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Loreto BBL, Sordi AO, de Castro MN, Ornell F, Guarnieri EP, Roza TH, Schuch JB, Cima MDS, Pechansky F, Grevet EH, Grassi-Oliveira R, von Diemen L, Kessler FHP. Proposing an integrative, dynamic and transdiagnostic model for addictions: dysregulation phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1298002. [PMID: 38274436 PMCID: PMC10808830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1298002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several theories have been proposed to explain the complex diagnostic aspects related to addiction disorders and their development. Recent frameworks tend to focus on dimensional perspectives of symptoms rather than categorical systems, since substance use disorders are frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and especially personality disorders. However, useful transdiagnostic models that could integrate clinical evaluation derived from neuroscientific theories are lacking. In the present manuscript, the authors propose a model based on a new paradigm, in an attempt to better explain this complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The new paradigm presupposes that emotions and behavior are a response to risk prediction. Individuals make choices and engage in actions to manage potential risks/rewards in order to seek or maintain homeostasis in their internal and external environments - a mechanism that the authors call predostatic (predictive mechanism with homeostatic purpose). The model considers three main modes of the predostatic mind: (1) Alarm Mode, activated by high and/or imminent risk prediction; (2) Seek Mode, activated by long-term risk or reward prediction; and (3) Balance Mode, a self-regulating state of mind related to low risk prediction, a soothing system and a calm state. Addiction is seen as a chronic dysregulation of organism systems leading to internalizing or externalizing phenomena mainly related to the Seek and Alarm Modes, which are persistently activated by reward and risk prediction, respectively, thus hindering Balance. Addiction neuroscience research has shown that chronic drug use or engagement in addictive behaviors can lead to neuroadaptations in the brain reward circuitry, disrupting normal balance and the regulation of reward processes. This dysregulation can contribute to persistent drug-seeking/addictive behaviors despite negative consequences. This newly proposed dynamic and integrative model, named dysregulation based on externalizing and internalizing phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind (DREXI3), proposes six dysregulation dimensions with basic emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as neurophysiological alterations, impulsivity, compulsion, cognitive impairment/psychosis, mood, and anxiety/anger. In this paper, the authors explain the rationale behind DREXI3 and present some hypothetical clinical examples to better illustrate the use of the model in clinical practice. The development of this innovative model could possibly guide tailored treatment interventions in the addiction field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Bolten Lucion Loreto
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anne Orgler Sordi
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melina Nogueira de Castro
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ornell
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pegoraro Guarnieri
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcos da Silveira Cima
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugênio Horácio Grevet
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Swahn MH, Culbreth R, Fodeman A, Cottrell-Daniels C, Tumwesigye NM, Jernigan DH, Kasirye R, Obot I. Heavy drinking and problem drinking among youth in Uganda: A structural equation model of alcohol marketing, advertisement perceptions and social norms. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:1444-1456. [PMID: 35761763 PMCID: PMC9546093 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction To determine the role of alcohol marketing, perceptions of marketing and social norms on heavy alcohol use and problem drinking among vulnerable youth in Uganda. Methods The Kampala Youth Survey is a cross‐sectional study conducted in 2014 with service‐seeking youth (ages 12–18 years) living in the slums of Kampala (n = 1134) who were participating in Uganda Youth Development Link drop‐in centres. Survey measures assessed perceptions of alcohol advertisements, social norms regarding alcohol use, heavy alcohol use and problem drinking. Factor analyses and structural equation models were computed to determine the predictors (e.g. social norms and alcohol marketing exposure) for drinking amounts, heavy drinking and problem drinking. Results Alcohol marketing allure, perceptions of adults' alcohol attitudes and respondent's male gender were significantly predictive of heavy drinking. Similarly, in addition to drinking amount and heaviness, only alcohol marketing exposure and friends' alcohol attitudes, as well as respondent's own attitudes about alcohol, significantly predicted variation in problem drinking. Discussion and Conclusions Alcohol marketing exposure and allure are significant predictors of heavy drinking and problem drinking among youth in Uganda. Prevention programs that reduce exposure to and allure of alcohol marketing may prove promising for reducing alcohol use and related problems among these vulnerable youth in a low‐resource setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Swahn
- Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA.,School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rachel Culbreth
- Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Ari Fodeman
- College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Isidore Obot
- Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse, Uyo, Nigeria
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Kabwama SN, Matovu JK, Ssenkusu JM, Ssekamatte T, Wanyenze RK. Alcohol use and associated factors among adolescent boys and young men in Kampala, Uganda. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2021; 16:49. [PMID: 34107981 PMCID: PMC8191098 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use leads to about 3 million deaths globally. The alcohol industry employs marketing strategies to establish their brands in the lives of young people at a time when addictive behaviors are initiated and reinforced. We conducted a survey among adolescent boys and young men (ABYM) to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use and associated factors using the Health Belief Model as the guiding framework. METHODS The study was conducted among ABYM in- or out-of-school aged 10-24 years in Kampala, Uganda. We used questions adopted from the Global School-based Student Health Survey and the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance questionnaire to collect data. The outcome of interest was alcohol use within 30 days before the interview. We also asked about characteristics such as alcohol use by siblings, parents/ guardians, school status among others. We used odds ratios obtained via a logistic regression model as the measure of association. RESULTS A total of 2500 ABYM participated, of which 262 (10.5 %, 95 %CI 9.3-11.7) had consumed alcohol within 30 days before the interview. Out-of-school ABYM had higher odds of consuming alcohol compared with their in-school counterparts AOR 1.55 (95 %CI 1.09-2.20). Compared with ABYM whose parents/ guardians did not drink alcohol, ABYM whose both parents consumed alcohol had higher odds of consuming alcohol AOR 2.24 (95 %CI 1.38-3.64) as were those with only a mother or female guardian who consumed alcohol AOR 1.95 (95 %CI 1.11-3.41). ABYM with siblings that drink alcohol had higher odds of consuming alcohol AOR 2.25 (95 %CI 1.80-3.52). ABYM who possessed items with an alcohol brand logo had higher odds of consuming alcohol AOR 2.00 (95 %CI 1.33-3.01). CONCLUSIONS There are significant levels of alcohol consumption among ABYM which calls for evidence-based measures targeting this age group to reduce consumption and recognizing the role of the family, school and community in prevention and promotion of use. There is need to regulate alcohol marketing and ensuring availability of alcohol dependence treatment services that build confidence among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ndugwa Kabwama
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Kb Matovu
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
| | - John M Ssenkusu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tonny Ssekamatte
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rhoda K Wanyenze
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Jackson KM, Bartholow BD. Psychological Processes Underlying Effects of Alcohol Marketing on Youth Drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:81-96. [PMID: 32079564 PMCID: PMC7064005 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence increasingly suggests that alcohol marketing plays a significant role in facilitating underage drinking. This article presents a review of empirical studies and relevant theoretical models proposing plausible psychological mechanisms or processes responsible for associations between alcohol-related marketing and youth drinking. METHOD We review key psychological processes pertaining to cognitive mechanisms and social cognitive models that operate at the individual or intrapersonal level (attitude formation, expectancies) and the social or interpersonal level (personal identity, social identity, social norms). We use dominant psychological and media theories to support our statements of putative causal inferences, including the Message Interpretation Processing Model, Prototype Willingness Model, and Reinforcing Spirals Model. RESULTS Based on the evidence, we propose an integrated conceptual model that depicts relevant psychological processes as they work together in a complex chain of influence, and we highlight those constructs that have received the greatest support in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The evidence to date suggests that perceptions of others' behaviors and attitudes in relation to alcohol (social norms) may be a more potent driver of youth drinking than evaluations of drinking outcomes (expectancies). Considerably more research--especially experimental research--is needed to understand the extent to which theoretically relevant psychological processes have unique effects on adolescent and young adult drinking behavior, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable intervention targets to produce reductions in the initiation and maintenance of underage alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies,
Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Noel JK, Sammartino CJ, Rosenthal SR. Exposure to Digital Alcohol Marketing and Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:57-67. [PMID: 32079562 PMCID: PMC7064004 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol marketing has proliferated on digital media, such as websites, social media, and apps. A systematic review was conducted to examine studies of associations between exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption. METHOD Eight electronic databases were searched for "alcohol" and "marketing" through 14 February 2017. Studies were included if exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, or related attitudes and intentions, were assessed. Studies were excluded if they only measured exposure to alcohol depictions posted online by family and friends. Study quality was also assessed. RESULTS In all, 25 studies were included, including 2 randomized controlled trials, 15 cross-sectional studies, and 8 prospective cohort studies. There was a consistent finding across studies that participation and engagement with digital alcohol marketing--such as clicking on an alcohol ad, visiting an alcohol-branded website, liking or sharing an ad on social media, or downloading alcohol-branded content--was positively associated with alcohol use. The effects of simple exposure to digital alcohol advertising were inconclusive. Proper blinding of subjects, measuring exposures before the outcomes, and measuring the exposures multiple times would improve study quality. CONCLUSIONS Although more research is needed, existing studies suggest that engagement with digital alcohol marketing is positively associated with increased alcohol consumption and increased binge or hazardous drinking behavior. Governments should consider implementing digital alcohol marketing regulations under the precautionary principle as the alcohol industry's self-regulated marketing codes are likely ineffective at protecting populations vulnerable to alcohol-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of
Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode
Island
| | - Cara J. Sammartino
- Department of Health Science, College of
Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode
Island
| | - Samantha R. Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of
Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, Rhode
Island
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School
of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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Weitzman M, Lee L. Similarities Between Alcohol and Tobacco Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Use of Each of These Substances. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:97-105. [PMID: 32079565 PMCID: PMC7063999 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal. METHOD This study was a narrative review on the association between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent alcohol use in the context of domains utilized in the Surgeon General's 2012 Report, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults, which concluded, "Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults." RESULTS In every aspect compared (i.e., adolescent knowledge; attitudes toward; initiation of use; continuation of use; mediums of advertisement; the use of mascots, celebrities, and themes; and frequency and density of advertisements and retailers), the findings for both tobacco and alcohol and their association with exposure to advertising are analogous. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Analogy criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria comparing alcohol and tobacco supports a judgment that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and increased adolescent knowledge, attitudes toward, initiation, and continuation of alcohol use are causal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Lily Lee
- Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York
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Butler A, Romano I, Patte K, Ferro MA, de Groh M, Jiang Y, Leatherdale ST. Psychological correlates and binge drinking behaviours among Canadian youth: a cross-sectional analysis of the mental health pilot data from the COMPASS study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028558. [PMID: 31256035 PMCID: PMC6609040 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine associations between depression, anxiety and binge drinking among a large sample of Canadian youth, while testing the moderating effect of flourishing. This research uses data from the Cannabis, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol, Smoking, Sedentary Behaviour (COMPASS) study (2012-2021) with a large sample size collecting data on youth health behaviours within Canadian secondary schools. DESIGN Cross-sectional SETTING: 14 secondary schools across Ontario and British Columbia, Canada. PARTICIPANTS A sample of grade 9-12 students (n=6570) who participated in the Mental Health pilot of the COMPASS study PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported questionnaires assessed student binge drinking behaviours (5≥drinks), symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Revised)-10 scores≥10) and anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale scores≥10), and flourishing (Diener's Flourishing Scale: 8-40). RESULTS In our sample of 6570 students, 37.0% of students reported binge drinking in the last year, and 41.4% and 31.7% of students report clinically-relevant symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Anxiety (adjusted OR (AOR): 0.57, (99% CI 0.15 to 2.22)) and depression (AOR: 1.98, (99% CI 0.76 to 5.13)) symptoms were not found to be associated with binge drinking and we did not detect any moderating role of flourishing. Rather, factors that were associated with increased odds of binge drinking included sports team participation (AOR: 1.67, (99% CI 1.37 to 2.03)) and use of other substances (tobacco (AOR: 3.00, (99% CI 2.12 to 4.25)) and cannabis (AOR: 7.76, (99% CI 6.36 to 9.46))). Similar associations were found for frequency of binge drinking. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with existing literature, binge drinking behaviours were problematic, as well as clinically-relevant symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, mental health problems and well-being may not be responsible for explaining patterns of binge drinking in youth. Targeted intervention efforts towards student athletes and concurrent substance users are necessary for addressing binge drinking in youth populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Butler
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella Romano
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret de Groh
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Jiang
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Critchlow N, MacKintosh AM, Thomas C, Hooper L, Vohra J. Awareness of alcohol marketing, ownership of alcohol branded merchandise, and the association with alcohol consumption, higher-risk drinking, and drinking susceptibility in adolescents and young adults: a cross-sectional survey in the UK. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025297. [PMID: 30872548 PMCID: PMC6530316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore awareness of alcohol marketing and ownership of alcohol branded merchandise in adolescents and young adults in the UK, what factors are associated with awareness and ownership, and what association awareness and ownership have with alcohol consumption, higher-risk drinking and susceptibility. DESIGN Online cross-sectional survey conducted during April-May 2017. SETTING The UK. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents and young adults aged 11-19 years in the UK (n=3399). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) (0-12) and indication of higher-risk consumption (>5 AUDIT-C) in current drinkers. Susceptibility to drink (yes/no) in never drinkers. RESULTS Eighty-two per cent of respondents were aware of at least one form of alcohol marketing in the past month and 17% owned branded merchandise. χ2 tests found that awareness of marketing and ownership of branded merchandise varied within drinking variables. For example, higher awareness of alcohol marketing was associated with being a current drinker (χ2=114.04, p<0.001), higher-risk drinking (χ2=85.84, p<0.001), and perceived parental (χ2=63.06, p<0.001) and peer approval of consumption (χ2=73.08, p<0.001). Among current drinkers, multivariate regressions (controlling for demographics and covariates) found that marketing awareness and owning branded merchandise was positively associated with AUDIT-C score and higher-risk consumption. For example, current drinkers reporting medium marketing awareness were twice as likely to be higher-risk drinkers as those reporting low awareness (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.18, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.42, p<0.001). Among never drinkers, respondents who owned branded merchandise were twice as likely to be susceptible to drinking as those who did not (AOR=1.98, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.24, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Young people, above and below the legal purchasing age, are aware of a range of alcohol marketing and almost one in five own alcohol branded merchandise. In current drinkers, alcohol marketing awareness was associated with increased consumption and greater likelihood of higher-risk consumption. In never drinkers, ownership of branded merchandise was associated with susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Critchlow
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Cancer Policy Research Centre (CPRC), Cancer Research UK, London, London, UK
| | - Lucie Hooper
- Cancer Policy Research Centre (CPRC), Cancer Research UK, London, London, UK
| | - Jyotsna Vohra
- Cancer Policy Research Centre (CPRC), Cancer Research UK, London, London, UK
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Meerkerk GJ, van Straaten B. Alcohol Marketing and Underage Drinking: Which Subgroups Are Most Susceptible to Alcohol Advertisements? Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:737-746. [PMID: 30572765 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1536719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was as follows: (a) to study the relation between alcohol advertisement exposure and the initiation of (binge) alcohol drinking among secondary school students, and (b) to identify subgroups of students that may be more vulnerable for the influence of alcohol marketing than others. METHODS A longitudinal survey was conducted with three waves (12- and 24-month interval). Eight secondary schools of various school levels in the Netherlands participated. Participants included 942 second grade students, average age 13.2 years, 46.0% boys. Exposure to alcohol and non-alcohol advertisements was measured at baseline with images of 16 commercial advertisements with all brand information removed. Students were asked to indicate contact frequency and recall brand names. Outcome measure was initiation of (binge) alcohol drinking between baseline and 12- and 24-month follow-up. RESULTS The results showed small but statistically significant associations between alcohol advertisement exposure and both drinking and binge drinking initiation over a 12-month interval. Over a 24-month interval, a statistically significant association was only found for initiation of binge drinking. The association was stronger for students from the lowest school level. CONCLUSION The study confirms previous longitudinal studies demonstrating an association between exposure to alcohol marketing and initiation of (binge) drinking among adolescents. This association is moderated by school level. Students from the lower school levels may therefore be the most appropriate target group for selective prevention efforts and should be taken particularly into account when formulating policies to reduce and prevent underage drinking.
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Slaunwhite AK, McEachern J, Ronis ST, Peters PA. Alcohol distribution reforms and school proximity to liquor sales outlets in New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2018; 108:e488-e496. [PMID: 29356654 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this project was to evaluate how changes to the sale of alcohol in New Brunswick would be distributed across urban and rural communities, and low- and high-income neighbourhoods. The study objectives were to 1) estimate the population living close to alcohol outlets before and after liquor distribution reforms, 2) identify communities or regions that would be more or less affected, and 3) determine whether expanding access to alcohol products would reduce school proximity to retailers. METHODS Data from Statistics Canada, Desktop Mapping Technologies Inc. (DMTI), and geocoded publicly available information were spatially linked and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The populations living within 499 m, 500-999 m and 1-5 km of an outlet were estimated, and the distances from schools to stores were examined by geographic characteristics and neighbourhood socio-economic status. RESULTS Permitting the sale of alcohol in all grocery stores throughout the province would increase the number of liquor outlets from 153 to 282 and would increase the population residing within 499 m of an outlet by 97.49%, from 19 886 to 39 273 residents. The sale of alcohol in grocery stores would result in an additional 35 liquor sales outlets being located within 499 m of schools. Low-income neighbourhoods would have the highest number and proportion of stores within 499 m of schools. CONCLUSION The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of considering social, economic and health inequities in the context of alcohol policy reforms that will disproportionately affect low-income neighbourhoods and youth living within these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Slaunwhite
- Institute for Circumpolar Health Studies, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, USA; Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, Victoria, BC.
