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Just U, Burtscher H, Jeratsch S, Fischer M, Stocking C, Preussner J, Looso M, Schwanbeck R, Günther S, Huss R, Mullen L, Braun T. Proteomic and transcriptomic characterisation of FIA10, a novel murine leukemic cell line that metastasizes into the brain. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295641. [PMID: 38215076 PMCID: PMC10786371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis leads to increased mortality and is a major site of relapse for several cancers, yet the molecular mechanisms of brain metastasis are not well understood. In this study, we established and characterized a new leukemic cell line, FIA10, that metastasizes into the central nervous system (CNS) following injection into the tail vein of syngeneic mice. Mice injected with FIA10 cells developed neurological symptoms such as loss of balance, tremor, ataxic gait and seizures, leading to death within 3 months. Histopathology coupled with PCR analysis clearly showed infiltration of leukemic FIA10 cells into the brain parenchyma of diseased mice, with little involvement of bone marrow, peripheral blood and other organs. To define pathways that contribute to CNS metastasis, global transcriptome and proteome analysis was performed on FIA10 cells and compared with that of the parental stem cell line FDCP-Mix and the related FIA18 cells, which give rise to myeloid leukemia without CNS involvement. 188 expressed genes (RNA level) and 189 proteins were upregulated (log2 ratio FIA10/FIA18 ≥ 1) and 120 mRNAs and 177 proteins were downregulated (log2 ratio FIA10/FIA18 ≤ 1) in FIA10 cells compared with FIA18 cells. Major upregulated pathways in FIA10 cells revealed by biofunctional analyses involved immune response components, adhesion molecules and enzymes implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling, opening and crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), molecules supporting migration within the brain parenchyma, alterations in metabolism necessary for growth within the brain microenvironment, and regulators for these functions. Downregulated RNA and protein included several tumor suppressors and DNA repair enzymes. In line with the function of FIA10 cells to specifically infiltrate the brain, FIA10 cells have acquired a phenotype that permits crossing the BBB and adapting to the brain microenvironment thereby escaping immune surveillance. These data and our model system FIA10 will be valuable resources to study the occurrence of brain metastases and may help in the development of potential therapies against brain invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Just
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Burtscher
- Pharma Research Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jeratsch
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Preussner
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Schwanbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Huss
- Pharma Research Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lynne Mullen
- QIAGEN, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Bourke AM, Schwarz A, Schuman EM. De-centralizing the Central Dogma: mRNA translation in space and time. Mol Cell 2023; 83:452-468. [PMID: 36669490 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As our understanding of the cell interior has grown, we have come to appreciate that most cellular operations are localized, that is, they occur at discrete and identifiable locations or domains. These cellular domains contain enzymes, machines, and other components necessary to carry out and regulate these localized operations. Here, we review these features of one such operation: the localization and translation of mRNAs within subcellular compartments observed across cell types and organisms. We describe the conceptual advantages and the "ingredients" and mechanisms of local translation. We focus on the nature and features of localized mRNAs, how they travel and get localized, and how this process is regulated. We also evaluate our current understanding of protein synthesis machines (ribosomes) and their cadre of regulatory elements, that is, the translation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Bourke
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andre Schwarz
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max von Laue Strasse 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Becker KN, Pettee KM, Sugrue A, Reinard KA, Schroeder JL, Eisenmann KM. The Cytoskeleton Effectors Rho-Kinase (ROCK) and Mammalian Diaphanous-Related (mDia) Formin Have Dynamic Roles in Tumor Microtube Formation in Invasive Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2022; 11:1559. [PMID: 35563863 PMCID: PMC9103681 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a progressive and lethal brain cancer. Malignant control of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal mechanics facilitates two major GBM therapeutic resistance strategies-diffuse invasion and tumor microtube network formation. Actin and microtubule reorganization is controlled by Rho-GTPases, which exert their effects through downstream effector protein activation, including Rho-associated kinases (ROCK) 1 and 2 and mammalian diaphanous-related (mDia) formins (mDia1, 2, and 3). Precise spatial and temporal balancing of the activity between these effectors dictates cell shape, adhesion turnover, and motility. Using small molecules targeting mDia, we demonstrated that global agonism (IMM02) was superior to antagonism (SMIFH2) as anti-invasion strategies in GBM spheroids. Here, we use IDH-wild-type GBM patient-derived cell models and a novel semi-adherent in vitro system to investigate the relationship between ROCK and mDia in invasion and tumor microtube networks. IMM02-mediated mDia agonism disrupts invasion in GBM patient-derived spheroid models, in part by inducing mDia expression loss and tumor microtube network collapse. Pharmacological disruption of ROCK prevented invasive cell-body movement away from GBM spheres, yet induced ultralong, phenotypically abnormal tumor microtube formation. Simultaneously targeting mDia and ROCK did not enhance the anti-invasive/-tumor microtube effects of IMM02. Our data reveal that targeting mDia is a viable GBM anti-invasion/-tumor microtube networking strategy, while ROCK inhibition is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N. Becker
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.N.B.); (K.M.P.)
| | - Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.N.B.); (K.M.P.)
| | - Amanda Sugrue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Tiffin, OH 44883, USA;
| | - Kevin A. Reinard
- Division of Neurosurgery, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.A.R.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Jason L. Schroeder
- Division of Neurosurgery, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.A.R.); (J.L.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.N.B.); (K.M.P.)
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Stoyanov GS, Lyutfi E, Georgieva R, Georgiev R, Dzhenkov D, Petkova L, Ivanov BD, Kaprelyan A, Ghenev P. Diaph3 underlines tumor cell heterogeneity in glioblastoma with implications for treatment modalities resistance. J Neurooncol 2022; 157:523-531. [PMID: 35380294 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-03996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive central nervous system (CNS) tumor with astrocytic differentiation. The growth pattern of GBM mimics that of the precursor cell migration during the fetal development of the brain. Diaphanous homolog (Diaph3) has been established to play a role in both CNS maturation and cancer progression as it is required both for cell migration and division. Furthermore, Diaph3 has been shown to play a role in malignant disease progression through hyperactivation of the EGFR/MEK/ERK in loss of expression and its overexpression correlating to hyperactivity of the mTOR pathway, both of which are with a well-established role in GBM. Herein, we aimed at establishing the diagnostic role of Diaph3 immunohistochemistry expression patterns in GBM and their possible implications for molecular response to different therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study utilized a retrospective nonclinical approach. Results of Diaph3 immunohistochemical expression were compared to healthy controls and reactive gliosis and statistically analyzed for correlation with neuroradiological tumor parameters and patient survival. RESULTS Healthy controls showed individual weakly positive cells, while reactive gliosis controls showed a strong expression in astrocytic projections. GBM samples showed a heterogeneous positive reaction to Diaph3, mean number of positive cells 62.66%, median 61.5, range 12-96%. Areas of migrating cells showed a strong diffuse cytoplasmic reaction. Cells located in the tumor core and those in areas of submeningeal aggregation had no antibody expression. Statistical analysis revealed no correlation with tumor size or patient survival. CONCLUSION The different expression pattern of Diaph3 in healthy controls, reactive gliosis and GBM shows promise as a clinical differentiating marker. Despite Diaph3 expression not correlating with survival and tumor size in GBM, there is an accumulating body of evidence that Diaph3 correlates with mTOR activity and can thus be used as a predictor for response to rapamycin and taxanes, clinical studies of which have shown promising, if mixed results in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Stoyanov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Marin Drinov 55 Str, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Emran Lyutfi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Reneta Georgieva
- Student, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Radoslav Georgiev
- Department of Imaging Diagnostics, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Deyan Dzhenkov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Marin Drinov 55 Str, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Lilyana Petkova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Marin Drinov 55 Str, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav D Ivanov
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Ara Kaprelyan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Peter Ghenev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", Marin Drinov 55 Str, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria
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Adaptive mechanoproperties mediated by the formin FMN1 characterize glioblastoma fitness for invasion. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2841-2855.e8. [PMID: 34559979 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma are heterogeneous tumors composed of highly invasive and highly proliferative clones. Heterogeneity in invasiveness could emerge from discrete biophysical properties linked to specific molecular expression. We identified clones of patient-derived glioma propagating cells that were either highly proliferative or highly invasive and compared their cellular architecture, migratory, and biophysical properties. We discovered that invasiveness was linked to cellular fitness. The most invasive cells were stiffer, developed higher mechanical forces on the substrate, and moved stochastically. The mechano-chemical-induced expression of the formin FMN1 conferred invasive strength that was confirmed in patient samples. Moreover, FMN1 expression was also linked to motility in other cancer and normal cell lines, and its ectopic expression increased fitness parameters. Mechanistically, FMN1 acts from the microtubule lattice and promotes a robust mechanical cohesion, leading to highly invasive motility.
