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Gu C, Philipsen MH, Ewing AG. Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids Alter the Membrane Lipid Composition and Vesicle Size to Regulate Exocytosis and Storage of Catecholamines. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:816-826. [PMID: 38344810 PMCID: PMC10884999 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The two essential fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, and the higher unsaturated fatty acids synthesized from them are critical for the development and maintenance of normal brain functions. Deficiencies of these fatty acids have been shown to cause damage to the neuronal development, cognition, and locomotor function. We combined electrochemistry and imaging techniques to examine the effects of the two essential fatty acids on catecholamine release dynamics and the vesicle content as well as on the cell membrane phospholipid composition to understand how they impact exocytosis and by extension neurotransmission at the single-cell level. Incubation of either of the two fatty acids reduces the size of secretory vesicles and enables the incorporation of more double bonds into the cell membrane structure, resulting in higher membrane flexibility. This subsequently affects proteins regulating the dynamics of the exocytotic fusion pore and thereby affects exocytosis. Our data suggest a possible pathway whereby the two essential fatty acids affect the membrane structure to impact exocytosis and provide a potential treatment for diseases and impairments related to catecholamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mai H Philipsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sherratt SCR, Mason RP, Libby P, Steg PG, Bhatt DL. Do patients benefit from omega-3 fatty acids? Cardiovasc Res 2024; 119:2884-2901. [PMID: 38252923 PMCID: PMC10874279 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) possess beneficial properties for cardiovascular (CV) health and elevated O3FA levels are associated with lower incident risk for CV disease (CVD.) Yet, treatment of at-risk patients with various O3FA formulations has produced disparate results in large, well-controlled and well-conducted clinical trials. Prescription formulations and fish oil supplements containing low-dose mixtures of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have routinely failed to prevent CV events in primary and secondary prevention settings when added to contemporary care, as shown most recently in the STRENGTH and OMEMI trials. However, as observed in JELIS, REDUCE-IT, and RESPECT-EPA, EPA-only formulations significantly reduce CVD events in high-risk patients. The CV mechanism of action of EPA, while certainly multifaceted, does not depend solely on reductions of circulating lipids, including triglycerides (TG) and LDL, and event reduction appears related to achieved EPA levels suggesting that the particular chemical and biological properties of EPA, as compared to DHA and other O3FAs, may contribute to its distinct clinical efficacy. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown different effects of EPA compared with DHA alone or EPA/DHA combination treatments, on atherosclerotic plaque morphology, LDL and membrane oxidation, cholesterol distribution, membrane lipid dynamics, glucose homeostasis, endothelial function, and downstream lipid metabolite function. These findings indicate that prescription-grade, EPA-only formulations provide greater benefit than other O3FAs formulations tested. This review summarizes the clinical findings associated with various O3FA formulations, their efficacy in treating CV disease, and their underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ph Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM_UMR1148/LVTS, FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, NewYork 10029-5674, NY, USA
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Michaeloudes C, Christodoulides S, Christodoulou P, Kyriakou TC, Patrikios I, Stephanou A. Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations. Nutrients 2023; 15:4830. [PMID: 38004225 PMCID: PMC10675410 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (S.C.); (P.C.); (T.-C.K.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
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Sherratt SCR, Libby P, Bhatt DL, Mason RP. A biological rationale for the disparate effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease outcomes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 182:102450. [PMID: 35690002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acids (n3-FAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rapidly incorporate into cell membranes where they modulate signal transduction pathways, lipid raft formation, and cholesterol distribution. Membrane n3-FAs also form specialized pro-resolving mediators and other intracellular oxylipins that modulate inflammatory pathways, including T-cell differentiation and gene expression. Cardiovascular (CV) trials have shown that EPA, administered as icosapent ethyl (IPE), reduces composite CV events, along with plaque volume, in statin-treated, high-risk patients. Mixed EPA/DHA regimens have not shown these benefits, perhaps as the result of differences in formulation, dosage, or potential counter-regulatory actions of DHA. Indeed, EPA and DHA have distinct, tissue-specific effects on membrane structural organization and cell function. This review summarizes: (1) results of clinical outcome and imaging trials using n3-FA formulations; (2) membrane interactions of n3-FAs; (3) effects of n3-FAs on membrane oxidative stress and cholesterol crystalline domain formation during hyperglycemia; (4) n3-FA effects on endothelial function; (5) role of n3-FA-generated metabolites in inflammation; and (6) ongoing and future clinical investigations exploring treatment targets for n3-FAs, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C R Sherratt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03823, USA; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915-0091, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915-0091, USA.
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de Mello PH, Araujo BC, Marques VH, Branco GS, Honji RM, Moreira RG, Rombenso AN, Portella MC. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids n−3 (n−3 LC-PUFA) as Phospholipids or Triglycerides Influence on Epinephelus marginatus Juvenile Fatty Acid Profile and Liver Morphophysiology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080951. [PMID: 35454198 PMCID: PMC9025333 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish feeding is responsible for almost 60% of the total cost of marine fish production, so nutritional studies are always in demand. Dusky grouper is a promising species for aquaculture, but studies of the species’ nutrition are still lacking. The present study investigated the effects of fatty acids, provided as different lipid classes in four different diets, for Epinephelus marginatus fingerlings and evaluated their physiological and morphological responses in order to provide new insights about grouper nutrition. The fatty acids, provided as different lipid classes, modified the physiological and morphological responses of E. marginatus, showing that the inclusion of these lipids as different classes should be considered in order to obtain better results in terms of fish fillet quality. These results provided valuable insights into the nutrition and physiology of dusky groupers, helping to pave the way for the establishment of this fish species as a produced species worldwide. Abstract Phospholipids (PL) are membrane components composed of fatty acids (FA), while triglycerides (TG) are a main source of energy and essential FA. Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are essential for marine carnivorous fish; thus, an 8-week experiment was performed to evaluate the influence of DHA and EPA, provided as PL and TG, on the morphophysiology of Epinephelus marginatus juveniles. A basal diet was manufactured, and DHA and EPA in PL form (PL1—low amount PL2—high amount) and TG form (TG1—low amount; TG2—high amount) were added. Dusky grouper juveniles were equally distributed in 12 tanks of 20 animals each, and liver and muscle were sampled for metabolic analysis. The total hepatic lipids in PL1 and PL2 were higher when compared to the initial, TG1 and TG2 groups. Total lipids in muscle were higher in PL2 and TG1 than PL1 and TG2, respectively. Diets rich in DHA and EPA in PL and TG resulted in higher deposition of these FA in the muscle polar fraction. However, fish fed diets containing lower amounts of DHA and EPA in PL and TG stored those in the muscle neutral fraction and liver, centralizing the storage of DHA and EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H. de Mello
- Beacon Development Company, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil;
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (V.H.M.); (G.S.B.); (R.G.M.)
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião 11600-000, Brazil; (B.C.A.); (R.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bruno C. Araujo
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião 11600-000, Brazil; (B.C.A.); (R.M.H.)
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Victor H. Marques
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (V.H.M.); (G.S.B.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Giovana S. Branco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (V.H.M.); (G.S.B.); (R.G.M.)
| | - Renato M. Honji
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião 11600-000, Brazil; (B.C.A.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Renata G. Moreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (V.H.M.); (G.S.B.); (R.G.M.)
