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Qi X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Luo F, Song K, Wang G, Ling F. Vitamin B 12 produced by Cetobacterium somerae improves host resistance against pathogen infection through strengthening the interactions within gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:135. [PMID: 37322528 PMCID: PMC10268390 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen infections seriously affect host health, and the use of antibiotics increases the risk of the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and also increases environmental and health safety risks. Probiotics have received much attention for their excellent ability to prevent pathogen infections. Particularly, explaining mechanism of action of probiotics against pathogen infections is important for more efficient and rational use of probiotics and the maintenance of host health. RESULTS Here, we describe the impacts of probiotic on host resistance to pathogen infections. Our findings revealed that (I) the protective effect of oral supplementation with B. velezensis against Aeromonas hydrophila infection was dependent on gut microbiota, specially the anaerobic indigenous gut microbe Cetobacterium; (II) Cetobacterium was a sensor of health, especially for fish infected with pathogenic bacteria; (III) the genome resolved the ability of Cetobacterium somerae CS2105-BJ to synthesize vitamin B12 de novo, while in vivo and in vitro metabolism assays also showed the ability of Cetobacterium somerae CS2105-BJ to produce vitamin B12; (IV) the addition of vitamin B12 significantly altered the gut redox status and the gut microbiome structure and function, and then improved the stability of the gut microbial ecological network, and enhanced the gut barrier tight junctions to prevent the pathogen infection. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study found that the effect of probiotics in enhancing host resistance to pathogen infections depended on function of B12 produced by an anaerobic indigenous gut microbe, Cetobacterium. Furthermore, as a gut microbial regulator, B12 exhibited the ability to strengthen the interactions within gut microbiota and gut barrier tight junctions, thereby improving host resistance against pathogen infection. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaige Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Niklewicz A, Smith AD, Smith A, Holzer A, Klein A, McCaddon A, Molloy AM, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Nexo E, McNulty H, Refsum H, Gueant JL, Dib MJ, Ward M, Murphy M, Green R, Ahmadi KR, Hannibal L, Warren MJ, Owen PJ. The importance of vitamin B 12 for individuals choosing plant-based diets. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1551-1559. [PMID: 36469110 PMCID: PMC10030528 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that is not made by plants; consequently, unfortified plant-based foods are not a reliable supply. Recent estimates suggest high rates of vitamin B12 deficiency among the vegetarian and vegan populations, particularly in pregnant women or women of child-bearing age who, for ethical and health reasons, are shifting towards higher consumption of plant-based foods in ever-increasing numbers. Vitamin B12 plays crucial metabolic roles across the life-course and in particular during pregnancy and in early development (first 1000 days of life). Evidence now implicates vitamin B12 deficiency with increased risk to a range of neuro, vascular, immune, and inflammatory disorders. However, the current UK recommended nutrient intake for vitamin B12 does not adequately consider the vitamin B12 deficit for those choosing a plant-based diet, including vegetarianism and in particular veganism, representing a hidden hunger. We provide a cautionary note on the importance of preventing vitamin B12 deficits for those individuals choosing a plant-based diet and the health professionals advising them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niklewicz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - A David Smith
- OPTIMA, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andre Holzer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andrew Klein
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew McCaddon
- Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, Wrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, HPC AA31, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Louis Gueant
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Regional Hospital of Nancy, and Inserm UMRS 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition-Genetics-Environmental Risks)-University of Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Joe Dib
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Facultat de Medicina I Ciències de La Salut, Unitat de Medicina Preventiva I Salut Pública, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, IISPV, CIBEROBN, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ralph Green
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kourosh R Ahmadi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Paediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin J Warren
- Norwich Research Park, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - P Julian Owen
- Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Vitamin B12 Supplementation Adequacy in Australian Vegan Study Participants. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224781. [PMID: 36432466 PMCID: PMC9695216 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our initial analysis of the Australian Vegan Study we estimated the mean daily intake of vitamin B12 of each participant and compared this to the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI). However, the proportion of vitamin B12 that can be absorbed from large doses typically contained in oral supplements is considerably lower than the amount absorbed from food. In this analysis we took into account the estimated absorption from supplements in order to compare adequacy of vitamin B12 intake to the RDI. A cross-sectional online survey was used to obtain information from women (N = 1530) of reproductive age on a vegan diet in Australia. Vitamin B12 intake from food was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire and detailed questioning was used to estimate supplemental intake. We used published data on dose-dependent absorption rates to estimate amount of the vitamin absorbed to enable comparison to the RDI. Supplementation practices varied widely. Based on estimated amount absorbed, 39% of participants had an estimated total intake of vitamin B12 below RDI equivalency, compared to 26% based on mean daily intake. The potential absorption of vitamin B12 needs to be considered when estimating adequacy of intake and recommending supplementation.
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Lamers Y. Vitamin B-12 Requirements in Older Adults-Increasing Evidence Substantiates the Need To Re-Evaluate Recommended Amounts and Dietary Sources. J Nutr 2022; 152:2317-2318. [PMID: 36774098 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lamers
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Huang HH, Cohen AA, Gaudreau P, Auray-Blais C, Allard D, Boutin M, Reid I, Turcot V, Presse N. Vitamin B-12 Intake from Dairy but Not Meat Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Low Vitamin B-12 Status and Deficiency in Older Adults from Quebec, Canada. J Nutr 2022; 152:2483-2492. [PMID: 36774114 PMCID: PMC9644171 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B-12 deficiency can result in irreversible neurologic damages. It is most prevalent among older adults (∼5%-15%), mainly due to impaired absorption. Vitamin B-12 bioavailability varies between food sources, so their importance in preventing deficiency may also vary. OBJECTIVES Using the NuAge Database and Biobank, we examined the associations between vitamin B-12 intake (total and by specific food groups) and low vitamin B-12 status and deficiency in older adults. METHODS NuAge-the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging-included 1753 adults aged 67-84 y who were followed 4 y. Analytic samples comprised 1230-1463 individuals. Dietary vitamin B-12 intake was assessed annually using three 24-h dietary recalls. Vitamin B-12 status was assessed annually as low serum vitamin B-12 (<221 pmol/L), elevated urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA)/creatinine ratio (>2 μmol/mmol), and a combination of both (deficiency). Vitamin B-12 supplement users were excluded. Multilevel logistic regressions, adjusted for relevant confounders, were used. RESULTS Across all study years, 21.8%-32.5% of participants had low serum vitamin B-12, 12.5%-17.0% had elevated urine MMA/creatinine, and 10.1%-12.7% had deficiency. Median (IQR) total vitamin B-12 intake was 3.19 μg/d (2.31-4.37). Main sources were "dairy" and "meat, poultry, and organ meats." The ORs (95% CIs) in the fifth quintile compared with the first of total vitamin B-12 intake were as follows: for low serum vitamin B-12, 0.52 (0.37, 0.75; P-trend < 0.0001); for elevated urine MMA/creatinine, 0.63 (0.37, 1.08; P-trend = 0.091); and for vitamin B-12 deficiency, 0.38 (0.18, 0.79; P-trend = 0.006). Similarly, ORs (95% CIs) in the fourth quartile compared with the first of dairy-derived vitamin B-12 intake were 0.46 (0.32, 0.66; P-trend < 0.0001), 0.51 (0.30, 0.87; P-trend = 0.006), and 0.35 (0.17, 0.73; P-trend = 0.003), respectively. No associations were observed with vitamin B-12 from "meat, poultry, and organ meats." CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary vitamin B-12 intake, especially from dairy, was associated with decreased risk of low vitamin B-12 status and deficiency in older adults. Food groups might contribute differently at reducing risk of deficiency in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Helen Huang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Research Centre on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan A Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Research Centre on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke Research Center, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christiane Auray-Blais
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke Research Center, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Allard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Boutin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada,Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke Research Center, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Reid
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Turcot
- Research Centre on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nancy Presse
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Research Centre on Aging, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Fuchs HE, O’Connell K, Du M, Navarro SL, Brasky TM, Kantor ED. Vitamin B 12 Supplementation and Vitamin B 12 Blood Serum Levels: Evaluation of Effect Modification by Gender and Smoking Status. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:2373-2383. [PMID: 34817305 PMCID: PMC9761981 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2007271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that high intake of supplemental vitamin B12 may be associated with increased risk of cancer, with some evidence that this association may vary by gender and smoking status. This investigation evaluates if similar patterns in association are observed for data for 11,757 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2006). Survey-weighted multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used to evaluate the association between regular B12 supplement use and log-transformed serum B12 levels. Persons taking vitamin B12 through a multivitamin/multimineral (MVMM) had a median supplemental intake of 12 mcg/day (Q1: 6, Q3: 25), compared to 100 mcg/day (Q1: 22, Q3: 500) for persons reporting supplemental B12 intake through a MVMM-exclusive source. MVMM users had a geometric mean serum B12 26% (95% CI: 23%-30%) higher than nonusers, whereas MVMM-exclusive users' geometric mean was 61% (95% CI: 53%-70%) higher than nonusers (p-trend < 0.001). Although a positive trend (p-trend < 0.001) was observed for both men and women, the association was stronger among women (p-interaction < 0.001). No interaction was observed for smoking status (p-interaction = 0.45). B12 supplementation is associated with higher levels of serum B12, with significant interaction by gender but not smoking. Further work is needed to better understand the interplay of B12 and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Fuchs
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelli O’Connell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandi L. Navarro
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theodore M. Brasky
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Kantor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Elizabeth D. Kantor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 485 Lexington Avenue, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017, Phone: 646.888.8247,
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Prevalence and Indicators of Vitamin B12 Insufficiency among Young Women of Childbearing Age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010001. [PMID: 33374905 PMCID: PMC7792587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 insufficiency is a global health issue among women of childbearing age, yet few studies have investigated its prevalence and risk factors among healthy Middle Eastern populations. This cross-sectional study included 346 Saudi women aged 19–30 years and enrolled at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A series of questionnaires were administered to record the study participants’ sociodemographic status, medical history, dietary intake, and physical activity. Participants’ anthropometric data were also recorded and their fasting blood samples were analyzed. The rate of vitamin B12 insufficiency (≤220 pmol/L) was approximately 6% among the study participants. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was observed that the risk factors for vitamin B12 insufficiency included daily sitting time ≥ 7 h, low income (<10,000 Saudi riyal) and increasing age. The recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B12 (>2.4 mcg/day) has been shown to confer reasonable protection against vitamin B12 insufficiency. These study findings highlight that a combination of increased physical activity and dietary vitamin B12 intake above the current recommended dietary allowance may help improve the serum vitamin B12 levels of young women of childbearing age, especially those with a low socioeconomic status. Timely detection and protection against vitamin B12 insufficiency in this subpopulation are important to prevent maternal and fetal health risks.
