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Gillespie KM, White MJ, Kemps E, Moore H, Dymond A, Bartlett SE. The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 38201905 PMCID: PMC10780393 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A relationship between excessive sugar consumption and cognitive function has been described in animal models, but the specific effects of sugars in humans remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current knowledge, research characteristics, and quality of evidence of studies investigating the impacts of free and added sugars on human cognition in healthy participants. The review identified 77 studies (65 experimental trials, n = 3831; 9 cross-sectional studies, n = 11,456; and 3 cohort studies, n = 2059). All cohort studies and eight of the nine cross-sectional studies found significant positive correlations between added sugar consumption and risk of cognitive impairment. Four studies identified reduced risk of cognitive impairment associated with natural fructose-containing foods. The majority of randomised control trials assessed short-term glucose facilitation effects on cognitive outcomes. The results from these studies suggest the need for a tightly regulated blood glucose level, dependent on individualised physiological factors, for optimal cognitive function. A meta-analysis of a subset of studies that assessed the impact of glucose on recall found improvements in immediate free recall compared to controls (p = 0.002). The findings highlight the potentially detrimental effect of excessive, long-term, or prenatal added sugar consumption on cognitive function. Further research is needed to examine the specific effects of free and added sugars on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Gillespie
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Melanie J. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Eva Kemps
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Halim Moore
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Alexander Dymond
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
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The Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040889. [PMID: 36839247 PMCID: PMC9966020 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of nutrition in human health has been understood for over a century. However, debate is ongoing regarding the role of added and free sugars in physiological and neurological health. In this narrative review, we have addressed several key issues around this debate and the major health conditions previously associated with sugar. We aim to determine the current evidence regarding the role of free sugars in human health, specifically obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognition, and mood. We also present some predominant theories on mechanisms of action. The findings suggest a negative effect of excessive added sugar consumption on human health and wellbeing. Specific class and source of carbohydrate appears to greatly influence the impact of these macronutrients on health. Further research into individual effects of carbohydrate forms in diverse populations is needed to understand the complex relationship between sugar and health.
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Dalile B, Kim C, Challinor A, Geurts L, Gibney ER, Galdos MV, La Fata G, Layé S, Mathers JC, Vauzour D, Verkuyl JM, Thuret S. The EAT-Lancet reference diet and cognitive function across the life course. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e749-e759. [PMID: 36087605 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The EAT-Lancet Commission devised a sustainable reference diet with the aim of reducing the incidence of non-communicable diseases and mortality globally while improving food system sustainability. The extent to which the reference diet supports cognitive function across the life course, however, has not yet been evaluated. This Review assesses the evidence for diet supporting cognitive function from childhood into old age. A comprehensive but non-exhaustive literature search was done, synthesising studies that investigated the effect of whole foods on cognition in healthy, community-dwelling human participants. We found that the current evidence base is weak with mixed conclusions and multiple methodological caveats, which precludes strong conclusions pertaining to the suitability of dietary recommendations for each food group per age group. Long-term intervention and prospective cohort studies are needed to reduce this knowledge deficit. Revising dietary recommendations with the aim of maintaining an adequate nutrient intake to sustain healthy cognitive function across the life course could be worthwhile. This Review outlines recommendations for future work to help improve the current knowledge deficit regarding dietary intake and cognitive function across the life course and its implications for dietary guidelines such as the EAT-Lancet Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Dalile
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Curie Kim
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andy Challinor
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Institute of Food Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcelo V Galdos
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Giorgio La Fata
- Health Nutrition and Care Innovation, Global Research and Development Center, DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Martin Verkuyl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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The impact of glycaemic load on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis and guiding principles for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104824. [PMID: 35963545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of breakfast glycaemic load (GL) on cognition was systematically examined. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials were identified using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library (up to May 2022). 15 studies involving adults (aged 20 - 80 years) were included. Studies had a low risk, or some concerns, of bias. A random-effects meta-analysis model revealed no effect of GL on cognition up to 119 min post-consumption. However, after 120 min, immediate episodic memory scores were better following a low-GL compared to a high-GL (SMD = 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.00 to 0.32, p = 0.05, I2 = 5%). Subgroup analyses indicated that the benefit was greater in younger adults (<35 years) and those with better GT. A qualitative synthesis of 16 studies involving children and adolescents (aged 5 - 17 years) suggested that a low-GL breakfast may also benefit episodic memory and attention after 120 min. Methodological practises were identified which could explain a failure to detect benefits in some studies. Consequently, guiding principles were developed to optimise future study design.
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Xu SM, Pan BL, Gao D, Zhang YW, Huan JP, Han X, Song J, Wang LP, Zhang HF, Niu Q, Lu XT. Blood glucose mediated the effects of cognitive function impairment related to aluminum exposure in Chinese aluminum smelting workers. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:282-289. [PMID: 35679993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT To explore the effects of occupational aluminum exposure on workers' cognitive function and blood glucose concentration, and to analyze whether blood glucose concentration can mediate the cognitive changes caused by aluminum. METHOD Our study recruited 375 workers from an aluminum factory in northern China. We collected the fasting elbow venous blood of the workers, measured their fasting blood glucose concentration (FBG), and used ICP-MS to determine plasma aluminum concentration (P-Al) as an indicator of internal exposure. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), was used to assess the cognitive function of workers. Generalized linear model was used to analyze the association of P-Al with cognitive function and blood glucose concentration, and the restricted cubic spline model was used to fit the dose-response relationship. We also conducted a mediation effect analysis. RESULT We observed the dose-response relationship, that is, as the P-Al increased, sum of MoCA, visuospatial/executive, naming, language, and abstraction scores decreased, and the blood glucose concentration increased. For every e-fold increase in P-Al, sum of MoCA, visuospatial/executive, naming, language, and abstraction scores decreased by 0.328 points, 0.120 points, 0.059 points, 0.060 points, and 0.083 points, respectively, and FBG rose by 0.109 mmol/L. FBG has a significant mediating effect between P-Al and sum of MoCA (P for mediator=0.042), and it could explain 10.7% of the effect of cognitive level related to P-Al. CONCLUSION Occupational aluminum exposure negatively affected the cognitive function of workers and positively affected FBG. FBG may partially explain the impact of occupational aluminum exposure on workers' cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Meng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Peace Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, China
| | - Bao-Long Pan
- Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (General hospital of Tisco), China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yun-Wei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jia-Ping Huan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lin-Ping Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Shang X, Hill E, Zhu Z, Liu J, Ge Z, Wang W, He M. Macronutrient Intake and Risk of Dementia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:791-804. [PMID: 34864666 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between macronutrient intake and incident dementia. OBJECTIVE To identify an optimal range of macronutrient intake associated with reduced risk of dementia. METHODS Our analysis included 93,389 adults aged 60-75 years from the UK Biobank. Diet was assessed using a web-based 24-h recall questionnaire between 2009-2012. Dementia was ascertained using hospital inpatient, death records, and self-reported data up to January 2021. We calculated a macronutrient score based on associations between an individual's macronutrient intake and incident dementia. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 8.7 years, 1,171 incident dementia cases were documented. We found U-shape relationships for carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake with incident dementia. Compared to individuals with optimal carbohydrate intake, those with high intake (HR (95%CI): 1.48(1.15-1.91)) but not low intake (1.19(0.89-1.57)) had a higher risk of dementia. In the multivariable analysis, a low-fat intake (HR (95%CI): 1.42(1.11-1.82)) was associated with a higher risk of all-cause dementia. After adjustment for covariates, a high (HR (95%CI): 1.41(1.09-1.83)) but not low protein intake (1.22(0.94-1.57)) was associated with an increased risk of dementia. Individuals in quintiles 3-5 of optimal macronutrient score had a lower risk of dementia compared with those in quintile 1 (HR (95%CI): 0.76(0.64-0.91) for quintile 3, 0.71(0.60-0.85) for quintile 4, 0.74(0.61-0.91) for quintile 5). The association between macronutrient score and incident dementia was significant across subgroups of age, gender, education, and smoking. CONCLUSION Moderate intakes of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were associated with the lowest risk of incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Shang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward Hill
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zongyuan Ge
- Monash e-Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Airdoc Research, Nvidia AI Technology Research Center, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingguang He
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Peripheral versus central insulin and leptin resistance: Role in metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuropharmacology 2021; 203:108877. [PMID: 34762922 PMCID: PMC8642294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and leptin are classically regarded as peptide hormones that play key roles in metabolism. In actuality, they serve several functions in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, insulin and leptin resistance can occur both peripherally and centrally. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity share several key features including insulin and leptin resistance. While the peripheral effects of these disorders are well-known (i.e. cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, etc.), the CNS complications of leptin and insulin resistance have come into sharper focus. Both preclinical and clinical findings have indicated that insulin and leptin resistance are associated with cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Importantly, these studies also suggest that these deficits in neuroplasticity can be reversed by restoration of insulin and leptin sensitivity. In view of these observations, this review will describe, in detail, the peripheral and central functions of insulin and leptin and explain the role of insulin and leptin resistance in various metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Muda R, Sawicki P, Ginszt M. Perceived food palatability, blood glucose level and future discounting: Lack of evidence for blood glucose level's impact on reward discounting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255484. [PMID: 34370769 PMCID: PMC8351949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some previous studies have shown that an increase in blood glucose level makes people more future oriented, however, results are inconsistent, other studies failing to replicate this effect. Here, we tested whether psychological factors (in this instance, perception of food pleasantness after consumption of more palatable or less palatable meal) can play a moderating role. We hypothesized that consuming more palatable food (perceived as rewarding) should cause blood glucose levels to affect future discounting, but that this should not occur for the consumption of less palatable food. A high-powered, independent groups experiment (N = 149, power β = .90) showed that, subsequent to performing an initial discounting task, the two groups consuming a meal (a control group consumed no meal) displayed a significant increase in blood glucose levels 10 minutes after meal consumption and just before repeating the discounting task. However, the increased blood glucose levels did not cause changes in delay discounting in either experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Przemysław Sawicki
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Ginszt
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Shang X, Hill E, Li Y, He M. Energy and macronutrient intakes at breakfast and cognitive declines in community-dwelling older adults: a 9-year follow-up cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1093-1103. [PMID: 33675345 PMCID: PMC8106757 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether breakfast consumption and breakfast composition are independently associated with changes in cognition over a long-term period in older adults. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the associations between energy and macronutrient intakes at breakfast and cognitive declines. METHODS We included 2935 participants aged 55-93 y at baseline from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in our analysis. Cognition was assessed in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2015. Dietary intake was assessed using weighing methods in combination with 24-h food records. RESULTS Breakfast contributed to 25.9% of total energy intake of the day and percentages of breakfast energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates were 12.8%, 11.5%, and 75.7%, respectively. During a median follow-up of 9 y, the β values for changes in global cognitive z-scores for Quintile 5 of protein and fat intakes at breakfast, with Quintile 1 as the reference, were 0.13 (95% CI: 0.01-0.25) and 0.17 (95% CI: 0.04-0.30), respectively. Substitution of 5% energy from carbohydrates with equivalent energy from protein (β, 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.11) or fat (β, 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02-0.08) at breakfast was positively associated with the change in the global cognitive z-score. Energy intake at breakfast was not significantly associated with the global cognitive z-score. Similar results were found for the verbal memory z-score. The positive association of breakfast fat intake and the inverse association of breakfast carbohydrate intake with cognitive declines were stronger in urban residents. CONCLUSIONS Higher intakes of protein and fat and lower intake of carbohydrates at breakfast were associated with a lower rate of cognitive decline in older adults. Substitution of carbohydrates with protein or fat intake at breakfast may help to delay or prevent cognitive declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guandong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edward Hill
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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High Glycemic Load Is Associated with Cognitive Decline in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Carriers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123619. [PMID: 33255701 PMCID: PMC7761247 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a high glycemic load (GL) diet is a risk factor for dementia, especially among apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4) carriers, while its association with cognitive decline is poorly known. Here, we investigated the association of high-GL meals with cognitive decline in older adults during a 12-year follow-up, according to their APOE4 carrier status. We used random-effect models and data from 2539 elderly participants from the Three-City study who completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to longitudinally assess the association of GL with changes in different cognitive domains (verbal fluency, visual memory, attention, visual motor processing speed, episodic memory). In APOE4 carriers, afternoon snack with high GL was significantly associated with cognitive decline in visual memory, episodic memory, and global cognition compared with APOE4 non-carriers. This study suggests a detrimental association between a high-GL diet and cognitive decline. The promotion of a low GL diet as a target to prevent cognitive decline in high-risk populations deserves more research.
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Western diet, obesity and bariatric surgery sequentially modulated anxiety, eating patterns and brain responses to sucrose in adult Yucatan minipigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20130. [PMID: 33208772 PMCID: PMC7676239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatable sweet/fatty foods overconsumption is a major risk factor for obesity and eating disorders, also having an impact on neuro-behavioural hedonic and cognitive components comparable to what is described for substance abuse. We hypothesized that Yucatan minipigs would show hedonic, cognitive, and affective neuro-behavioral shifts when subjected to western diet (WD) exposure without weight gain, after the onset of obesity, and finally after weight loss induced by caloric restriction with (RYGB) or without (Sham) gastric bypass. Eating behavior, cognitive and affective abilities were assessed with a spatial discrimination task (holeboard test) and two-choice feed tests. Brain responses to oral sucrose were mapped using 18F-FDG positron emission tomography. WD exposure impaired working memory and led to an “addiction-type” neuronal pattern involving hippocampal and cortical brain areas. Obesity induced anxiety-like behavior, loss of motivation, and snacking-type eating behavior. Weight loss interventions normalized the motivational and affective states but not eating behavior patterns. Brain glucose metabolism increased in gustatory (insula) and executive control (aPFC) areas after weight loss, but RYGB showed higher responses in inhibition-related areas (dorsal striatum). These results showed that diet quality, weight loss, and the type of weight loss intervention differently impacted brain responses to sucrose in the Yucatan minipig model.