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião 11600-000, Brazil; (B.C.A.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Artur N. Rombenso
- CSIRO, Livestock and Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia;
| | - Maria C. Portella
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil;
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Chen J, Ruijtenbeek R, Garssen J, Redegeld FA. Esterified derivatives of DHA and EPA increase bortezomib cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174883. [PMID: 35341783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has greatly improved the clinical outcome of patients with multiple myeloma (MM), acquired drug resistance remains the greatest obstacle on the road of treating MM. We previously showed that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with the chemotherapeutic agent bortezomib can overcome its chemoresistance in MM cells. However, most DHA/EPA are esterified shortly after oral administration, which may affect its bioactivity. This study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ethyl ester-DHA/EPA in human MM cells. The mechanisms relevant for the cytotoxicity of these esterified-fatty acids were further investigated. METHODS Human MM cell lines L363, OPM2, U266 were treated with ethyl ester-DHA/EPA with or without bortezomib. The percentage of dead cells and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Ethyl ester-DHA and -EPA were much more potent than DHA/EPA to induce cytotoxicity in MM cells, even in DHA/EPA-resistant MM cells. Pretreating MM cells with esterified-DHA/EPA before bortezomib potently increased its chemosensitivity. Additionally, intracellular ROS levels were upregulated in MM cells after treatment with ethyl ester-DHA/EPA, which reflected the enhanced oxidative stress in treated cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that ethyl ester-DHA/EPA in combination with bortezomib may improve the overall efficacy in MM cells, similar to DHA/EPA, relieving the concern that esterification of DHA/EPA may affect its bioactivity and further supporting the potential clinical use of fatty acids DHA/EPA for combating drug resistance during MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, TB, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Pamgene International, 5200 BJ, s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, TB, the Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, 3508, TC, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, TB, the Netherlands.
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West AL, Michaelson LV, Miles EA, Haslam RP, Lillycrop KA, Georgescu R, Han L, Sayanova O, Napier JA, Calder PC, Burdge GC. Differential postprandial incorporation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into individual plasma triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine molecular species in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158710. [PMID: 32289503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which digested fat is absorbed and transported in the circulation are well documented. However, it is uncertain whether the molecular species composition of dietary fats influences the molecular species composition of meal-derived lipids in blood. This may be important because enzymes that remove meal-derived fatty acids from the circulation exhibit differential activities towards individual lipid molecular species. To determine the effect of consuming oils with different molecular compositions on the incorporation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into plasma lipid molecular species. Men and women (18-30 years) consumed standardised meals containing 20:5n-5 and 22:6n-3 (total 450 mg) provided by an oil from transgenic Camelina sativa (CSO) or a blended fish oil (BFO) which differed in the composition of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 - containing molecular species. Blood was collected during the subsequent 8 h. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The molecular species composition of the test oils was distinct from the composition of plasma triacylglycerol (TG) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species at baseline and at 1.5 or 6 h after the meal. The rank order by concentration of both plasma PC and TG molecular species at baseline was maintained during the postprandial period. 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were incorporated preferentially into plasma PC compared to plasma TG. Together these findings suggest that the composition of dietary lipids undergoes extensive rearrangement after absorption, such that plasma TG and PC maintain their molecular species composition, which may facilitate lipase activities in blood and/or influence lipoprotein structural stability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L West
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ramona Georgescu
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lihua Han
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Graham C Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Effects of an Omega-3 and Vitamin D Supplement on Fatty Acids and Vitamin D Serum Levels in Double-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trials in Healthy and Crohn's Disease Populations. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041139. [PMID: 32325778 PMCID: PMC7230517 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two trials separately measured the bioavailability and impact on inflammation of a supplement taken daily containing 510 mg Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 344 mg Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 1000 IU of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D), for healthy and Crohn’s disease (CD) populations. Both trials were double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled with cross-over. Participants were randomly allocated to groups A (placebo then supplement) or B (supplement then placebo). Both included a washout. Fatty acid (N-3 PUFAs) and vitamin D serum levels, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), and stool calprotectin were measured before and after each treatment period. Outcome measures were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, including terms for treatment, period, and a treatment-by-period interaction. The supplement significantly increased serum levels in healthy and CD groups for EPA (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), Docosapentaenoic acid (p < 0.001 and 0.005), DHA (p < 0.001 and 0.006), the omega-3 index (p < 0.001 and 0.001), and (vitamin D (p < 0.001 and 0.027). CRP and calprotectin measures showed no evidence of a treatment effect on inflammation; however, model estimation was imprecise for both outcomes, hence further research is required to elucidate potential inflammation effects. The nutrient supplement increased serum levels of key N-3 PUFAs and vitamin D in both populations, showing the preparation was readily bioavailable.
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Parikh R, Bates JHT, Poynter ME, Suratt BT, Parsons PE, Kien CL, Heyland DK, Crain KI, Martin J, Garudathri J, Stapleton RD. Pharmacokinetics of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with severe sepsis compared with healthy volunteers: A prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:958-965. [PMID: 31005335 PMCID: PMC6785383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetics (PK) of pharmaceuticals and pharmaconutrients are poorly understood in critically ill patients, and dosing is often based on healthy subject data. This might be particularly problematic with enteral medications due to metabolic abnormalities and impaired gastrointestinal tract absorption common in critically ill patients. Utilizing enteral fish oil, this study was undertaken to better understand and define PK of enteral omega-3 fatty acids (eicospentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy volunteers (n = 15) and mechanically ventilated (MV) adults with severe sepsis (n = 10) were recruited and received 9.75 g EPA and 6.75 g DHA daily in two divided enteral doses of fish oil for 7 days. Volunteers continued their normal diet without other sources of fish oil, and sepsis patients received standard enteral feeding. Blood was collected at frequent intervals during the 14-day study period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and neutrophils were isolated and analyzed for membrane fatty acid (FA) content. Mixed linear models and t-tests were used to analyze changes in FA levels over time and FA levels at individual time points, respectively. PK parameters were obtained based on single compartment models of EPA and DHA kinetics. RESULTS Healthy volunteers were 41.1 ± 10.3 years; 67% were women. In patients with severe sepsis (55.6 ± 13.4 years, 50% women), acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score was 27.2 ± 8.8 at ICU admission and median MV duration was 10.5 days. Serum EPA and DHA were significantly lower in sepsis vs. healthy subjects over time. PBMC EPA concentrations were generally not different between groups over time, while PBMC DHA was higher in sepsis patients. Neutrophil EPA and DHA concentrations were similar between groups. The half-life of EPA in serum and neutrophils was significantly shorter in sepsis patients, whereas other half-life parameters did not vary significantly between healthy volunteers and sepsis patients. CONCLUSIONS While incorporation of n-3 FAs into PBMC and neutrophil membranes was relatively similar between healthy volunteers and sepsis patients receiving identical high doses of fish oil for one week, serum EPA and DHA were significantly lower in sepsis patients. These findings imply that serum concentrations and EPA and DHA may not be the dominant driver of leukocyte membrane incorporation of EPA and DHA. Furthermore, lower serum EPA and DHA concentrations suggest that either these n-3 FAs were being metabolized rapidly in sepsis patients or that absorption of enteral medications and pharmaconutrients, including fish oil, may be impaired in sepsis patients. If enteral absorption is impaired, doses of enteral medications administered to critically ill patients may be suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Parikh