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Heuser VD, Kiviniemi A, Lehtinen L, Munthe S, Kristensen BW, Posti JP, Sipilä JOT, Vuorinen V, Carpén O, Gardberg M. Multiple formin proteins participate in glioblastoma migration. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:710. [PMID: 32727404 PMCID: PMC7391617 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of glioblastoma remains poor, related to its diffuse spread within the brain. There is an ongoing search for molecular regulators of this particularly invasive behavior. One approach is to look for actin regulating proteins that might be targeted by future anti-cancer therapy. The formin family of proteins orchestrates rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in multiple cellular processes. Recently, the formin proteins mDia1 and mDia2 were shown to be expressed in glioblastoma in vitro, and their function could be modified by small molecule agonists. This finding implies that the formins could be future therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. METHODS In cell studies, we investigated the changes in expression of the 15 human formins in primary glioblastoma cells and commercially available glioblastoma cell lines during differentiation from spheroids to migrating cells using transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR. siRNA mediated knockdown of selected formins was performed to investigate whether their expression affects glioblastoma migration. Using immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of two formins, FHOD1 and INF2, in tissue samples from 93 IDH-wildtype glioblastomas. Associated clinicopathological parameters and follow-up data were utilized to test whether formin expression correlates with survival or has prognostic value. RESULTS We found that multiple formins were upregulated during migration. Knockdown of individual formins mDia1, mDia2, FHOD1 and INF2 significantly reduced migration in most studied cell lines. Among the studied formins, knockdown of INF2 generated the greatest reduction in motility in vitro. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated expression of formin proteins FHOD1 and INF2 in glioblastoma tissues. Importantly, we found that moderate/high expression of INF2 was associated with significantly impaired prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Formins FHOD1 and INF2 participate in glioblastoma cell migration. Moderate/high expression of INF2 in glioblastoma tissue is associated with worse outcome. Taken together, our in vitro and tissue studies suggest a pivotal role for INF2 in glioblastoma. When specific inhibiting compounds become available, INF2 could be a target in the search for novel glioblastoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina D Heuser
- Laboratory Division, Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aida Kiviniemi
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Lehtinen
- Laboratory Division, Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sune Munthe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology and Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jussi P Posti
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi O T Sipilä
- Department of Neurology, Siun sote, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland.,Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Vuorinen
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Gardberg
- Laboratory Division, Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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7
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Biber G, Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Barda-Saad M. Actin regulators in cancer progression and metastases: From structure and function to cytoskeletal dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:131-196. [PMID: 33066873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a central factor contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating the involvement of actin regulatory proteins in malignancy, and their dysregulation was shown to predict poor clinical prognosis. Although enhanced cytoskeletal activity is often associated with cancer progression, the expression of several inducers of actin polymerization is remarkably reduced in certain malignancies, and it is not completely clear how these changes promote tumorigenesis and metastases. The complexities involved in cytoskeletal induction of cancer progression therefore pose considerable difficulties for therapeutic intervention; it is not always clear which cytoskeletal regulator should be targeted in order to impede cancer progression, and whether this targeting may inadvertently enhance alternative invasive pathways which can aggravate tumor growth. The entire constellation of cytoskeletal machineries in eukaryotic cells are numerous and complex; the system is comprised of and regulated by hundreds of proteins, which could not be covered in a single review. Therefore, we will focus here on the actin cytoskeleton, which encompasses the biological machinery behind most of the key cellular functions altered in cancer, with specific emphasis on actin nucleating factors and nucleation-promoting factors. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies for cancer which aim to target the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Biber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - A Ben-Shmuel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - B Sabag