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8
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Evaluation of the relationship between vitamin B12 levels and whole blood parameters in children. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.691996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Vitamin B12-fortified toothpaste improves vitamin status in elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1817-1825. [PMID: 30680547 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly people are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. AIMS We studied the ability of vitamin B12-enriched toothpaste vs. placebo to increase vitamin B12 status in elderly subjects. METHODS We conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled intervention in 103 elderly subjects. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) were measured at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS 92 subjects met the inclusion criteria, completed the 3 months study, and were included in the data analysis. After the intervention, concentrations of vitamin B12 were higher [mean (SD) = 368 (123) vs. 295 (123) pmol/L; p = 0.005] and holoTC tended to be higher [112 (48) vs. 91 (68) pmol/L; p = 0.088] in the vitamin B12 group compared with the placebo group. The changes of serum vitamin B12 [54 (74) vs. 3 (60) pmol/L, p < 0.001], holoTC [21 (34) vs. 2 (32) pmol/L, p = 0.007], and tHcy [- 0.9 (2.3) vs. 0.3 (1.9) µmol/L, p = 0.010] were significantly different between the intervention groups. Mean percentage increase of serum vitamin B12 (+ 23% corresponds to + 54 pmol/L) in the vitamin B12 toothpaste group suggests that the intervention had provided an additional daily intake of approximately + 7 µg oral B12. Common diseases and drugs did not predict the change of blood markers in the vitamin group. No side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS The toothpaste enriched with 100 µg cyanocobalamin/g has increased vitamin B12 status and can thus be used for preventing vitamin B12 depletion in elderly people. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02679833.
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Brito A, Habeych E, Silva-Zolezzi I, Galaffu N, Allen LH. Methods to assess vitamin B12 bioavailability and technologies to enhance its absorption. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:778-792. [PMID: 29931214 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (B-12) deficiency is still relatively common in low-, medium-, and high-income countries, mainly because of dietary inadequacy and, to a lesser extent, malabsorption. This narrative review is based on a systematic search of evidence on methods to assess B-12 bioavailability and technologies to enhance its absorption. A total of 2523 scientific articles identified in PubMed and 1572 patents identified in Orbit Intelligence were prescreened. Among the reviewed methods, Schilling's test and/or its food-based version (using cobalamin-labeled egg yolk) were used for decades but have been discontinued, largely because they required radioactive cobalt. The qualitative CobaSorb test, based on changes in circulating holo-transcobalamin before and after B-12 administration, and the 14C-labeled B-12 test for quantitative measurement of absorption of a low-dose radioactive tracer are currently the best available methods. Various forms of B-12 co-formulated with chemical enhancers (ie, salcaprozate sodium, 8-amino caprylate) or supplied via biotechnological methods (ie, microbiological techniques, plant cells expressing cobalamin binding proteins), encapsulation techniques (ie, emulsions, use of chitosan particles), and alternative routes of administration (ie, intranasal, transdermal administration) were identified as potential technologies to enhance B-12 absorption in humans. However, in most cases the evidence of absorption enhancement is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Brito
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA
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Obeid R, Heil SG, Verhoeven MMA, van den Heuvel EGHM, de Groot LCPGM, Eussen SJPM. Vitamin B12 Intake From Animal Foods, Biomarkers, and Health Aspects. Front Nutr 2019; 6:93. [PMID: 31316992 PMCID: PMC6611390 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The EAT-Lancet commission recently suggested that transformation to healthy diets by 2050 will require a reduction of at least 50% in consumption of foods such as red meat and sugar, and a doubling in the global consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes. A diet rich in plant-based foods and with fewer animal source foods confers both improved health and environmental benefits. Notably, the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency increases when consuming a diet low in animal products. Humans are dependent on animal foods such as dairy products, meat, fish and eggs. Vitamin B12 deficiency is common worldwide, especially in populations with low consumption of animal foods because of low socioeconomic status, ethical reasons, or because of their lifestyle (i.e., vegans). According to the European Food Safety Authoroty, the recommended adequate intake of vitamin B12 is 4.0 μg/d for adults, and vitamin B12 requirements are higher during pregnancy and lactation. Infants and children from deficient mothers and elderly people are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. Diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency is hampered by low specificity of available biomarkers, and there is no consensus yet regarding the optimal definition of low vitamin B12 status. In general, a combination of at least two biomarkers is recommended. Therefore, this review presents an overview of vitamin B12 biochemistry and its biomarkers. We further summarize current recommendations of vitamin B12 intake, and evidence on the associations of vitamin B12 intake from different nutrient-dense animal foods with vitamin B12 status markers. Finally, potential consequences of low vitamin B12 status on different health outcomes for pregnant women, infants and elderly are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra G Heil
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maxime M A Verhoeven
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simone J P M Eussen
- Department of Epidemiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ströhle A, Richter M, González‐Gross M, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Wagner K, Leschik‐Bonnet E, Egert S. The Revised D-A-CH-Reference Values for the Intake of Vitamin B 12 : Prevention of Deficiency and Beyond. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801178. [PMID: 30657638 PMCID: PMC6590120 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The nutrition societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland are the joint editors of the "D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake", which are revised regularly. METHODS AND RESULTS By reviewing vitamin-B12 -related biomarker studies, the reference values for vitamin B12 were revised in 2018. For adults, the estimated intake is based on the adequate serum concentrations of holotranscobalamin and methylmalonic acid. The estimated values for children and adolescents are extrapolated from the adult reference value by considering differences in body mass, an allometric exponent, and growth factors. For infants below 4 months of age, an estimated value is set based on the vitamin B12 intake via breast milk. The reference values for pregnant and lactating women consider the requirements for the fetus and for loss via breast milk. The estimated values for vitamin B12 intake for infants, children, and adolescents range from 0.5 to 4.0 µg d-1 . For adults, the estimated values are set at 4.0 µg d-1 , and for pregnant and lactating women, they are set at 4.5 and 5.5 µg d-1 , respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the data of several vitamin B12 status biomarkers studies, the reference value for vitamin B12 intake for adults is raised from 3.0 to 4.0 µg d-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ströhle
- Institute of Food Science and Human NutritionLeibniz University HannoverAm Kleinen Felde 3030167HannoverGermany
| | - Margrit Richter
- German Nutrition Society (DGE)Godesberger Allee 1853175BonnGermany
| | - Marcela González‐Gross
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human PerformanceUniversidad Politécnica de Madridc/ Martín Fierro 728040MadridSpain
| | | | - Karl‐Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of ViennaAlthanstraße 141090ViennaAustria
| | | | - Sarah Egert
- German Nutrition Society (DGE)Godesberger Allee 1853175BonnGermany
- Institute of Nutritional MedicineUniversity of HohenheimFruwirthstr. 1270599StuttgartGermany
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van de Lagemaat EE, de Groot LCPGM, van den Heuvel EGHM. Vitamin B 12 in Relation to Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E482. [PMID: 30823595 PMCID: PMC6412369 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The triage theory posits that modest micronutrient deficiencies may induce reallocation of nutrients to processes necessary for immediate survival at the expense of long-term health. Neglected processes could in time contribute to the onset of age-related diseases, in which oxidative stress is believed to be a major factor. Vitamin B12 (B12) appears to possess antioxidant properties. This review aims to summarise the potential antioxidant mechanisms of B12 and investigate B12 status in relation to oxidative stress markers. A systematic query-based search of PubMed was performed to identify eligible publications. The potential antioxidant properties of B12 include: (1) direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly superoxide; (2) indirect stimulation of ROS scavenging by preservation of glutathione; (3) modulation of cytokine and growth factor production to offer protection from immune response-induced oxidative stress; (4) reduction of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress; and (5) reduction of oxidative stress caused by advanced glycation end products. Some evidence appears to suggest that lower B12 status is related to increased pro-oxidant and decreased antioxidant status, both overall and for subclinically deficient individuals compared to those with normal B12 status. However, there is a lack of randomised controlled trials and prospective studies focusing specifically on the relation between B12 and oxidative stress in humans, resulting in a low strength of evidence. Further work is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E van de Lagemaat