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Sureda X, Espelt A, Villalbí JR, Cebrecos A, Baranda L, Pearce J, Franco M. Development and evaluation of the OHCITIES instrument: assessing alcohol urban environments in the Heart Healthy Hoods project. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017362. [PMID: 28982829 PMCID: PMC5639986 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the development and test-retest reliability of OHCITIES, an instrument characterising alcohol urban environment in terms of availability, promotion and signs of consumption. DESIGN This study involved: (1) developing the conceptual framework for alcohol urban environment by means of literature reviewing and previous alcohol environment research experience; (2) pilot testing and redesigning the instrument; (3) instrument digitalisation; (4) instrument evaluation using test-retest reliability. SETTING Data for testing the reliability of the instrument were collected in seven census sections in Madrid in 2016 by two observers. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We computed per cent agreement and Cohen's kappa coefficients to estimate inter-rater and test-retest reliability for alcohol outlet environment measures. We calculated interclass coefficients and their 95% CIs to provide a measure of inter-rater reliability for signs of alcohol consumption measures. RESULTS We collected information on 92 on-premise and 24 off-premise alcohol outlets identified in the studied areas about availability, accessibility and promotion of alcohol. Most per cent-agreement values for alcohol measures in on-premise and off-premise alcohol outlets were greater than 80%, and inter-rater and test-retest reliability values were generally above 0.80. Observers identified 26 streets and 3 public squares with signs of alcohol consumption. Intraclass correlation coefficient between observers for any type of signs of alcohol consumption was 0.50 (95% CI -0.09 to 0.77). Few items promoting alcohol unrelated to alcohol outlets were found on public spaces. CONCLUSIONS The OHCITIES instrument is a reliable instrument to characterise alcohol urban environment. This instrument might be used to understand how alcohol environment associates with alcohol behaviours and its related health outcomes, and can help in the design and evaluation of policies to reduce the harm caused by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisca Sureda
- Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Espelt
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Ciències de la Salut de Manresa, Universitat de Vic Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVicUCC), Manresa, Spain
| | - Joan R Villalbí
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Trabajo sobre Alcohol (GTOH), Sociedad Española de Epidemiología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Cebrecos
- Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jamie Pearce
- Centre for Research on Environment Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manuel Franco
- Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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King C, Siegel M, Ross CS, Jernigan DH. Alcohol Advertising in Magazines and Underage Readership: Are Underage Youth Disproportionately Exposed? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1775-1782. [PMID: 28905397 PMCID: PMC5657605 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The question of whether underage youth are disproportionately exposed to alcohol advertising lies at the heart of the public health debate about whether restrictions on alcohol advertising are warranted. The aim of this study was to determine whether alcohol brands popular among underage (ages 12 to 20 years) drinkers ("underage brands") are more likely than others ("other brands") to advertise in magazines with high underage readerships. METHODS We analyze the advertising of 680 alcohol brands in 49 magazines between 2006 and 2011. Using a random effects probit model, we examine the relationship between a magazine's underage readership and the probability of an underage or other brand advertising in a magazine, controlling for young adult (ages 21 to 29 years) and total readerships, advertising costs and expenditures, and readership demographics. RESULTS We find that underage brands are more likely than other brands to advertise in magazines with a higher percentage of underage readers. Holding all other variables constant at their sample means, the probability of an "other" brand advertising in a magazine remains essentially constant over the range of underage readership from 0.010 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.007 to 0.013) at 5% to 0.012 (95% CI, 0.008 to 0.016) at 35%. In contrast, the probability of an underage brand advertising nearly quadruples, ranging from 0.025 (95% CI, 0.015 to 0.035) to 0.096 (95% CI, 0.057 to 0.135), where underage brands are 7.90 (95% CI, 3.89 to 11.90) times more likely than other brands to advertise. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol brands popular among underage drinkers are more likely than other brands to advertise in magazines with high underage readerships, resulting in the disproportionate exposure of underage youth. Current voluntary advertising industry guidelines are not adequate to protect underage youth from high and disproportionate exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines. To limit advertising exposure among underage youth, policy makers may want to consider regulation of alcohol advertising in magazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles King
- Pleiades Consulting Group, Inc. , Lincoln, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Siegel
- Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig S Ross
- Department of Epidemiology , Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Chen CY, Huang HY, Tseng FY, Chiu YC, Chen WJ. Media alcohol advertising with drinking behaviors among young adolescents in Taiwan. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:145-152. [PMID: 28599213 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate potential effects of alcohol ads in six major marketing channels on drinking behaviors among young adolescents in Taiwan. METHODS The data were derived from the Alcohol-Related Experiences among Children study. The baseline sample was comprised of 1926 seventh-eighth graders from 11 public middle schools in Taipei in 2010; follow-up was conducted one year later (follow-up rate=97%). Information concerning individual sociodemographics, family characteristics, exposure to media portrayals of drinking and alcohol ads on major marketing channels, and drinking experience was collected through web-based self-administered questionnaires. Complex survey analyses were used to evaluate the association estimates, with stratification by prior drinking experiences in childhood. RESULTS Television, in-store displays, and websites are the three most common marketing channels for young adolescents to report past-month alcohol advertising exposure. With statistical adjustment for potential confounders and six market channels, exposure to alcohol ads on television was associated with subsequent increased drinking initiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.62; 95% CI=1.14-6.02). For those who have initiated alcohol use in childhood, the exposure to ads on the web (aOR=1.50; 95% CI=1.04-2.15) and radio (aOR=2.58; 95% CI=1.60-4.15) may elevate subsequent risk of occasional drinking. Exposure to media drinking portrayals was not related to subsequent drinking behaviors in this sample. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the effects of alcohol advertising on drinking behaviors in early adolescence may differ by marketing channels. Preventive strategies targeting underage drinking should consider restraining marketing channels (e.g., websites and radio) from certain advertising content and placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Neuropsychiatric Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Children and Family Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Yu Huang
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Children and Family Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Tseng
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chiu
- Department of Bio-industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Krauss MJ, Sowles SJ, Sehi A, Spitznagel EL, Berg CJ, Bierut LJ, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Marijuana advertising exposure among current marijuana users in the U.S. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:192-200. [PMID: 28365173 PMCID: PMC5436304 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about marijuana advertising exposure among users in the U.S. We examined the prevalence of advertising exposure among young adult marijuana users through traditional and new media, and identified characteristics associated with seeking advertisements. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 18-34 year-old past-month marijuana users in the U.S. using a pre-existing online panel (N=742). The survey queried about passively viewing and actively seeking marijuana advertisements in the past month, sources of advertisements, and marijuana use characteristics. RESULTS Over half of participants were exposed to marijuana advertising in the past month (28% passively observed advertisements, 26% actively sought advertisements). Common sources for observing advertisements were digital media (i.e., social media, online, text/emails; 77%). Similarly, those actively seeking advertisements often used Internet search engines (65%) and social media (53%). Seeking advertisements was more common among those who used medically (41% medical only, 36% medical and recreational) than recreational users (18%), who used concentrates or edibles (44% and 43%) compared to those who did not (20% and 19%), and who used multiple times per day (33%) compared to those who did not (19%) (all p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to marijuana advertising among users is common, especially via digital media, and is associated with medical use, heavier use, and use of novel products with higher THC concentrations (i.e., concentrates) or longer intoxication duration (i.e., edibles). As the U.S. marijuana policy landscape changes, it will be important to examine potential causal associations between advertising exposure and continuation or frequency/quantity of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Krauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Shaina J Sowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Auriann Sehi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Edward L Spitznagel
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA.