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jason H T Bates
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Benjamin T Suratt
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Polly E Parsons
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - C Lawrence Kien
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Karen I Crain
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Julie Martin
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Renee D Stapleton
- University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Marchioni DM, de Oliveira MF, Carioca AAF, Miranda AAM, Carvalho AM, Oki E, Norde MM, Rogero MM, Damasceno NRT, Fisberg RM. Plasma fatty acids: Biomarkers of dietary intake? Nutrition 2019; 59:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yu X, Deng Q, Tang Y, Xiao L, Liu L, Yao P, Tang H, Dong X. Flaxseed Oil Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice by Rescuing the Adaption to ER Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10729-10740. [PMID: 30145885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated the benefits of α-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil (ALA-FO) against lipid metabolism abnormality in both rodent models and humans. However, the metabolic response of FO to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is still inconsistent. This study aimed to explore the effect of FO on chronic high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation, mainly focusing on hepatic n-3 fatty acid remodeling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response. The results showed that lard-based HFD feeding for 16 weeks (60% fat-derived calories) induced whole-body insulin resistance, lipid profile abnormality, and inflammation in mice, which was alleviated by FO in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, FO effectively improved hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice by modulating the specific location of ALA and its long-chain n-3 fatty acids across hepatic lipid fractions and enhancing insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of hepatic insulin receptor subtract-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine 632 and protein kinase B (AKT) ( p < 0.05). Importantly, the differential depositions of ALA and its long-chain n-3 fatty acids in plasma and ER membranes were observed, concomitant with the rescued ER unfolded protein response and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in mice liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Hu Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Xuyan Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, and Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
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Tsurutani Y, Inoue K, Sugisawa C, Saito J, Omura M, Nishikawa T. Increased Serum Dihomo-γ-linolenic Acid Levels Are Associated with Obesity, Body Fat Accumulation, and Insulin Resistance in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Intern Med 2018; 57:2929-2935. [PMID: 29877283 PMCID: PMC6232036 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0816-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the associations between serum omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials Data from 225 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes were cross-sectionally analyzed. The serum levels of n-6 PUFAs [dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA)] and n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) were measured, and the estimated Δ-5 desaturase (D5D) activity was calculated based on the AA to DGLA ratio. The associations between the composition of PUFAs and obesity-related parameters, including the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, alanine amino transferase (ALT) level, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and body fat percentage, as measured by a bioelectrical impedance analysis, were analyzed. Results Among the PUFAs, the DGLA level had the strongest correlations with BMI (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.001), ALT level (p<0.001), HOMA-IR (p<0.001), and body fat percentage (p<0.01). AA was positively correlated and D5D was negatively correlated with several obesity-related parameters, while n-3 PUFAs did not have a constant correlation. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the DGLA level was an independent determinant for HOMA-IR (β=0.195, p=0.0066) after adjusting for sex, age, BMI, and the ALT, triglyceride, and HbA1c levels. Conclusion A high serum DGLA level was associated with obesity, body fat accumulation, a high ALT level, and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. The measurement of the serum PUFA levels may be useful for evaluating metabolic abnormalities and estimating the dietary habits of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsurutani
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan
| | - Kosuke Inoue
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan
| | - Chiho Sugisawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan
| | - Jun Saito
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan
| | - Masao Omura
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan
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13
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Plasma Phosphatidylethanolamine and Triacylglycerol Fatty Acid Concentrations are Altered in Major Depressive Disorder Patients with Seasonal Pattern. Lipids 2017; 52:559-571. [PMID: 28439746 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in peripheral and brain lipid metabolism, including the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, these changes have yet to be confirmed in MDD with seasonal pattern (MDD-s), a subtype of recurrent MDD. The present exploratory study quantified plasma plasmalogen and diacyl-phospholipid species, and fatty acids within total phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids in non-medicated MDD-s participants (n = 9) during euthymia in summer or fall, and during depression in winter in order to screen for potential high sensitivity lipid biomarkers. Triacylglycerol alpha-linolenic acid concentration was significantly decreased, and myristoleic acid concentration was significantly increased, during winter depression compared to summer-fall euthymia. 1-stearyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, a diacyl-phospholipid containing stearic acid and DHA, was significantly decreased in winter depression. Concentrations of cholesteryl ester oleic acid and several polyunsaturated fatty acids between summer/fall and winter increased in proportion to the increase in depressive symptoms. The observed changes in lipid metabolic pathways in winter-type MDD-s offer new promise for lipid biomarker development.
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14
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A prospective study of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid, weight gain, and risk of becoming overweight or obese in middle-aged and older women. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:687-697. [PMID: 25820817 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ω3 and ω6 fatty acids (FA) may have divergent effects on the development of obesity. We examined the association of baseline erythrocyte ω3 and ω6 FA composition with body weight change and the risk of becoming overweight or obese in the Women's Health Study (WHS) participants. METHODS We identified 534 women who had baseline erythrocyte FA measured and a baseline body mass index (BMI) of 18.5-<25 kg/m(2). Body weight was updated at a total of six time points during follow-up. RESULTS Weight gain during a mean of 10.4-year follow-up increased with increasing quartiles of baseline erythrocyte cis ω6 FA, ω6/ω3 ratio, and trans FA while decreased with increasing cis ω3 FA. After multivariable adjustment including total energy intake and physical activity, the weight gain (kg) in the highest versus the lowest quartile was 3.08 versus 2.32 for erythrocyte cis ω6 FA (p trend 0.04), 2.07 versus 2.92 for cis ω3 FA (p trend 0.08), 2.93 versus 2.05 for ω6/ω3 ratio (p trend 0.046), and 3.03 versus 2.27 for trans FA (p trend 0.06). Among individual FA, the associations were significant for 18:2ω6, 18:3ω6, and trans 18:1 and marginally significant for 20:3ω6 and trans 18:2. The risk of becoming overweight or obese (defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m(2) at any follow-up time point) increased across increasing ω6/ω3 ratio (multivariable model p trend 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study, we found suggestive evidence that erythrocyte cis ω6 FA may be positively associated, and cis ω3 FA inversely associated with weight gain in initially normal-weight women.