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Allen LH, Miller JW, de Groot L, Rosenberg IH, Smith AD, Refsum H, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND): Vitamin B-12 Review. J Nutr 2018; 148:1995S-2027S. [PMID: 30500928 PMCID: PMC6297555 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This report on vitamin B-12 (B12) is part of the Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) Project, which provides state-of-the art information and advice on the selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers of nutrient exposure, status, and function. As with the other 5 reports in this series, which focused on iodine, folate, zinc, iron, and vitamin A, this B12 report was developed with the assistance of an expert panel (BOND B12 EP) and other experts who provided information during a consultation. The experts reviewed the existing literature in depth in order to consolidate existing relevant information on the biology of B12, including known and possible effects of insufficiency, and available and potential biomarkers of status. Unlike the situation for the other 5 nutrients reviewed during the BOND project, there has been relatively little previous attention paid to B12 status and its biomarkers, so this report is a landmark in terms of the consolidation and interpretation of the available information on B12 nutrition. Historically, most focus has been on diagnosis and treatment of clinical symptoms of B12 deficiency, which result primarily from pernicious anemia or strict vegetarianism. More recently, we have become aware of the high prevalence of B12 insufficiency in populations consuming low amounts of animal-source foods, which can be detected with ≥1 serum biomarker but presents the new challenge of identifying functional consequences that may require public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay H Allen
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Lisette de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Irwin H Rosenberg
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - A David Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Selected B vitamins and their possible link to the aetiology of age-related sarcopenia: relevance of UK dietary recommendations. Nutr Res Rev 2018; 31:204-224. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422418000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe possible roles of selected B vitamins in the development and progression of sarcopenia are reviewed. Age-related declines in muscle mass and function are associated with huge and increasing costs to healthcare providers. Falls and loss of mobility and independence due to declining muscle mass/function are associated with poor clinical outcomes and their prevention and management are attractive research targets. Nutritional status appears a key modifiable and affordable intervention. There is emerging evidence of sarcopenia being the result not only of diminished anabolic activity but also of declining neurological integrity in older age, which is emerging as an important aspect of the development of age-related decline in muscle mass/function. In this connection, several B vitamins can be viewed as not only cofactors in muscle synthetic processes, but also as neurotrophic agents with involvements in both bioenergetic and trophic pathways. The B vitamins thus selected are examined with respect to their relevance to multiple aspects of neuromuscular function and evidence is considered that requirements, intakes or absorption may be altered in the elderly. In addition, the evidence base for recommended intakes (UK recommended daily allowance) is examined with particular reference to original datasets and their relevance to older individuals. It is possible that inconsistencies in the literature with respect to the nutritional management of sarcopenia may, in part at least, be the result of compromised micronutrient status in some study participants. It is suggested that in order, for example, for intervention with amino acids to be successful, underlying micronutrient deficiencies must first be addressed/eliminated.
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16
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Martínez-Hernández GB, Castillejo N, Carrión-Monteagudo MDM, Artés F, Artés-Hernández F. Nutritional and bioactive compounds of commercialized algae powders used as food supplements. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2018; 24:172-182. [PMID: 29110539 DOI: 10.1177/1082013217740000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The main nutritional/bioactive compounds (protein; aminoacids, AA; fucose; minerals; vitamins B12 and C; and total phenolic content, TPC) of nine commercial algae powders, used as food supplements, were studied. Undaria pinnatifida showed the highest protein/aminoacid contents (51.6/54.4 g 100 g-1). Among brown macroalgae, Himanthalia elongata showed the highest fucose content (26.3 g kg-1) followed by Laminaria ochroleuca (22.5 g kg-1). Mineral contents of 15-24% were observed in the algae, being particularly excellent sources of iodine (69.0-472.0 mg kg-1). Porphyra spp. and Palmaria palmata showed the highest vitamin B12 contents (667-674 µg kg-1). Vitamin C ranged among 490.4-711.8 mg kg-1. H. elongata showed the highest total phenolic content (14.0 g kg-1). In conclusion, the studied algae are excellent sources of protein, AA, minerals, vitamin C and some of them presented particularly high vitamin B12 and fucose contents, which may have a potential use as food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés B Martínez-Hernández
- 1 Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- 2 Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Noelia Castillejo
- 1 Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Del M Carrión-Monteagudo
- 1 Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés
- 1 Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- 2 Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés-Hernández
- 1 Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- 2 Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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17
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Kim YN, Hwang JH, Cho YO. One-half of Korean adults studied had marginal vitamin B 12 status assessed by plasma vitamin B 12. Nutr Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Molloy AM. Should vitamin B 12 status be considered in assessing risk of neural tube defects? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1414:109-125. [PMID: 29377209 PMCID: PMC5887889 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong biological premise for including vitamin B12 with folic acid in strategies to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs), due to the closely interlinked metabolism of these two vitamins. For example, reduction of B12 deficiency among women of reproductive age could enhance the capacity of folic acid to prevent NTDs by optimizing the cellular uptake and utilization of natural folate cofactors. Vitamin B12 might also have an independent role in NTD prevention, such that adding it in fortification programs might be more effective than fortifying with folic acid alone. Globally, there is ample evidence of widespread vitamin B12 deficiency in low‐ and middle‐income countries, but there is also considerable divergence of vitamin B12 status across regions, likely due to genetic as well as nutritional factors. Here, I consider the evidence that low vitamin B12 status may be an independent factor associated with risk of NTDs, and whether a fortification strategy to improve B12 status would help reduce the prevalence of NTDs. I seek to identify knowledge gaps in this respect and specify research goals that would address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Prevalence and Predictors of Subclinical Micronutrient Deficiency in German Older Adults: Results from the Population-Based KORA-Age Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121276. [PMID: 29168737 PMCID: PMC5748727 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical micronutrient deficiency in older adults is associated with chronic age-related diseases and adverse functional outcomes. In Germany, the older population is at risk of insufficient micronutrient intake, but representative studies on micronutrient status in old and very old adults are scarce. This study’s objectives were to estimate the prevalence of subclinical vitamin D, folate, vitamin B12 and iron deficiencies among older adults, aged 65 to 93, from the KORA-Age study in Augsburg, Germany (n = 1079), and to examine associated predictors, using multiple logistic regression. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), folate, vitamin B12, and iron were analyzed. The prevalence of subclinical vitamin D and vitamin B12 deficiencies were high, with 52.0% and 27.3% of individuals having low 25OHD (<50 nmol/L) and low vitamin B12 concentrations (<221 pmol/L), respectively. Furthermore, 11.0% had low iron (men <11.6 µmol/L, women <9.0 µmol/L) and 8.7% had low folate levels (<13.6 nmol/L). Common predictors associated with subclinical micronutrient deficiency included very old age, physical inactivity, frailty and no/irregular use of supplements. Subclinical micronutrient deficiency is a public health concern among KORA-Age participants, especially for vitamins D and B12. The predictors identified provide further rationale for screening high-risk subgroups and developing targeted public health interventions to tackle prevailing micronutrient inadequacies among older adults.