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Braga SP, Delanogare E, Machado AE, Prediger RD, Moreira ELG. Switching from high-fat feeding (HFD) to regular diet improves metabolic and behavioral impairments in middle-aged female mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112969. [PMID: 33075395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity represents a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. Excessive caloric intake, particularly in dietary fats, is an environmental factor that contributes to obesity development. Thus, the observation that switching from long-standing dietary obesity to standard diet (SD) can ameliorate the high-fat diet-induced metabolic, memory, and emotionality-related impairments are particularly important. Herein we investigated whether switching from the high-fat diet (HFD) to SD could improve the metabolic and behavioral impairments observed in middle-aged females C57Bl/6 mice. During twelve weeks, the animals received a high-fat diet (61 % fat) or SD diet. After 12-weeks, the HFD group's diet was switched to SD for an additional four weeks. It was observed a progressive deleterious effect of HFD in metabolic and behavioral parameters in mice. After four weeks of HFD-feeding, the animals showed glucose intolerance and increased locomotor activity. A subsequent increase in the body mass gain, hyperglycemia, and depressive-like behavior was observed after eight weeks, and memory impairments after twelve weeks. After replacing the HFD to SD, it was observed an improvement of metabolic (loss of body mass, normal plasma glucose levels, and glucose tolerance) and behavioral (absence of memory and emotional alterations) parameters. These results demonstrate the temporal development of metabolic and behavioral impairments following HFD in middle-age female mice and provide new evidence that these alterations can be improved by switching back the diet to SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira Braga
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eslen Delanogare
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adriano Emanuel Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Askari M, Abbaszadeh A, Saharkhiz M, Karbasi S, Talebpour A, Fashami AAA, Rezapour H, Hoseini ZS, Mahmoudzadeh S, Ayadilord M, Ferns GA, Bahrami A. A study of the association between cognitive abilities and dietary intake in young women. Nutr Health 2020; 26:263-270. [PMID: 32646288 DOI: 10.1177/0260106020940116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive abilities comprise activities that relate to receiving and responding to information from the environment, internal processing, making complex decisions, and then responding to this in the context of behavior. AIM The current study investigated the association between dietary intake and seven aspects of cognitive abilities among healthy young women. METHODS The study was carried out among 182 women aged 18-25 years. A valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire containing 65 food items was used to estimate dietary intake. Neuropsychological function and cognitive abilities of participants were determined using standard questionnaires. RESULTS Significant differences were found in depression, anxiety, stress, physical, and mental health-related quality of life as well as daytime sleepiness for the participants in different quartiles of cognitive abilities score (p<0.05). Participants in the fourth quartile of cognitive abilities score consumed significantly higher energy, carbohydrate, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin compared to those in the lowest quartile (p<0.05). There were strong correlations between total cognitive abilities score and dietary sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and thiamin (p<0.05). Using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, iron and thiamin were statistically significant factors for the prediction of cognitive abilities. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that neurocognitive function is related to dietary macro and micronutrients including energy, carbohydrate, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin on cognitive performance among young women without memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Askari
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Arefeh Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mansoore Saharkhiz
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samira Karbasi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir Talebpour
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Hadis Rezapour
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Sara Mahmoudzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Malaksima Ayadilord
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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14
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Peters R, White D, Cleeland C, Scholey A. Fuel for Thought? A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies into Glucose Enhancement of Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:234-250. [PMID: 32162177 PMCID: PMC7305087 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A transient improvement in cognitive performance can be observed following the ingestion of a glucose drink, a phenomenon known as the ‘glucose facilitation effect’. The effect has been studied thoroughly in the last three decades, but its neural underpinnings remain a matter of speculation. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the current evidence from studies applying neuroimaging or neurophysiological methods to investigate the glucose enhancement effect. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria of using neuroimaging in conjunction with cognitive outcomes. Six studies employed electroencephalography (EEG), four used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and one employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). All but one study reported modulation of neurophysiology or neuroimaging markers following glucose, while only five studies reported significant changes in cognitive outcomes. The evidence suggests that glucose administration enhances neurocognitive markers of episodic memory and attentional processes underpinned by medial temporal and frontal activation, sometimes in the absence of measurable behavioural effects. Further exploration of glucose facilitation using neuroimaging measures with increased sample sizes is warranted to replicate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - David White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Carlee Cleeland
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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15
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Liu Z, Zaid M, Hisamatsu T, Tanaka S, Fujiyoshi A, Miyagawa N, Ito T, Kadota A, Tooyama I, Miura K, Ueshima H. Elevated Fasting Blood Glucose Levels Are Associated With Lower Cognitive Function, With a Threshold in Non-Diabetic Individuals: A Population-Based Study. J Epidemiol 2020; 30:121-127. [PMID: 31130559 PMCID: PMC7025918 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20180193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive dysfunction has been recognized as a diabetes-related complication. Whether hyperglycemia or elevated fasting glucose are associated with cognitive decline remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the relationship between fasting glucose levels and cognitive function in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Methods Participants were Japanese diabetic (n = 191) and non-diabetic (n = 616) men, aged 46–81 years, from 2010–2014. Blood samples were taken after a 12 h fast. The Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument (CASI), with a maximum score of 100, was used for cognitive assessment. Cognitive domains of CASI were also investigated. Fractional logit regression with covariate adjustment for potential confounders was used to model cross-sectional relationships between fasting blood glucose and CASI score. Results For diabetic individuals, CASI score was 0.38 (95% confidence interval: 0.66–0.12) lower per 1 mmol/L higher fasting glucose level. Short-term memory domain also exhibited an inverse association. For non-diabetic individuals, a reverse U-shaped relationship was observed between fasting glucose and cognitive function, identifying a threshold for highest cognitive performance of 91.8 CASI score at 3.97–6.20 mmol/L (71.5–111.6 mg/dL) fasting glucose. Language ability domain displayed a similar relationship with fasting glucose. Conclusions Elevated fasting glucose levels in diabetic men were associated with lower cognitive function, in which short-term memory was the main associated domain. Interestingly, in non-diabetic men, we identified a threshold for the inverse relationship of elevated fasting glucose with cognitive function. Contrastingly to diabetic men, language ability was the main associated cognitive domain among non-diabetic men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Maryam Zaid
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Takashi Hisamatsu
- Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Department of Medical Statistics, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Naoko Miyagawa
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science.,Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science
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16
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Verhavert Y, De Martelaer K, Van Hoof E, Van Der Linden E, Zinzen E, Deliens T. The Association between Energy Balance-Related Behavior and Burn-Out in Adults: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020397. [PMID: 32024269 PMCID: PMC7071204 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is believed that physical activity, sedentary, and dietary behavior (i.e., energy balance-related behavior) may decrease the risk of burn-out, the association between both is currently not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize studies investigating the relationship between energy balance-related behavior and burn-out risk. A systematic literature search was conducted in four databases, resulting in 25 included studies (ten experimental and 15 observational studies). Nine out of ten experimental studies showed that exercise programs were effective in reducing burn-out risk. Fourteen out of fifteen observational studies found a negative association between physical activity and burn-out risk, whereas one study did not find a relation. Two of the 15 observational studies also showed that being more sedentary was associated with a higher burn-out risk, and two other studies found that a healthier diet was related to a lower burn-out risk. No experimental studies were found for the latter two behaviors. It can be concluded that physical activity may be effective in reducing burn-out risk. The few observational studies linking sedentary and dietary behavior with burn-out risk suggest that being more sedentary and eating less healthy are each associated with higher burn-out risk. More high-quality research is needed to unravel the causal relationship between these two behaviors and burn-out risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Verhavert
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (E.V.D.L.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristine De Martelaer
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (E.V.D.L.); (T.D.)
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Van Hoof
- Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Eline Van Der Linden
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (E.V.D.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Evert Zinzen
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (E.V.D.L.); (T.D.)
| | - Tom Deliens
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.D.M.); (E.V.D.L.); (T.D.)
