Lisica A, Khalilgharibi N, Baum B, Recho P, Kabla AJ, Charras GT. Actomyosin controls planarity and folding of epithelia in response to compression. Nat Mater 2020; 19:109-117. [PMID: 31451778 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Throughout embryonic development and adult life, epithelia are subjected to compressive deformations. While these have been shown to trigger mechanosensitive responses such as cell extrusion and differentiation, which span tens of minutes, little is known about how epithelia adapt to compression over shorter timescales. Here, using suspended epithelia, we uncover the immediate response of epithelial tissues to the application of in-plane compressive strains (5-80%). We show that fast compression induces tissue buckling followed by actomyosin-dependent tissue flattening that erases the buckle within tens of seconds, in both mono- and multi-layered epithelia. Strikingly, we identify a well-defined limit to this response, so that stable folds form in the tissue when compressive strains exceed a 'buckling threshold' of ~35%. A combination of experiment and modelling shows that this behaviour is orchestrated by adaptation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton as it re-establishes tissue tension following compression. Thus, tissue pre-tension allows epithelia to both buffer against deformation and sets their ability to form and retain folds during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P J Wyatt
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nargess Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Pierre Recho
- LIPhy, CNRS-UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guillaume T Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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Wyatt TPJ, Fouchard J, Lisica A, Khalilgharibi N, Baum B, Recho P, Kabla AJ, Charras GT. Actomyosin controls planarity and folding of epithelia in response to compression. Nat Mater 2020; 19:109-117. [PMID: 31451778 DOI: 10.1101/422196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Throughout embryonic development and adult life, epithelia are subjected to compressive deformations. While these have been shown to trigger mechanosensitive responses such as cell extrusion and differentiation, which span tens of minutes, little is known about how epithelia adapt to compression over shorter timescales. Here, using suspended epithelia, we uncover the immediate response of epithelial tissues to the application of in-plane compressive strains (5-80%). We show that fast compression induces tissue buckling followed by actomyosin-dependent tissue flattening that erases the buckle within tens of seconds, in both mono- and multi-layered epithelia. Strikingly, we identify a well-defined limit to this response, so that stable folds form in the tissue when compressive strains exceed a 'buckling threshold' of ~35%. A combination of experiment and modelling shows that this behaviour is orchestrated by adaptation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton as it re-establishes tissue tension following compression. Thus, tissue pre-tension allows epithelia to both buffer against deformation and sets their ability to form and retain folds during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P J Wyatt
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nargess Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Pierre Recho
- LIPhy, CNRS-UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Guillaume T Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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Baum B. Reviewing papers as you would like your papers to be reviewed. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3013-3014. [PMID: 31778345 PMCID: PMC6880883 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peer review can seem like a barrier we have to scale in order to publish. In this Perspective, we ask what would happen if, instead, the focus of peer review was to help everyone in the field improve the quality of their papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND ESCRT-III is a membrane remodelling filament with the unique ability to cut membranes from the inside of the membrane neck. It is essential for the final stage of cell division, the formation of vesicles, the release of viruses, and membrane repair. Distinct from other cytoskeletal filaments, ESCRT-III filaments do not consume energy themselves, but work in conjunction with another ATP-consuming complex. Despite rapid progress in describing the cell biology of ESCRT-III, we lack an understanding of the physical mechanisms behind its force production and membrane remodelling. RESULTS Here we present a minimal coarse-grained model that captures all the experimentally reported cases of ESCRT-III driven membrane sculpting, including the formation of downward and upward cones and tubules. This model suggests that a change in the geometry of membrane bound ESCRT-III filaments-from a flat spiral to a 3D helix-drives membrane deformation. We then show that such repetitive filament geometry transitions can induce the fission of cargo-containing vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides a general physical mechanism that explains the full range of ESCRT-III-dependent membrane remodelling and scission events observed in cells. This mechanism for filament force production is distinct from the mechanisms described for other cytoskeletal elements discovered so far. The mechanistic principles revealed here suggest new ways of manipulating ESCRT-III-driven processes in cells and could be used to guide the engineering of synthetic membrane-sculpting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Harker-Kirschneck