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21
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van Wijngaarden JP, Dhonukshe-Rutten RAM, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Enneman AW, Swart KMA, van Dijk SC, In 't Veld PH, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, de Jonge R, Lips P, Uitterlinden AG, de Groot LCPGM. Vitamin B12 Intake and Related Biomarkers: Associations in a Dutch Elderly Population. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:1268-1276. [PMID: 29188889 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B12 status is measured by four plasma/ serum biomarkers: total vitamin B12 (total B12), holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (tHcy). Associations of B12 intake with holoTC and tHcy and associations between all four biomarkers have not been extensively studied. A better insight in these associations may contribute to an improved differentiation between vitamin B12 deficiency and a normal vitamin B12 status. OBJECTIVE This study investigates associations between vitamin B12 intake and biomarkers and associations between biomarkers. DESIGN In this cross-sectional observational study, levels of total B12, HoloTC, MMA and tHcy were determined in participants of the B-PROOF study: 2919 elderly people (≥65 years, with a mean age of 74.1 years, a mean BMI of 27.1 and 50% women) with elevated tHcy levels (≥12 µmol/L). B12 intake was assessed in a subsample. We assessed the association between intake and status with multivariate regression analysis. We explored the dose-response association between B12 intake and biomarkers and the association of total B12 and holoTC with tHcy and MMA with restricted cubic spline plots. RESULTS A doubling of B12 intake was associated with 9% higher total B12, 15% higher HoloTC, 9% lower MMA and 2% lower tHcy. Saturation of biomarkers occurs with dietary intakes of >5 μg B12. Spline regression showed that levels of MMA and tHcy started to rise when vitamin B12 levels fall below 330 pmol/L and with HoloTC levels below 100 pmol/L, with a sharp increase with levels of B12 and HoloTC below 220 and 50 pmol/L respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this study we observed a significant association between vitamin B12 intake and vitamin B12 biomarkers and between the biomarkers. The observed inflections for total B12 and holoTC with MMA and tHcy could indicate cut-off levels for further testing for B12 deficiency and determining subclinical B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P van Wijngaarden
- JP van Wijngaarden, Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120767. [PMID: 27916823 PMCID: PMC5188422 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin is an essential molecule for humans. It acts as a cofactor in one-carbon transfers through methylation and molecular rearrangement. These functions take place in fatty acid, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways. The deficiency of vitamin B12 is clinically manifested in the blood and nervous system where the cobalamin plays a key role in cell replication and in fatty acid metabolism. Hypovitaminosis arises from inadequate absorption, from genetic defects that alter transport through the body, or from inadequate intake as a result of diet. With the growing adoption of vegetarian eating styles in Western countries, there is growing focus on whether diets that exclude animal foods are adequate. Since food availability in these countries is not a problem, and therefore plant foods are sufficiently adequate, the most delicate issue remains the contribution of cobalamin, which is poorly represented in plants. In this review, we will discuss the status of vitamin B12 among vegetarians, the diagnostic markers for the detection of cobalamin deficiency and appropriate sources for sufficient intake, through the description of the features and functions of vitamin B12 and its absorption mechanism.
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23
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Mendonça N, Mathers JC, Adamson AJ, Martin-Ruiz C, Seal CJ, Jagger C, Hill TR. Intakes of Folate and Vitamin B12 and Biomarkers of Status in the Very Old: The Newcastle 85+ Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:E604. [PMID: 27690091 PMCID: PMC5083992 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Very old adults are at increased risk of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies due to reduced food intake and gastrointestinal absorption. The main aim was to determine the association between folate and vitamin B12 intake from total diets and food groups, and status. Folate or vitamin B12 intakes (2 × 24 h multiple pass recalls) and red blood cell (RBC) folate or plasma vitamin B12 (chemiluminescence immunoassays) concentrations were available at baseline for 731 participants aged 85 from the Newcastle 85+ Study (North-East England). Generalized additive and binary logistic models estimated the associations between folate and vitamin B12 intakes from total diets and food groups, and RBC folate and plasma B12. Folate intake from total diets and cereal and cereal products was strongly associated with RBC folate (p < 0.001). Total vitamin B12 intake was weakly associated with plasma vitamin B12 (p = 0.054) but those with higher intakes from total diets or meat and meat products were less likely to have deficient status. Women homozygous for the FUT2 G allele had higher concentrations of plasma vitamin B12. Cereals and cereal products are a very important source of folate in the very old. Higher intakes of folate and vitamin B12 lower the risk of "inadequate" status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mendonça
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - John C Mathers
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ashley J Adamson
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 5PL, UK.
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Chris J Seal
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Carol Jagger
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 5PL, UK.
| | - Tom R Hill
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Romain M, Sviri S, Linton DM, Stav I, van Heerden PV. The role of Vitamin B12 in the critically ill--a review. Anaesth Intensive Care 2016; 44:447-52. [PMID: 27456173 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1604400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient, as humans have no capacity to produce the vitamin and it needs to be ingested from animal proteins. The ingested Vitamin B12 undergoes a complex process of absorption and assimilation. Vitamin B12 is essential for cellular function. Deficiency affects 15% of patients older than 65 and results in haematological and neurological disorders. Low levels of Vitamin B12 may also be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. High levels of Vitamin B12 are associated with inflammation and represent a poor outlook for critically ill patients. Treatment of Vitamin B12 deficiency is simple, but may be lifelong.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Romain
- Intensivist, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Sviri
- Intensivist, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D M Linton
- Intensivist, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Stav
- Data Manager, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - P V van Heerden
- Director, General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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25
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Visentin CE, Masih SP, Plumptre L, Schroder TH, Sohn KJ, Ly A, Lausman AY, Berger H, Croxford R, Lamers Y, Kim YI, O'Connor DL. Low Serum Vitamin B-12 Concentrations Are Prevalent in a Cohort of Pregnant Canadian Women. J Nutr 2016; 146:1035-42. [PMID: 27075906 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.226845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among Canadian women of reproductive age, 5% and 20% have serum vitamin B-12 concentrations indicative of deficiency (<148 pmol/L) and marginal status (148-220 pmol/L), respectively. Given the association between suboptimal vitamin B-12 and adverse pregnancy outcomes, an understanding of vitamin B-12 status during pregnancy, and factors that influence it, is required. OBJECTIVE This prospective analysis from the PREFORM (PREnatal FOlic acid exposuRe on DNA Methylation in the newborn infant) study investigated 1) vitamin B-12 status in a cohort of Canadian pregnant women and their newborns, 2) the association of maternal dietary vitamin B-12 intake with maternal and cord blood concentrations of vitamin B-12 and its biomarkers, and 3) the association of fetal genetic polymorphisms with cord blood concentrations of vitamin B-12 and its biomarkers. METHODS In pregnant Canadian women (n = 368; mean ± SD age: 32 ± 5 y), vitamin B-12 intakes were assessed in early (0-16 wk) and mid- to late (23-37 wk) pregnancy. Serum vitamin B-12 and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) in maternal blood at 12-16 wk of pregnancy and at delivery (28-42 wk) and in cord blood were measured and compared by using regression analyses. The associations of 28 fetal genetic variants in vitamin B-12 metabolism and cord blood vitamin B-12, tHcy, and MMA concentrations were assessed by using regression analysis, with adjustment for multiple testing. RESULTS A total of 17% and 38% of women had deficient and 35% and 43% had marginal serum vitamin B-12 concentrations at 12-16 wk of pregnancy and at delivery, respectively. Only 1.9-5.3% had elevated MMA (>271 nmol/L), and no women had elevated tHcy (>13 μmol/L). Maternal dietary vitamin B-12 intake during pregnancy was either weakly associated or not associated with maternal and cord blood vitamin B-12 (r(2) = 0.17-0.24, P < 0.0008), tHcy (P = NS) and MMA (r(2) = 0.05-0.11, P < 0.001). Fetal genetic polymorphisms were not associated with cord blood concentrations of vitamin B-12 and its biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Deficient and marginal serum vitamin B-12 concentrations are prevalent in Canadian pregnant women with the use of traditional cutoffs, despite supplement use. Given the growing interest among women to adhere to a vegetarian diet that may be lower in vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-12's importance in pregnancy, the functional ramifications of these observations need to be elucidated. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02244684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly E Visentin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon P Masih