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17
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Peters R, White DJ, Cornwell BR, Scholey A. Functional Connectivity of the Anterior and Posterior Hippocampus: Differential Effects of Glucose in Younger and Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:8. [PMID: 32082138 PMCID: PMC7004964 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus features structurally and functionally distinct anterior and posterior segments. Relatively few studies have examined how these change during aging or in response to pharmacological interventions. Alterations in hippocampal connectivity and changes in glucose regulation have each been associated with cognitive decline in aging. A distinct line of research suggests that administration of glucose can lead to a transient improvement in hippocampus-dependent memory. Here, we probe age, glucose and human cognition with a special emphasis on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the hippocampus along its longitudinal axis to the rest of the brain. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design 32 healthy adults (16 young and 16 older) ingested a drink containing 25 g glucose or placebo across two counter balanced sessions. They then underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and cognitive testing. There was a clear dissociation in the effects of glucose by age. Magnitude change in rsFC from posterior hippocampus (pHPC) to medial frontal cortex (mPFC) was correlated with individual glucose regulation and gains in performance on a spatial navigation task. Our results demonstrate that glucose administration can attenuate cognitive performance deficits in older adults with impaired glucose regulation and suggest that increases in pHPC-mPFC rsFC are beneficial for navigation task performance in older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J. White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian R. Cornwell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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O'Connor PJ, Kennedy DO, Stahl S. Mental energy: plausible neurological mechanisms and emerging research on the effects of natural dietary compounds. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:850-864. [PMID: 31665988 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1684688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Lack of mental energy is one of the leading reasons adults turn to dietary supplements, with three out of ten supplement users hoping to improve their energy level; even more consume caffeine-containing products for the same reason. Despite this interest from consumers, there is no consensus scientific definition of mental energy or sole validated instrument for measuring it. We performed this review to summarize main findings from research regarding the influence of natural dietary compounds on three aspects of mental energy: cognition (vigilance), motivation (to do mental work), and mood (feelings of energy and/or absence of feelings of fatigue).Methods: A narrative review of key papers.Results: In addition to caffeine, a number of other compounds, including the polyphenols, which are found in all plant-derived products, and the phytochemicals in culinary herbs and herbal products such as Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba, have been shown in animal models to modulate neurotransmitter activity potentially relevant to mental energy. Inadequate intake of B vitamins could also potentially have a negative effect on mental energy due to their role in overall energy production, as precursors of key cofactors in the citric acid cycle, as well as their role in brain function and neurotransmitter synthesis. Consumption of some of these products may have direct or indirect effects on one or more elements of mental energy.Conclusion: Large, prospective clinical trials of these products using appropriate, validated instruments designed to measure mental energy may be worthwhile if sufficient evidence exists to justify such trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David O Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stephen Stahl
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Mason AE, Jhaveri K, Schleicher S, Almeida C, Hartman A, Wackerly A, Alba D, Koliwad SK, Epel ES, Aschbacher K. Sweet cognition: The differential effects of glucose consumption on attentional food bias in individuals of lean and obese status. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:264-273. [PMID: 31002858 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In general, glucose consumption improves cognitive performance; however, it is unknown whether glucose specifically alters attentional food bias, and how this process may vary by BMI status. We hypothesized that glucose consumption would increase attentional food bias among individuals of obese BMI status more so than among individuals of lean BMI status. Participants (N = 35) completed the n-back, a working memory task modified to assess attentional food bias (ATT-Food), under fasting and glucose challenge conditions. We computed pre-post changes in ATT-Food, blood glucose and insulin (∆BG & ∆BI), and perceived task-stress (∆stress). After the second cognitive test and blood draw, participants ate lunch and completed a "taste test" of highly palatable foods, and we recorded food consumption. Pre-post changes in ATT-Food were greater among participants of obese (relative to lean) BMI status (F(1,33) = 5.108, p = .031). Greater ∆ATT-Food was significantly associated with greater ∆BG (r = .462, p = .007) and reduced ∆stress (r =-.422, p = .011), and marginally associated with greater taste-test eating (r =.325, p = .057), but was not associated with ∆BI. Our findings suggest that individuals of obese BMI status may exhibit "sweet cognition," as indexed by greater attentional food bias following glucose ingestion, relative to individuals of lean BMI status. Among individuals of obese BMI status, sweet cognition may arise from difficulty broadening attention toward non-food cues after consuming a high glucose load, thereby potentially perpetuating sugar consumption. If confirmed by further research, measures of sweet cognition may help identify individuals with a phenotype of risk for obesity and greater sugar consumption, who may benefit from tailored interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mason
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States.
| | - Kinnari Jhaveri
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Samantha Schleicher
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Carlos Almeida
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States
| | - Alison Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University College of Arts and Sciences, United States
| | - Angela Wackerly
- Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States
| | - Diana Alba
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, United States; Diabetes Center, UCSF, United States
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, United States; Diabetes Center, UCSF, United States
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States; Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States
| | - Kirstin Aschbacher
- Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UCSF, United States.
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20
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Lee JJ, Brett NR, Wong VCH, Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Fiocco AJ, Bellissimo N. Effect of potatoes and other carbohydrate-containing foods on cognitive performance, glycemic response, and satiety in children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1012-1019. [PMID: 30844296 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dietary carbohydrates have been shown to influence cognitive performance and satiety in children. However, it remains unclear whether the carbohydrate source is a primary determinant of cognitive performance and satiety. The objective was to compare the effects of white potatoes and other carbohydrate-containing foods on cognitive performance, glycemic response, and satiety in children. On 6 separate mornings, in random order, children (n = 22) consumed 50 g of available carbohydrates from microwaved mashed potatoes (prepared from fresh potatoes then frozen), deep-fried potato strips (French fries), hash browns, white rice, white beans, or skipped a meal. Cognitive performance, glycemic response, and satiety were measured over 180 min. Cognitive performance was measured using a battery of tests assessing verbal declarative memory, spatial memory, short-term memory, working memory, and information processing speed. Although cognitive performance after the treatment meals did not differ from meal skipping, children recalled more words after French fries (9.1 ± 0.4 words) compared with mashed potatoes (8.2 ± 0.3 words; p = 0.001) and white rice (8.4 ± 0.3 words; p = 0.04) on the verbal declarative memory test. Blood glucose concentrations were higher after white rice compared with white beans, mashed potatoes, and hash browns (p < 0.05). Change from baseline subjective average appetite (mm/kcal) was lower after mashed potatoes compared with all other treatment meals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, verbal declarative memory was higher after French fries and subjective average appetite was lower after mashed potatoes. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these short-term findings and to elucidate the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Lee
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Neil R Brett
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Vincent C H Wong
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra J Fiocco
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Nick Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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21
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de Souza RM, de Souza L, Machado AE, de Bem Alves AC, Rodrigues FS, Aguiar AS, dos Santos ARS, de Bem AF, Moreira ELG. Behavioural, metabolic and neurochemical effects of environmental enrichment in high-fat cholesterol-enriched diet-fed mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:648-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Garber A, Csizmadi I, Friedenreich CM, Sajobi TT, Longman RS, Tyndall AV, Drogos LL, Davenport MH, Poulin MJ. Association between glycemic load and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults: Results from the Brain in Motion study. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1690-1699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Ginieis R, Franz EA, Oey I, Peng M. The “sweet” effect: Comparative assessments of dietary sugars on cognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:242-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Acute Post-Prandial Cognitive Effects of Brown Seaweed Extract in Humans. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010085. [PMID: 29342865 PMCID: PMC5793313 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(Poly)phenols and, specifically, phlorotannins present in brown seaweeds have previously been shown to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, key enzymes involved in the breakdown and intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. Related to this are observations of modulation of post-prandial glycemic response in mice and increased insulin sensitivity in humans when supplemented with seaweed extract. However, no studies to date have explored the effect of seaweed extract on cognition. The current randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel groups study examined the impact of a brown seaweed extract on cognitive function post-prandially in 60 healthy adults (N = 30 per group). Computerized measures of episodic memory, attention and subjective state were completed at baseline and 5 times at 40 min intervals over a 3 h period following lunch, with either seaweed or placebo consumed 30 min prior to lunch. Analysis was conducted with linear mixed models controlling for baseline. Seaweed led to significant improvements to accuracy on digit vigilance (p = 0.035) and choice reaction time (p = 0.043) tasks. These findings provide the first evidence for modulation of cognition with seaweed extract. In order to explore the mechanism underlying these effects, future research should examine effects on cognition in parallel with blood glucose and insulin responses.
