1
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Hong L, Wen L, Niculescu M, Zhou F, Zou Y, Shen G, Wang W, Liu Y, Chen YH, Wang F, Chen L. The Interaction Between POMC rs2071345 Polymorphism and Alcohol Dependence in Anxiety Symptoms Among Chinese Male Problem Drinkers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:878960. [PMID: 35592377 PMCID: PMC9110641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.878960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol dependence can increase the level of anxiety. A growing body of research has identified a link between anxiety symptoms of problem drinkers and their genetic or environment factors, respectively. However, to date few studies have directly examined gene-environment (G × E) interaction on their anxiety symptoms during the acute alcohol withdrawal. The present study aims to examine the interaction between the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) rs2071345 polymorphism and alcohol dependence on anxiety symptoms of male problem drinkers, and further test the exact form of interaction on two competing models: the diathesis-stress model vs. the differential susceptibility model. METHODS A total of 440 male problem drinkers (M age = 44.5 years, SD = 9.45) were recruited from nine main psychiatric hospitals of northern China during acute alcohol withdrawal. Blood samples were collected for genotyping, self-reported anxiety symptoms, and levels of alcohol dependence were assessed. RESULTS Results indicated that the POMC rs2071345 polymorphism significantly moderated anxiety symptoms associated with alcohol dependence. A region of significance (RoS) test showed that male problem drinkers with T allele were more likely to experience more anxiety symptoms than those with CC homozygote when the standardized score of concurrent alcohol dependence was above 0.31. Confirmatory model evaluation indicated that the interaction effect involving POMC gene polymorphism conformed to the diathesis-stress model rather than differential-susceptibility model of person × environment interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the SNP in POMC rs2071345 was associated with alcohol dependence in anxiety symptoms of male problem drinkers and further provided evidence in support of the diathesis-stress hypothesis of alcohol dependence in terms of anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhi Hong
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lutong Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, China
| | - Michelle Niculescu
- Department of Social Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fan Zhou
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Zou
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Ahearn OC, Watson MN, Rawls SM. Chemokines, cytokines and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 220:108511. [PMID: 33465606 PMCID: PMC7889725 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficacious pharmacotherapies for the treatment of substance use disorders need to be expanded and improved. Non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes and microglia, have emerged as therapeutic targets for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat dependence and relapse that accompanies chronic drug use. Cytokines and chemokines are neuroimmune factors expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia that demonstrate promising clinical utility as therapeutic targets for substance use disorders. In this review, we describe a role for cytokines and chemokines in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol, opioids, and psychostimulants. We also discuss emerging cytokine- and chemokine-based therapeutic strategies that differ from conventional strategies directed toward transporters and receptors within the dopamine, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and GABA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Ahearn
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mia N. Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Alvarez Cooper I, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Tumour Necrosis Factor in Neuroplasticity, Neurogenesis and Alcohol Use Disorder. Brain Plast 2020; 6:47-66. [PMID: 33680846 PMCID: PMC7903009 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive and detrimental condition that involves changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Alcohol activates the neuroimmune system and alters the inflammatory status of the brain. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterised neuroimmune signal but its involvement in alcohol use disorder is unknown. In this review, we discuss the variable findings of TNF's effect on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Acute ethanol exposure reduces TNF release while chronic alcohol intake generally increases TNF levels. Evidence suggests TNF potentiates excitatory transmission, promotes anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and is involved in drug use in rodents. An association between craving for alcohol and TNF is apparent during withdrawal in humans. While anti-inflammatory therapies show efficacy in reversing neurogenic deficit after alcohol exposure, there is no evidence for TNF's essential involvement in alcohol's effect on neurogenesis. Overall, defining TNF's role in alcohol use disorder is complicated by poor understanding of its variable effects on synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. While TNF may be of relevance during withdrawal, the neuroimmune system likely acts through a larger group of inflammatory cytokines to alter neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Understanding the individual relevance of TNF in alcohol use disorder awaits a more comprehensive understanding of TNF's effects within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Xu YY, Ge JF, Chen J, Liang J, Pang LJ, Gao WF, Cao Y, Shan F, Liu Y, Yan CY, Xia QR. Evidence of a Relationship Between Plasma Leptin, Not Nesfatin-1, and Craving in Male Alcohol-Dependent Patients After Abstinence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:159. [PMID: 32265847 PMCID: PMC7105814 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether the plasma leptin, nesfatin-1, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and inflammatory cytokines could be used as potential biomarkers for the degree of craving in the alcohol-dependent patients after 1 month of abstinence. A total of 83 patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and 61 healthy subjects were assessed. Patients with AUD were selected from Department of Material Dependence, Anhui Mental Health Center, and subjects in the control group were selected from healthy volunteers. The Alcohol Urge questionnaire Scale (AUQ) was used to evaluate the extent of craving for alcohol, and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were also assessed in patients with AUD. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used for the measurement of plasma leptin, nesfatin-1, cortisol, BDNF, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Compare with healthy controls, the average leptin, leptin/BMI, IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α levels in patients with AUD were significantly increased, while the BDNF levels were significantly decreased. Moreover, the partial correlational analysis showed that the AUQ scores of the alcohol-dependent patients were positively correlated with the plasma leptin levels (r = 0.613, P < 0.001), rather than nesfatin-1 (r = 0.066, P = 0.569) after controlling for age as covariate. Furthermore, plasma nesfatin-1 levels were found to be correlated with the SDS scores (r = 0.366, P = 0.001) in the AUD group. In addition, plasma leptin levels were positively associated with the plasma IL-6 (r = 0.257, P = 0.033), CRP (r = 0.305, P = 0.011), and TNF-α (r = 0.311, P = 0.009) levels, and negatively associated with the BDNF levels (r = -0.245, P = 0.042) in patients with AUD. These results suggest that plasma leptin, but not nesfatin-1, might be a potential biomarker for the degree of craving in alcohol-dependent patients after 1 month of abstinence, the mechanism of which might be related to the dysfunction of the inflammatory cytokines and BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Material Dependence, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang-Jun Pang
- Department of Material Dependence, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Fan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chun-Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Rong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Qing-Rong Xia
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5