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Plumptre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa H Schroder
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Kyoung-Jin Sohn
- Departments of Medicine and Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Ly
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Y Lausman
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Berger
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yvonne Lamers
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Young-In Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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26
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Arendt JFH, Farkas DK, Pedersen L, Nexo E, Sørensen HT. Elevated plasma vitamin B12 levels and cancer prognosis: A population-based cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 40:158-65. [PMID: 26724465 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma vitamin B12 levels (cobalamin, Cbl) are associated with increased short-term cancer risk among patients referred for this laboratory measurement. We aimed to assess prognosis in cancer patients with elevated plasma Cbl. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from Danish medical registries during 1998-2014. The study included 25,017 patients with a cancer diagnosis and Cbl levels of 200-600 pmol/L (reference/normal range), 601-800 pmol/L and >800 pmol/L measured up to one year prior to diagnosis, and a comparison cohort of 61,988 cancer patients without a plasma Cbl measurement. Patients treated with Cbl were excluded. Survival probability was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Mortality risk ratios (MRR) were computed using Cox proportional hazard regression, adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, cancer stage and comorbidity, scored using the Charlson comorbidity index. RESULTS Survival probabilities were lower among patients with elevated Cbl levels than among patients with normal levels and among members of the comparison cohort [(1-year survival,%) Cbl: 200-600 pmol/L: 69.3%; 601-800 pmol/L: 49.6%; >800 pmol/L: 35.8%; comparison cohort: 72.6%]. Thirty-day mortality was elevated for patients with Cbl levels of 601-800 pmol/L or >800 pmol/L, compared to patients with levels of 200-600 pmol/L [(MRR (95% confidence interval): 601-800 pmol/L vs. 200-600 pmol/L: 1.9 (1.6-2.2); >800 pmol/L vs. 200-600 pmol/L: 2.7 (2.4-3.1)]. This association remained robust for 31-90-day and 91-365-day mortality, showing similar dose-response patterns. CONCLUSION Cancer patients with elevated Cbl levels had higher mortality than those with normal Cbl levels. These findings may have clinical significance for assessing the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frederik Håkonsen Arendt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44 Building 9, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Dóra Körmendiné Farkas
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Lars Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44 Building 9, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Olof Palmes Allé 43-45, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Dietary Sources of Vitamin B-12 and Their Association with Vitamin B-12 Status Markers in Healthy Older Adults in the B-PROOF Study. Nutrients 2015; 7:7781-97. [PMID: 26389945 PMCID: PMC4586559 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin B-12 concentrations are frequently observed among older adults. Malabsorption is hypothesized to be an important cause of vitamin B-12 inadequacy, but serum vitamin B-12 may also be differently affected by vitamin B-12 intake depending on food source. We examined associations between dietary sources of vitamin B-12 (meat, fish and shellfish, eggs, dairy) and serum vitamin B-12, using cross-sectional data of 600 Dutch community-dwelling adults (≥65 years). Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Vitamin B-12 concentrations were measured in serum. Associations were studied over tertiles of vitamin B-12 intake using P for trend, by calculating prevalence ratios (PRs), and splines. Whereas men had significantly higher vitamin B-12 intakes than women (median (25th–75th percentile): 4.18 (3.29–5.38) versus 3.47 (2.64–4.40) μg/day), serum vitamin B-12 did not differ between the two sexes (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 275 ± 104 pmol/L versus 290 ± 113 pmol/L). Higher intakes of dairy, meat, and fish and shellfish were significantly associated with higher serum vitamin B-12 concentrations, where meat and dairy—predominantly milk were the most potent sources. Egg intake did not significantly contribute to higher serum vitamin B-12 concentrations. Thus, dairy and meat were the most important contributors to serum vitamin B-12, followed by fish and shellfish.
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Bae S, West AA, Yan J, Jiang X, Perry CA, Malysheva O, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Caudill MA. Vitamin B-12 Status Differs among Pregnant, Lactating, and Control Women with Equivalent Nutrient Intakes. J Nutr 2015; 145:1507-14. [PMID: 25995278 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data are available from controlled studies on biomarkers of maternal vitamin B-12 status. OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify the effects of pregnancy and lactation on the vitamin B-12 status response to a known and highly controlled vitamin B-12 intake. METHODS As part of a 10-12 wk feeding trial, pregnant (26-29 wk gestation; n = 26), lactating (5 wk postpartum; n = 28), and control (nonpregnant, nonlactating; n = 21) women consumed vitamin B-12 amounts of ∼8.6 μg/d [mixed diet (∼6 μg/d) plus a prenatal multivitamin supplement (2.6 μg/d)]. Serum vitamin B-12, holotranscobalamin (bioactive form of vitamin B-12), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine were measured at baseline and study-end. RESULTS All participants achieved adequate vitamin B-12 status in response to the study dose. Compared with control women, pregnant women had lower serum vitamin B-12 (-21%; P = 0.02) at study-end, whereas lactating women had higher (P = 0.04) serum vitamin B-12 throughout the study (+26% at study-end). Consumption of the study vitamin B-12 dose increased serum holotranscobalamin in all reproductive groups (+16-42%; P ≤ 0.009). At study-end, pregnant (vs. control) women had a higher holotranscobalamin-to-vitamin B-12 ratio (P = 0.04) with ∼30% (vs. 20%) of total vitamin B-12 in the bioactive form. Serum MMA increased during pregnancy (+50%; P < 0.001) but did not differ by reproductive state at study-end. Serum homocysteine increased in pregnant women (+15%; P = 0.009) but decreased in control and lactating women (-16-17%; P < 0.001). Despite these changes, pregnant women had ∼20% lower serum homocysteine than the other 2 groups at study-end (P ≤ 0.02). CONCLUSION Pregnancy and lactation alter vitamin B-12 status in a manner consistent with enhanced vitamin B-12 supply to the child. Consumption of the study vitamin B-12 dose (∼3 times the RDA) increased the bioactive form of vitamin B-12, suggesting that women in these reproductive states may benefit from vitamin B-12 intakes exceeding current recommendations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajin Bae
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Allyson A West
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Jian Yan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Cydne A Perry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Olga Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine and Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