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Jernigan D, Noel J, Landon J, Thornton N, Lobstein T. Alcohol marketing and youth alcohol consumption: a systematic review of longitudinal studies published since 2008. Addiction 2017; 112 Suppl 1:7-20. [PMID: 27565582 DOI: 10.1111/add.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Youth alcohol consumption is a major global public health concern. Previous reviews have concluded that exposure to alcohol marketing was associated with earlier drinking initiation and higher alcohol consumption among youth. This review examined longitudinal studies published since those earlier reviews. METHODS Peer-reviewed papers were identified in medical, scientific and social science databases, supplemented by examination of reference lists. Non-peer-reviewed papers were included if they were published by organizations deemed to be authoritative, were fully referenced and contained primary data not available elsewhere. Papers were restricted to those that included measures of marketing exposure and alcohol consumption for at least 500 underage people. Multiple authors reviewed studies for inclusion and assessed their quality using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Quality Assessment Tool for Observation Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. RESULTS Twelve studies (ranging in duration from 9 months to 8 years), following nine unique cohorts not reported on previously involving 35 219 participants from Europe, Asia and North America, met inclusion criteria. All 12 found evidence of a positive association between level of marketing exposure and level of youth alcohol consumption. Some found significant associations between youth exposure to alcohol marketing and initiation of alcohol use (odds ratios ranging from 1.00 to 1.69), and there were clear associations between exposure and subsequent binge or hazardous drinking (odds ratios ranging from 1.38 to 2.15). Mediators included marketing receptivity, brand recognition and alcohol expectancies. Levels of marketing exposure among younger adolescents were similar to those found among older adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSIONS Young people who have greater exposure to alcohol marketing appear to be more likely subsequently to initiate alcohol use and engage in binge and hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jernigan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Noel
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Nicole Thornton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tim Lobstein
- Public Health Advocacy Institute of Western Australia, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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16
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Noel JK, Babor TF, Robaina K. Industry self-regulation of alcohol marketing: a systematic review of content and exposure research. Addiction 2017; 112 Suppl 1:28-50. [PMID: 27188217 DOI: 10.1111/add.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS With governments relying increasingly upon the alcohol industry's self-regulated marketing codes to restrict alcohol marketing activity, there is a need to summarize the findings of research relevant to alcohol marketing controls. This paper provides a systematic review of studies investigating the content of, and exposure to, alcohol marketing in relation to self-regulated guidelines. METHODS Peer-reviewed papers were identified through four literature search engines: SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed and PsychINFO. Non-peer-reviewed reports produced by public health agencies, alcohol research centers, non-governmental organizations and government research centers were also identified. Ninety-six publications met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Of the 19 studies evaluating a specific marketing code and 25 content analysis studies reviewed, all detected content that could be considered potentially harmful to children and adolescents, including themes that appeal strongly to young men. Of the 57 studies of alcohol advertising exposure, high levels of youth exposure and high awareness of alcohol advertising were found for television, radio, print, digital and outdoor advertisements. Youth exposure to alcohol advertising has increased over time, even as greater compliance with exposure thresholds has been documented. CONCLUSIONS Violations of the content guidelines within self-regulated alcohol marketing codes are highly prevalent in certain media. Exposure to alcohol marketing, particularly among youth, is also prevalent. Taken together, the findings suggest that the current self-regulatory systems that govern alcohol marketing practices are not meeting their intended goal of protecting vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Thomas F Babor
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Katherine Robaina
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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17
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Westberg K, Stavros C, Smith ACT, Munro G, Argus K. An examination of how alcohol brands use sport to engage consumers on social media. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 37:28-35. [PMID: 27868309 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS To examine how alcohol brands use sport in their communication activities on social media. Despite extensive research exploring alcohol advertising and sponsorship through sport, minimal attention has been given to digital platforms. DESIGN AND METHODS This study undertakes a qualitative content analysis to examine the social media activity of alcohol brands sponsoring the three largest spectator sports in Australia: Australian rules football, rugby league and cricket. RESULTS Four sport-related social media strategies are identified through which alcohol brands solicit interaction with consumers, often involving co-creation of content and social activation. These strategies act as 'calls to action' and through the association of sport and alcohol encourage consumers to engage in competition, collaboration, celebration and consumption. These strategies are further strengthened by communications which draw upon themes of identity and camaraderie to resonate with the consumer. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Sport-linked social media strategies utilised by alcohol brands extend beyond just promoting their product. They seek higher levels of engagement with the consumer to amplify and augment the connection between alcohol and the sport spectator experience. The discussion highlights the powerful combination of sport and social media as a mechanism by which these brands seek to interact with consumers and encourage them to both create and promote content to their social networks. These strategies allow alcohol brands to extend their marketing efforts in a manner which can elude alcohol codes and prove difficult for regulators to identify and control. [Westberg K, Stavros C, Smith ACT, Munro G, Argus K. An examination of how alcohol brands use sport to engage consumers on social media. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018;37:28-35].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Westberg
- School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Constantino Stavros
- School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aaron C T Smith
- Graduate School of Business and Law, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geoff Munro
- National Policy Manager, Alcohol and Drug Foundation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Argus
- Graduate School of Business and Law, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Scott S, Muirhead C, Shucksmith J, Tyrrell R, Kaner E. Does Industry-Driven Alcohol Marketing Influence Adolescent Drinking Behaviour? A Systematic Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 52:84-94. [PMID: 27864186 PMCID: PMC5169036 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To systematically review evidence on the influence of specific marketing components (Price, Promotion, Product attributes and Place of sale/availability) on key drinking outcomes (initiation, continuation, frequency and intensity) in young people aged 9–17. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PsychINFO, CINAHL and ProQuest were searched from inception to July 2015, supplemented with searches of Google Scholar, hand searches of key journals and backward and forward citation searches of reference lists of identified papers. Results Forty-eight papers covering 35 unique studies met inclusion criteria. Authors tended to report that greater exposure to alcohol marketing impacted on drinking initiation, continuation, frequency and intensity during adolescence. Nevertheless, 23 (66%) studies reported null results or negative associations, often in combination with positive associations, resulting in mixed findings within and across studies. Heterogeneity in study design, content and outcomes prevented estimation of effect sizes or exploration of variation between countries or age subgroups. The strength of the evidence base differed according to type of marketing exposure and drinking outcome studied, with support for an association between alcohol promotion (mainly advertising) and drinking outcomes in adolescence, whilst only two studies examined the relationship between alcohol price and the drinking behaviour of those under the age of 18. Conclusion Despite the volume of work, evidence is inconclusive in all four areas of marketing but strongest for promotional activity. Future research with standardized measures is needed to build on this work and better inform interventions and policy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Scott
- Institute of Health & Society, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Colin Muirhead
- Institute of Health & Society, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Janet Shucksmith
- Health and Social Care Institute, Parkside West Offices, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Rachel Tyrrell
- Institute of Health & Society, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.,Centre for Early Child Development, NSPCC, Number One, Bickerstaffe Square, Blackpool FY1 3AH, UK
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health & Society, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
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19
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de Bruijn A, Tanghe J, de Leeuw R, Engels R, Anderson P, Beccaria F, Bujalski M, Celata C, Gosselt J, Schreckenberg D, Słodownik L, Wothge J, van Dalen W. European longitudinal study on the relationship between adolescents' alcohol marketing exposure and alcohol use. Addiction 2016; 111:1774-83. [PMID: 27486952 DOI: 10.1111/add.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This is the first study to examine the effect of alcohol marketing exposure on adolescents' drinking in a cross-national context. The aim was to examine reciprocal processes between exposure to a wide range of alcohol marketing types and adolescent drinking, controlled for non-alcohol branded media exposure. DESIGN Prospective observational study (11-12- and 14-17-month intervals), using a three-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model. SETTING School-based sample in 181 state-funded schools in Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland. PARTICIPANTS A total of 9075 eligible respondents participated in the survey (mean age 14 years, 49.5% male. MEASUREMENTS Adolescents reported their frequency of past-month drinking and binge drinking. Alcohol marketing exposure was measured by a latent variable with 13 items measuring exposure to online alcohol marketing, televised alcohol advertising, alcohol sport sponsorship, music event/festival sponsorship, ownership alcohol-branded promotional items, reception of free samples and exposure to price offers. Confounders were age, gender, education, country, internet use, exposure to non-alcohol sponsored football championships and television programmes without alcohol commercials. FINDINGS The analyses showed one-directional long-term effects of alcohol marketing exposure on drinking (exposure T1 on drinking T2: β = 0.420 (0.058), P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.324-0.515; exposure T2 on drinking T3: β = 0.200 (0.044), P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.127-0.272; drinking T1 and drinking T2 on exposure: P > 0.05). Similar results were found in the binge drinking model (exposure T1 on binge T2: β = 0.409 (0.054), P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.320-0.499; exposure T2 on binge T3: β = 0.168 (0.050), P = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.086-0.250; binge T1 and binge T2 on exposure: P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There appears to be a one-way effect of alcohol marketing exposure on adolescents' alcohol use over time, which cannot be explained by either previous drinking or exposure to non-alcohol-branded marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalon de Bruijn
- STAP (Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy), Utrecht, the Netherlands. .,European Centre on Monitoring Alcohol Marketing (EUCAM), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Rebecca de Leeuw
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Anderson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michał Bujalski
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (IPIN), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Corrado Celata
- Dipartimento Dipendenze, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Schreckenberg
- ZEUS (Centre for Applied Psychology, Social and Environment), Hagen, Germany
| | - Luiza Słodownik
- State Agency for Prevention of Alcohol Related Problems (PARPA), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jördis Wothge
- ZEUS (Centre for Applied Psychology, Social and Environment), Hagen, Germany
| | - Wim van Dalen
- State Agency for Prevention of Alcohol Related Problems (PARPA), Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Alcohol in urban streetscapes: a comparison of the use of Google Street View and on-street observation. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:442. [PMID: 27230281 PMCID: PMC4880812 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol-related harm is a major global health issue, and controls on alcohol marketing are one intervention utilized by governments. This study investigated the use of Google Street View (GSV) as a novel research method for collecting alcohol-related data in the urban environment. Methods The efficacy of GSV and on-street observation by observer teams was compared by surveying 400 m stretches of 12 streets in Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. Data on alcohol sale, alcohol-related advertising, health promotion materials, regulatory information and visible alcohol consumption were collected. Results A total of 403 retailers with evidence of alcohol sales and 1161 items of alcohol-related communication were identified in on-street observation. Of the latter, 1028 items (89 %) were for alcohol marketing and 133 (11 %) were for alcohol-related health promotion and alcohol regulation. GSV was found to be a less sensitive tool than on-street observation with only 50 % of the alcohol venues identified and 52 % of the venue-associated brand marketing identified. A high degree of inter-observer reliability was generally found between pairs of observers e.g., for the detection of alcohol retail venues the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.93 (95 % CI: 0.78 to 0.98) for on-street observation and 0.85 (95 % CI: 0.49 to 0.96) for using GSV. Conclusions GSV does not seem suitable for the comprehensive study of the influences on alcohol consumption in the urban streetscape. However, it may still have value for large, static objects in the environment and be more time efficient than traditional on-street observation measures, especially when used to collect data across a wide geographical area. Furthermore, GSV might become a more useful research tool in settings with better image quality (such as more ‘footpath views’) and with more regularly updated GSV imagery.