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Portelli J, Wiers CE, Li X, Deschaine SL, McDiarmid GR, Bermpohl F, Leggio L. Peripheral proinflammatory markers are upregulated in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients but are not affected by cognitive bias modification: Preliminary findings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107553. [PMID: 31541874 PMCID: PMC6913873 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory pathways are known to be negatively affected in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Cognitive bias modification (CBM), an emerging behavioral treatment that involves the 're-training' of cognitive biases using computerized tasks, has been reported to reduce alcohol craving and relapse rates. The aim of this study was to compare peripheral concentrations of the proinflammatory biomarkers IL-18, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and CRP in AUD patients versus controls and to identify whether CBM treatment affected these biomarkers in AUD patients. METHODS This 3-week double-blind randomized controlled study tested 36 male abstinent AUD patients receiving CBM or placebo-training, who were also compared to 18 male healthy controls. The approach avoidance task (AAT) was used to test the AUD patients before and after training. CBM training took place over 6 sessions, using a joystick-based approach-avoidance task. Blood samples were collected after the pre- and post-AAT test sessions for the AUD groups, and during an outpatient appointment with the controls. RESULTS AUD patients, versus controls, presented with significantly higher plasma levels of TNF- α (P < 0.0001) and CRP (P = 0.0031). No changes in the CBM versus placebo groups were noted in IL-18, TNF-α and CRP concentrations following pre-post change or within group pretest- posttest analysis. IL-6 and IL-1β levels fell under the lower detection limit, thus were not included in the final analyses. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the inflammatory system is altered in AUD. This was the first study that investigated whether CBM training affected proinflammatory markers in AUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanelle Portelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Corinde E. Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara L. Deschaine
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gray R. McDiarmid
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felix Bermpohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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6
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Carito V, Ceccanti M, Ferraguti G, Coccurello R, Ciafrè S, Tirassa P, Fiore M. NGF and BDNF Alterations by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:308-317. [PMID: 28847297 PMCID: PMC6482479 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170825101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is now widely established that the devastating effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the embryo and fetus development cause marked cognitive and neurobiological deficits in the newborns. The negative effects of the gestational alcohol use have been well documented and known for some time. However, also the subtle role of alcohol consumption by fathers prior to mating is drawing special attention. Objective Both paternal and maternal alcohol exposure has been shown to affect the neurotrophins' signalling pathways in the brain and in target organs of ethanol intoxication. Neurotrophins, in particular nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are molecules playing a pivotal role in the survival, development and function of the peripheral and central nervous systems but also in the pathogenesis of developmental defects caused by alcohol exposure. Methods New researches from the available literature and experimental data from our laboratory are presented in this review to offer the most recent findings regarding the effects of maternal and paternal prenatal ethanol exposure especially on the neurotrophins' signalling pathways. Results NGF and BDNF changes play a subtle role in short- and long-lasting effects of alcohol in ethanol target tissues, including neuronal cell death and severe cognitive and physiological deficits in the newborns. Conclusion The review suggests a possible therapeutic intervention based on the use of specific molecules with antioxidant properties in order to induce a potential prevention of the harmful effects of the paternal and/or maternal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carito
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Center for Alcohol Abuse (Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio-CRARL), Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Ciafrè
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, (IFT-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN-CNR), Rome, Italy
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7
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Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in the ethanol-induced neuroimmune response in the brain. Ethanol initiates the innate immune response via activation of the innate immune receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs, e.g., TLR4, TLR3, TLR7) and NOD-like receptors (inflammasome NLRs) leading to a release of a plethora of chemokines and cytokines and development of the innate immune response. Cytokines and chemokines can have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties through which they regulate the immune response. In this chapter, we will focus on key cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1/CCL2) that mediate the ethanol-induced neuroimmune responses. In this regard, we will use IL-1β, as an example cytokine, to discuss the neuromodulatory properties of cytokines on cellular properties and synaptic transmission. We will discuss their involvement through a set of evidence: (1) changes in gene and protein expression following ethanol exposure, (2) association of gene polymorphisms (humans) and alterations in gene expression (animal models) with increased alcohol intake, and (3) modulation of alcohol-related behaviors by transgenic or pharmacological manipulations of chemokine and cytokine systems. Over the last years, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating cytokine- and chemokine-dependent regulation of immune responses has advanced tremendously, and we review evidence pointing to cytokines and chemokines serving as neuromodulators and regulators of neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Reesha R Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Ciafrè S, Carito V, Ferraguti G, Greco A, Chaldakov GN, Fiore M, Ceccanti M. How alcohol drinking affects our genes: an epigenetic point of view. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:345-356. [PMID: 30412425 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work highlights recent studies in epigenetic mechanisms that play a role in alcoholism, which is a complex multifactorial disorder. There is a large body of evidence showing that alcohol can modify gene expression through epigenetic processes, namely DNA methylation and nucleosomal remodeling via histone modifications. In that regard, chronic exposure to ethanol modifies DNA and histone methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA expression. The alcohol-mediated chromatin remodeling in the brain promotes the transition from use to abuse and addiction. Unravelling the multiplex pattern of molecular modifications induced by ethanol could support the development of new therapies for alcoholism and drug addiction targeting epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ciafrè
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology, IFT-CNR, 100 via del Fosso del Cavaliere, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Valentina Carito
- b Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, IBCN-CNR, c/o Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 (00161), Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- c Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 (00161), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- d Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 (00161), Rome, Italy
| | - George N Chaldakov
- e Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University, BG-9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Marco Fiore
- b Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, IBCN-CNR, c/o Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 (00161), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- f Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 (00161), Rome, Italy
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9