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ter Borg S, Verlaan S, Hemsworth J, Mijnarends DM, Schols JMGA, Luiking YC, de Groot LCPGM. Micronutrient intakes and potential inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1195-206. [PMID: 25822905 PMCID: PMC4531469 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies and low dietary intakes among community-dwelling older adults are associated with functional decline, frailty and difficulties with independent living. As such, studies that seek to understand the types and magnitude of potential dietary inadequacies might be beneficial for guiding future interventions. We carried out a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Observational cohort and longitudinal studies presenting the habitual dietary intakes of older adults (≥65 years) were included. Sex-specific mean (and standard deviation) habitual micronutrient intakes were extracted from each article to calculate the percentage of older people who were at risk for inadequate micronutrient intakes using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. The percentage at risk for inadequate micronutrient intakes from habitual dietary intakes was calculated for twenty micronutrients. A total of thirty-seven articles were included in the pooled systematic analysis. Of the twenty nutrients analysed, six were considered a possible public health concern: vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, Ca, Mg and Se. The extent to which these apparent inadequacies are relevant depends on dynamic factors, including absorption and utilisation, vitamin and mineral supplement use, dietary assessment methods and the selection of the reference value. In light of these considerations, the present review provides insight into the type and magnitude of vitamin and mineral inadequacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovianne ter Borg
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition,
Uppsalalaan 12, PO Box 80141, 3508TC, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Sjors Verlaan
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition,
Uppsalalaan 12, PO Box 80141, 3508TC, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Jaimie Hemsworth
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition,
Uppsalalaan 12, PO Box 80141, 3508TC, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Donja M. Mijnarends
- Department of Health Services Research, School CAPHRI,
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
| | - Jos M. G. A. Schols
- Department of Health Services Research, School CAPHRI,
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
- Department of Family Medicine, School CAPHRI, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, The
Netherlands
| | - Yvette C. Luiking
- Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition,
Uppsalalaan 12, PO Box 80141, 3508TC, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
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MacFarlane AJ, Shi Y, Greene-Finestone LS. High-dose compared with low-dose vitamin B-12 supplement use is not associated with higher vitamin B-12 status in children, adolescents, and older adults. J Nutr 2014; 144:915-20. [PMID: 24699807 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.190256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-the-counter vitamin supplements on the Canadian market are permitted to contain a daily vitamin B-12 dose of up to 1000 μg. Our objective was to determine the association between total daily vitamin B-12 supplement dose and markers of vitamin B-12 status in Canadians. Blood collected from a nationally representative sample aged 6-79 y (n = ∼5600) in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009) was analyzed for serum vitamin B-12 and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy). Total daily intake of vitamin B-12 from single and multivitamin supplements was calculated. Individuals that indicated proton pump inhibitor or vitamin B-12 injection treatment were excluded from the supplement dose and tHcy analyses; folate-deficient individuals were also excluded from the tHcy analysis. Twenty-three percent of children, 12.3% of adolescents, and 25.5% of adults consumed a vitamin B-12-containing supplement. Supplement users had 33% higher serum vitamin B-12 and 4.2% higher prevalence of adequacy than did non-supplement users. Children and adolescents consuming >10 μg/d supplemental vitamin B-12 did not demonstrate higher serum vitamin B-12, higher prevalence of serum vitamin B-12 adequacy, or lower tHcy than did those consuming >0-10 μg/d. The association between serum vitamin B-12 reached a plateau at doses of >25 and >10-25 μg/d in adults aged 46-59 and 60-79 y, respectively. The prevalences of serum vitamin B-12 adequacy and normal tHcy, and tHcy did not differ by vitamin B-12 supplement dose in adults >45 y. In this cross-sectional study, vitamin B-12 supplement doses >10-25 μg/d were not associated with higher vitamin B-12 status in children, adolescents, or older adults compared with lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J MacFarlane
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and
| | - Yipu Shi
- Social Determinants and Science Integration Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Linda S Greene-Finestone
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and
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Rizzo NS, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Sabate J, Fraser GE. Authors' Response. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:197-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Inadequate Vitamin B-12 Intake May Be a Problem Not Just for a Small Number of Adventist Vegans. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Arendt JFB, Pedersen L, Nexo E, Sørensen HT. Elevated plasma vitamin B12 levels as a marker for cancer: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1799-805. [PMID: 24249744 PMCID: PMC3848986 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of patients referred for plasma vitamin B12 (cobalamin [Cbl]) measurement present with high Cbl levels, which have been reported in patients with different cancer types. However, the cancer risk among patients with newly diagnosed high Cbl levels has not been adequately examined. METHODS We conducted this cohort study using population-based Danish medical registries. Patients referred for Cbl measurement with levels greater than the lower reference limit (≥200 pmol/L) were identified from the population of Northern Denmark during the period of 1998 to 2009 using a database of laboratory test results covering the entire population. Data on cancer incidence (follow-up 1998-2010), Cbl treatment, and prior diagnoses were obtained from medical registries. Patients receiving Cbl treatment were excluded. Cancer risks were calculated as standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), stratified by plasma Cbl levels. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We identified 333 667 persons without prevalent cancer and not receiving Cbl treatment. Six percent had Cbl levels greater than the upper reference limit (≥601 pmol/L). Cancer risk increased with higher Cbl levels and was highest during the first year of follow-up (Cbl 601-800 pmol/L: SIR = 3.44, 95% CI = 3.14 to 3.76; Cbl >800 pmol/L: SIR = 6.27, 95% CI = 5.70 to 6.88; both P < .001). The risks were particularly elevated for hematological and smoking- and alcohol-related cancers for persons with high Cbl levels. CONCLUSIONS High Cbl levels were associated with the risk of subsequently diagnosed cancer, mostly within the first year of follow-up. This may have clinical implications for the interpretation of high Cbl levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Frederik Berg Arendt
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Clinical Epidemiology (JFBA, LP, HTS) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (JFBA, EN), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Daily milk intake improves vitamin B-12 status in young vegetarian Indians: an intervention trial. Nutr J 2013; 12:136. [PMID: 24107225 PMCID: PMC3851996 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic Indian lacto vegetarians, who make up more than half of the Indian population in different geographic regions, have distinctly low vitamin B-12 concentrations than non- vegetarians. Vegetarians consume milk but it seems that the amount is not enough to improve vitamin B-12 status or vitamin B-12 concentration in milk itself may be low. The aim of this study was to determine if daily milk consumption can improve vitamin B-12 status. Methods Fifteen male and 36 female, young healthy post-graduate volunteers participated. Blood from ten participants (4 males and 6 females) was collected (day-1). They continued their regular diet for next fourteen days and on day-15, blood of all 51 participants was collected, plasma vitamin B-12 concentration was measured and were divided into two groups; Normal (vitamin B-12 >148 pmol/L, n = 22) and Vitamin B-12 deficient (<148 pmol/L, n = 29), the remaining plasma was stored. All participants consumed 600 ml. of non-enriched buffalo milk (200 × 3) during the day along with their usual diet. Next day blood was collected for plasma holotranscobalamin II measurement. Subjects from deficient group continued to drink 400 ml of milk daily for next 14 days and blood was collected on day-30. Plasma holotranscoabalamin II (day-1, 15, 16, 30), vitamin B-12, folate, total homocysteine, creatinine and hematoloical parameters (day-1, 15, 30), and milk vitamin B-12 concentrations (day-15, 16, 30) were measured. Results Fifty seven per cent of the participants were vitamin B-12 deficient and 65% were hyperhomocysteinemic. No significant difference in biomarkers was observed when there was no intervention. Plasma holotranscobalamin II concentration increased from 19.6 to 22.27 pmol/L (p < 0.0001) 24 hrs after milk load in the whole group. Plasma vitamin B-12 increased from 92.5 to 122 pmol/L and tHcy concentrations decreased from 31.9 to 24.9 μ mol/L (p < 0.0001 for both) 14 days after regular milk intake in vitamin B-12 deficient subjects. Conclusions Regular intake of milk improved vitamin B-12 status of vitamin B-12 deficient vegetarians indicating a potential dietary strategy to improve the vitamin status.