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - And̄ela Šarić
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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39
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Khalilgharibi N, Fouchard J, Asadipour N, Barrientos R, Duda M, Bonfanti A, Yonis A, Harris A, Mosaffa P, Fujita Y, Kabla A, Mao Y, Baum B, Muñoz JJ, Miodownik M, Charras G. Stress relaxation in epithelial monolayers is controlled by the actomyosin cortex. Nat Phys 2019; 15:839-847. [PMID: 33569083 PMCID: PMC7116713 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial monolayers are one-cell thick tissue sheets that line most of the body surfaces, separating internal and external environments. As part of their function, they must withstand extrinsic mechanical stresses applied at high strain rates. However, little is known about how monolayers respond to mechanical deformations. Here, by subjecting suspended epithelial monolayers to stretch, we find that they dissipate stresses on a minute timescale and that relaxation can be described by a power law with an exponential cut-off at timescales larger than ~10 s. This process involves an increase in monolayer length, pointing to active remodelling of cellular biopolymers at the molecular scale during relaxation. Strikingly, monolayers consisting of tens of thousands of cells relax stress with similar dynamics to single rounded cells and both respond similarly to perturbations of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. By contrast, cell-cell junctional complexes and intermediate filaments do not relax tissue stress, but form stable connections between cells, allowing monolayers to behave rheologically as single cells. Taken together our data show that actomyosin dynamics governs the rheological properties of epithelial monolayers, dissipating applied stresses, and enabling changes in monolayer length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargess Khalilgharibi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nina Asadipour
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Dept. Mathematics, Esc. d'Enginyeria Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Barrientos
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Duda
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amina Yonis
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Andrew Harris
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Physics, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Engineering Doctorate Program, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, 648 Stanley Hall MC 1762, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Payman Mosaffa
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Dept. Mathematics, Esc. d'Enginyeria Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alexandre Kabla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge University, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, UK
| | - José J Muñoz
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric (LaCàN), Dept. Mathematics, Esc. d'Enginyeria Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Spain
| | - Mark Miodownik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, UK
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40
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Abstract
The Internet is rapidly changing the way the results of academic research are communicated within communities and with the wider public. In a push to accelerate change and make the results of research immediately and freely available online for all to read and use, the European Commission, with support from a group of high-profile funders, has proposed a plan to influence the way academic research is published. Here, we discuss the likely impact of this plan on the publishing landscape, the potential benefits, and some possible unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and the Institute of Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BB); (EC)
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BB); (EC)
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41
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Farina F, Ramkumar N, Brown L, Samandar Eweis D, Anstatt J, Waring T, Bithell J, Scita G, Thery M, Blanchoin L, Zech T, Baum B. Local actin nucleation tunes centrosomal microtubule nucleation during passage through mitosis. EMBO J 2019; 38:e99843. [PMID: 31015335 PMCID: PMC6545563 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells going through mitosis undergo precisely timed changes in cell shape and organisation, which serve to ensure the fair partitioning of cellular components into the two daughter cells. These structural changes are driven by changes in actin filament and microtubule dynamics and organisation. While most evidence suggests that the two cytoskeletal systems are remodelled in parallel during mitosis, recent work in interphase cells has implicated the centrosome in both microtubule and actin nucleation, suggesting the potential for regulatory crosstalk between the two systems. Here, by using both in vitro and in vivo assays to study centrosomal actin nucleation as cells pass through mitosis, we show that mitotic exit is accompanied by a burst in cytoplasmic actin filament formation that depends on WASH and the Arp2/3 complex. This leads to the accumulation of actin around centrosomes as cells enter anaphase and to a corresponding reduction in the density of centrosomal microtubules. Taken together, these data suggest that the mitotic regulation of centrosomal WASH and the Arp2/3 complex controls local actin nucleation, which may function to tune the levels of centrosomal microtubules during passage through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Farina