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Surkin PN, Brenhouse H, Deak T, Liberman AC, Lasaga M. Stress, alcohol and infection during early development: A brief review of common outcomes and mechanisms. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12602. [PMID: 29682808 PMCID: PMC6181762 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although stress is an adaptive physiological response to deal with adverse conditions, its occurrence during the early stages of life, such as infancy or adolescence, can induce adaptations in multiple physiological systems, including the reproductive axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the limbic cortex and the immune system. These early changes have consequences in adult life, as seen in the physiological and behavioural responses to stress. This review highlights the impact of several stress challenges incurred at various stages of development (perinatal, juvenile, adolescent periods) and how the developmental timing of early-life stress confers unique physiological adaptations that may persist across the lifespan. In doing so, we emphasise how intrinsic sex differences in the stress response might contribute to sex-specific vulnerabilities, the molecular processes underlying stress in the adult, and potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate the effects of early stage stress, including the novel molecular mechanism of SUMOylation as a possible key target of HPA regulation during early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nicolás Surkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, 1122 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Heather Brenhouse
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- INBIOMED Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1121 ABG, Argentina
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10
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Aşçibaşi K, Deveci A, Cengiz Özyurt B, Oran Pirinçcioğlu A, Taneli F. Relationships between nicotine craving, orexin-leptin levels and temperament character traits among non-treatment seeking health professionals. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1458433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Aşçibaşi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Artuner Deveci
- Department of Psychiatry, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medicine Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Cengiz Özyurt
- Department of Public Health, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medicine Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Taneli
- Department of Biochemistry, Manisa Celal Bayar University Medicine Faculty, Manisa, Turkey
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11
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Heberlein A, Schuster R, Kleimann A, Groh A, Kordon A, Opfermann B, Lichtinghagen R, Gröschl M, Kornhuber J, Bleich S, Frieling H, Hillemacher T. Joint Effects of the Epigenetic Alteration of Neurotrophins and Cytokine Signaling: A Possible Exploratory Model of Affective Symptoms in Alcohol-Dependent Patients? Alcohol Alcohol 2017; 52:277-281. [PMID: 28430931 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neurotrophins have been linked to the symptomatology of alcohol dependence. We aimed to investigate a possible association between the methylation of the promoters of both neurotrophins, the serum levels of the cytokines and core symptoms of alcohol dependence as withdrawal severity and anxiety. METHODS In this study we investigated a possible association between alterations in the methylation of the BDNF IV/NGF I gene promoter and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in 55 male alcohol-dependent patients. RESULTS Mean methylation of the promoter of the BDNF gene was significantly associated with the TNF-α serum levels and the CIWA-score during withdrawal (P < 0.001). Moreover, mean methylation of the NGF I promoter was significantly associated with the IL-6 serum levels and STAI-I score during withdrawal (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest an association between the epigenetic regulation of both neurotrophins, BDNF and NGF, cytokine release and the symptomatology of alcohol dependence. They imply that changes in the methylation of neurotrophins may contribute to the symptomatology of alcohol dependence by affecting relevant downstream signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heberlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Germany
| | - Rilana Schuster
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University Mannheim/Heidelberg, Mannheim,Deutschland
| | - Alexandra Kleimann
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Germany
| | - Adrian Groh
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Germany
| | - Andreas Kordon
- Oberbergklinik, Oberberg 1, 78132 Hornberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Birgitt Opfermann
- Medical Service of the Health Funds of Lower Saxony, Hildesheimer Str. 202, 30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Gröschl
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, Celerion Switzerland AG, Allmendstr. 32, 8320 Fehraltorf, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6-10, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Germany
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Germany
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Biochemical Diagnosis in Substance and Non-substance Addiction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:169-202. [PMID: 29098673 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An optimal biochemical marker for addiction would be some easily traced molecules in body specimens, which indicates indulgent addictive behaviors, or susceptibility to certain addictive stimuli. In this chapter, we discussed existing literature about possible biomarkers, and classified them into three categories: origin forms and metabolites of substances, markers from biochemical responses to certain addiction, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers suggesting susceptibility to addiction. In every category, we examined studies concerning certain type of addiction one by one, with focuses mainly on opiates, psychostimulants, and pathological gambling. Several promising molecules were highlighted, including those of neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, and indicators of vascular injury, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers such as serum miRNAs. DNA methylation signatures and signal nucleotide polymorphism of candidate gene underlying the addiction.
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Zeren U, Sönmez MB, Vardar E. Alkol Bağımlılığı Olan Hastalarda Leptin, Grelin, Prolaktin Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20110415053520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Zeren
- Karamürsel Devlet Hastanesi, Karamürsel, Kocaeli-Türkiye
| | | | - Erdal Vardar
- Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri AD, Edirne-Türkiye
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Persistent adaptation by chronic alcohol is facilitated by neuroimmune activation linked to stress and CRF. Alcohol 2016; 52:9-23. [PMID: 27139233 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the conceptual basis for the association of alcohol abuse with an insidious adaptation that facilitates negative affect during withdrawal from chronic intermittent alcohol (CIA) exposure - a change that later supports sensitization of stress-induced anxiety following alcohol abstinence. The finding that a CRF1-receptor antagonist (CRF1RA) minimized CIA withdrawal-induced negative affect supported an association of alcohol withdrawal with a stress mechanism. The finding that repeated stresses or multiple CRF injections into selected brain sites prior to a single 5-day chronic alcohol (CA) exposure induced anxiety during withdrawal provided critical support for a linkage of CIA withdrawal with stress. The determination that CRF1RA injection into positive CRF-sensitive brain sites prevented CIA withdrawal-induced anxiety provided support that neural path integration maintains the persistent CIA adaptation. Based upon reports that stress increases neuroimmune function, an effort was undertaken to test whether cytokines would support the adaptation induced by stress/CA exposure. Twenty-four hours after withdrawal from CIA, cytokine mRNAs were found to be increased in cortex as well as other sites in brain. Further, repeated cytokine injections into previously identified brain sites substituted for stress and CRF induction of anxiety during CA withdrawal. Discovery that a CRF1RA prevented the brain cytokine mRNA increase induced by CA withdrawal provided critical evidence for CRF involvement in this neuroimmune induction after CA withdrawal. However, the CRF1RA did not block the stress increase in cytokine mRNA increases in controls. The latter data supported the hypothesis that distinct mechanisms linked to stress and CA withdrawal can support common neuroimmune functions within a brain site. As evidence evolves concerning neural involvement in brain neuroimmune function, a better understanding of the progressive adaptation associated with CIA exposure will advance new knowledge that could possibly lead to strategies to combat alcohol abuse.