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25
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Vanderhoof TS, Gurvits TV, Baker-Nolan JE, Borsook D, Elman I. Visuospatial and Sensory Integration Tasks in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: Relationship to Body Mass Index and Smoking. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:473. [PMID: 30386258 PMCID: PMC6198087 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological soft signs (NSSs) are highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia, but their pathophysiological significance remains unclear. The present study employed perceptual-motor and visuospatial processing tests that have not yet been attempted in this patient population. Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 42) and mentally healthy subjects (n = 10) were administered Copy Figure Test, Detection and Recognition of an Object Test and Road Map Test. As compared to controls, schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients displayed significantly poorer ability to copy three-dimensional figures (namely, Necker- and hidden line elimination cubes) and to orient in space on a road-map test; group differences in copying two-dimensional figures and on objects' recognition against a background noise were not apparent. In the schizophrenia/schizoaffective group, more mistakes on the hidden line elimination cube was associated with greater body mass index and greater severity of nicotine dependence measured via the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence. The above findings replicate those of prior reports and extend them to the tasks that do not involve motivational and attentional confounds. Furthermore, the present data support the hypothesis that subtle cerebral cortical abnormalities detected with specific NSSs tests may be related to some aspects of metabolic and motivational function in patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Vanderhoof
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Julie E Baker-Nolan
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
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26
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The impact of diet-based glycaemic response and glucose regulation on cognition: evidence across the lifespan. Proc Nutr Soc 2017; 76:466-477. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain has a high metabolic rate and its metabolism is almost entirely restricted to oxidative utilisation of glucose. These factors emphasise the extreme dependence of neural tissue on a stable and adequate supply of glucose. Whereas initially it was thought that only glucose deprivation (i.e. under hypoglycaemic conditions) can affect brain function, it has become apparent that low-level fluctuations in central availability can affect neural and consequently, cognitive performance. In the present paper the impact of diet-based glycaemic response and glucose regulation on cognitive processes across the lifespan will be reviewed. The data suggest that although an acute rise in blood glucose levels has some short-term improvements of cognitive function, a more stable blood glucose profile, which avoids greater peaks and troughs in circulating glucose is associated with better cognitive function and a lower risk of cognitive impairments in the longer term. Therefore, a habitual diet that secures optimal glucose delivery to the brain in the fed and fasting states should be most advantageous for the maintenance of cognitive function. Although the evidence to date is promising, it is insufficient to allow firm and evidence-based nutritional recommendations. The rise in obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in recent years highlights the need for targeted dietary and lifestyle strategies to promote healthy lifestyle and brain function across the lifespan and for future generations. Consequently, there is an urgent need for hypothesis-driven, randomised controlled trials that evaluate the role of different glycaemic manipulations on cognition.
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Müller S, Preische O, Sohrabi HR, Gräber S, Jucker M, Dietzsch J, Ringman JM, Martins RN, McDade E, Schofield PR, Ghetti B, Rossor M, Graff-Radford NR, Levin J, Galasko D, Quaid KA, Salloway S, Xiong C, Benzinger T, Buckles V, Masters CL, Sperling R, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Laske C. Decreased body mass index in the preclinical stage of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1225. [PMID: 28450713 PMCID: PMC5430642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between body-mass index (BMI) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD) has been extensively investigated. However, BMI alterations in preclinical individuals with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) have not yet been investigated. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 230 asymptomatic members of families with ADAD participating in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) study including 120 preclinical mutation carriers (MCs) and 110 asymptomatic non-carriers (NCs). Differences in BMI and their relation with cerebral amyloid load and episodic memory as a function of estimated years to symptom onset (EYO) were analyzed. Preclinical MCs showed significantly lower BMIs compared to NCs, starting 11.2 years before expected symptom onset. However, the BMI curves begun to diverge already at 17.8 years before expected symptom onset. Lower BMI in preclinical MCs was significantly associated with less years before estimated symptom onset, higher global Aβ brain burden, and with lower delayed total recall scores in the logical memory test. The study provides cross-sectional evidence that weight loss starts one to two decades before expected symptom onset of ADAD. Our findings point toward a link between the pathophysiology of ADAD and disturbance of weight control mechanisms. Longitudinal follow-up studies are warranted to investigate BMI changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Preische
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Susanne Gräber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janko Dietzsch
- Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John M Ringman
- Memory and Aging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Eric McDade
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 3471 5th Ave, Suite 811, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Martin Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), München, Germany and Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Quaid
- Indiana University Center for Bioethics, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Virginia Buckles
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Level 5, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Reisa Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Attuquayefio T, Stevenson RJ, Oaten MJ, Francis HM. A four-day Western-style dietary intervention causes reductions in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and interoceptive sensitivity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172645. [PMID: 28231304 PMCID: PMC5322971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, a Western style diet-high in saturated fat and added sugar-causes impairments in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (HDLM) and perception of internal bodily state (interoception). In humans, while there is correlational support for a link between Western-style diet, HDLM, and interoception, there is as yet no causal data. Here, healthy individuals were randomly assigned to consume either a breakfast high in saturated fat and added sugar (Experimental condition) or a healthier breakfast (Control condition), over four consecutive days. Tests of HDLM, interoception and biological measures were administered before and after breakfast on the days one and four, and participants completed food diaries before and during the study. At the end of the study, the Experimental condition showed significant reductions in HDLM and reduced interoceptive sensitivity to hunger and fullness, relative to the Control condition. The Experimental condition also showed a markedly different blood glucose and triglyceride responses to their breakfast, relative to Controls, with larger changes in blood glucose across breakfast being associated with greater reductions in HDLM. The Experimental condition compensated for their energy-dense breakfast by reducing carbohydrate intake, while saturated fat intake remained consistently higher than Controls. This is the first experimental study in humans to demonstrate that a Western-style diet impacts HDLM following a relatively short exposure-just as in animals. The link between diet-induced HDLM changes and blood glucose suggests one pathway by which diet impacts HDLM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuki Attuquayefio
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J. Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Megan J. Oaten
- School of Applied Psychology, Gold Coast, Griffiths University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather M. Francis