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Hughes CF, Ward M, Hoey L, McNulty H. Vitamin B12 and ageing: current issues and interaction with folate. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 50:315-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563212473279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A compromised vitamin B12 status is common in older people despite dietary intakes that typically far exceed current recommendations. The maintenance of an optimal status of vitamin B12 is not only dependent on adequate dietary intake but more critically on effective absorption which diminishes with age. The measurement of vitamin B12 is complicated by the lack of a gold standard assay. There are a number of direct and functional indicators of vitamin B12 status; however, none of these are without limitations and should be used in combination. Vitamin B12 is of public health importance, not only because deficiency leads to megaloblastic anaemia and irreversible nerve damage, but also because emerging evidence links low B12 to an increased risk of a number of age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, dementia and osteoporosis. Furthermore, there are concerns relating to potential adverse effects for older adults with low vitamin B12 status of over-exposure to folic acid in countries where there is mandatory fortification of food with folic acid. The aim of this review is to examine the known and emerging issues related to vitamin B12 in ageing, its assessment and inter-relationship with folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Hughes
- The Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mary Ward
- The Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Leane Hoey
- The Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helene McNulty
- The Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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Rutten MJM, Bouwman AC, Sprong RC, van Arendonk JAM, Visker MHPW. Genetic variation in vitamin B-12 content of bovine milk and its association with SNP along the bovine genome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62382. [PMID: 23626813 PMCID: PMC3633873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B-12 (also called cobalamin) is essential for human health and current intake levels of vitamin B-12 are considered to be too low. Natural enrichment of the vitamin B-12 content in milk, an important dietary source of vitamin B-12, may help to increase vitamin B-12 intake. Natural enrichment of the milk vitamin B-12 content could be achieved through genetic selection, provided there is genetic variation between cows with respect to the vitamin B-12 content in their milk. A substantial amount of genetic variation in vitamin B-12 content was detected among raw milk samples of 544 first-lactation Dutch Holstein Friesian cows. The presence of genetic variation between animals in vitamin B-12 content in milk indicates that the genotype of the cow affects the amount of vitamin B-12 that ends up in her milk and, consequently, that the average milk vitamin B-12 content of the cow population can be increased by genetic selection. A genome-wide association study revealed significant association between 68 SNP and vitamin B-12 content in raw milk of 487 first-lactation Dutch Holstein Friesian cows. This knowledge facilitates genetic selection for milk vitamin B-12 content. It also contributes to the understanding of the biological mechanism responsible for the observed genetic variation in vitamin B-12 content in milk. None of the 68 significantly associated SNP were in or near known candidate genes involved in transport of vitamin B-12 through the gastrointestinal tract, uptake by ileum epithelial cells, export from ileal cells, transport through the blood, uptake from the blood, intracellular processing, or reabsorption by the kidneys. Probably, associations relate to genes involved in alternative pathways of well-studied processes or to genes involved in less well-studied processes such as ruminal production of vitamin B-12 or secretion of vitamin B-12 by the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. M. Rutten
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aniek C. Bouwman
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dullemeijer C, Souverein OW, Doets EL, van der Voet H, van Wijngaarden JP, de Boer WJ, Plada M, Dhonukshe-Rutten RAM, In 't Veld PH, Cavelaars AEJM, de Groot LCPGM, van 't Veer P. Systematic review with dose-response meta-analyses between vitamin B-12 intake and European Micronutrient Recommendations Aligned's prioritized biomarkers of vitamin B-12 including randomized controlled trials and observational studies in adults and elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:390-402. [PMID: 23269815 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.033951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have provided information on the association between vitamin B-12 intake and biomarkers. The use of these data to estimate dose-response relations provides a useful means to summarize the body of evidence. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed studies that investigated vitamin B-12 intake and biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status and estimated dose-response relations with the use of a meta-analysis. DESIGN This systematic review included all RCTs, prospective cohort studies, nested case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies in healthy adult populations published through January 2010 that supplied or measured dietary vitamin B-12 intake and measured vitamin B-12 status as serum or plasma vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid (MMA), or holotranscobalamin. We calculated an intake-status regression coefficient ( ) for each individual study and calculated the overall pooled and SE ( ) by using random-effects meta-analysis on a double-log scale. RESULTS The meta-analysis of observational studies showed a weaker slope of dose-response relations than the meta-analysis of RCTs. The pooled dose-response relation of all studies between vitamin B-12 intake and status indicated that a doubling of the vitamin B-12 intake increased vitamin B-12 concentrations by 11% (95% CI: 9.4%, 12.5%). This increase was larger for studies in elderly persons (13%) than in studies in adults (8%). The dose-response relation between vitamin B-12 intake and MMA concentrations indicated a decrease in MMA of 7% (95% CI: -10%, -4%) for every doubling of the vitamin B-12 intake. The assessment of risk of bias within individual studies and across studies indicated risk that was unlikely to seriously alter these results. CONCLUSION The obtained dose-response estimate between vitamin B-12 intake and status provides complementary evidence to underpin recommendations for a vitamin B-12 intake of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Dullemeijer
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Samuel TM, Duggan C, Thomas T, Bosch R, Rajendran R, Virtanen SM, Srinivasan K, Kurpad AV. Vitamin B(12) intake and status in early pregnancy among urban South Indian women. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013; 62:113-22. [PMID: 23344013 DOI: 10.1159/000345589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the vitamin B(12) status of South Indian women in early pregnancy and its relationship with sociodemographic, anthropometry and dietary intake. METHODS Cross-sectional study among 366 pregnant urban South Indian women ≤14 weeks of gestation with outcome variables defined as low vitamin B(12) blood concentration (<150 pmol/l) and impaired vitamin B(12) status [low vitamin B(12) plus elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA) >0.26 µmol/l)]. RESULTS Low plasma vitamin B(12) concentration was observed in 51.1% of the women, while 42.4% had impaired B(12) status. Elevated MMA, elevated homocysteine (>10 µmol/l) and low erythrocyte folate (<283 nmol/l) were observed among 75.8, 43.3 and 22.2% of the women, respectively. The median (25th, 75th percentile) dietary intake of vitamin B(12) was 1.25 (0.86, 1.96) µg/day. Lower maternal body weight was associated with higher vitamin B(12) concentration [prevalence ratios (PR) (95% CI) 0.57 (0.39, 0.84)]. The predictors of impaired vitamin B(12) status were no consumption of yoghurt [PR (95% CI) 1.63 (1.03, 2.58)] or fish [PR (95% CI) 1.32 (1.01, 1.71)] and primiparity [PR (95% CI) 1.41 (1.05, 1.90)]. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of vitamin B(12) deficiency in early pregnancy among urban South Indian women was related to primiparity and to a low consumption of yoghurt and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinu Mary Samuel
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Kirsch SH, Herrmann W, Obeid R. Genetic defects in folate and cobalamin pathways affecting the brain. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lactic acid bacteria producing B-group vitamins: a great potential for functional cereals products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1383-94. [PMID: 23093174 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Wheat contains various essential nutrients including the B group of vitamins. However, B group vitamins, normally present in cereals-derived products, are easily removed or destroyed during milling, food processing or cooking. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used as starter cultures for the fermentation of a large variety of foods and can improve the safety, shelf life, nutritional value, flavor and overall quality of the fermented products. In this regard, the identification and application of strains delivering health-promoting compounds is a fascinating field. Besides their key role in food fermentations, several LAB found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals are commercially used as probiotics and possess generally recognized as safe status. LAB are usually auxotrophic for several vitamins although certain strains of LAB have the capability to synthesize water-soluble vitamins such as those included in the B group. In recent years, a number of biotechnological processes have been explored to perform a more economical and sustainable vitamin production than that obtained via chemical synthesis. This review article will briefly report the current knowledge on lactic acid bacteria synthesis of vitamins B2, B11 and B12 and the potential strategies to increase B-group vitamin content in cereals-based products, where vitamins-producing LAB have been leading to the elaboration of novel fermented functional foods. In addition, the use of genetic strategies to increase vitamin production or to create novel vitamin-producing strains will be also discussed.
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Association between vitamin B12intake and EURRECA's prioritized biomarkers of vitamin B12in young populations: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:1843-60. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo review evidence on the associations between vitamin B12intake and its biomarkers, vitamin B12intake and its functional health outcomes, and vitamin B12biomarkers and functional health outcomes.DesignA systematic review was conducted by searching electronic databases, until January 2012, using a standardized strategy developed in the EURRECA network. Relevant articles were screened and sorted based on title and abstract, then based on full text, and finally included if they met inclusion criteria. A total of sixteen articles were included in the review.SettingArticles covered four continents: America (n4), Europe (n8), Africa (n1) and Asia (n3).SubjectsPopulation groups included healthy infants, children and adolescents, and pregnant and lactating women.ResultsFrom the total number of 5815 papers retrieved from the initial search, only sixteen were eligible according to the inclusion criteria: five for infants, five for children and adolescents, and six for pregnant and lactating women.ConclusionsOnly one main conclusion could be extracted from this scarce number of references: a positive association between vitamin B12intake and serum vitamin B12in the infant group. Other associations were not reported in the eligible papers or the results were not provided in a consistent manner. The low number of papers that could be included in our systematic review is probably due to the attention that is currently given to research on vitamin B12in elderly people. Our observations in the current systematic review justify the idea of performing well-designed studies on vitamin B12in young populations.