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Dumbili EW. The influence of alcohol industry-sponsored “Gulder Ultimate Search” reality television series on the drinking behaviors of Nigerian youths. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2016.1166271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Hansen A, Gunter B. Alcohol, Advertising, Media, and Consumption among Children, Teenagers, and Young Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2013.11679136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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de Bruijn A, Engels R, Anderson P, Bujalski M, Gosselt J, Schreckenberg D, Wohtge J, de Leeuw R. Exposure to Online Alcohol Marketing and Adolescents' Drinking: A Cross-sectional Study in Four European Countries. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 51:615-21. [PMID: 27151968 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The Internet is the leading medium among European adolescents in contemporary times; even more time is spent on the Internet than watching television. This study investigates associations between online alcohol marketing exposure and onset of drinking and binge drinking among adolescents in four European countries. METHOD A total of 9038 students with a mean age of 14.05 (SD 0.82) participated in a school-based survey in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. Logistic regression analyses of cross-sectional cross-country survey data were undertaken. Exposure to online alcohol marketing, televised alcohol advertising and ownership of alcohol-branded items was estimated to be controlled for relevant confounders. Onset of drinking and binge drinking in the past 30 days were included in the study as outcome variables. RESULTS Adjusted for relevant confounders, higher exposure to (online) alcohol marketing exposure was found to be related to the odds of starting to drink (p < 0.001) and the odds of binge drinking in the past 30 days (p < 0.001). This effect was found to be consistent in all four countries. Active engagement with online alcohol marketing was found to interact more strongly with drinking outcomes than passive exposure to online alcohol marketing. CONCLUSIONS Youngsters in the four European countries report frequent exposure to online alcohol marketing. The association between this exposure and adolescents' drinking was robust and seems consistent across national contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalon de Bruijn
- European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing, Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy Radboud University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jördis Wohtge
- Centre for Applied Psychology, Social and Environmental Research
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Abstract
CONTEXTS Alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM) has a longer shelf-life than other forms of alcohol marketing and the potential to become integrated into children's self-identities. OBJECTIVE This review sought to explore the current literature on children's exposure to, and the impact of, ABM. DATA SOURCES PsycInfo, Proquest, Science Direct, and ABI-Inform databases were searched from the earliest available date to May 2015. Additional studies were identified by a manual review of the reference lists of retrieved articles and contacting the corresponding author of each included study. STUDY SELECTION Articles that reported on child or adolescent ownership of ABM and/or the relationship between ABM ownership and drinking were included. DATA EXTRACTION Data on key measures were tabulated; where data of interest were not reported, requests for further information were sent to the articles' authors. RESULTS Nine cross-sectional and 4 longitudinal studies were identified. ABM ownership ranged from 11% to 59% and was higher among older children and males. Seven cross-sectional studies reported associations between ABM ownership and drinking-related behaviors. All 4 longitudinal studies reported a significant relationship between ownership at baseline and drinking initiation at follow-up. LIMITATIONS The small number of available studies, with different measures of ABM ownership and of associations/effects. CONCLUSIONS The few studies exploring ABM ownership are consistent in showing high rates of ownership and associations between ownership and current and future drinking. There is a need for further research into specific aspects of ABM ownership. However, there is also a need for policy interventions to reduce children's access to and ownership of ABM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jones
- Centre for Health and Social Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Mejia R, Pérez A, Abad-Vivero EN, Kollath-Cattano C, Barrientos-Gutierrez I, Thrasher JF, Sargent JD. Exposure to Alcohol Use in Motion Pictures and Teen Drinking in Latin America. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:631-7. [PMID: 26857804 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to assess whether exposure to alcohol use in films (AUF) is associated with alcohol use susceptibility, current alcohol use, and binge drinking in adolescents from 2 Latin American countries. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study with 13,295 middle school students from public and private schools in Mexico and Argentina. Exposure to alcohol use in over 400 contemporary top box office films in each country was estimated using previously validated methods. Outcome measures included current drinking (i.e., any drink in the last 30 days), ever binge drinking (i.e., more than 4 or 5 drinks in a row for females and males, respectively) and, among never drinkers, alcohol susceptibility (i.e., might drink in the next year or accept a drink from a friend). Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, parental education, peer drinking, sensation seeking, parenting style, and media access. RESULTS Mean age was 12.5 years (SD = 0.7), and the prevalence of alcohol consumption and binge drinking was 19.8 and 10.9%, respectively. Mean exposure to alcohol from the film sample was about 7 hours in both countries. Adjusted models indicated independent dose-response associations between higher levels of exposure to AUF and all outcomes; the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) comparing quartiles 4 and 1, 1.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73 to 2.30) for current drinking, aOR 1.68 (CI 1.39 to 2.02) for binge drinking, and aOR 1.80 (1.52 to 2.12) for alcohol susceptibility. Compared to Mexican adolescents, Argentine adolescents were significantly more likely to have engaged in binge drinking (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.76) and, among never drinkers, were more susceptible to try drinking (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.64). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of exposure to AUF were associated with higher likelihood of alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol susceptibility in Latin American adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Mejia
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Pérez
- Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erika N Abad-Vivero
- Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Christy Kollath-Cattano
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inti Barrientos-Gutierrez
- Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - James D Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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McClure AC, Tanski SE, Li Z, Jackson K, Morgenstern M, Li Z, Sargent JD. Internet Alcohol Marketing and Underage Alcohol Use. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20152149. [PMID: 26738886 PMCID: PMC5011761 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Internet alcohol marketing is not well studied despite its prevalence and potential accessibility and attractiveness to youth. The objective was to examine longitudinal associations between self-reported engagement with Internet alcohol marketing and alcohol use transitions in youth. METHODS A US sample of 2012 youths aged 15 to 20 was surveyed in 2011. An Internet alcohol marketing receptivity score was developed, based on number of positive responses to seeing alcohol advertising on the Internet, visiting alcohol brand Web sites, being an online alcohol brand fan, and cued recall of alcohol brand home page images. We assessed the association between baseline marketing receptivity and both ever drinking and binge drinking (≥6 drinks per occasion) at 1-year follow-up with multiple logistic regression, controlling for baseline drinking status, Internet use, sociodemographics, personality characteristics, and peer or parent drinking. RESULTS At baseline, ever-drinking and binge-drinking prevalence was 55% and 27%, respectively. Many (59%) reported seeing Internet alcohol advertising, but few reported going to an alcohol Web site (6%) or being an online fan (3%). Higher Internet use, sensation seeking, having family or peers who drank, and past alcohol use were associated with Internet alcohol marketing receptivity, and a score of 1 or 2 was independently associated with greater adjusted odds of initiating binge drinking (odds ratio 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.78 and odds ratio 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.37 respectively) but not with initiation of ever drinking. CONCLUSIONS Although high levels of engagement with Internet alcohol marketing were uncommon, most underage youths reported seeing it, and we found a prospective association between receptivity to this type of alcohol marketing and future problem drinking, making additional research and ongoing surveillance important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auden C. McClure
- Departments of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Address correspondence to Auden C. McClure, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756. E-mail:
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Departments of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Zhigang Li
- Cancer Epidemiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Kristina Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | | | - Zhongze Li
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - James D. Sargent