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Heberlein A, Käser M, Lichtinghagen R, Rhein M, Lenz B, Kornhuber J, Bleich S, Hillemacher T. TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels: neurobiological markers of alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients? Alcohol 2014; 48:671-6. [PMID: 25262503 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in 30 male alcohol-dependent patients during withdrawal (day 1, 7, and 14) and compared them with the levels obtained from 18 healthy male controls. IL-6 (day 1: T = 2,593, p = 0.013; day 7: T = 2,315, p = 0.037; day 14: T = 1,650, p = 0.112) serum levels were significantly increased at the beginning of alcohol withdrawal. TNF-α (T = 3,202, p = 0.03) serum levels were significantly elevated in the patients' group during the whole period of withdrawal. IL-6 serum levels decreased significantly during withdrawal (F = 16.507, p < 0.001), whereas TNF-α levels did not change significantly (day 1-14). IL-6 serum levels were directly associated with alcohol consumption (r = 0.392, p = 0.047) on day 1. Moreover, the IL-6 serum levels were associated with alcohol craving (PACS total score day 1: r = -0.417, p = 0.022, the score of the obsessive subscale of the OCDS on day 14 [r = -0.549, p = 0.022]), depression (r = -0.507, p = 0.005), and trait anxiety (r = -0.674, p < 0.001) on day 1. We found an association with the duration of active drinking following the last period of abstinence and the TNF-α serum levels (day 1:r = 0.354, p = 0.009; day 7: r = 0.323, p = 0.022; day 14: r = 0.303, p = 0.034) as well as an association with the severity of alcohol dependence measured by the SESA scale (r = 0.454, p = 0.015). Moreover, we found a significant association between the BDNF serum levels and the TNF-α serum levels (r = -0.426, p = 0.021). Our results support an association between alterations in TNF-α and IL-6 serum levels and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heberlein
- Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marius Käser
- Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Rhein
- Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Center for Addiction Research (CARe), Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hanover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Drew PD, Kane CJM. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and neuroimmune changes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 118:41-80. [PMID: 25175861 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral consequences of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are serious and persist throughout life. The causative mechanisms underlying FASD are poorly understood. However, much has been learned about FASD from human structural and functional studies as well as from animal models, which have provided a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying FASD. Using animal models of FASD, it has been recently discovered that ethanol induces neuroimmune activation in the developing brain. The resulting microglial activation, production of proinflammatory molecules, and alteration in expression of developmental genes are postulated to alter neuron survival and function and lead to long-term neuropathological and cognitive defects. It has also been discovered that microglial loss occurs, reducing microglia's ability to protect neurons and contribute to neuronal development. This is important, because emerging evidence demonstrates that microglial depletion during brain development leads to long-term neuropathological and cognitive defects. Interestingly, the behavioral consequences of microglial depletion and neuroimmune activation in the fetal brain are particularly relevant to FASD. This chapter reviews the neuropathological and behavioral abnormalities of FASD and delineates correlates in animal models. This serves as a foundation to discuss the role of the neuroimmune system in normal brain development, the consequences of microglial depletion and neuroinflammation, the evidence of ethanol induction of neuroinflammatory processes in animal models of FASD, and the development of anti-inflammatory therapies as a new strategy for prevention or treatment of FASD. Together, this knowledge provides a framework for discussion and further investigation of the role of neuroimmune processes in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Drew
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Cynthia J M Kane
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Kane CJM, Phelan KD, Douglas JC, Wagoner G, Johnson JW, Xu J, Phelan PS, Drew PD. Effects of ethanol on immune response in the brain: region-specific changes in adolescent versus adult mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:384-91. [PMID: 24033454 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use occurs across the life span beginning in adolescence and continuing through adulthood. Ethanol (EtOH)-induced pathology varies with age and includes changes in neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, and glial cell activation. EtOH-induced changes in glial activation and immune activity are believed to contribute to EtOH-induced neuropathology. Recent studies indicate an emerging role of glial-derived neuroimmune molecules in alcohol abuse and addiction. METHODS Adolescent and adult C57BL/6 mice were treated via gavage with 6 g/kg EtOH for 10 days, and tissue was harvested 1 day post treatment. We compared the effects of EtOH on chemokine and cytokine expression and astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining and morphology in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. RESULTS EtOH increased mRNA levels of the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 in all 3 regions of adult mice relative to controls. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was selectively increased only in the adult cerebellum. EtOH did not affect mRNA levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in any of these brain regions in adult animals. Interestingly, CCL2, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels were not increased in the hippocampus, cerebellum, or cortex of adolescent mice. EtOH treatment of adult and adolescent mice resulted in increased GFAP immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate an age- and region-specific susceptibility to EtOH regulation of neuroinflammatory and addiction-related molecules as well as astrocyte phenotype. These studies may have important implications concerning differential alcohol-induced neuropathology and alcohol addiction across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J M Kane
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Aguiar-Nemer AS, Toffolo MCF, da Silva CJ, Laranjeira R, Silva-Fonseca VA. Leptin influence in craving and relapse of alcoholics and smokers. J Clin Med Res 2013; 5:164-7. [PMID: 23671541 PMCID: PMC3651066 DOI: 10.4021/jocmr1159w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin inhibits signaling of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting its role in regulating stress and its possible involvement in the neurobiology of reward system. The aim of this study was to review of the literature on the influence of leptin in the craving for alcohol and tobacco and whether there is already evidence that leptin may be a biomarker to indicate risk for craving and relapse. The review used as data bases Medline, LILACS and SciElo in the period between 2000 and 2012. Keywords were leptin, substance use disorders, craving and withdrawal, in Portuguese and English. Only 12 articles were met the inclusion criteria, relating leptin with craving in alcoholics (n = 10) and smokers (n = 2). No studies were found in the LILACS database. Leptin levels increase during abstinence and this may be related to a reduction of dopaminergic action in mesolimbic system, resulting in a greater intensity of craving and maintenance of addictive behavior. Although there are few studies, the most recent results indicate the usefulness of leptin as a marker of risk for relapse among smokers and alcoholics in abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline S Aguiar-Nemer