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15
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Yamashita K, Higa M, Kunishita R, Kanazawa K, Tasaki M, Doi A, Yoshifuji A, Ichijo T, Ouchi H, Hirose T. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-014-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Astarita G, McKenzie JH, Wang B, Strassburg K, Doneanu A, Johnson J, Baker A, Hankemeier T, Murphy J, Vreeken RJ, Langridge J, Kang JX. A protective lipidomic biosignature associated with a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio in fat-1 transgenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96221. [PMID: 24760204 PMCID: PMC3997567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A balanced omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio has been linked to health benefits and the prevention of many chronic diseases. Current dietary intervention studies with different sources of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3) lack appropriate control diets and carry many other confounding factors derived from genetic and environmental variability. In our study, we used the fat-1 transgenic mouse model as a proxy for long-term omega-3 supplementation to determine, in a well-controlled manner, the molecular phenotype associated with a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio. The fat-1 mouse can convert omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs, which protect against a wide variety of diseases including chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Both wild-type (WT) and fat-1 mice were subjected to an identical diet containing 10% corn oil, which has a high omega-6 content similar to that of the Western diet, for a six-month duration. We used a multi-platform lipidomic approach to compare the plasma lipidome between fat-1 and WT mice. In fat-1 mice, an unbiased profiling showed a significant increase in the levels of unesterified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), EPA-containing cholesteryl ester, and omega-3 lysophosphospholipids. The increase in omega-3 lipids is accompanied by a significant reduction in omega-6 unesterified docosapentaenoic acid (omega-6 DPA) and DPA-containing cholesteryl ester as well as omega-6 phospholipids and triacylglycerides. Targeted lipidomics profiling highlighted a remarkable increase in EPA-derived diols and epoxides formed via the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathway in the plasma of fat-1 mice compared with WT mice. Integration of the results of untargeted and targeted analyses has identified a lipidomic biosignature that may underlie the healthful phenotype associated with a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio, and can potentially be used as a circulating biomarker for monitoring the health status and the efficacy of omega-3 intervention in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Astarita
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GA); (JXK)
| | - Jennifer H. McKenzie
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katrin Strassburg
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Doneanu
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jay Johnson
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Baker
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James Murphy
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rob J. Vreeken
- Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James Langridge
- Health Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GA); (JXK)
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Braeckman RA, Stirtan WG, Soni PN. Pharmacokinetics of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Plasma and Red Blood Cells After Multiple Oral Dosing With Icosapent Ethyl in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 3:101-108. [PMID: 26097787 PMCID: PMC4467252 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Icosapent ethyl (IPE) is a prescription form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester. This randomized, open-label study characterized EPA pharmacokinetics. Methods Four healthy subject groups received IPE for 28 days: three received 2 g/day (1 × 1,000 mg BID, 2 × 1,000 mg QD, or 2 × 500 mg BID); one received 4 g/day (2 × 1,000 mg BID) administered with meals. Blood sampling was before the morning dose on days 1, 14, 26, 28, and at specified intervals during an 18-day pharmacokinetic period. EPA was measured in plasma (total and unesterified) and red blood cells (RBCs) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results Mean plasma total EPA increased from 19 µg/mL to a peak (Cmax) of 366 µg/mL at 5 hours postdosing 4 g/day IPE on Day 28. Mean RBC EPA Cmax after 4 g/day was 89 µg/mL (baseline, 12 µg/mL). Mean steady state (SD) for half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution of total EPA were 79 (47) hours, 757 (283) mL/h, and 82 (56) L, respectively. Steady state for total and unesterified plasma EPA was reached by Day 28, whereas RBC levels were still increasing. Conclusions EPA pharmacokinetic profile demonstrated a slowly cleared, extensively distributed molecule with dose linearity and comparable exposures with BID and QD regimens.
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Nutritional properties of dietary omega-3-enriched phospholipids. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:965417. [PMID: 23984423 PMCID: PMC3747496 DOI: 10.1155/2013/965417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids regulate several physiological functions. However, to exert their properties, they have to be present in the diet in an optimal balance. Particular attention has been focused on tissue highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (HPUFAs) n-6/n-3 ratio, influenced by the type and the esterified form of dietary fatty acids. Dietary EPA and DHA when esterified to phospholipids (PLs) are more efficiently incorporated into tissue PLs and seem to possess peculiar properties through specific mechanism(s) of action, such as the capacity to affect endocannabinoid biosynthesis at much lower doses than EPA and DHA in triglyceride form, probably because of the above mentioned higher incorporation into tissue PLs. Downregulation of the endocannabinoid system seems to mediate the positive effects exerted by omega-3-enriched PLs on several parameters of metabolic syndrome. PLs are one of the major dietary forms of EPA and DHA we are exposed to with the everyday diet; therefore, it is not surprising that it guarantees an effective EPA and DHA nutritional activity. Future studies should address whether EPA and DHA in PL form are also more effective than other formulations in ameliorating other pathological conditions where n-3 HPUFAs seem to exert beneficial activities such as cancer and psychiatric disorders.
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Shiraishi M, Haruna M, Matsuzaki M, Murayama R, Yatsuki Y, Sasaki S. Estimation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intakes in pregnant Japanese women without nausea by using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Nutr Res 2013; 33:473-8. [PMID: 23746563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes during pregnancy affect fetal development and maternal mental health; therefore, an accurate assessment of EPA and DHA intakes is required. We hypothesized that a self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ) that was developed for non-pregnant adults could be used for estimating EPA and DHA intakes in pregnant Japanese women; thus, we evaluated the validity and reproducibility of the DHQ during pregnancy. We recruited 262 healthy participants with singleton pregnancies during their second trimester at a university hospital in Tokyo between June 2010 and July 2011. Plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA were measured as reference values. Fifty-eight women completed the DHQ twice, within a 4- to 5-week period to assess the reproducibility of the results. Among the participants without pregnancy-associated nausea (n = 180), significantly positive correlations were observed between energy-adjusted intakes and plasma concentrations of EPA (r(s) = 0.388), DHA (r(s) = 0.264), and EPA + DHA (r(s) = 0.328). More than 60% of the participants without nausea fell into the same or adjacent quintiles according to energy-adjusted intakes and plasma concentrations of EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA. Meanwhile, among the participants with nausea, a low correlation for EPA and no correlation for DHA and EPA + DHA were found. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the 2-time DHQ measurements were 0.691 (EPA) and 0.663 (DHA). The results indicate that the DHQ has an acceptable level of validity and reproducibility for assessing EPA, DHA, and EPA + DHA intakes in pregnant Japanese women without nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Shiraishi
- Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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20
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The fatty acid profile of the erythrocyte membrane in initial-onset inflammatory bowel disease patients. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1235-43. [PMID: 23306839 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The sudden change in the dietary habits of the Japanese population towards a European/American-style diet since the 1960s is thought to be responsible for the recent increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Japan. Dietary fatty acid intake influences the fatty acid profiles of vital cell membranes, which might be a source of inflammatory mediators. METHODS We investigated the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane in 90 healthy Japanese and 43 initial-onset IBD patients (ulcerative colitis, UC: 25; Crohn's disease, CD: 18) who had not undergone any dietary intervention to examine the role fatty acids play in the onset of IBD. RESULTS The erythrocyte membrane n-3/n-6 ratio of the initial-onset IBD patients was 0.42 ± 0.13, which was not significantly different from that of the healthy Japanese subjects (0.41 ± 0.13). However, the CD patients displayed a significantly lower mean percentage weight (MPW) of linoleic acid (LA) than the healthy subjects (8.25 ± 1.75 vs. 9.90 ± 1.29; p < 0.001), while their MPW of arachidonic acid (AA) was significantly higher than those of the healthy subjects and UC patients (11.22 ± 2.18 vs. 9.76 ± 1.64, p < 0.01; vs. 9.58 ± 1.97, p < 0.01, respectively). The mean delta 6-desaturation index of the CD patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy subjects (1.61 ± 0.65 vs. 1.11 ± 0.26; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The CD patients displayed significantly higher and lower MPW of AA and LA, respectively, than the healthy subjects, suggesting that delta 6-desaturase is hyperactivated in CD. The cell membrane fatty acid profile might be a therapeutic target in CD.
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Abstract
Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) are recommended for management of patients with wide-ranging chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, dementia, and depression. Increased consumption of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is recommended by many health authorities to prevent (up to 0.5 g/day) or treat chronic disease (1.0 g/day for coronary heart disease; 1.2–4 g/day for elevated triglyceride levels). Recommendations for dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFAs are often provided for α-linolenic acid, and for the combination of EPA and DHA. However, many studies have also reported differential effects of EPA, DHA and their metabolites in the clinic and at the laboratory bench. The aim of this article is to review studies that have identified divergent responses to EPA and DHA, and to explore reasons for these differences. In particular, we review potential contributing factors such as differential membrane incorporation, modulation of gene expression, activation of signaling pathways and metabolite formation. We suggest that there may be future opportunity to refine recommendations for intake of individual LC n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser D Russell
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4556, Australia.