- Departments of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire,Cancer Control Research Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Critchlow N, Moodie C, Bauld L, Bonner A, Hastings G. Awareness of, and participation with, digital alcohol marketing, and the association with frequency of high episodic drinking among young adults. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2015.1119247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Savell E, Fooks G, Gilmore AB. How does the alcohol industry attempt to influence marketing regulations? A systematic review. Addiction 2016; 111:18-32. [PMID: 26173765 PMCID: PMC4681589 DOI: 10.1111/add.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review, using a qualitative, narrative synthesis approach, papers examining alcohol industry efforts to influence alcohol marketing policy, and compare with those used by the tobacco industry. METHODS Literature searches were conducted between April and July 2011, and updated in March 2013. Papers were included if they: made reference to alcohol industry efforts to influence (a) policy debates concerning marketing regulations, (b) new specific marketing policies or (c) broad alcohol policy which included marketing regulations; were written in English; and concerned the period 1990-2013. Alcohol industry political activity was categorized into strategies/tactics and frames/arguments. Data extraction was undertaken by the lead author and 100% of the papers were fully second-reviewed. Seventeen papers met the review criteria. RESULTS Five main political strategies and five main frames were identified. The alcohol industry argues against marketing regulation by emphasizing industry responsibility and the effectiveness of self-regulation, questioning the effectiveness of statutory regulation and by focusing on individual responsibility. Arguments relating to industry responsibility are often reinforced through corporate social responsibility activities. The industry primarily conveys its arguments through manipulating the evidence base and by promoting ineffective voluntary codes and non-regulatory initiatives. CONCLUSIONS The alcohol industry's political activity is more varied than existing models of corporate political activity suggest. The industry's opposition to marketing regulation centres on claims that the industry is responsible and that self regulation is effective. There are considerable commonalities between tobacco and alcohol industry political activity, with differences due potentially to differences in policy contexts and perceived industry legitimacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Savell
- Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesBathUK
| | - Gary Fooks
- School of Languages and Social ScienceAston UniversityBirminghamUK
| | - Anna B. Gilmore
- Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesBathUK
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Jones SC, Robinson L, Barrie L, Francis K, Lee JK. Association Between Young Australian's Drinking Behaviours and Their Interactions With Alcohol Brands on Facebook: Results of an Online Survey. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 51:474-80. [PMID: 26487157 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine the association of alcohol-brand social networking pages and Facebook users' drinking attitudes and behaviours. METHODS Cross-sectional, self-report data were obtained from a convenience sample of 283 Australian Facebook users aged 16-24 years via an online survey. RESULTS More than half of the respondents reported using Facebook for more than an hour daily. While only 20% had actively interacted with an alcohol brand on Facebook, we found a significant association between this active interaction and alcohol consumption, and a strong association between engagement with alcohol brands on Facebook and problematic drinking. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate the need for further research into the complex interaction between social networking and alcohol consumption, and add support to calls for effective regulation of alcohol marketing on social network platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Jones
- Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Robinson
- Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lance Barrie
- Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Francis
- Centre for Health and Social Research (CHaSR), Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Centre for Health Initiatives, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Siegel M, Ross CS, Albers AB, DeJong W, King C, Naimi TS, Jernigan DH. The relationship between exposure to brand-specific alcohol advertising and brand-specific consumption among underage drinkers--United States, 2011-2012. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2015; 42:4-14. [PMID: 26479468 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1085542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marketing is increasingly recognized as a potentially important contributor to youth drinking, yet few studies have examined the relationship between advertising exposure and alcohol consumption among underage youth at the brand level. OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between brand-specific exposure to alcohol advertising among underage youth and the consumption prevalence of each brand in a national sample of underage drinkers. METHODS We analyzed the relationship between population-level exposure of underage youth ages 12-20 to brand-specific alcohol advertising in national magazines and television programs and the 30-day consumption prevalence--by brand--among a national sample of underage drinkers ages 13-20. Underage youth exposure to alcohol advertising by brand for each month in 2011, measured in gross rating points (GRPs, a standard measure of advertising exposure), was obtained from GfK MRI (a media consumer research company) and Nielsen for all measured national issues of magazines and all national television programs, respectively. The 30-day consumption prevalence for each brand was obtained from a national survey of 1031 underage drinkers conducted between December 2011 and May 2012. RESULTS Underage youth were more than five times more likely to consume brands that advertise on national television and 36% more likely to consume brands that advertise in national magazines. The consumption prevalence of a brand increased by 36% for each 1.5 standard deviation (50 GRPs) increase in television adstock among underage youth and by 23% for each 1.5 standard deviation (10 GRPs) increase in magazine adstock. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that alcohol advertising influences an important aspect of drinking behavior--brand choice--among youth who consume alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Siegel
- a Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Alison B Albers
- a Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - William DeJong
- a Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Charles King
- c Pleiades Consulting Group , Lincoln , MA , USA
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- a Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA.,d Section of General Internal Medicine , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- e Department of Health , Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Jawad M, Nakkash RT, Hawkins B, Akl EA. Waterpipe industry products and marketing strategies: analysis of an industry trade exhibition. Tob Control 2015; 24:e275-9. [PMID: 26149455 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding product development and marketing strategies of transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) has been of vital importance in developing an effective tobacco control policy. However, comparatively little is known of the waterpipe tobacco industry, which TTCs have recently entered. This study aimed to gain an understanding of waterpipe tobacco products and marketing strategies by visiting a waterpipe trade exhibition. METHODS In April 2014, the first author attended an international waterpipe trade exhibition, recording descriptions of products and collecting all available marketing items. We described the purpose and function of all products, and performed a thematic analysis of messages in marketing material. RESULTS We classified waterpipe products into four categories and noted product variation within categories. Electronic waterpipe products (which mimic electronic cigarettes) rarely appeared on waterpipe tobacco marketing material, but were displayed just as widely. Claims of reduced harm, safety and quality were paramount on marketing materials, regardless of whether they were promoting consumption products (tobacco, tobacco substitutes), electronic waterpipes or accessories. CONCLUSIONS Waterpipe products are diverse in nature and are marketed as healthy and safe products. Furthermore, the development of electronic waterpipe products appears to be closely connected with the electronic cigarette industry, rather than the waterpipe tobacco manufacturers. Tobacco control policy must evolve to take account of the vast and expanding array of waterpipe products, and potentially also charcoal products developed for waterpipe smokers. We recommend that tobacco substitutes be classified as tobacco products. Continued surveillance of the waterpipe industry is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rima T Nakkash
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ben Hawkins
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Mason-Jones AJ, Cabieses B. Alcohol, binge drinking and associated mental health problems in young urban Chileans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121116. [PMID: 25830508 PMCID: PMC4382020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the link between alcohol use, binge drinking and mental health problems in a representative sample of adolescent and young adult Chileans. METHODS Age and sex-adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) for four mental wellbeing measures were estimated with separate conditional logistic regression models for adolescents aged 15-20 years, and young adults aged 21-25 years, using population-based estimates of alcohol use prevalence rates from the Chilean National Health Survey 2010. RESULTS Sixty five per cent of adolescents and 85% of young adults reported drinking alcohol in the last year and of those 83% per cent of adolescents and 86% of young adults reported binge drinking in the previous month. Adolescents who reported binging alcohol were also more likely, compared to young adults, to report being always or almost always depressed (OR 12.97 [95% CI, 1.86-19.54]) or to feel very anxious in the last month (OR 9.37 [1.77-19.54]). Adolescent females were more likely to report poor life satisfaction in the previous year than adolescent males (OR 8.50 [1.61-15.78]), feel always or almost always depressed (OR 3.41 [1.25-9.58]). Being female was also associated with a self-reported diagnosis of depression for both age groups (adolescents, OR 4.74 [1.49-15.08] and young adults, OR 4.08 [1.65-10.05]). CONCLUSION Young people in Chile self-report a high prevalence of alcohol use, binge drinking and associated mental health problems. The harms associated with alcohol consumption need to be highlighted through evidence-based prevention programs. Health and education systems need to be strengthened to screen and support young people. Focussing on policy initiatives to limit beverage companies targeting alcohol to young people will also be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Mason-Jones
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England, United Kingdom
- Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England, United Kingdom