- MRC-LMCB, UCL, London, UK
- IPLS, UCL, London, UK
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Louise Brown
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Waring
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Bithell
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Tobias Zech
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-LMCB, UCL, London, UK
- IPLS, UCL, London, UK
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42
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Laine RF, Tosheva KL, Gustafsson N, Gray RDM, Almada P, Albrecht D, Risa GT, Hurtig F, Lindås AC, Baum B, Mercer J, Leterrier C, Pereira PM, Culley S, Henriques R. NanoJ: a high-performance open-source super-resolution microscopy toolbox. J Phys D Appl Phys 2019; 52:163001. [PMID: 33191949 PMCID: PMC7655149 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has become essential for the study of nanoscale biological processes. This type of imaging often requires the use of specialised image analysis tools to process a large volume of recorded data and extract quantitative information. In recent years, our team has built an open-source image analysis framework for SRM designed to combine high performance and ease of use. We named it NanoJ-a reference to the popular ImageJ software it was developed for. In this paper, we highlight the current capabilities of NanoJ for several essential processing steps: spatio-temporal alignment of raw data (NanoJ-Core), super-resolution image reconstruction (NanoJ-SRRF), image quality assessment (NanoJ-SQUIRREL), structural modelling (NanoJ-VirusMapper) and control of the sample environment (NanoJ-Fluidics). We expect to expand NanoJ in the future through the development of new tools designed to improve quantitative data analysis and measure the reliability of fluorescent microscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain F Laine
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalina L Tosheva
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Gustafsson
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D M Gray
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Almada
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Albrecht
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel T Risa
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Hurtig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christin Lindås
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Leterrier
- CNRS, INP, Institute of Neurophysiopathology, NeuroCyto, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pedro M Pereira
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Almada P, Pereira PM, Culley S, Caillol G, Boroni-Rueda F, Dix CL, Charras G, Baum B, Laine RF, Leterrier C, Henriques R. Automating multimodal microscopy with NanoJ-Fluidics. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 30874553 DOI: 10.1101/320416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining and multiplexing microscopy approaches is crucial to understand cellular events, but requires elaborate workflows. Here, we present a robust, open-source approach for treating, labelling and imaging live or fixed cells in automated sequences. NanoJ-Fluidics is based on low-cost Lego hardware controlled by ImageJ-based software, making high-content, multimodal imaging easy to implement on any microscope with high reproducibility. We demonstrate its capacity on event-driven, super-resolved live-to-fixed and multiplexed STORM/DNA-PAINT experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Almada
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro M Pereira
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ghislaine Caillol
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Fanny Boroni-Rueda
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Christina L Dix
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Romain F Laine
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Christophe Leterrier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, 13015, France.
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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44
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Almada P, Pereira PM, Culley S, Caillol G, Boroni-Rueda F, Dix CL, Charras G, Baum B, Laine RF, Leterrier C, Henriques R. Automating multimodal microscopy with NanoJ-Fluidics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1223. [PMID: 30874553 PMCID: PMC6420627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining and multiplexing microscopy approaches is crucial to understand cellular events, but requires elaborate workflows. Here, we present a robust, open-source approach for treating, labelling and imaging live or fixed cells in automated sequences. NanoJ-Fluidics is based on low-cost Lego hardware controlled by ImageJ-based software, making high-content, multimodal imaging easy to implement on any microscope with high reproducibility. We demonstrate its capacity on event-driven, super-resolved live-to-fixed and multiplexed STORM/DNA-PAINT experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Almada
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro M Pereira
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ghislaine Caillol
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Fanny Boroni-Rueda
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Christina L Dix
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Romain F Laine
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Christophe Leterrier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, 13015, France.