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Codella R, Benedini S, Paini S, Caumo A, Adamo M, Terruzzi I, Ferrulli A, Macrì C, Andreoni L, Sterlicchio M, Luzi L. Effect of Sugar versus Mixed Breakfast on Metabolic and Neurofunctional Responses in Healthy Individuals. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:9634585. [PMID: 28706955 PMCID: PMC5494586 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9634585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of glucose and diverse breakfasts on glucose increment and ghrelin suppression and cognitive processing of sensory information assessed by frontal P300 evoked potentials. In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy individuals (6M/6F; BMI 22.2 ± 0.4 kg/m2; 27 ± 1.3 years, mean ± SEM) underwent 50 g OGTT (A) and 3 breakfasts (B1: milk and cereals; B2: milk, apple, and chocolate cream-filled sponge cake; B3: milk, apple, bread, and hazelnut chocolate cream) to assess plasma glucose-, insulin-, and ghrelin excursions. An electroencephalography was performed before and 100 min after consumption of each load to measure the latency of frontal P300 evoked potentials as index of cognitive performance. Breakfasts B1 and B2 exhibited significantly lower glycemic and insulinemic responses as compared to A. Breakfast B3 exhibited significantly lower glycemic, but not insulinemic response, as compared to A. Final plasma ghrelin inhibition was more pronounced, albeit not significantly, in all breakfasts with respect to A. P300 latency tended to decrease following each of the three breakfasts, but B3 was the only breakfast capable to elicit a statistically significant reduction in P300 latency with respect to A (p < 0.01), suggesting ameliorated cognitive performance. Such amelioration was correlated with the 2-hour final inhibition of plasma ghrelin concentration (r = 0.61, p = 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Stefano Paini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Andrea Caumo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Michela Adamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Metabolism, Nutrigenomics and Cellular Differentiation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Concetta Macrì
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Luca Andreoni
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Michele Sterlicchio
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- *Livio Luzi:
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30
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Raizes M, Elkana O, Franko M, Ravona Springer R, Segev S, Beeri MS. Higher Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels, within the Normal Range, are Associated with Decreased Processing Speed in High Functioning Young Elderly. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 49:589-92. [PMID: 26484908 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We explored the association of plasma glucose levels within the normal range with processing speed in high functioning young elderly, free of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A sample of 41 participants (mean age = 64.7, SD = 10; glucose 94.5 mg/dL, SD = 9.3), were examined with a computerized cognitive battery. Hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that higher plasma glucose levels, albeit within the normal range (<110 mg/dL), were associated with longer reaction times (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that even in the subclinical range and in the absence of T2DM, monitoring plasma glucose levels may have an impact on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Raizes
- Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Odelia Elkana
- Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Motty Franko
- Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Ramit Ravona Springer
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheba Medical Center, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Segev
- Institute of Medical Screening, Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Abstract
The link between carbohydrate intake and health is becoming increasingly important for consumers, particularly in the areas of glycemic index (GI) and extended energy-releasing starches. From a physiological point of view, slowly digestible starch (SDS) delivers a slow and sustained release of blood glucose along with the benefits resulting from low glycemic and insulinemic response. SDS has been implicated in several health problems, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (metabolic syndromes). It may also have commercial potential as a novel functional ingredient in a variety of fields, such as nutrition, medicine, and agriculture. The present review assesses this form of digestion by analyzing methods to prepare and evaluate SDS, and factors affecting its transformation, its health benefits, and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Miao
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu Province , P.R. China
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32
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van der Zwaluw NL, van de Rest O, Kessels RPC, de Groot LCPGM. Effects of glucose load on cognitive functions in elderly people. Nutr Rev 2016; 73:92-105. [PMID: 26024496 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the main fuel for the brain, and manipulation of the glucose supply may consequently affect brain function. The present review was conducted to provide an overview of studies that investigated the acute effects of glucose load on memory and other cognitive functions in elderly people. The effects of sucrose on cognition and suggested mechanisms were also explored. A total of twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. In the majority of studies, episodic memory was investigated and a beneficial role for glucose in that specific cognitive domain was suggested. Other cognitive domains, i.e., working memory, semantic memory, visual memory, information-processing speed, attention, executive function, and visual/spatial function, have been studied less frequently and evidence for a beneficial effect of glucose was equivocal. Mechanisms are suggested to be mainly related to the human body's need for glucose as a metabolic substrate for physiological mechanisms in both central and peripheral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita L van der Zwaluw
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. NikitavanderZwaluw@gmail
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Butardo VM, Sreenivasulu N. Tailoring Grain Storage Reserves for a Healthier Rice Diet and its Comparative Status with Other Cereals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:31-70. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Feeling smart: Effects of caffeine and glucose on cognition, mood and self-judgment. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:629-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Carbohydrate ingestion but not mouth rinse maintains sustained attention when fasted. Physiol Behav 2015; 153:33-9. [PMID: 26498427 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Carbohydrate (CHO) receptors in the mouth signal brain areas involved in cognitive tasks relying upon motivation and task persistence; however, the minimal CHO dose that improves mental activity is unclear. PURPOSE To determine if CHO (via ingestion or oral rinse) influences sustained attention without eliciting glycemic responses when in a fasted state. METHODS Study A: Six healthy adults completed five treatment trials, ingesting 0-6% CHO solutions to evaluate glycemic response. Peak blood glucose for 6% and 1.5% CHO was greater (p<0.05) than 0% and 0.4% CHO; thus, the low 0.4% CHO was evaluated further. Study B: Following an overnight fast, ten healthy adults completed three trials in a crossover design: 1) 400 ml 0.4% CHO ingested serially via 25 ml boluses, 2) 375 ml 0% CHO control (CON) ingested followed by one 25 ml 6% CHO isocaloric (1.5 g CHO) mouth rinse, and 3) CON ingest followed by CON rinse. Following treatments, a 20 min Continuous Performance Task (CPT) was performed to assess accuracy and precision. RESULTS Accuracy and precision were not different during the first 5 min of CPT. However, accuracy was maintained with CHO ingest (p=1.0) but decreased over 20 min (p<0.05) with both CHO and CON rinse treatments. Precision tended to decline over 20 min CPT with CON (p=0.06) and CHO rinse (p=0.05) but were maintained with CHO ingest (p=1.0). No differences in glycemic responses were observed between treatments. CONCLUSIONS Compared to mouth rinsing CON or CHO (1.5 g in 6% CHO), ingestion of an isocaloric low-CHO drink maintained sustained attention over a mentally fatiguing task and appears effective after fasting without eliciting a glycemic response.
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Glucose administration and cognitive function: differential effects of age and effort during a dual task paradigm in younger and older adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1135-42. [PMID: 25288513 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current research suggests that glucose facilitates performance on cognitive tasks which possess an episodic memory component and a relatively high level of cognitive demand. However, the extent to which this glucose facilitation effect is uniform across the lifespan is uncertain. METHODS This study was a repeated measures, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial designed to assess the cognitive effects of glucose in younger and older adults under single and dual task conditions. Participants were 24 healthy younger (average age 20.6 years) and 24 healthy older adults (average age 72.5 years). They completed a recognition memory task after consuming drinks containing 25 g glucose and a placebo drink, both in the presence and absence of a secondary tracking task. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Glucose enhanced recognition memory response time and tracking precision during the secondary task, in older adults only. These findings do not support preferential targeting of hippocampal function by glucose, rather they suggest that glucose administration differentially increases the availability of attentional resources in older individuals.