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Scott S, Baker R, Shucksmith J, Kaner E. Autonomy, special offers and routines: a Q methodological study of industry-driven marketing influences on young people's drinking behaviour. Addiction 2014; 109:1833-44. [PMID: 24938633 DOI: 10.1111/add.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify shared patterns of views in young people relating to the influence of industry-driven alcohol marketing (price, promotion, product and place of purchase/consumption) on their reported drinking behaviour. DESIGN Q methodology harnessed qualitative and quantitative data to generate distinct clusters of opinions as follows: 39 opinion statements were derived from earlier in-depth qualitative interviews with 31 young people; by-person factor analysis was carried out on 28 participants' (six previous interviewees and 22 new recruits) rank orderings of these statements (most-to-least agreement); interpretation of the factor arrays was aided by 10-15-minute debriefing interviews held immediately following each Q-sort. SETTING Northeast England PARTICIPANTS Young people aged 14-17 years purposively recruited from high schools, higher education colleges, youth centres and youth offending teams. FINDINGS Centroid factor extraction and varimax rotation of factors generated three distinct accounts: factor one ('autonomous, sophisticated consumers') illustrated a self-defined sense of individuality and autonomy in alcohol choices; factor two ('price-driven consumers') appeared price-led, choosing to drink what was most accessible or cheapest; and factor three ('context-focused consumers') described drinking practices where products were chosen to serve specific functions such as being easy to carry while dancing. CONCLUSIONS Considering young people's views on alcohol marketing, different perspectives can be identified. These include perceived imperviousness to maketing, responsiveness to price and affordability and responsiveness to marketing focusing on youth lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Scott
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Scott S, Kaner E. Alcohol and public health: heavy drinking is a heavy price to pay for populations. J Public Health (Oxf) 2014; 36:396-8. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Roberts SP, Siegel MB, DeJong W, Naimi TS, Jernigan DH. The relationships between alcohol source, autonomy in brand selection, and brand preference among youth in the USA. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:563-71. [PMID: 25113176 PMCID: PMC4128668 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to describe the sources from which youth in the USA commonly obtain alcohol, their role in selecting the brands they drink and the relationship of these variables to their indicated alcohol brand preferences. METHODS We recruited 1031 underage drinkers in the age range of 13-20 through an internet panel managed by Knowledge Networks. Respondents completed an online survey assessing their recent brand-specific alcohol use, the source of their most recently consumed alcohol and whether the respondent or another person selected the brand they drank. RESULTS Alcohol sources were more often passive than transactional. Nearly equal proportions of youth reported that they did versus did not choose the brand of their most recent drink. Analysis revealed that the brand preferences of passive versus active source drinkers were highly similar, as were the brand preferences of respondent versus non-respondent choice drinkers. Stratification of respondents by age did not significantly change these results. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that youth are consuming a homogenous list of preferred brands regardless of the source of their most recently obtained alcohol or who selected the brand they drank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Roberts
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael B Siegel
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - William DeJong
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 West Broadway, Room 292, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Roberts SP, Siegel MB, DeJong W, Jernigan DH. A comparison between brand-specific and traditional alcohol surveillance methods to assess underage drinkers' reported alcohol use. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:447-54. [PMID: 25062357 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.938160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent alcohol consumption remains common and is associated with many negative health outcomes. Unfortunately, common alcohol surveillance methods often underestimate consumption. Improved alcohol use measures are needed to characterize the landscape of youth drinking. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare a standard quantity-frequency measure of youth alcohol consumption to a novel brand-specific measure. METHODS We recruited a sample of 1031 respondents across the United States to complete an online survey. Analyses included 833 male and female underage drinkers ages 13-20. Respondents reported on how many of the past 30 days they consumed alcohol, and the number of drinks consumed on an average drinking day. Using our brand-specific measure, respondents identified which brands they consumed, how many days they consumed each brand, and how many drinks per brand they usually had. RESULTS Youth reported consuming significantly more alcohol (on average, 11 drinks more per month) when responding to the brand-specific versus the standard measure (p < 0.001). The two major predictors of the difference between the two measures were being a heavy episodic drinker (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 4.1-12.0) and the total number of brands consumed (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 2.0-2.8). CONCLUSION This study contributes to the field of alcohol and adolescent research first by investigating a potentially more accurate alcohol surveillance method, and secondly by promoting the assessment of alcohol use among adolescents vulnerable to risky alcohol use. Finally, our survey addresses the potential impact of alcohol marketing on youth and their subsequent alcohol brand preferences and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Roberts
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences , Boston, MA and
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37
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Ross CS, Maple E, Siegel M, DeJong W, Naimi TS, Ostroff J, Padon AA, Borzekowski DLG, Jernigan DH. The relationship between brand-specific alcohol advertising on television and brand-specific consumption among underage youth. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2234-42. [PMID: 24986257 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being able to investigate the relationship between underage drinkers' preferences for particular brands and their exposure to advertising for those brands would represent a significant advance in alcohol marketing research. However, no previous national study has examined the relationship between underage youth exposure to brand-specific alcohol advertising and consumption of those brands. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, Internet-based survey of a national sample of 1,031 youth, ages 13-20, who had consumed at least 1 drink of alcohol in the past 30 days. We ascertained all alcohol brands consumed by respondents in the past 30 days. The main outcome measure was brand-specific consumption during the past 30 days, measured as a dichotomous variable. The main predictor variable was exposure to brand-specific alcohol advertising on television. The respondents reported which of 20 television shows popular with youth they had watched during the past 30 days. For each respondent, we calculated a standard measure of potential exposure to the brand-specific alcohol advertising that aired on those shows during the preceding 12 months, based on Nielsen (New York, NY) estimates of the youth audience for each show's telecasts. RESULTS Compared to no brand-specific advertising exposure, any exposure was associated with an increased likelihood of brand-specific consumption (adjusted odds ratio 3.02; 95% confidence interval: 2.61-3.49) after controlling for several individual- and brand-level variables. When measured as a continuous variable, the relationship between advertising exposure and brand consumption was nonlinear, with a large association at lower levels of exposure and diminishing incremental effects as the level of exposure increased. CONCLUSIONS There is a robust relationship between youth's brand-specific exposure to alcohol advertising on television and their consumption of those same alcohol brands during the past 30 days. This study provides further evidence of a strong association between alcohol advertising and youth drinking behavior.
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Using media exposure to predict the initiation and persistence of youth alcohol use in Taiwan. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 25:386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stead M, Angus K, Macdonald L, Bauld L. Looking into the glass: glassware as an alcohol marketing tool, and the implications for policy. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:317-20. [PMID: 24407778 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine how glassware functions as a marketing tool. METHODS Content analysis of trade journals. RESULTS Glassware is used as an integral part of marketing activity to recruit customers, revive brands, build profits and increase consumption. CONCLUSION Glassware should be subject to the same control as other forms of marketing. Glasses could be re-engineered to promote safer drinking.
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Pedersen ER, Miles JNV, Ewing BA, Shih RA, Tucker JS, D’Amico EJ. A longitudinal examination of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette perceived norms among middle school adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:647-53. [PMID: 24012070 PMCID: PMC3836211 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents tend to overestimate the prevalence of substance use among their peers and these perceived norms are associated with their current and future use. However, little is known about how perceived norms change over time during middle school, a developmental period when adolescents are at-risk for initiating substance use. METHOD We examined changes in perceived norms of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes over a two-year period among a large and diverse sample of 6th and 7th grade youth (N=6097; 50.1% female; 54% Hispanic). Participants completed a baseline survey and two subsequent annual surveys. Participants estimated the percentage of their peers they believed used each substance, as well as indicated levels of personal use, offers to use from peers, and exposure to peers who were using each substance. RESULTS Perceived norms of all three substances increased over time. Increases were somewhat attenuated when controlling for demographic factors, personal use, and peer factors, but remained significant. Female adolescents and those reporting non-Hispanic White ethnicity experienced the greatest increase in perceived norms over time. CONCLUSION Normative perceptions of substance use increase greatly during the middle school years, an effect which cannot be fully explained by demographics, personal use, or peer factors. Given that perceived norms are often associated with personal use, early interventions with middle school youth are warranted to prevent the growth of these influential factors during this developmental period.