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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45
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Hunter GL, He L, Perrimon N, Charras G, Giniger E, Baum B. A role for actomyosin contractility in Notch signaling. BMC Biol 2019; 17:12. [PMID: 30744634 PMCID: PMC6369551 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Notch-Delta signaling functions across a wide array of animal systems to break symmetry in a sheet of undifferentiated cells and generate cells with different fates, a process known as lateral inhibition. Unlike many other signaling systems, however, since both the ligand and receptor are transmembrane proteins, the activation of Notch by Delta depends strictly on cell-cell contact. Furthermore, the binding of the ligand to the receptor may not be sufficient to induce signaling, since recent work in cell culture suggests that ligand-induced Notch signaling also requires a mechanical pulling force. This tension exposes a cleavage site in Notch that, when cut, activates signaling. Although it is not known if mechanical tension contributes to signaling in vivo, others have suggested that this is how endocytosis of the receptor-ligand complex contributes to the cleavage and activation of Notch. In a similar way, since Notch-mediated lateral inhibition at a distance in the dorsal thorax of the pupal fly is mediated via actin-rich protrusions, it is possible that cytoskeletal forces generated by networks of filamentous actin and non-muscle myosin during cycles of protrusion extension and retraction also contribute to Notch signaling. Results To test this hypothesis, we carried out a detailed analysis of the role of myosin II-dependent tension in Notch signaling in the developing fly and in cell culture. Using dynamic fluorescence-based reporters of Notch, we found that myosin II is important for signaling in signal sending and receiving cells in both systems—as expected if myosin II-dependent tension across the Notch-Delta complex contributes to Notch activation. While myosin II was found to contribute most to signaling at a distance, it was also required for maximal signaling between adjacent cells that share lateral contacts and for signaling between cells in culture. Conclusions Together these results reveal a previously unappreciated role for non-muscle myosin II contractility in Notch signaling, providing further support for the idea that force contributes to the cleavage and activation of Notch in the context of ligand-dependent signaling, and a new paradigm for actomyosin-based mechanosensation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0625-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger L Hunter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,MRC-LMCB, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK. .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK. .,Present Address: Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
| | - Li He
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC-LMCB, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
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46
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Duda M, Kirkland NJ, Khalilgharibi N, Tozluoglu M, Yuen AC, Carpi N, Bove A, Piel M, Charras G, Baum B, Mao Y. Polarization of Myosin II Refines Tissue Material Properties to Buffer Mechanical Stress. Dev Cell 2019; 48:245-260.e7. [PMID: 30695698 PMCID: PMC6353629 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As tissues develop, they are subjected to a variety of mechanical forces. Some of these forces are instrumental in the development of tissues, while others can result in tissue damage. Despite our extensive understanding of force-guided morphogenesis, we have only a limited understanding of how tissues prevent further morphogenesis once the shape is determined after development. Here, through the development of a tissue-stretching device, we uncover a mechanosensitive pathway that regulates tissue responses to mechanical stress through the polarization of actomyosin across the tissue. We show that stretch induces the formation of linear multicellular actomyosin cables, which depend on Diaphanous for their nucleation. These stiffen the epithelium, limiting further changes in shape, and prevent fractures from propagating across the tissue. Overall, this mechanism of force-induced changes in tissue mechanical properties provides a general model of force buffering that serves to preserve the shape of tissues under conditions of mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Duda
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Natalie J Kirkland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nargess Khalilgharibi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Melda Tozluoglu
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alice C Yuen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicolas Carpi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anna Bove
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; College of Information and Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.
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47
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Cadart C, Monnier S, Grilli J, Sáez PJ, Srivastava N, Attia R, Terriac E, Baum B, Cosentino-Lagomarsino M, Piel M. Size control in mammalian cells involves modulation of both growth rate and cell cycle duration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3275. [PMID: 30115907 PMCID: PMC6095894 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, how mammalian cell size is controlled remains unclear because of the difficulty of directly measuring growth at the single-cell level. Here we report direct measurements of single-cell volumes over entire cell cycles on various mammalian cell lines and primary human cells. We find that, in a majority of cell types, the volume added across the cell cycle shows little or no correlation to cell birth size, a homeostatic behavior called "adder". This behavior involves modulation of G1 or S-G2 duration and modulation of growth rate. The precise combination of these mechanisms depends on the cell type and the growth condition. We have developed a mathematical framework to compare size homeostasis in datasets ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. This reveals that a near-adder behavior is the most common type of size control and highlights the importance of growth rate modulation to size control in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Cadart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Monnier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jacopo Grilli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Nishit Srivastava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Rafaele Attia
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Terriac
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marco Cosentino-Lagomarsino
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, F-75005, France.
- CNRS, UMR 7238 Computational and Quantitative Biology, Paris, F-75005, France.
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, 20139, Italy.
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France.