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37
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Sims Wright R, Levy SAT, Katzel LI, Rosenberger WF, Manukyan Z, Whitfield KE, Waldstein SR. Fasting glucose and glucose tolerance as potential predictors of neurocognitive function among nondiabetic older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:49-60. [PMID: 25562529 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.985189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Significant evidence has demonstrated that Type 2 diabetes mellitus and related precursors are associated with diminished neurocognitive function and risk of dementia among older adults. However, very little research has examined relations of glucose regulation to neurocognitive function among older adults free of these conditions. The primary aim of this investigation was to examine associations among fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, and neurocognitive function among nondiabetic older adults. The secondary aim was to examine age, gender, and education as potential effect modifiers. METHOD The study employed a cross-sectional, correlational study design. Participants were 172 older adults with a mean age of 64.43 years (SD = 13.09). The sample was 58% male and 87% White. Participants completed an oral glucose tolerance test as part of a larger study. Trained psychometricians administered neuropsychological tests that assessed performance in the domains of response inhibition, nonverbal memory, verbal memory, attention and working memory, visuoconstructional abilities, visuospatial abilities, psychomotor speed and executive function, and motor speed and manual dexterity. Linear multiple regressions were run to test study aims. RESULTS No significant main effects of fasting glucose and 2-hour glucose emerged for performance on any neurocognitive test; however, significant interactions were present. Higher fasting glucose was associated with poorer short-term verbal memory performance among men, but unexpectedly better response inhibition and long-term verbal memory performance for participants over age 70. Higher 2-hour glucose values were associated with reduced divided attention performance among participants with less than a high school education. CONCLUSIONS Mixed findings suggest that glucose levels may be both beneficial and deleterious to neurocognition among nondiabetic older adults. Additional studies with healthy older adults are needed to confirm this unexpected pattern of associations; however, findings have implications for the importance of maintaining healthy glucose levels in older adulthood.
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38
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Lamport DJ, Chadwick HK, Dye L, Mansfield MW, Lawton CL. A low glycaemic load breakfast can attenuate cognitive impairments observed in middle aged obese females with impaired glucose tolerance. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1128-1136. [PMID: 24925124 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There has been no systematic investigation of the individual and combined effects of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and obesity on cognitive function in the absence of ageing. The aims were to examine the effects of IGT and increased waist circumference on cognitive function in ostensibly healthy adults, and to investigate whether a low glycaemic load (GL) breakfast can attenuate cognitive impairments in these populations. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty five females aged 30-50 years were classified into one of four groups following waist circumference (WC) measurements and an oral glucose tolerance test: NGT/low WC (n = 25), NGT/high WC (n = 22), IGT/low WC (n = 9), IGT/high WC (n = 9). Memory, psychomotor and executive functions were examined 30 and 120 min after consuming low GL, high GL and water breakfasts according to a randomised, crossover, counterbalanced design. IGT was associated with impairment of verbal and spatial memory, and psychomotor function relative to females with NGT, independent of waist circumference. Increased waist circumference was associated with impairment of verbal memory and executive function relative to females with low WC, independent of IGT. Consumption of the LGL breakfast attenuated verbal memory impairment in the IGT/high WC group relative to the HGL breakfast and no energy control. CONCLUSION Increased central adiposity and abnormalities in glucose tolerance preceding type 2 diabetes can have demonstrable negative effects on cognitive function, even in ostensibly healthy, middle-aged females. The potential for GL manipulations to modulate glycaemic response and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes and obesity merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lamport
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS29JT, UK; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - H K Chadwick
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - L Dye
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - M W Mansfield
- St James's Hospital Centre for Diabetes, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS97TF, UK
| | - C L Lawton
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS29JT, UK
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39
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Young H, Benton D. The nature of the control of blood glucose in those with poorer glucose tolerance influences mood and cognition. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:721-8. [PMID: 24664179 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the levels of blood glucose was related to mood and cognition. 155 adults, aged 45-85 years, without a diagnosis of diabetes, were given an oral glucose tolerance test and cognitive tests. Participants were classified according to age (41-60/61-85 years), whether they had better or poorer glucose tolerance and whether blood glucose did or did not fall below baseline values. There were two main findings. Those with poorer glucose tolerance forgot more words and had slower decision times, but only if 61 years or older. Secondly as there are reports in animal studies that inducing low levels of blood glucose values benefited cognitive performance, for the first time in humans, individual differences in the tendency to develop low levels of blood glucose were considered. In those with poor glucose tolerance a tendency for blood glucose to fall below baseline values was associated with better mood and faster working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Young
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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van der Zwaluw NL, van de Rest O, Kessels RPC, de Groot LCPGM. Short-term effects of glucose and sucrose on cognitive performance and mood in elderly people. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:517-27. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.912613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Philippou E, Constantinou M. The influence of glycemic index on cognitive functioning: a systematic review of the evidence. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:119-30. [PMID: 24618754 PMCID: PMC3951795 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.004960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the rate of carbohydrate absorption, as measured by the carbohydrate's glycemic index (GI) on cognitive performance, is not clear. The aim of this review was to systematically assess the relevant research studies. A systematic review of English-language articles using Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES (up to July 2012) using the search terms "glyc(a)emic index" or "glycaemic load" combined with "cognitive function" or "cognition" or "memory" was carried out. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were prespecified. Eligibility of the identified studies was assessed independently by the 2 reviewers. Independent extraction of data was carried out by the 2 authors using predefined data fields. The primary outcome measure was the effect on cognitive function (CF) after the consumption of meals varying in GI. Eleven eligible studies were identified. The age range of the participants varied from 6 to 82 y old. Overall, the findings were inconsistent, with some studies showing benefits toward either the high-GI or the low-GI meal, others not finding any differences between the 2 meals, and other studies showing a positive or negative effect on performance on only some cognitive domain or domains after consumption of 1 of the 2 meals. A number of methodologic and confounding factors were identified that could explain these inconsistencies. These include the study design, the selected sample (size, age, blood glucose regulation), the timing of testing, the cognitive domain being examined, the number and type of cognitive tests used, the meals provided (composition, size), the timing of blood samples collected, as well as the possibility of bias because participants and investigators were not blinded to randomization. A low-GI meal may favor CF in adults, but the findings at present are inconclusive. On the basis of this review, it is suggested that future studies address the identified methodologic issues and some recommendations are proposed to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Philippou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Marios Constantinou
- Department of Social Sciences, Psychology Program, School of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Law, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Lamport DJ, Lawton CL, Mansfield MW, Moulin CA, Dye L. Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are associated with word memory source monitoring recollection deficits but not simple recognition familiarity deficits following water, low glycaemic load, and high glycaemic load breakfasts. Physiol Behav 2014; 124:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Freeman LR, Haley-Zitlin V, Rosenberger DS, Granholm AC. Damaging effects of a high-fat diet to the brain and cognition: a review of proposed mechanisms. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:241-51. [PMID: 24192577 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is growing and now includes at least one-third of the adult population in the United States. As obesity and dementia rates reach epidemic proportions, an even greater interest in the effects of nutrition on the brain have become evident. This review discusses various mechanisms by which a high fat diet and/or obesity can alter the brain and cognition. It is well known that a poor diet and obesity can lead to certain disorders such as type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease. However, long-term effects of obesity on the brain need to be further examined. The contribution of insulin resistance and oxidative stress is briefly reviewed from studies in the current literature. The role of inflammation and vascular alterations are described in more detail due to our laboratory's experience in evaluating these specific factors. It is very likely that each of these factors plays a role in diet-induced and/or obesity-induced cognitive decline.