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - M Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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8
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Green HLH, Zuidscherwoude M, Alenazy F, Smith CW, Bender M, Thomas SG. SMIFH2 inhibition of platelets demonstrates a critical role for formin proteins in platelet cytoskeletal dynamics. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:955-967. [PMID: 31930764 PMCID: PMC7186844 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is required for proper functioning of platelets following activation in response to vascular damage. Formins are a family of proteins that regulate actin polymerization and cytoskeletal organization via a number of domains including the FH2 domain. However, the role of formins in platelet spreading has not been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES Several formin proteins are expressed in platelets so we used an inhibitor of FH2 domains (SMIFH2) to uncover the role of these proteins in platelet spreading and in maintenance of resting platelet shape. METHODS Washed human and mouse platelets were treated with various concentrations of SMIFH2 and the effects on platelet spreading, platelet size, platelet cytoskeletal dynamics, and organization were analyzed using fluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS Pretreatment with SMIFH2 completely blocks platelet spreading in both mouse and human platelets through effects on the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules. However, platelet aggregation and secretion are unaffected. SMIFH2 also caused a decrease in resting platelet size and disrupted the balance of tubulin post-translational modification. CONCLUSIONS These data therefore demonstrated an important role for formin-mediated actin polymerization in platelet spreading and highlighted the importance of formins in cross-talk between the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. H. Green
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Present address:
School of Cardiovascular Medicine & SciencesBHF Centre of Research ExcellenceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
| | - Fawaz Alenazy
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine – Chair IUniversity Hospital and Rudolf Virchow CenterWürzburgGermany
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE)University of Birmingham and University of NottinghamMidlandsUK
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The Role of Rho GTPases in Motility and Invasion of Glioblastoma Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:9274016. [PMID: 32089990 PMCID: PMC7013281 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9274016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are primary malignant brain tumors that originate from astrocytes. Grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma is a highly invasive tumor that occur within the brain parenchyma. The Rho family of small GTPases, which includes Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, is an important family whose members are key regulators of the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. In this review, we describe the role played by the Rho family of GTPases in the regulation of the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. Specifically, we focus on the role played by RhoA, Rac1, RhoG, and Cdc42 in cell migration through rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and invasion. Finally, we highlight the importance of potentially targeting Rho GTPases in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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10
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Advanced glycation end-products regulate extracellular matrix-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk in diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19748. [PMID: 31875018 PMCID: PMC6930305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates adipocyte cellular metabolism and is altered in obesity and type 2 diabetes, but mechanisms underlying ECM-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk are poorly defined. Advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation is increased in diabetes. AGE alter tissue function via direct effects on ECM and by binding scavenger receptors on multiple cell types and signaling through Rho GTPases. Our goal was to determine the role and underlying mechanisms of AGE in regulating human ECM-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk. Visceral adipocytes from diabetic and non-diabetic humans with obesity were studied in 2D and 3D-ECM culture systems. AGE is increased in adipose tissue from diabetic compared to non-diabetic subjects. Glycated collagen 1 and AGE-modified ECM regulate adipocyte glucose uptake and expression of AGE scavenger receptors and Rho signaling mediators, including the DIAPH1 gene, which encodes the human Diaphanous 1 protein (hDia1). Notably, inhibition of hDia1, but not scavenger receptors RAGE or CD36, attenuated AGE-ECM inhibition of adipocyte glucose uptake. These data demonstrate that AGE-modification of ECM contributes to adipocyte insulin resistance in human diabetes, and implicate hDia1 as a potential mediator of AGE-ECM-adipocyte metabolic crosstalk.