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22
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Comparison of the incorporation of orally administered DHA into plasma, erythrocyte and cheek cell glycerophospholipids. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:962-8. [PMID: 22874641 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200222x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adequate intake of n-3 fatty acids plays an important role in human health. The analysis of various blood lipids is used as a measure of fatty acid status in humans. Cheek cell phospholipids (PL) have also been proposed as biological markers, but are rarely used in clinical studies due to limitations in sample quality and quantity. An improved method for the analysis of cheek cell glycerophospholipid fatty acids is applied in a 29 d supplementation trial with 510 mg DHA daily. The DHA increases in cheek cell, plasma and erythrocyte glycerophospholipids are compared. High correlations are shown for glycerophospholipid DHA between cheek cells and plasma (r 0·88) and erythrocytes (r 0·76) before study commencement. After the daily supplementation of DHA, the half-maximal glycerophospholipid DHA level is reached after about 4 d in plasma, 6 d in erythrocytes and 10 d in cheek cells. The mean DHA increase (mol%) relative to baseline was most prominent in plasma (186 %), followed by cheek cells (180 %) and erythrocytes (130 %). Considering a lag phase of about 5 d, cheek cells reflect short-term changes in dietary fat uptake. Based on the data of the present study, they can be used alternatively to plasma and erythrocyte PL as non-invasive n-3 fatty acid status markers.
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Wang L, Tsai M, Manson JE, Djousse L, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. Erythrocyte fatty acid composition is associated with the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. J Nutr 2011; 141:1691-7. [PMID: 21734059 PMCID: PMC3159054 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.138867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies have suggested different effects of various fats on blood pressure. However, epidemiologic evidence of these relations remains limited and inconsistent. We therefore assessed the association of fatty acid (FA) composition in erythrocyte membranes with the risk of hypertension. We selected 516 cases of incident hypertension and 516 matched controls during 12.9 y of follow-up in the Women's Health Study. Erythrocyte FA was measured in baseline bloods using GC. After controlling matching factors and lifestyle factors, erythrocyte SFA showed a positive association, whereas total cis PUFA, cis (n-3) PUFA, and the ratio of PUFA:SFA (PS ratio) showed an inverse association with the risk of hypertension. The multivariable RR of hypertension across the increasing quartiles of erythrocyte FA subtypes were 1.00, 1.19, 1.44, and 1.76 for total SFA; 1.00, 0.84, 0.88, and 0.56 for total cis PUFA; 1.00, 0.87, 0.66, and 0.65 for cis (n-3) PUFA; and 1.00, 0.99, 0.70, and 0.51 for the PS ratio. After further adjusting for obesity-related metabolic factors, these associations were attenuated and remained significant only for the PS ratio. cis MUFA, cis (n-6) PUFA, and trans unsaturated FA in erythrocyte membranes were not associated with the risk of hypertension. Our study showed that FA composition in erythrocyte membranes is associated with the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. However, after controlling for obesity-related metabolic factors, the associations remained significant only for the PS ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Luc Djousse
- Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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Uchiyama K, Nakamura M, Odahara S, Koido S, Katahira K, Shiraishi H, Ohkusa T, Fujise K, Tajiri H. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet therapy for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1696-707. [PMID: 20222122 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered important pharmaconutrients for modulating mucosal immunity and therapeutic responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated the influence of diet therapy involving the use of an "n-3 PUFA food exchange table" (n-3DP) on the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membranes of IBD patients and its remission-maintaining effects. METHODS We analyzed the fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane before and after n-3DP intervention in 20 initial-onset IBD patients who had not undergone any dietary intervention. We then analyzed it again and evaluated disease activity after 12-18 months intervention in 230 IBD patients (168 ulcerative colitis, 62 Crohn's disease; follow-up group) in whom n-3DP was introduced after remission had been achieved. The follow-up group was divided into remission and relapse groups. RESULTS In the 20 initial-onset patients, the mean n-3/n-6 ratio significantly increased after intervention (0.41 ± 0.16 versus 0.70 ± 0.20; P < 0.001). In the follow-up group the ratio in the remission group (n = 145) was significantly higher than that in the relapse group (n = 85) (0.65 ± 0.28 versus 0.53 ± 0.18; P < 0.001). The ratio significantly decreased in those who suffered a relapse after the beginning of treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS N-3DP significantly increased the erythrocyte membrane n-3/n-6 ratio in IBD patients, and this ratio was significantly higher in the remission group, suggesting that n-3DP alters the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane and influences clinical activity in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Uchiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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Hirota S, Adachi N, Gomyo T, Kawashima H, Kiso Y, Kawabata T. Low-dose arachidonic acid intake increases erythrocytes and plasma arachidonic acid in young women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 83:83-8. [PMID: 20580541 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (ARA) is considered to be a minor contributor to the diet. Previous reports regarding the effect of ARA supplementation on the composition of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in the blood of humans are extremely limited. In the present study, we conducted a crossover double-blind, placebo-control study. Twenty-three young Japanese women consumed one capsule containing triacylglycerol enriched with 80 mg ARA, equivalent to the amount in one egg, daily for 3 weeks. Blood samples were drawn before and after treatment periods, and the compositions of the LCPUFA in blood lipid fractions were measured. The supplementation of ARA increased the composition of ARA, but did not decrease the composition of n-3LCPUFA in erythrocyte phospholipids and plasma phospholipids, esterified cholesterol, and triacylglycerol. We found that dietary ARA increased the ARA level in all lipid fractions of the blood, even at a very low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hirota
- Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
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Subbaiah PV, Sircar D, Aizezi B, Mintzer E. Differential effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the biophysical and biochemical properties of model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1798:506-14. [PMID: 20004173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are known to exert several isomer-specific biological effects, but their mechanisms of action are unclear. In order to determine whether the physicochemical effects of CLA on membranes play a role in their isomer-specific effects, we synthesized phosphatidylcholines (PCs) with 16:0 at sn-1 position and one of four CLA isomers (trans 10 cis 12 (A), trans 9 trans 11 (B), cis 9 trans 11 (C), and cis 9 cis 11 (D)) at sn-2, and determined their biophysical properties in monolayers and bilayers. The surface areas of the PCs with the two natural CLA (A and C) were similar at all pressures, but they differed significantly in the presence of cholesterol, with PC-A condensing more than PC-C. Liposomes of PC-A similarly showed increased binding of cholesterol compared to PC-C liposomes. PC-A liposomes were less permeable to carboxyfluorescein compared to PC-C liposomes. The PC with two trans double bonds (B) showed the highest affinity to cholesterol and lowest permeability. The two natural CLA-PCs (A and C) stimulated lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity by 2-fold, whereas the unnatural CLA-PCs (B and D) were inhibitory. These results suggest that the differences in the biophysical properties of CLA isomers A and C may partly contribute to the known differences in their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papasani V Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1819 West Polk, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Ruiz-Rodriguez A, Reglero G, Ibañez E. Recent trends in the advanced analysis of bioactive fatty acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 51:305-26. [PMID: 19525080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary fats have been long associated to chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease; although some controversy still exists in the role of dietary fats in human health, certain fats have demonstrated their positive effect in the modulation of abnormal fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism, both of them associated to chronic diseases. Among the different fats, some fatty acids can be used as functional ingredients such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), stearidonic acid (STA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), among others. The present review is focused on recent developments in FAs analysis, covering sample preparation methods such as extraction, fractionation and derivatization as well as new advances in chromatographic methods such as GC and HPLC. Special attention is paid to trans fatty acids due its increasing interest for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Caracterización de Alimentos, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Rousset X, Vaisman B, Amar M, Sethi AA, Remaley AT. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase--from biochemistry to role in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:163-71. [PMID: 19306528 PMCID: PMC2910390 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328329233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss the latest findings on the biochemistry of lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the effect of LCAT on atherosclerosis, clinical features of LCAT deficiency, and the impact of LCAT on cardiovascular disease from human studies. RECENT FINDINGS Although there has been much recent progress in the biochemistry of LCAT and its effect on high-density lipoprotein metabolism, its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is still not fully understood. Studies from various animal models have revealed a complex interaction between LCAT and atherosclerosis that may be modified by diet and by other proteins that modify lipoproteins. Furthermore, the ability of LCAT to lower apoB appears to be the best way to predict its effect on atherosclerosis in animal models. Recent studies on patients with LCAT deficiency have shown a modest but significant increase in incidence of cardiovascular disease consistent with a beneficial effect of LCAT on atherosclerosis. The role of LCAT in the general population, however, has not revealed a consistent association with cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Recent research findings from animal and human studies have revealed a potential beneficial role of LCAT in reducing atherosclerosis but additional studies are necessary to better establish the linkage between LCAT and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rousset
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Boris Vaisman
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Marcelo Amar
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Amar A. Sethi
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, 10 Center Dr. Bldg. 10/2C-433, Bethesda, MD. 20814, , 301-402-9796
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Vaisman N, Kaysar N, Zaruk-Adasha Y, Pelled D, Brichon G, Zwingelstein G, Bodennec J. Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:1170-80. [PMID: 18469236 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence supports n-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation for patients with psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the exact metabolic fate of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on different glyceride carriers remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether conjugation of EPA and DHA to phospholipid (PL-n-3) or to triacylglycerol (fish oil; FO) affects their incorporation in blood compartments and influences executive functioning. DESIGN Children aged 8-13 y with impaired visual sustained attention performance received placebo, 250 mg/d EPA + DHA esterified to PL-n-3 (300 mg/d phosphatidylserine), or FO for 3 mo in a randomized double-blind manner. Main outcome measures included plasma and erythrocyte FA profile and continuous performance test results (Test of Variables of Attention; TOVA). RESULTS Sixty of the 83 children enrolled completed the interventions (n = 18-21 per group). There was an enrichment of EPA (1.5-2.2-fold), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 1.2-fold), and DHA (1.3-fold) in the PL fraction in the plasma of FO- and PL-n-3-fed children. In erythrocytes, only PL-n-3 resulted in a significant reduction (approximately 30%) of very-long-chain saturated FAs (C20-24) and in an increase (1.2- and 2.2-fold, respectively) in linoleic acid and DPA. Total TOVA scores increased in the PL-n-3 (mean +/- SD: 3.35 +/- 1.86) and FO (1.72 +/- 1.67) groups but not in the placebo group (-0.42 +/- 2.51) (PL-n-3 > FO > placebo; P < 0.001). A significant correlation between the alterations in FAs and increased TOVA scores mainly occurred in the PL-n-3 group. CONCLUSION Consumption of EPA+DHA esterified to different carriers had different effects on the incorporation of these FAs in blood fractions and on the visual sustained attention performance in children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00382616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachum Vaisman
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Fielding BA. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:348-80. [PMID: 18435934 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 918] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of fat intake is essential to examine the relationships between diet and disease risk but the process of estimating individual intakes of fat quality by dietary assessment is difficult. Tissue and blood fatty acids, because they are mainly derived from the diet, have been used as biomarkers of dietary intake for a number of years. We review evidence from a wide variety of cross-sectional and intervention studies and summarise typical values for fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and blood lipids and changes that can be expected in response to varying dietary intake. Studies in which dietary intake was strictly controlled confirm that fatty acid biomarkers can complement dietary assessment methodologies and have the potential to be used more quantitatively. Factors affecting adipose tissue and blood lipid composition are discussed, such as the physical properties of triacylglycerol, total dietary fat intake and endogenous fatty acid synthesis. The relationship between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and total plasma fatty acid composition, and the use of fatty acid ratios as indices of enzyme activity are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Arterburn LM, Hall EB, Oken H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1467S-1476S. [PMID: 16841856 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1467s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 Fatty acids have important visual, mental, and cardiovascular health benefits throughout the life cycle. Biodistribution, interconversion, and dose response data are reviewed herein to provide a basis for more rational n-3 dose selections. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the principal n-3 fatty acid in tissues and is particularly abundant in neural and retinal tissue. Limited storage of the n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue suggests that a continued dietary supply is needed. A large proportion of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is oxidized, and because of limited interconversion of n-3 fatty acids in humans, ALA supplementation does not result in appreciable accumulation of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in plasma. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but not DHA concentrations in plasma increase in response to dietary EPA. Dietary DHA results in a dose-dependent, saturable increase in plasma DHA concentrations and modest increases in EPA concentrations. Plasma DHA concentrations equilibrate in approximately 1 mo and then remain at steady state throughout supplementation. DHA doses of approximately 2 g/d result in a near maximal plasma response. Both dietary DHA and EPA reduce plasma arachidonic acid concentrations. Tissue contents of DHA and EPA also increase in response to supplementation with these fatty acids. Human milk contents of DHA are dependent on diet, and infant DHA concentrations are determined by their dietary intake of this fatty acid. We conclude that the most predictable way to increase a specific long-chain n-3 fatty acid in plasma, tissues, or human milk is to supplement with the fatty acid of interest.