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Makizako M, Makizako H, Doi T, Uemura K, Tsutsumimoto K, Miyaguchi H, Shimada H. Olfactory identification and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Chem Senses 2013; 39:39-46. [PMID: 24200528 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairment constitutes one of the earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. We investigated which aspects of neuropsychological measures are correlated with olfactory identification performance among older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Total of 220 participants with mild cognitive impairment (mean age 71.7 years) were examined. Odor identification was assessed using the Open Essence test. Participants underwent comprehensive neurocognitive evaluation, including measures of verbal memory, visual memory, working memory, attention/executive function, and processing speed. We examined associations between olfactory function and cognitive performance scores. Participants with severe hyposmia exhibited significantly poor verbal and visual memory performance, attention/executive function, and slower processing speed scores compared with those without severe hyposmia. In multivariable logistic regression models, better performance scores on verbal and visual memory were significantly associated with decreased likelihood of severe hyposmia after adjusting for age, sex, education, and other cognitive performance scores. These findings suggest that olfactory impairment might be more closely associated with memory loss compared with other aspects of cognitive functioning in mild cognitive impairment subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Makizako
- Section for Health Promotion, Department for Research and Development to Support Independent Life of Elderly, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka-machi, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
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Sünram-Lea SI, Foster JK, Durlach P, Perez C. The Influence of Fat Co-administration on the Glucose Memory Facilitation Effect. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 7:21-32. [PMID: 15085555 DOI: 10.1080/1028415042000198816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Memory for a list of 20 words can be enhanced when learning is preceded by consumption of 25 g of glucose, compared with consumption of an equally sweet aspartame solution. The present study examined whether memory performance is also enhanced when glucose is administered in conjunction with another food constituent, in particular fat. Four groups of healthy young participants were tested under one of four conditions: (a) glucose + full-fat yoghurt; (b) glucose + fat-free yoghurt; (c) aspartame + full-fat yoghurt; (d) aspartame + fat-free yoghurt. The groups were compared on measures of blood glucose and cognitive performance. Participants receiving a glucose drink in conjunction with a fat-free yoghurt displayed higher blood glucose levels (BGL) and better performance on short- and long-delay recall of the word list compared with (a) individuals who consumed the glucose drink in conjunction with a full-fat yoghurt and (b) individuals who consumed the aspartame drink. The glycaemic data indicated that the presence of fat slows down glucose absorption. The findings suggest that only foods with a relatively fast glucose absorption rate are able to significantly enhance the encoding and long-term retention of novel memory materials in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Sünram-Lea
- Department of Psychology, Fylde College, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK.
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Lamport DJ, Hoyle E, Lawton CL, Mansfield MW, Dye L. Evidence for a second meal cognitive effect: glycaemic responses to high and low glycaemic index evening meals are associated with cognition the following morning. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 14:66-71. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
Glucose facilitation of cognitive function has been widely reported in previous studies (including our own). However, several studies have also failed to detect glucose facilitation. There is sparsity of research examining the factors that modify the effect of glucose on cognition. The aims of the present study were to (1) demonstrate the previously observed enhancement of cognition through glucose administration and (2) investigate some of the factors that may exert moderating roles on the behavioural response to glucose, including glucose regulation, body composition (BC) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response. A total of twenty-four participants took part in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, repeated-measures study, which examined the effect of 25 and 60 g glucose compared with placebo on cognitive function. At 1 week before the study commencement, all participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose facilitated performance on tasks of numeric and spatial working memory, verbal declarative memory and speed of recognition. Moderating variables were examined using several indices of glucoregulation and BC. Poorer glucoregulation predicted improved immediate word recall accuracy following the administration of 25 g glucose compared with placebo. Those with better glucoregulation showed performance decrements on word recall accuracy following the administration of 25 g glucose compared with placebo. These findings are in line with accumulating evidence that glucose load may preferentially enhance cognition in those with poorer glucoregulation. Furthermore, the finding that individuals with better glucoregulation may suffer impaired performance following a glucose load is novel and requires further substantiation.
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Abstract
In everyday life cues and signs are used in order to improve our performance and to modify and control our behavior. This study examines whether cues can improve the performance of the mental mechanism in charge of solving conflicts when the nature of the irrelevant task remains constant. In two experiments participants performed the Stroop task in which they were asked to name the color of a stimulus while ignoring its meaning. Half the trials were preceded by a conflict-cue containing information about an upcoming conflict. In addition, conflict trial proportions were manipulated. We found that only when the probability of conflict is low can cues alter the conflict solving mechanism. These findings are discussed in the context of the nature of the control mechanism and its tendency to minimize the cost of mental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Goldfarb
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities and Department for Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Roberts RO, Roberts LA, Geda YE, Cha RH, Pankratz VS, O'Connor HM, Knopman DS, Petersen RC. Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 32:329-39. [PMID: 22810099 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High caloric intake has been associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Total caloric intake is determined by the calories derived from macronutrients. The objective of the study was to investigate the association between percent of daily energy (calories) from macronutrients and incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Participants were a population-based prospective cohort of elderly persons who were followed over a median 3.7 years (interquartile range, 2.5-3.9) of follow-up. At baseline and every 15 months, participants (median age, 79.5 years) were evaluated using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale, a neurological evaluation, and neuropsychological testing for a diagnosis of MCI, normal cognition, or dementia. Participants also completed a 128-item food-frequency questionnaire at baseline; total daily caloric and macronutrient intakes were calculated using an established database. The percent of total daily energy from protein (% protein), carbohydrate (% carbohydrate), and total fat (% fat) was computed. Among 937 subjects who were cognitively normal at baseline, 200 developed incident MCI or dementia. The risk of MCI or dementia (hazard ratio, [95% confidence interval]) was elevated in subjects with high % carbohydrate (upper quartile: 1.89 [1.17-3.06]; p for trend = 0.004), but was reduced in subjects with high % fat (upper quartile: 0.56 [0.34-0.91]; p for trend = 0.03), and high % protein (upper quartile 0.79 [0.52-1.20]; p for trend = 0.03) in the fully adjusted models. A dietary pattern with relatively high caloric intake from carbohydrates and low caloric intake from fat and proteins may increase the risk of MCI or dementia in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosebud O Roberts
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Morphometric changes in lateral ventricles of patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60515. [PMID: 23593231 PMCID: PMC3617143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that type 2 diabetes mellitus can have effects on global and regional brain morphology. Ventricular enlargement reflecting cerebral atrophy has been reported particularly in elderly type 2 diabetes patients. However, little is known about its timing through the disease course and morphological variability. Using the combined volumetric and advanced three-dimensional morphological approach, we identified differences in size and shape of the lateral ventricles between recent-onset type 2 diabetes patients and healthy individuals. High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained from 23 type 2 diabetes patients whose illness duration was less than 1 year and 23 carefully matched healthy individuals. By volume measurement, we found enlarged lateral and third ventricles in type 2 diabetes patients, relative to healthy individuals (F1,41 = 7.96, P = 0.007; F1,41 = 11.16, P = 0.002, respectively). Morphological analysis revealed that the expansion of lateral ventricles in the diabetic brain was prominent in the bilateral frontal horns. The current findings suggest that atrophic changes particularly of the anterior frontal lobe can occur as early as the first year after the clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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