- Departamento de Nutricao, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Kane CJM, Phelan KD, Drew PD. Neuroimmune mechanisms in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1302-16. [PMID: 22623427 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a major health concern worldwide and results from maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. It produces tremendous individual, social, and economic losses. This review will first summarize the structural, functional, and behavior changes seen in FASD. The development of the neuroimmune system will be then be described with particular emphasis on the role of microglial cells in the normal regulation of homeostatic function in the central nervous system (CNS) including synaptic transmission. The impact of alcohol on the neuroimmune system in the developing CNS will be discussed in the context of several key immune molecules and signaling pathways involved in neuroimmune mechanisms that contribute to FASD. This review concludes with a summary of the development of early therapeutic approaches utilizing immunosuppressive drugs to target alcohol-induced pathologies. The significant role played by neuroimmune mechanisms in alcohol addiction and pathology provides a focus for future research aimed at understanding and treating the consequences of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J M Kane
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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Persidsky Y, Ho W, Ramirez SH, Potula R, Abood ME, Unterwald E, Tuma R. HIV-1 infection and alcohol abuse: neurocognitive impairment, mechanisms of neurodegeneration and therapeutic interventions. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S61-70. [PMID: 21397004 PMCID: PMC3098312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that alcohol dependence has an additive effect on cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1 infection. Findings in humans and animal models suggest that alcohol, similar to HIV-1, induces inflammatory processes in the brain leading to neurodegeneration. The causes of HIV-1-associated neurotoxicity are comparable to those mediating alcohol-induced neuronal injury. This review aims to present the mechanisms of the combined effects of HIV-1 and alcohol abuse in the brain and to discuss neuroprotective therapies. Oxidative stress, overproduction of pro-inflammatory factors, impairment of blood-brain barrier and glutamate associated neurotoxicity appear to play important roles in alcohol driven neurodegeneration. Diminution of neuroinflammation constitutes a logical approach for prevention of HIV-1 and alcohol mediated neurodegeneration. Agonists of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB₂) possess potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. We address multifaceted beneficial effects of CB₂ activation in the setting of HIV-1 brain infection and alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Servio H. Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Raghava Potula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mary E. Abood
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Ellen Unterwald
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - Ronald Tuma
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
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Breese GR, Sinha R, Heilig M. Chronic alcohol neuroadaptation and stress contribute to susceptibility for alcohol craving and relapse. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 129:149-71. [PMID: 20951730 PMCID: PMC3026093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder. Major characteristics observed in alcoholics during an initial period of alcohol abstinence are altered physiological functions and a negative emotional state. Evidence suggests that a persistent, cumulative adaptation involving a kindling/allostasis-like process occurs during the course of repeated chronic alcohol exposures that is critical for the negative symptoms observed during alcohol withdrawal. Basic studies have provided evidence for specific neurotransmitters within identified brain sites being responsible for the negative emotion induced by the persistent cumulative adaptation following intermittent-alcohol exposures. After an extended period of abstinence, the cumulative alcohol adaptation increases susceptibility to stress- and alcohol cue-induced negative symptoms and alcohol seeking, both of which can facilitate excessive ingestion of alcohol. In the alcoholic, stressful imagery and alcohol cues alter physiological responses, enhance negative emotion, and induce craving. Brain fMRI imaging following stress and alcohol cues has documented neural changes in specific brain regions of alcoholics not observed in social drinkers. Such altered activity in brain of abstinent alcoholics to stress and alcohol cues is consistent with a continuing ethanol adaptation being responsible. Therapies in alcoholics found to block responses to stress and alcohol cues would presumably be potential treatments by which susceptibility for continued alcohol abuse can be reduced. By continuing to define the neurobiological basis of the sustained alcohol adaptation critical for the increased susceptibility of alcoholics to stress and alcohol cues that facilitate craving, a new era is expected to evolve in which the high rate of relapse in alcoholism is minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Breese
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Research and the UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School Of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kumar S, Porcu P, Werner DF, Matthews DB, Diaz-Granados JL, Helfand RS, Morrow AL. The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205:529-64. [PMID: 19455309 PMCID: PMC2814770 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought many advances in our understanding of GABA(A) receptor-mediated ethanol action in the central nervous system. We now know that specific GABA(A) receptor subtypes are sensitive to ethanol at doses attained during social drinking while other subtypes respond to ethanol at doses attained by severe intoxication. Furthermore, ethanol increases GABAergic neurotransmission through indirect effects, including the elevation of endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroids, presynaptic release of GABA, and dephosphorylation of GABA(A) receptors promoting increases in GABA sensitivity. Ethanol's effects on intracellular signaling also influence GABAergic transmission in multiple ways that vary across brain regions and cell types. The effects of chronic ethanol administration are influenced by adaptations in GABA(A) receptor function, expression, trafficking, and subcellular localization that contribute to ethanol tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal hyperexcitability. Adolescents exhibit altered sensitivity to ethanol actions, the tendency for higher drinking and longer lasting GABAergic adaptations to chronic ethanol administration. The elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie adaptations to ethanol exposure are leading to a better understanding of the regulation of inhibitory transmission and new targets for therapies to support recovery from ethanol withdrawal and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | - Patrizia Porcu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | - David F. Werner