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. HM, . GC, . KW, . BL, . DM, . JS, . HJ. Relation Between Serum Cholesterol Level, Lipoprotein Concentration and Carcass Characteristics in Genetically Lean and Fat Chicken Breeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2006.616.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mamalakis G, Kalogeropoulos N, Andrikopoulos N, Hatzis C, Kromhout D, Moschandreas J, Kafatos A. Depression and long chain n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue in adults from Crete. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:882-8. [PMID: 16465199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only one study has investigated the relationship of essential fatty acids in the adipose tissue with depression in adults and suggested an inverse relationship between docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) (DHA) and depression. OBJECTIVE To examine the relation between adipose tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids especially n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, an index of long-term or habitual fatty acid intake, and depression in adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of healthy adults from the island of Crete. SETTING The Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, Greece. SUBJECTS A total of 130 healthy adults (59 males, 71 females) aged 22-58 years. The sample was a sub-sample of the Greek ApoEurope study group. METHODS Fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography in adipose tissue. Information about depression was obtained through the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. RESULTS Adipose tissue DHA was inversely related with depression. Multiple linear regression analysis taking into account the possible confounding effect of age, gender, body mass index, smoking and educational level confirmed this association. CONCLUSIONS The inverse relationship between adipose DHA and depression in adults, replicates findings of a previous study. This relationship indicates that a low long-term dietary intake of DHA is associated with an increased risk for depression in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mamalakis
- Department of Social Medicine Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Maki KC, Van Elswyk ME, McCarthy D, Hess SP, Veith PE, Bell M, Subbaiah P, Davidson MH. Lipid Responses to a Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplement in Men and Women with Below Average Levels of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24:189-99. [PMID: 15930485 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess fasting lipid responses to a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplement in men and women with below-average levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial included 57 subjects, 21-80 years of age, with fasting HDL cholesterol concentrations < or =44 mg/dL (men) and < or =54 mg/dL (women), but > or =35 mg/dL. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 1.52 g/day DHA from capsules containing DHA-rich algal triglycerides or olive oil (control) for six weeks. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups in baseline lipid values. The DHA supplemented group showed significant changes [-43 (DHA) vs. -14 (controls) mg/dL, p = 0.015] and percent changes [-21% (DHA) vs. -7% (controls), p = 0.009] in triglycerides, total (12 vs. 3 mg/dL; p = 0.021 and 6% vs. 2%; p = 0.018) and low-density lipoprotein (17 vs. 3 mg/dL; p = 0.001 and 12% vs. 3%; p = 0.001) cholesterol concentrations, and in the triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio (-1.33 vs. -0.50, p = 0.010), compared with controls. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of LDL cholesterol carried by small, dense particles in the DHA supplemented group (changes = -10% vs. -3%, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 1.52 g/d of DHA in men and women with below-average HDL cholesterol concentrations raised the LDL cholesterol level, but had favorable effects on triglycerides, the triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio and the fraction of LDL cholesterol carried by small, dense particles. Further research is warranted to evaluate the net impact of these alterations on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Maki
- M.D., Radiant Development, 515 N. State St., 27th Floor, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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Subbaiah PV, Sowa JM, Davidson MH. Evidence for altered positional specificity of LCAT in vivo: studies with docosahexaenoic acid feeding in humans. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:2245-51. [PMID: 15466370 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400197-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The percentage of saturated cholesteryl esters (CEs) synthesized by human LCAT is several times higher than expected from the sn-2 acyl composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC), whereas the synthesis of 20:4 CE and 22:6 CE is much lower than expected. To explain these discrepancies, we proposed that LCAT transfers some saturated fatty acids from the sn-1 position of PC species that contain 20:4 or 22:6 at sn-2. The present studies provide in vivo evidence for this hypothesis. We determined the composition and synthesis of CE species in plasma of volunteers before and after a 6 week dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (22:6; DHA). In addition to an increase in the DHA content of all plasma lipids, there was a significant (+12%; P <0.005) increase of 16:0 CE, although there was no increase in 16:0 at sn-2 of PC. The increase of DHA in CE was much lower than its increase at sn-2 of PC. Ex vivo synthesis of CE species in plasma showed a significant (+24%; P <0.005) increase in the synthesis of 16:0 CE after DHA supplementation, which correlated positively with the increase of 22:6, but not of 16:0, at sn-2 of PC. These results show that the positional specificity of human LCAT is altered when the concentration of 16:0-22:6 PC is increased by DHA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papasani V Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Wright AS, Bauer JE, Bigley KE, Lees GE, Waldron MK. Maternal dietary fatty acids modify canine puppy plasma lipoprotein distributions during the suckling period. J Nutr 2004; 134:2106S-2109S. [PMID: 15284411 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.2106s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Shanna Wright
- Comparative Nutrition Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Maki K, Davidson M, Dicklin M, Ingram K, Cyrowski M, Umporowicz D, Bell M, Elliott J. Bioavailability of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Salmon Patties Compared with Capsules. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb08238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gesquiere L, Cho W, Subbaiah PV. Role of group IIa and group V secretory phospholipases A(2) in the metabolism of lipoproteins. Substrate specificities of the enzymes and the regulation of their activities by sphingomyelin. Biochemistry 2002; 41:4911-20. [PMID: 11939786 DOI: 10.1021/bi015757x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although many isoforms of secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)) are known to be secreted by various inflammatory cells, and are present in plasma, their role in lipoprotein metabolism is unknown. We studied the in vitro hydrolysis of lipoprotein phospholipids by group IIa and group V sPLA(2), two structurally related enzymes with differing phospholipid specificities. The group V sPLA(2) was about 30 times more efficient than the group IIa enzyme in the hydrolysis of lipoprotein phosphatidylcholine (PC), and both enzymes were more active on high density liporotein (HDL) than on low density lipoprotein (LDL). The lower activity on LDL appears to be due to the higher sphingomyelin (SPH) concentration in this lipoprotein. PC hydrolysis in lipoproteins was stimulated significantly by enzymatic depletion of their SPH. The hydrolysis of PC in liposomes was inhibited by the incorporation of SPH, and this inhibition was reversed by treatment with sphingomyelinase. The incorporation of ceramide, on the other hand, stimulated the sPLA(2) activity significantly. Unlike most sPLA(2), which show no fatty acid preference, group V sPLA(2) released disproportionately more linoleate, and less arachidonate from lipoproteins. These studies show that group V sPLA(2) is physiologically more important than group IIa enzyme in lipoprotein metabolism, that the sPLA(2) activities are regulated by sphingomyelin and ceramide, and that the pathological effects of sPLA(2) may not be mediated through stimulation of eicosanoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Gesquiere
- Department of Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Mossab A, Guillaumin S, Lessire M, Milliat F, Hermier D. Plasma lipoprotein distribution in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 130:227-35. [PMID: 11544093 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasma lipoprotein profile has been determined in fasted 7-week-old male turkeys. Lipoprotein classes were subfractionated by density gradient ultracentrifugation. According to phospholipid concentration over the density gradient, an initial peak was visible in the usual LDL density range, whereas two peaks were detected in that of HDL. As density increased, the lipid composition of particles showed an increase in cholesteryl esters and decrease in triglycerides. VLDL were recovered in the first fraction (d<1.013) on the top of the gradient and IDL in fractions 2-5 (d=1.013-1.028 g/ml). The LDL and HDL populations in the density range 1.028-1.090 (fractions 6-12) differ from that found in the other bird species analyzed under the same experimental conditions. LDL predominated in fractions 6-8 with mostly beta-motility and apoB100 as the major protein component. HDL predominated in fractions 10-12 (d=1.055-1.090 g/ml) and corresponded to the first HDL peak (HDL-(A)), with mostly alpha-mobility and apoA-I as the major protein component. Both LDL- and HDL-like particle populations were present in fractions 6-12, making the separation between the two classes of lipoproteins difficult. The second peak in the HDL density range (HDL-(B), d=1.076-1.146 g/ml) contained only HDL-type particles above d=1.090 g/ml. This points out the specificity of the lipoprotein distribution in the turkey that is unique among animals. The density limit at d=1.048 g/ml is a good compromise for the separation of LDL from HDL; however, the presence of HDL-like particles in the LDL density range, and the existence of two, and even three HDL subclasses should be taken into account in the design of further metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mossab