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11
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PLEKHG5 is a novel prognostic biomarker in glioma patients. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1350-1358. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Liu J, Chen S, Chen Y, Geng N, Feng C. High expression of FMNL3 associates with cancer cell migration, invasion, and unfavorable prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:459-467. [PMID: 30955218 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chongjin Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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13
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The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040362. [PMID: 31003495 PMCID: PMC6523135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of animal cells is one of the most complicated and functionally versatile structures, involved in processes such as endocytosis, cell division, intra-cellular transport, motility, force transmission, reaction to external forces, adhesion and preservation, and adaptation of cell shape. These functions are mediated by three classical cytoskeletal filament types, as follows: Actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The named filaments form a network that is highly structured and dynamic, responding to external and internal cues with a quick reorganization that is orchestrated on the time scale of minutes and has to be tightly regulated. Especially in brain tumors, the cytoskeleton plays an important role in spreading and migration of tumor cells. As the cytoskeletal organization and regulation is complex and many-faceted, this review aims to summarize the findings about cytoskeletal filament types, including substructures formed by them, such as lamellipodia, stress fibers, and interactions between intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin. Additionally, crucial regulatory aspects of the cytoskeletal filaments and the formed substructures are discussed and integrated into the concepts of cell motility. Even though little is known about the impact of cytoskeletal alterations on the progress of glioma, a final point discussed will be the impact of established cytoskeletal alterations in the cellular behavior and invasion of glioma.
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Targeting the mDia Formin-Assembled Cytoskeleton Is an Effective Anti-Invasion Strategy in Adult High-Grade Glioma Patient-Derived Neurospheres. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030392. [PMID: 30897774 PMCID: PMC6468841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade glioma (HGG, WHO Grade III–IV) accounts for the majority of adult primary malignant brain tumors. Failure of current therapies to target invasive glioma cells partly explains the minimal survival advantages: invasive tumors lack easily-defined surgical margins, and are inherently more chemo- and radioresistant. Much work centers upon Rho GTPase-mediated glioma invasion, yet downstream Rho effector roles are poorly understood and represent potential therapeutic targets. The roles for the mammalian Diaphanous (mDia)-related formin family of Rho effectors have emerged in invasive/metastatic disease. mDias assemble linear F-actin to promote protrusive cytoskeletal structures underlying tumor cell invasion. Small molecule mDia intramimic (IMM) agonists induced mDia functional activities including F-actin polymerization. mDia agonism inhibited polarized migration in Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV) cells in three-dimensional (3D) in vitro and rat brain slice models. Here, we evaluate whether clinically-relevant high-grade glioma patient-derived neuro-sphere invasion is sensitive to formin agonism. Surgical HGG samples were dissociated, briefly grown as monolayers, and spontaneously formed non-adherent neuro-spheres. IMM treatment dramatically inhibited HGG patient neuro-sphere invasion, both at neuro-sphere embedding and mid-invasion assay, inducing an amoeboid morphology in neuro-sphere edge cells, while inhibiting actin- and tubulin-enriched tumor microtube formation. Thus, mDia agonism effectively disrupts multiple aspects of patient-derived HGG neuro-sphere invasion.