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca S. Helfand
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA, Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 3027 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB #7178, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
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El-Moselhy MA, Abdel-Hamid NM, Abdel-Raheim SR. Gastroprotective effect of nicorandil in indomethacin and alcohol-induced acute ulcers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 152:449-59. [PMID: 18931948 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that dietary habits and lifestyles are incredibly advancing, gastric ulceration is still a terrible complaint. Extensive use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and alcohol, in addition to stress, are all predisposing factors for ulcers. Most medical treatments are always time consuming and not efficient or satisfactory to the patients. Cardiovascular patients always need NSAIDs, or mostly cannot quit alcohols, while using many cardiovascular drugs. We aim to study a possible benefit of a common nitrogen oxide donor, anti-anginal drug, nicorandil [N-(2-hydroxyethyl) nicotinamide nitrate ester], in managing acute gastric ulcers through studying its effect on some relevant intermediates to ulcerogenesis as lipid peroxidation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, gastric mucosal histology was studied to pursue the drug effects on tissue level. Our study revealed that both indomethacin and alcohol induced gastric ulcer mainly through up-regulation of gastric mucosal lipid peroxidation, local tissue inflammation, leukocytic infiltration, and necrosis. Both ulcerogens significantly elevated TNF-alpha and decreased NO, initiating ulcer formation. Nicorandil pretreatment depicted a higher preventive index in indomethacin- (89.8%) and alcohol-induced (77.7%) acute ulceration. On the tissue level, it also protected the gastric mucosa combating leukocyte infiltration and tissue congestion. Nicorandil protected tissue necrosis through decreasing oxidative stress, elevating NO levels, and down-regulating the ulcerogen-induced TNF-alpha elevation and improved sub-mucosal blood supply. We conclude that nicorandil may be a suitable bimodal treatment for cardiovascular patients who are at high risk of gastric ulcers by using variable analgesics to alleviate possible cardiac pain episodes, and probably frequent doses will offer a more established and long-lasting protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A El-Moselhy
- Department of Pharmacology, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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24
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DeLany J. Leptin hormone and other biochemical influences on systemic inflammation. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2008; 12:121-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Qin L, He J, Hanes RN, Pluzarev O, Hong JS, Crews FT. Increased systemic and brain cytokine production and neuroinflammation by endotoxin following ethanol treatment. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:10. [PMID: 18348728 PMCID: PMC2373291 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines and alcohol share a common modulation of inflammation and hormones as well as being implicated in multiple diseases, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of liver, serum and brain cytokines as well as whether ethanol would potentiate endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS) responses once ethanol had cleared. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were treated intragastrically with water (control) or ethanol (5 g/kg, i.g., 25% ethanol, w/v), with volumes matched, for 1 day or daily for 10 days. Mice were then injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or LPS (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in saline 24 hrs after the last dose of ethanol. Gene expression and protein synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokine, oxidative enzymes, microglial activation and inhibition of neurogenesis were examined using real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LPS increased proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta) several fold in liver, brain and serum at 1 hr. Ethanol is known to increase liver cytokines and alter the risk of multiple chronic diseases. Ten daily doses of ethanol increased brain and liver TNFalpha, and pretreatment with ethanol potentiated LPS-induced increases in TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta in liver, serum and brain. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in liver and serum returned to basal levels within a day, whereas brain proinflammatory cytokines remained elevated for long periods. IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is reduced in brain by ethanol and LPS, while brain proinflammatory cytokines remain increased, whereas liver IL-10 is increased when proinflammatory cytokines have returned to control levels. Activation of brain microglia indicated by morphological changes, reduced neurogenesis and increased brain expression of COX-2 and gp91phox NADPH oxidase subunit mRNA were found in the 10 daily doses of ethanol-pretreated LPS group. CONCLUSION Acute increases in serum cytokines induce long lasting increases in brain proinflammatory cytokines. Ten daily doses of ethanol exposure results in persistent alterations of cytokines and significantly increases the magnitude and duration of central and peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and microglial activation. Ethanol induced differential anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 responses in liver and brain could cause long lasting disruption of cytokine cascades that could contribute to protection or increased risk of multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, CB#7178 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Breese GR, Knapp DJ, Overstreet DH, Navarro M, Wills TA, Angel RA. Repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokine treatments sensitize ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:867-76. [PMID: 17551540 PMCID: PMC2268634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations demonstrated that repeated stresses before an ethanol exposure sensitize ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior ('anxiety'). In addition to activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, acute stress also elevates cytokines in brain. Initially, to test possible cytokine involvement in this stress/withdrawal protocol, cytokines were increased in brain with 2 weekly repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administrations (1000 microg/kg) [corrected] (LPS/withdrawal protocol) or with twice weekly intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administrations of the cytokines IL-1 beta, CCL2 (MCP-1) or TNFalpha (cytokine/withdrawal protocol) before exposure and withdrawal from a 5-day cycle of chronic ethanol diet. Both protocols sensitized withdrawal-induced anxiety and confirm cytokine involvement in the sensitized anxiety response. Testing of various doses of LPS (16-1000 microg/kg) and TNFalpha (3-100 ng, i.c.v.) demonstrated the dose-related nature of these protocols to sensitize withdrawal-induced anxiety. The sensitized anxiety was not produced by a single 5-day ethanol diet cycle or by repeated LPS or cytokine treatments alone. Likewise, sensitized anxiety in these protocols could not be attributed to differences in ethanol ingestion. When challenged with a subsequent re-exposure to a 5-day ethanol diet cycle 16 days after completion of the LPS/withdrawal or cytokine/withdrawal protocols, an increase in withdrawal-induced anxiety was observed-an indication of induction of an underlying persistent adaptive change. Finally, just as found previously with the stress/withdrawal protocol, administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil before the LPS or TNF treatments prevented anxiety sensitization. Together, these findings indicate that increased cytokine activity induces adaptive change that supports sensitization of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety that may be linked to GABA(A)-receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Breese
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Acosta MC, Manubay J, Levin FR. Pediatric obesity: parallels with addiction and treatment recommendations. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2008; 16:80-96. [PMID: 18415881 PMCID: PMC3352597 DOI: 10.1080/10673220802069764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rates of pediatric obesity have increased dramatically over the past decade. This trend is especially alarming because obesity is associated with significant medical and psychosocial consequences. It may contribute to cardiovascular, metabolic, and hepatic complications, as well as to psychiatric difficulties. The development of obesity appears to be influenced by a complex array of genetic, metabolic, and neural frameworks, along with behavior, eating habits, and physical activity. Numerous parallels exist between obesity and addictive behaviors, including genetic predisposition, personality, environmental risk factors, and common neurobiological pathways in the brain. Typical treatments for pediatric obesity include behavioral interventions targeting diet or exercise. These treatments have yielded mixed results and typically have been examined in specialty clinic populations, limiting their generalizability. There are limited medication options for overweight children and adolescents, and no approved medical intervention in children younger than 16 years old. Bariatric surgery may be an option for some adolescents, but due to the risks of surgery, it is often seen as a last resort. The parallels between addiction and obesity aid in developing novel interventions for pediatric obesity. Motivational enhancement and cognitive-behavioral strategies used in addiction treatment may prove to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Acosta
- St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025, USA,Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeanne Manubay
- New York State Psychiatry Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frances R. Levin
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA,New York State Psychiatry Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Djurovic S, Berge KE, Birkenes B, Braaten Ø, Retterstøl L. The effect of red wine on plasma leptin levels and vasoactive factors from adipose tissue: A randomized crossover trial. Alcohol Alcohol 2007; 42:525-8. [PMID: 17670801 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agm056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It has been reported that alcohol has multiple effects on appetite. To elucidate potential mechanisms we measured the levels of plasma leptin and the vasoactive factors after red wine intake. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover trial to study the effect of red wine on the levels of leptin, TNF-alpha, TGF- beta(1), IL-6, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in healthy, non-smoking individuals. The subjects were randomized to drinking one glass of red wine (150 ml, 15 g alcohol) every day ('wine period') or to undergo a period of total abstention from alcohol ('abstention period'). After 3 weeks they switched the intervention group. Eighty-seven volunteers completed the study (mean age 50 years). RESULTS After 3 weeks' daily intake of red wine, plasma leptin was significantly increased (from 6308 pg/ml to 7402 pg/ml, P = 0.05). There was a marked gender difference, as leptin levels increased only in females (P = 0.012). When calculated as leptin/body mass index (BMI) ratio, the trend and results were similar. Red wine consumption had no significant effect on other vasoactive factors measured in this study. CONCLUSION Red wine increases levels of the appetite-regulating hormone leptin in females, but not in males. Whether red wine has an effect on appetite-regulation in its own right, remains to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ullevaal University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway.
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Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ, Harris RA, Arends MA, Koob GF. Alcohol-related genes: contributions from studies with genetically engineered mice. Addict Biol 2006; 11:195-269. [PMID: 16961758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since 1996, nearly 100 genes have been studied for their effects related to ethanol in mice using genetic modifications including gene deletion, gene overexpression, gene knock-in, and occasionally by studying existing mutants. Nearly all such studies have concentrated on genes expressed in brain, and the targeted genes range widely in their function, including most of the principal neurotransmitter systems, several neurohormones, and a number of signaling molecules. We review 141 published reports of effects (or lack thereof) of 93 genes on responses to ethanol. While most studies have focused on ethanol self-administration and reward, and/or sedative effects, other responses studied include locomotor stimulation, anxiolytic effects, and neuroadaptation (tolerance, sensitization, withdrawal). About 1/4 of the engineered mutations increase self-administration, 1/3 decrease it, and about 40% have no significant effect. In many cases, the effects on self-administration are rather modest and/or depend on the specific experimental procedures. In some cases, genes in the background strains on which the mutant is placed are important for results. Not surprisingly, review of the systems affected further supports roles for serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, opioids and dopamine, all of which have long been foci of alcohol research. Novel modulatory effects of protein kinase C and G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels are also suggested. Some newer research with cannabinoid systems is promising, and has led to ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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Dammann G, Dierkes J, Graf M, Wiesbeck GA, Pridzun