- INRA, Station de Recherches Avicoles, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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41
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Kitessa S, Gulati S, Ashes J, Fleck E, Scott T, Nichols P. Utilisation of fish oil in ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(00)00233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blair TA, Cree A, Skeaff CM, Grimmond NM. Physiological effects of a fish oil supplement on captive juvenile tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Physiol Biochem Zool 2000; 73:177-91. [PMID: 10801396 DOI: 10.1086/316731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tuatara (Sphenodon, Order Sphenodontia) are rare New Zealand reptiles whose conservation involves captive breeding. Wild tuatara eat seabirds, which contain high levels of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are absent from the captive diet, and consequently, plasma fatty acid composition of wild and captive tuatara differs. This study investigated the effects of incorporating EPA and DHA into the diet of captive juvenile tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) in an attempt to replicate the plasma fatty acid composition of wild tuatara. Tuatara receiving a fish oil supplement containing EPA and DHA showed overall changes in their plasma fatty acid composition. Phospholipid EPA and DHA increased markedly, reaching 10.0% and 5.9 mol%, respectively, by 18 mo (cf. </=0.9% in controls). A reduced dosage from 18 to 24 mo probably still provided a higher n-3 PUFA content than the diet of wild juveniles. The fish oil supplement had no significant effects over 2 yr on growth rate, food conversion efficiency, or metabolism compared with controls; all juveniles survived and grew. Further study is required to determine whether a fish oil supplement would have long-term benefits for captive tuatara.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Zuijdgeest-van Leeuwen SD, Dagnelie PC, Rietveld T, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH. Incorporation and washout of orally administered n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters in different plasma lipid fractions. Br J Nutr 1999; 82:481-8. [PMID: 10690163 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114599001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to quantify the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into plasma lipids after oral administration of n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters, since little is known about the rate and pattern of incorporation into plasma lipid fractions. In addition, we aimed to obtain preliminary information regarding EPA half-life, which is needed to establish an optimal dosing schedule. Five healthy volunteers ingested two 8.5 g doses of n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters daily for 7 d, supplying 6.0 g EPA/d and 5.3 g DHA/d. The fatty acid compositions of plasma phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters (CE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) were determined during supplementation and during a washout period of 7 d. Half-lives of EPA and DHA were calculated. The proportion of EPA in PL showed a 15-fold increase after 7 d (P < 0.001), while DHA showed a smaller increase (P < 0.01). In CE, EPA also increased (P < 0.05), while DHA did not increase at all. Remarkably, incorporation of DHA into TAG was even higher than that of EPA. Half-life of EPA in PL ranged from 1.63 to 2.31 d (mean 1.97 (SE 0.15) d), whereas mean half-life of EPA in CE was 3.27 (SE 0.56) d. In three subjects, washout of EPA and DHA from TAG seemed to follow a bi-exponential pattern, with a short half-life (< 1 d) in the initial phase and a half-life of several days in the second phase. In conclusion, EPA ethyl esters are rapidly incorporated into plasma lipids, especially into PL. The relatively long half-life of EPA in plasma would permit a dosing schedule with intervals of > or = 12 h in supplementation studies.
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Lemaitre-Delaunay D, Pachiaudi C, Laville M, Pousin J, Armstrong M, Lagarde M. Blood compartmental metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans after ingestion of a single dose of [13C]DHA in phosphatidylcholine. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jonas
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine at Urban-Champaign, University of Illinois 61801, USA
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Vognild E, Elvevoll EO, Brox J, Olsen RL, Barstad H, Aursand M, Osterud B. Effects of dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition, platelet membrane fluidity, platelet responses, and serum lipids in healthy humans. Lipids 1998; 33:427-36. [PMID: 9590631 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of various dietary marine oils and olive oil on fatty acid composition of serum and platelets and effects on platelets and serum lipids were investigated as part of an extensive study of the effects of these oils on parameters associated with cardiovascular/thrombotic diseases. Healthy volunteers (266) consumed 15 mL/d of cod liver oil (CLO); whale blubber oil (refined or unrefined); mixtures of seal blubber oil and CLO; or olive oil/CLO for 12 wk. In the CLO, seal oil/CLO, and whale oil groups, serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were increased. In platelets, EPA was increased in the CLO, seal/CLO, and olive oil/CLO groups. The localization of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the triacylglycerols did not seem to influence their absorption. Intake of oleic acid is poorly reflected in serum and platelets. No significant differences in triacylglycerols (TG), total cholesterol, or high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed, even though TG were reduced in the CLO, CLO/seal oil, and whale oil groups. Mean platelet volume increased significantly in both whale oil groups and the CLO/olive oil group. Platelet count was significantly reduced in the refined whale oil group only. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood tended to generate less thromboxane B2 in CLO, CLO/seal, and CLO/olive groups. The whale oils tended to reduce in vivo release of beta-thromboglobulin. In conclusion, intake of various marine oils causes changes in platelet membranes that are favorably antithrombotic. The combination of CLO and olive oil may produce better effects than these oils given separately. The changes in platelet function are directly associated with alterations of fatty acid composition in platelet membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vognild
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Liu M, Clair RWS, Subbaiah PV. Impaired function of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau pigeons: possible effects on metabolism of oxidized phospholipids. J Lipid Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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48
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Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van Birgelen AP, Penders M, Zegwaard M. Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesteryl esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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49
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Roulet M, Frascarolo P, Pilet M, Chapuis G. Effects of intravenously infused fish oil on platelet fatty acid phospholipid composition and on platelet function in postoperative trauma. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21:296-301. [PMID: 9323693 DOI: 10.1177/0148607197021005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effect of IV infusion of fish oil emulsion on the fatty acid profiles of platelet phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and on platelet function in postoperative patients. METHODS Over a 7-day period, 10 patients received a 20% soybean fat emulsion with an added 10% marine fish oil emulsion, whereas 9 controls received only 20% soybean fat emulsion. RESULTS By comparison with controls, in patients receiving fish oil, (1) a large increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) was observed in both platelet phosphatidylcholine (1.55% +/- 0.17% vs 0.38% +/- 0.06% by weight, p < .01) and phosphatidylethanolamine 2.21% +/- 0.18% vs 0.66% +/- 0.08% by weight, p < .01); (2) eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3)/arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) ratios doubled in both platelet phosphatidylcholine (p < .01) and phosphatidylethanolamine (p < .05); (3) with collagen as aggregating factor, maximal reaction speed decreased (p < .02) and latency increased (p < .002); and (4) no toxic effect, in particular no increase of postoperative bleeding and no perturbation of hepatic and renal function, was observed during the fish oil infusion. CONCLUSIONS A short-term IV infusion of fish oil clearly modifies the platelet composition and changes some parameters of platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roulet
- Nutrition Unit, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Sugiyama K, Yamakawa A, Saeki S. Correlation of suppressed linoleic acid metabolism with the hypocholesterolemic action of eritadenine in rats. Lipids 1997; 32:859-66. [PMID: 9270978 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dose-dependent effects of dietary eritadenine on the metabolism of linoleic acid and on the plasma cholesterol concentration were investigated to clarify the mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic action of eritadenine in rats. Rats were fed control or eritadenine-supplemented (2 to 20 mg/kg) diets for 14 d. Eritadenine supplementation significantly decreased both the plasma cholesterol concentration and the 20:4n-6/18:2n-6 ratio of liver microsomal and plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a dose-dependent manner. Eritadenine was also found to decrease the activity of delta 6 desaturase in liver microsomes; there was significant correlation between the delta 6-desaturase activity and the 20:4n-6/18:2n-6 ratio in the PC of liver microsomes (r = 0.989, P < 0.001) or plasma (r = 0.986, P < 0.001). Certain plasma PC molecular species, as represented by 16:0-18.2, were increased by eritadenine in a dose-dependent manner, and certain plasma PC molecular species, as represented by 18:0-20:4, were conversely decreased by eritadenine. There was a significant correlation between the plasma total cholesterol concentration and the proportion of the sum of plasma PC molecular species which contain 18:1 or 18:2 in the sn-2 position. These results support the idea that the suppression of linoleic acid metabolism by eritadenine might be associated with the hypocholesterolemic action of eritadenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Japan.
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