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Abstract
Formin homology proteins (formins) are a highly conserved family of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins that are involved in a diverse array of cellular functions. Formins are best known for their ability to regulate actin dynamics, but the same functional domains also govern stability and organization of microtubules. It is thought that this dual activity allows them to coordinate the activity of these two major cytoskeletal networks and thereby influence cellular architecture. Golgi ribbon assembly is dependent upon cooperative interactions between actin filaments and cytoplasmic microtubules originating both at the Golgi itself and from the centrosome. Similarly, centrosome assembly, centriole duplication, and centrosome positioning are also reliant on a dialogue between both cytoskeletal networks. As presented in this chapter, a growing body of evidence suggests that multiple formin proteins play essential roles in these central cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Copeland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Oksdath M, Perrin SL, Bardy C, Hilder EF, DeForest CA, Arrua RD, Gomez GA. Review: Synthetic scaffolds to control the biochemical, mechanical, and geometrical environment of stem cell-derived brain organoids. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:041501. [PMID: 31069322 PMCID: PMC6481728 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived brain organoids provide a powerful platform for systematic studies of tissue functional architecture and the development of personalized therapies. Here, we review key advances at the interface of soft matter and stem cell biology on synthetic alternatives to extracellular matrices. We emphasize recent biomaterial-based strategies that have been proven advantageous towards optimizing organoid growth and controlling the geometrical, biomechanical, and biochemical properties of the organoid's three-dimensional environment. We highlight systems that have the potential to increase the translational value of region-specific brain organoid models suitable for different types of manipulations and high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oksdath
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Sally L. Perrin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | | | - Emily F. Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Cole A. DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, USA
| | - R. Dario Arrua
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, South Australia Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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de Gooijer MC, Guillén Navarro M, Bernards R, Wurdinger T, van Tellingen O. An Experimenter's Guide to Glioblastoma Invasion Pathways. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:763-780. [PMID: 30072121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor that is characterized by its unparalleled invasiveness. Invasive glioblastoma cells not only escape surgery and focal therapies but also are more resistant to current radio- and chemo-therapeutic approaches. Thus, any curative therapy for this deadly disease likely should include treatment strategies that interfere with glioblastoma invasiveness. Understanding glioblastoma invasion mechanisms is therefore critical. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of various glioblastoma invasion models and conclude that robust experimental evidence has been obtained for a pro-invasive role of Ephrin receptors, Rho GTPases, and casein kinase 2 (CK2). Extensive interplay occurs between these proteins, suggesting the existence of a glioblastoma invasion signaling network that comprises several targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C de Gooijer
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Miriam Guillén Navarro
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rene Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wurdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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LeCorgne H, Tudosie AM, Lavik K, Su R, Becker KN, Moore S, Walia Y, Wisner A, Koehler D, Alberts AS, Williams FE, Eisenmann KM. Differential Toxicity of mDia Formin-Directed Functional Agonists and Antagonists in Developing Zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:340. [PMID: 29692731 PMCID: PMC5902741 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins are cytoskeletal regulators that assemble and, in some cases, bundle filamentous actin (F-actin), as well as stabilize microtubules. The development of small molecule antagonists and agonists that interrogate mDia formin function has allowed us to investigate the roles of formins in disease states. A small molecule inhibitor of FH2 domain (SMIFH2) inhibits mDia-dependent actin dynamics and abrogates tumor cell migration and cell division in vitro and ex vivo tissue explants. mDia formin activation with small molecule intramimics IMM01/02 and mDia2-DAD peptides inhibited glioblastoma motility and invasion in vitro and ex vivo rat brain slices. However, SMIFH2, IMMs, and mDia2 DAD efficacy in vivo remains largely unexplored and potential toxicity across a range of developmental phenotypes has not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we performed an in vivo screen of early life-stage toxicity in Danio rerio zebrafish embryos 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) in response to SMIFH2, IMM01/02, and mDia2 DAD. SMIFH2 at concentrations ≥5–10 μM induced significant defects in developing zebrafish, including shorter body lengths, tail curvature and defective tail cellularity, craniofacial malformations, pericardial edema, absent and/or compromised vasculature function and flow, depressed heart rates and increased mortality. Conversely, IMM and mDia2 DAD peptides were minimally toxic at concentrations up to 10–20 and 50 μM, respectively. SMIFH2's therapeutic potential may therefore be limited by its substantial in vivo toxicity at functional concentrations. mDia formin agonism with IMMs and mDia2 DADs may therefore be a more effective and less toxic anti-invasive therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter LeCorgne