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McClure AC, Stoolmiller M, Tanski SE, Engels RCME, Sargent JD. Alcohol marketing receptivity, marketing-specific cognitions, and underage binge drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37 Suppl 1:E404-13. [PMID: 23256927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to alcohol marketing is prevalent and is associated with both initiation and progression of alcohol use in underage youth. The mechanism of influence is not well understood, however. This study tests a model that proposes alcohol-specific cognitions as mediators of the relation between alcohol marketing and problematic drinking among experimental underage drinkers. METHODS This study describes a cross-sectional analysis of 1,734 U.S. 15- to 20-year-old underage drinkers, recruited for a national study of media and substance use. Subjects were queried about a number of alcohol marketing variables including TV time, Internet time, favorite alcohol ad, ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM), and exposure to alcohol brands in movies. The relation between these exposures and current (30-day) binge drinking was assessed, as were proposed mediators of this relation, including marketing-specific cognitions (drinker identity and favorite brand to drink), favorable alcohol expectancies, and alcohol norms. Paths were tested in a structural equation model that controlled for sociodemographics, personality, and peer drinking. RESULTS Almost one-third of this sample of ever drinkers had engaged in 30-day binge drinking. Correlations between mediators were all statistically significant (range 0.16 to 0.47), and all were significantly associated with binge drinking. Statistically significant mediation was found for the association between ABM ownership and binge drinking through both drinker identity and having a favorite brand to drink, which also mediated the path between movie brand exposure and binge drinking. Peer drinking and sensation seeking were associated with binge drinking in paths through all mediators. CONCLUSIONS Associations between alcohol marketing and binge drinking were mediated through marketing-specific cognitions that assess drinker identity and brand allegiance, cognitions that marketers aim to cultivate in the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auden C McClure
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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Give me 'strength to change': insights into a social marketing campaign in the North of England. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2012; 14:350-9. [PMID: 23040155 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423612000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this paper, we report on how formative research was utilised to design a social marketing campaign commissioned by a Primary Care Trust within an area of high social deprivation in the North of England. BACKGROUND Men represent the majority of perpetrators of domestic violence and there is increasing interest in developing services for this group with the aim of changing abusive behaviour. However, men are known to be less likely to engage in help-seeking behaviours, and this reticence has been attributed to the social construction of masculinity. A further barrier for men seeking help in relation to domestic violence is the cultural construction of domestic violence. METHODS Formative research was undertaken to explore the perceptions and attitudes of a community population of males (n584). Focus groups explored barriers and drivers to help-seeking and identified effective communication messages. FINDINGS These findings were translated into the 'Strength to Change' campaign that minimised stigmatisation and blame while emphasising help-seeking as a 'strength' rather than a perceived weakness. Social marketing techniques facilitated an in-depth appreciation of local barriers to help-seeking and generated context-specific messages to encourage take-up of a new service for male perpetrators.
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Sloane K, Wilson N, Imlach Gunasekara F. A content analysis of the portrayal of alcohol in televised music videos in New Zealand: changes over time. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012; 32:47-52. [PMID: 22679924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS We aimed to: (i) document the extent and nature of alcohol portrayal in televised music videos in New Zealand in 2010; and (ii) assess trends over time by comparing with a similar 2005 sample. DESIGN AND METHODS We undertook a content analysis for references to alcohol in 861 music videos shown on a youth-orientated television channel in New Zealand. This was compared with a sample in 2005 (564 music videos on the same channel plus sampling from two other channels). RESULTS The proportion of alcohol content in the music videos was slightly higher in 2010 than for the same channel in the 2005 sample (19.5% vs. 15.7%) but this difference was not statistically significant. Only in the genre 'Rhythm and Blues' was the increase over time significant (P = 0.015). In both studies, the portrayal of alcohol was significantly more common in music videos where the main artist was international (not from New Zealand). Furthermore, in the music videos with alcohol content, at least a third of the time, alcohol was shown being consumed and the main artist was involved with alcohol. In only 2% (in 2005) and 4% (in 2010) of these videos was the tone explicitly negative towards alcohol. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In both these studies, the portrayal of alcohol was relatively common in music videos. Nevertheless, there are various ways that policy makers can denormalise alcohol in youth-orientated media such as music videos or to compensate via other alcohol control measures such as higher alcohol taxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sloane
- University of Otago-Public Health, Wellington, New Zealand
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44
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Nicholls J. Everyday, Everywhere: Alcohol Marketing and Social Media—Current Trends. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47:486-93. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Hanewinkel R, Sargent JD, Poelen EAP, Scholte R, Florek E, Sweeting H, Hunt K, Karlsdottir S, Jonsson SH, Mathis F, Faggiano F, Morgenstern M. Alcohol consumption in movies and adolescent binge drinking in 6 European countries. Pediatrics 2012; 129:709-20. [PMID: 22392174 PMCID: PMC3313641 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate whether the association between exposure to images of alcohol use in movies and binge drinking among adolescents is independent of cultural context. METHODS A cross-sectional survey study in 6 European countries (Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Scotland) was conducted. A total of 16 551 pupils from 114 public schools with a mean (± SD) age of 13.4 (± 1.18) years participated. By using previously validated methods, exposure to alcohol use in movies was estimated from the 250 top-grossing movies of each country (years 2004-2009). Lifetime binge drinking was the main outcome measure. RESULTS Overall, 27% of the sample had consumed >5 drinks on at least 1 occasion in their life. After controlling for age, gender, family affluence, school performance, television screen time, sensation seeking and rebelliousness, and frequency of drinking of peers, parents, and siblings, the adjusted β-coefficient for lifetime binge drinking in the entire sample was 0.12 (95% confidence interval: 0.10-0.14; P < .001). The crude relationship between movie alcohol use exposure and lifetime binge drinking was significant in all countries; after covariate adjustment, the relationship was still significant in 5 of 6 countries. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the association is content specific, as there was no significant association between lifetime binge drinking and exposure to smoking in movies. CONCLUSIONS The link between alcohol use in movies and adolescent binge drinking was robust and seems relatively unaffected by cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ron Scholte
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ewa Florek
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Helen Sweeting
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Hunt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefan Hrafn Jonsson
- Directorate of Health, Reykjavik, Iceland;,University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Federica Mathis
- Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, A.S.L. TO3 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and
| | - Fabrizio Faggiano
- Piedmont Centre for Drug Addiction Epidemiology, A.S.L. TO3 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and,Avogadro University, Novara, Italy
| | - Matthis Morgenstern
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Kiel, Germany;,Institute for Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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47
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Jones SC, Magee CA. Exposure to Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Consumption among Australian Adolescents. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:630-7. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hastings G. Impact of Alcohol Marketing on Youth Drinking. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:506. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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49
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Gordon R. Alcohol marketing and youth drinking: a rejoinder to the alcohol industry. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:369-70. [PMID: 21693639 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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50
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Smyth BP, Kelly A, Cox G. Decline in age of drinking onset in Ireland, gender and per capita alcohol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:478-84. [PMID: 21576346 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to examine the fall in age of first drinking in Ireland and to determine whether there were gender differences. We also aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between the per capita alcohol consumption evident when people entered later adolescence and their age of drinking onset. METHODS Information on age of first drinking was based on retrospective recall of 9832 interviewees from the pooled samples obtained from two population surveys. We examined the change in age of first drinking, by birth cohort and by gender, utilizing survival analysis. We utilized Pearson's correlation to explore the relationship between median age of first drinking within each birth cohort and the mean per capita alcohol consumption when that birth cohort was aged 16 years. RESULTS The average age of first drinking fell steadily and significantly across birth cohorts from the late 1930s to the early 1990s. This change was significantly greater in females. Per capita alcohol consumption was very highly negatively correlated with the median age at which each birth cohort commenced drinking (r = -0.96, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The prevailing level of drinking in society at the point when young people enter later adolescence is very closely associated with the age at which they commence drinking. Per capita consumption may be contributing to the changes in age of onset of drinking and/or both may share a similar set of determinants. In light of this apparent relationship, it is possible that efforts to reduce per capita alcohol consumption may also reduce underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby P Smyth
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Addiction Service, Bridge House, Cherry Orchard Hospital, Dublin 10, Ireland.
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