L, Schulte T, Westphal S, Luley C, Allen JP, Wurst FM. No significant effect of acute moderate alcohol intake on leptin levels in healthy male volunteers. Addict Biol 2005; 10:357-64. [PMID: 16318958 DOI: 10.1080/13556210500313875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As, for ethical reasons, it is difficult to investigate by an experiment the effect of acute intoxication on leptin levels in alcoholics, we tested the hypothesis of lowered levels as an effect of acute ethanol intake in healthy volunteers. The subjects comprised (1) 17 healthy male participants, recruited via newspaper advertisements [age 29+/-3.75 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.3+/-3.5, leptin at baseline 3.3+/-3.1 ng/ml]; (2) for comparison, leptin levels of 16 male alcoholic patients at day 1 of withdrawal were used. They were characterized as follows: (mean, median, standard deviation and range) age in years (41.1, 40.5, 10.2, 24, 57), BMI (23.3, 21.7, 5.4, 16.6, 37.5), 1,032 g of ethanol (median) consumed within the last 7 days, leptin levels 2.3 mg/ml. A placebo-controlled double-blind trial was performed. Leptin levels of blood samples were taken at baseline (t(1)), before ethanol intake (t(2)), when blood alcohol had reached its maximum (t(3)) and the morning after (t(4)). The oral dose of ethanol administered was 0.6 g/kg ethanol. (1) VOLUNTEERS: (a) the ethanol and placebo group exhibited leptin levels corresponding closely with levels measured at baseline (t(1)) (rs=0.85, p<0.0001) and follow-up (t(4)) (rs=0.768, p<0.0001). (b) Leptin levels for the placebo and the alcohol-consuming (verum) group did not differ significantly at baseline, after ethanol intake or on the morning after [Mann-Whitney U-test (p=0.669, p=1.0 and p=0.887, respectively)]. (2) Leptin levels in relation to BMI did not significantly differ at any measurement time in either group. (3) Leptin levels/BMI of the healthy volunteers at t(1) and t(4) were not significantly different from those of 16 alcoholics. The data do not support the hypothesis of a significant effect of acute moderate alcohol intake on leptin levels in healthy volunteers.
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Blednov YA, Bergeson SE, Walker D, Ferreira VM, Kuziel WA, Harris RA. Perturbation of chemokine networks by gene deletion alters the reinforcing actions of ethanol. Behav Brain Res 2005; 165:110-25. [PMID: 16105698 PMCID: PMC3040067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis of human alcoholic brain and cultured cells exposed to ethanol showed significant changes in expression of genes related to immune or inflammatory responses, including chemokines and chemokine receptors. To test the hypothesis that chemokines exhibit previously undiscovered pleiotropic effects important for the behavioral actions of ethanol, we studied mutant mice with deletion of the Ccr2, Ccr5, Ccl2 or Ccl3 genes. Deletion of Ccr2, Ccl2 (females) or Ccl3 in mice resulted in lower preference for alcohol and consumption of lower amounts of alcohol in a two-bottle choice test as compared with wild-type mice. Ethanol treatment (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) induced stronger conditioned taste aversion in Ccr2, Ccl2 or Ccl3 null mutant mice than in controls. Ccr2 and Ccr5 null mutant mice did not differ from wild-type mice in ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR), but mice lacking Ccl2 or Ccl3 showed longer LORR than wild-type mice. There were no differences between mutant strains and wild-type mice in severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal. Genetic mapping of chromosome 11 for the Ccl2 and Ccl3 genes (46.5 and 47.6 cM, respectively) revealed that an alcohol-induced LORR QTL region was contained within the introgressed region derived from 129/SvJ, which may cause some behavioral phenotypes observed in the null mice. On the contrary, known QTLs on Chr 9 are outside of 129/SvJ region in Ccr2 and Ccr5 (71.9 and 72.0 cM, respectively) null mutant mice. These data show that disruption of the chemokine network interferes with motivational effects of alcohol.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/genetics
- Alcohol Drinking/immunology
- Alcoholism/genetics
- Alcoholism/immunology
- Animals
- Association Learning/physiology
- Chemokine CCL2/deficiency
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokines, CC/deficiency
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ethanol
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/deficiency
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, CCR5/deficiency
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sex Factors
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/genetics
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/immunology
- Taste/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 512 232 2520/5761;, fax: +1 512 232 2525
| | - Susan E. Bergeson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
| | - Danielle Walker
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
| | - Vania M.M. Ferreira
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
| | - William A. Kuziel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A 5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
| | - R. Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas A 4800, 1 University Station, 2500 Speedway MBB 1.124, Austin, TX 78712-1095, USA
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Diehl AM. Obesity and alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol 2004; 34:81-7. [PMID: 15670669 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity potentiates the severity of alcohol-induced liver damage. Ethanol influences adipose tissue production of hormones and cytokines. The mechanisms by which adiposity and ethanol interact to produce hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis are beginning to be studied. Exacerbation of the proinflammatory state that induces tumor necrosis factor activity and hepatic insulin resistance seems to be involved. However, the precise cellular signals that culminate in hepatocyte dysfunction and death remain controversial. Both hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis are likely, but further study is needed to develop optimal hepatoprotective strategies. It is currently unclear whether the hepatotoxic consequences of obesity and ethanol ingestion are additive or synergistic. This information has important prognostic implications and might be useful to formulate body mass index-based guidelines for "safe" alcohol consumption. Findings of studies in experimental animals also raise questions about the relation between steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Despite overwhelming evidence that obesity promotes alcohol-induced steatosis and steatohepatitis, most obese human beings (and mice) who drink alcohol do not become cirrhotic. Moreover, at least in mice, even severe steatohepatitis leads to cirrhosis relatively infrequently. Thus, it is conceivable that, although steatohepatitis is a permissive factor for cirrhosis, it is neither necessary nor sufficient for cirrhosis to occur. The quest to identify the proximal mediators of hepatic fibrosis should probably include an investigation of how various adipokines, neurotransmitters, and cytokines interact to regulate hepatic stellate cells. Armed with such knowledge, further modifying actions of ethanol on these mechanisms can be explored by investigators.
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