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Andrew M Tudosie
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kari Lavik
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Robin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn N Becker
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Sara Moore
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yashna Walia
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Wisner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Koehler
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Arthur S Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Kathryn M Eisenmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science, Toledo, OH, United States
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Ferrer VP, Moura Neto V, Mentlein R. Glioma infiltration and extracellular matrix: key players and modulators. Glia 2018; 66:1542-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
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Fessenden TB, Beckham Y, Perez-Neut M, Ramirez-San Juan G, Chourasia AH, Macleod KF, Oakes PW, Gardel ML. Dia1-dependent adhesions are required by epithelial tissues to initiate invasion. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1485-1502. [PMID: 29437785 PMCID: PMC5881494 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tissues change shape and tumors initiate spreading through collective cell motility. Conserved mechanisms by which tissues initiate motility into their surroundings are not known. We investigated cytoskeletal regulators during collective invasion by mouse tumor organoids and epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) acini undergoing branching morphogenesis in collagen. Use of the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 prevented the formation of migrating cell fronts in both cell types. Focusing on the role of the formin Dia1 in branching morphogenesis, we found that its depletion in MDCK cells does not alter planar cell motility either within the acinus or in two-dimensional scattering assays. However, Dia1 was required to stabilize protrusions extending into the collagen matrix. Live imaging of actin, myosin, and collagen in control acini revealed adhesions that deformed individual collagen fibrils and generated large traction forces, whereas Dia1-depleted acini exhibited unstable adhesions with minimal collagen deformation and lower force generation. This work identifies Dia1 as an essential regulator of tissue shape changes through its role in stabilizing focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Fessenden
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yvonne Beckham
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mathew Perez-Neut
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Guillermina Ramirez-San Juan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aparajita H Chourasia
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kay F Macleod
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL .,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Dvorak KM, Pettee KM, Rubinic-Minotti K, Su R, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Eisenmann KM. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote breast cancer motility by suppressing mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-2 (mDia2). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195278. [PMID: 29596520 PMCID: PMC5875872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. An important step in the shift to a pro-cancerous microenvironment is the transformation of normal stromal fibroblasts to carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs are present in a majority of solid tumors and can directly promote tumor cell motility via cytokine, chemokine and growth factor secretion into the TME. The exact effects that the TME has upon cytoskeletal regulation in motile tumor cells remain enigmatic. The conserved formin family of cytoskeleton regulating proteins plays an essential role in the assembly and/or bundling of unbranched actin filaments. Mammalian Diaphanous-related formin 2 (mDia2/DIAPH3/Drf3/Dia) assembles a dynamic F-actin cytoskeleton that underlies tumor cell migration and invasion. We therefore sought to understand whether CAF-derived chemokines impact breast tumor cell motility through modification of the formin-assembled F-actin cytoskeleton. In MDA-MB-231 cells, conditioned media (CM) from WS19T CAFs, a human breast tumor-adjacent CAF line, significantly and robustly increased wound closure and invasion relative to normal human mammary fibroblast (HMF)-CM. WS19T-CM also promoted proteasome-mediated mDia2 degradation in MDA-MB-231 cells relative to control HMF-CM and WS21T CAF-CM, a breast CAF cell line that failed to promote robust MDA-MB-231 migration. Cytokine array analysis of CM identified up-regulated secreted factors in WS19T relative to control WS21T CM. We identified CXCL12 as a CM factor influencing loss of mDia2 protein while increasing MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby CAFs promote tumor cell migration and invasion through CXCL12 secretion to regulate the mDia2-directed cytoskeleton in breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Dvorak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Rubinic-Minotti
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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