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Abstract
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) consists of a corrinoid structure with cobalt in the centre of the molecule. Neither humans nor animals are able to synthesize this vitamin. Foods of animal source are the only natural source of cobalamin in human diet. There are only two enzymatic reactions in mammalian cells that require cobalamin as cofactor. Methylcobolamin is a cofactor for methionine synthase. The enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA-mutase requires adenosylcobalamin as a cofactor. Therefore, serum concentrations of homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) will increase in cobalamin deficiency. The cobalamin absorption from diet is a complex process that involves different proteins: haptocorrin, intrinsic factor and transcobalamin (TC). Cobalamin that is bound to TC is called holotranscobalamin (holoTC) which is the metabolically active vitamin B12 fraction. HoloTC consists 6 and 20% of total cobalamin whereas 80% of total serum cobalamin is bound to another binding protein, haptocorrin. Cobalamin deficiency is common worldwide. Cobalamin malabsorption is common in elderly subjects which might explain low vitamin status. Subjects who ingest low amount of cobalamin like vegetarians develop vitamin deficiency. No single parameter can be used to diagnose cobalamin deficiency. Total serum cobalamin is neither sensitive nor it is specific for cobalamin deficiency. This might explain why many deficient subjects would be overlooked by utilizing total cobalamin as status marker. Concentration of holotranscobalamin (holoTC) in serum is an earlier marker that becomes decreased before total serum cobalamin. Concentrations of MMA and tHcy increase in blood of cobalamin deficient subjects. Despite limitations of these markers in patients with renal dysfunction, concentrations of MMA and tHcy are useful functional markers of cobalamin status. The combined use of holoTC and MMA assays may better indicate cobalamin status than either of them. Because Cbl deficiency is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases an early diagnosis of a low B12 status is required which should be followed by an effective treatment in order to prevent irreversible damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany,
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Vanderjagt DJ, Ujah IAO, Ikeh EI, Bryant J, Pam V, Hilgart A, Crossey MJ, Glew RH. Assessment of the vitamin B12 status of pregnant women in Nigeria using plasma holotranscobalamin. ISRN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 2011:365894. [PMID: 21789284 PMCID: PMC3140786 DOI: 10.5402/2011/365894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for neural tube defects and other neurological problems in infants. We determined the vitamin B12 status of 143 pregnant women in Nigeria representing all trimesters who presented to an antenatal clinic in Jos, Nigeria, using holotranscobalamin II levels (holoTCII), which is a measure of the vitamin B12 that is available for uptake into tissues. The holoTCII concentration ranged from 13 to 128 pmol/L. Using a cutoff of 40 pmol/L, 36% of the women were classified as vitamin B12-deficient. HoloTCII concentrations correlated negatively with plasma homocysteine levels (r = −0.24, P = 0.003) and positively with red blood cell folate concentrations (r = 0.28, P < 0.001). These data underscore the importance of supplementing pregnant women in Nigeria with vitamin B12 in order to ensure adequate vitamin B12 status and decrease the risk for neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy J Vanderjagt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4670, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Baer J, Peter MS. Vitamin B12 Assessment and Intervention in Younger Adult Women. J Nurse Pract 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McCracken C. Challenges of long-term nutrition intervention studies on cognition: discordance between observational and intervention studies of vitamin B12 and cognition. Nutr Rev 2010; 68 Suppl 1:S11-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kwak CS, Lee MS, Lee HJ, Whang JY, Park SC. Dietary source of vitamin B(12) intake and vitamin B(12) status in female elderly Koreans aged 85 and older living in rural area. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:229-34. [PMID: 20607069 PMCID: PMC2895704 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we found and analyzed vitamin B12 in some Korean traditional plant foods which had not reported, yet. This study was to investigate vitamin B12 intake and its dietary sources and the vitamin B12 status in the very old elderly Koreans. We measured serum vitamin B12 level and estimated the amounts of vitamin B12 intake from different dietary sources in female elderly Koreans aged 85 and over who had consumed a relatively low animal traditional diet for the whole life. The average age of the subjects (n = 127) was 98.0 years (85-108 years). The assessment on energy and nutrient intake involved a one-day 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin B12 concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Overall diet pattern was not different between the 85-99 yr-old group and centenarians, except centenarians were taking more dairy product. The average ratio of plant food to animal food consumption was 87.5:12.5 in weight. The average vitamin B12 intake of our subjects was 3.2 µg/day, and 52.7% of subjects consumed under estimated average requirement, 2.0 µg/day. On dietary source, 67.3% of dietary vitamin B12 was from meat, eggs and fishes and 30.6% was from plant foods, such as soybean-fermented foods, seaweeds, and kimchi. The average serum vitamin B12 concentration was 450.5 pg/mL, and low serum vitamin B12 (< 200 pg/mL) was found in 9.6% of subjects. Dietary vitamin B12 intake was significantly lower in subjects with low serum vitamin B12 (0.79 µg/day) than those with normal serum vitamin B12 (3.47 µg/day). There were no significant difference in vitamin B12 intake and its dietary sources and serum vitamin B12 level between the 85-99 yr-old group and centenarians. In conclusion, several plant-origin foods including seaweed, soybean-fermented foods, and kimchi, may contribute significantly to good vitamin B12 status in very old elderly Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Shil Kwak
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, 199-1 Dongsoong-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-810, Korea
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Effect of physiological doses of oral vitamin B12 on plasma homocysteine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in India. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64:495-502. [PMID: 20216560 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Vitamin B(12) (B(12)) deficiency is common in Indians and a major contributor to hyperhomocysteinemia, which may influence fetal growth, risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of physiological doses of B(12) and folic acid on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration. SUBJECTS/METHODS A cluster randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2 x 3 factorial trial, using the family as the randomization unit. B(12) was given as 2 or 10 microg capsules, with or without 200 microg folic acid, forming six groups (B(0)F(0), B(2)F(0), B(10)F(0), B(0)F(200), B(2)F(200) and B(10)F(200)). Plasma tHcy concentration was measured before and after 4 and 12 months of supplementation. RESULTS From 119 families in the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study, 300 individuals were randomized. There was no interaction between B(12) and folic acid (P=0.14) in relation to tHcy concentration change and their effects were analyzed separately: B(0) vs. B(2) vs. B(10); and F(0) vs. F(200). At 12 months, tHcy concentration reduced by a mean 5.9 (95% CI: -7.8, -4.1) micromol/l in B(2), and by 7.1 (95% CI: -8.9, -5.4) micromol/l in B(10), compared to nonsignificant rise of 1.2 (95% CI: -0.5, 2.9) micromol/l in B(0). B(2) and B(10) did not differ significantly. In F(200), tHcy concentration decreased by 4.8 (95% CI: -6.3, -3.3) micromol/l compared to 2.8 (95% CI: -4.3, -1.2) micromol/l in F(0). CONCLUSION Daily oral supplementation with physiological doses of B(12) is an effective community intervention to reduce tHcy. Folic acid (200 microg per day) showed no additional benefit, neither had any unfavorable effects.
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Bor MV, von Castel-Roberts KM, Kauwell GP, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Maneval DR, Bailey LB, Nexo E. Daily intake of 4 to 7 microg dietary vitamin B-12 is associated with steady concentrations of vitamin B-12-related biomarkers in a healthy young population. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:571-7. [PMID: 20071646 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have questioned whether the current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 2.4 microg vitamin B-12/d is adequate. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between dietary vitamin B-12 intake and biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status. DESIGN Dietary vitamin B-12 intake was estimated, and biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status were measured, in healthy men and women (n = 299; age range: 18-50 y) who were recruited from a Florida community. The National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire was used. Plasma cobalamin, total transcobalamin, holo-transcobalamin, methylmalonic acid (MMA), total homocysteine (tHcy), and autoantibodies against intrinsic factor (IF) and Helicobacter pylori were analyzed in blood samples. RESULTS Antibodies to H. pylori were detected in 12% of subjects (35/299), and negative results for IF antibodies were obtained for all subjects. The intake of vitamin B-12 correlated significantly with cobalamin, holo-transcobalamin, MMA, and tHcy. Subjects were divided into quintiles on the basis of their dietary vitamin B-12 intake (range: 0.42-22.7 microg/d), and biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status were plotted against estimated dietary vitamin B-12 intake. All biomarkers appeared to level off at a daily dietary vitamin B-12 intake between 4.2 and 7.0 microg. CONCLUSION In persons with normal absorption, our data indicate that an intake of 4-7 microg vitamin B-12/d is associated with an adequate vitamin B-12 status, which suggests that the current RDA of 2.4 microg vitamin B-12/d might be inadequate for optimal biomarker status even in a healthy population between 18 and 50 y of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Vakur Bor
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, AS Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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von Castel-Roberts KM, Whittmann AR, Maneval DR, Bailey LB, Kauwell GPA. Contribution of Seafood to Total Vitamin B12 Intake and Status of Young Adult Men and Women. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850903503056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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