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48
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Abstract
Much of the visible living world around us is characterized by cells that contain a nucleus enclosing the genetic material, a highly specialized network of dynamic interconnected membrane compartments, energy-producing mitochondria, and a cytoskeletal meshwork that can produce a dazzling variety of cellular shapes. These “eukaryotic” cells, which only represent a small fraction of the total cellular diversity on earth, have an internal organization that is strikingly different from that of “prokaryotes,” which lack nuclei or any internal membrane-bound compartments. Given the great structural chasm between these cell types, the question of eukaryotic origins is one of the most enduring mysteries in modern biology. Over the course of the 20th century, advances in cytology, the characterization of DNA as the universal genetic material, and pioneering work on phylogenies of ribosomal RNA all combined to establish a common origin for all life and identified a deep split in the prokaryotic world between the domains of archaea (once called Archaebacteria) and bacteria (once called Eubacteria). At the close of the 20th century, phylogenetic data had been used to support either the three-domain view of life (monophyletic Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) or a competing two-domain model, which features a paraphyletic archaeal grade from which the eukaryotes emerged. These two competing views are relevant to the origin of the eukaryotes since they each suggest different characteristics of the eukaryotic progenitor. Apart from the convincing demonstration that plastids, of which chloroplasts are the most familiar, and mitochondria are derived from endosymbiotic bacteria, the field of eukaryotic origins remains full of uncertainties and controversy. Cell biological arguments have been used to support a bewildering variety of models for the origins of the nucleus and other aspects of eukaryotic cellular organization. Studies of the breadth of eukaryotic diversity help paint a convincing picture of a last eukaryotic common ancestor possessed of mitochondria, a complete cytoskeleton and trafficking machinery. In parallel, newly sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes have revealed prokaryotic homologues for many genes originally deemed eukaryotic “inventions,” reducing the perceived gap between prokaryotic and eukaryotic complexity. The last few years in particular have generated a great deal of excitement, as newly discovered archaeal genomes, which includes a complete genome from the recently cultured Asgard archaeon Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum, have shifted the consensus steadily toward models of eukaryotes emerging from the symbiosis of an Asgard-like archaeal host and a protomitochondrial bacterial cell. Recent advances in super-resolution microscopy, meta-genomics, and gene editing techniques mean that archaea and bacteria can be studied in greater cellular and ecological detail than ever before, raising hopes that insights from comparative cell biology will help us distinguish between competing models of eukaryogenesis in the near future.
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49
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Rosendahl P, Plak K, Jacobi A, Kraeter M, Toepfner N, Otto O, Herold C, Winzi M, Herbig M, Ge Y, Girardo S, Wagner K, Baum B, Guck J. Real-time fluorescence and deformability cytometry. Nat Methods 2018; 15:355-358. [PMID: 29608556 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The throughput of cell mechanical characterization has recently approached that of conventional flow cytometers. However, this very sensitive, label-free approach still lacks the specificity of molecular markers. Here we developed an approach that combines real-time 1D-imaging fluorescence and deformability cytometry in one instrument (RT-FDC), thus opening many new research avenues. We demonstrated its utility by using subcellular fluorescence localization to identify mitotic cells and test for mechanical changes in those cells in an RNA interference screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rosendahl
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Plak
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angela Jacobi
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kraeter
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Herold
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Winzi
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yan Ge
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Salvatore Girardo
- Microstructure Facility, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Wagner
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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50
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Dix CL, Matthews HK, Uroz M, McLaren S, Wolf L, Heatley N, Win Z, Almada P, Henriques R, Boutros M, Trepat X, Baum B. The Role of Mitotic Cell-Substrate Adhesion Re-modeling in Animal Cell Division. Dev Cell 2018; 45:132-145.e3. [PMID: 29634933 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal cells undergo a dramatic series of shape changes as they divide, which depend on re-modeling of cell-substrate adhesions. Here, we show that while focal adhesion complexes are disassembled during mitotic rounding, integrins remain in place. These integrin-rich contacts connect mitotic cells to the underlying substrate throughout mitosis, guide polarized cell migration following mitotic exit, and are functionally important, since adherent cells undergo division failure when removed from the substrate. Further, the ability of cells to re-spread along pre-existing adhesive contacts is essential for division in cells compromised in their ability to construct a RhoGEF-dependent (Ect2) actomyosin ring. As a result, following Ect2 depletion, cells fail to divide on small adhesive islands but successfully divide on larger patterns, as the connection between daughter cells narrows and severs as they migrate away from one another. In this way, regulated re-modeling of cell-substrate adhesions during mitotic rounding aids division in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Dix
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen K Matthews
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marina Uroz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Susannah McLaren
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucie Wolf
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nicholas Heatley
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zaw Win
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro Almada
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Unitat de Biofisica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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