CCAT1 and CCAT2 long noncoding RNAs, located within the 8q.24.21 'gene desert', serve as important prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer

Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Colorectal Polyps and Cancer Detection

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The precursor of CRC is a colorectal polyp, of which adenoma is the most common histological type. The initial step in CRC development is the gradual accumulation of a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations in the normal colonic epithelium. Genetic alterations play a major role in a subset of CRCs, but the pathophysiological contribution of epigenetic aberrations has recently attracted attention. Epigenetic marks occur early in cancer pathogenesis and are therefore important molecular hallmarks of cancer. This makes some epigenetic alterations clinically relevant for early detection not only of CRC but also of precancerous polyps. In this review we focus on three types of non-coding RNAs as epigenetic regulators: miRNA, lncRNA, and lncRNAs, highlighting their biomarker potential.

Crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and programmed cell death in colorectal cancer: implications for targeted therapy

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Its progression is influenced by complex interactions involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been identified as key regulators of gene expression, affecting diverse biological processes, notably programmed cell death (PCD).

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to explore the relationship between ncRNAs and PCD in CRC, focusing on how ncRNAs influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and treatment resistance.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted to examine recent findings on the role of ncRNAs in modulating various PCD mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, and their impact on CRC development and therapeutic response.

RESULTS

ncRNAs were found to significantly regulate PCD pathways, impacting tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment sensitivity in CRC. Their influence on these pathways highlights the potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers for early CRC detection and as targets for innovative therapeutic interventions.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the involvement of ncRNAs in PCD regulation offers new insights into CRC biology. The targeted modulation of ncRNA-PCD interactions presents promising avenues for personalized cancer treatment, which may improve patient outcomes by enhancing therapeutic effectiveness and reducing resistance.

Harmine inhibits the proliferation and migration and promotes the apoptosis of colon cancer cells via inhibition of the FAK/AKT and ERK1/2/CREB signaling pathways

Harmine is present in a variety of medicinal plants, and its effects on colon cancer cells remain unclear. Here, we found that harmine exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of colon cancer cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation levels of the FAK/AKT and ERK1/2/CREB. Furthermore, harmine also inhibited the migration of colon cancer cells and suppressed the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF. Additionally, harmine-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. In conclusion, our findings suggest that harmine exerts a significant inhibitory effect on the development of colon cancer cells.

The essential roles of lncRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis in gastrointestinal tumors

The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications.

Reciprocal interactions between lncRNAs and MYC in colorectal cancer: partners in crime

Proto-oncogenic MYC is frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the past decades, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in cancers, acting as scaffolds, molecular decoys, post-transcriptional regulators, and others. Interestingly, lncRNAs are able to control MYC expression both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. It is suggested that the reciprocal interaction of MYC and lncRNAs often occurs in CRC. MYC can affect the cell fate by promoting or inhibiting the transcription of some lncRNAs. At the same time, some lncRNAs can also affect MYC expression or transcriptional activity, and in turn decide the cell fate. In this review we summarized the current knowledge about the MYC and lncRNA axis, focusing on its mutual regulation, roles in CRC, and proposed potential therapeutic prospects for CRC treatment.

A multi-classifier system integrated by clinico-histology-genomic analysis for predicting recurrence of papillary renal cell carcinoma

Integrating genomics and histology for cancer prognosis demonstrates promise. Here, we develop a multi-classifier system integrating a lncRNA-based classifier, a deep learning whole-slide-image-based classifier, and a clinicopathological classifier to accurately predict post-surgery localized (stage I-III) papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) recurrence. The multi-classifier system demonstrates significantly higher predictive accuracy for recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared to the three single classifiers alone in the training set and in both validation sets (C-index 0.831-0.858 vs. 0.642-0.777, p < 0.05). The RFS in our multi-classifier-defined high-risk stage I/II and grade 1/2 groups is significantly worse than in the low-risk stage III and grade 3/4 groups (p < 0.05). Our multi-classifier system is a practical and reliable predictor for recurrence of localized pRCC after surgery that can be used with the current staging system to more accurately predict disease course and inform strategies for individualized adjuvant therapy.

Evaluation of tumor-educated platelet long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as potential diagnostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION

Cancer-derived circulating components are increasingly considered as candidate sources for non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the expression of tumor-educated platelet (TEP) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and determine whether it could be served as a potential tool for CRC diagnosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relative quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of three cancer-related platelet-derived lncRNAs CCAT1, HOTTIP, and XIST in 75 CRC patients and 42 healthy controls. Quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) for comparison of cancer and non-cancer individuals. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was further performed to assess the diagnostic values of lncRNAs within the CRC patients.

RESULTS

The expression levels of lncRNAs colon cancer associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) ( P = 0.006) and HOXA transcript at the distal tip (HOTTIP) ( P = 0.049), but not X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) ( P = 0.12), were significantly upregulated in CRC patients compared to healthy individuals. However, there were no significant correlations between platelet lncRNAs and clinicopathological characteristics, including sex, age, tumor location, differentiation, and size (all at P > 0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the lncRNA CCAT1 was 0.61 (sensitivity, 71%; specificity, 50%).

CONCLUSION

TEP lncRNA CCAT1 is detectable in the circulation of CRC patients and could be considered as a potential diagnostic biomarker.

Research progress and applications of epigenetic biomarkers in cancer

Epigenetic changes are heritable changes in gene expression without changes in the nucleotide sequence of genes. Epigenetic changes play an important role in the development of cancer and in the process of malignancy metastasis. Previous studies have shown that abnormal epigenetic changes can be used as biomarkers for disease status and disease prediction. The reversibility and controllability of epigenetic modification changes also provide new strategies for early disease prevention and treatment. In addition, corresponding drug development has also reached the clinical stage. In this paper, we will discuss the recent progress and application status of tumor epigenetic biomarkers from three perspectives: DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, and histone modification, in order to provide new opportunities for additional tumor research and applications.

Pathogenesis and biomarkers of colorectal cancer by epigenetic alteration

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third in cancer incidence and stands as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. CRC tumorigenesis results from a cumulative set of genetic and epigenetic alterations, disrupting cancer-regulatory processes like cell proliferation, metabolism, angiogenesis, cell death, invasion, and metastasis. Key epigenetic modifications observed in cancers encompass abnormal DNA methylation, atypical histone modifications, and irregularities in noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. The advancement in genomic technologies has positioned these genetic and epigenetic shifts as potential clinical biomarkers for CRC patients. This review concisely covers the fundamental principles of CRC-associated epigenetic changes, and examines in detail their emerging role as biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and treatment response prediction.

Complexation of histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat to Cu(II) prevents premature metabolic inactivation in vitro and demonstrates potent anti-cancer activity in vitro and ex vivo in colon cancer

PURPOSE

The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), belinostat, has had limited therapeutic impact in solid tumors, such as colon cancer, due to its poor metabolic stability. Here we evaluated a novel belinostat prodrug, copper-bis-belinostat (Cubisbel), in vitro and ex vivo, designed to overcome the pharmacokinetic challenges of belinostat.

METHODS

The in vitro metabolism of each HDACi was evaluated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) using mass spectrometry. Next, the effect of belinostat and Cubisbel on cell growth, HDAC activity, apoptosis and cell cycle was assessed in three colon cancer cell lines. Gene expression alterations induced by both HDACis were determined using RNA-Seq, followed by in silico analysis to identify master regulators (MRs) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The effect of both HDACis on the viability of colon cancer patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) was also examined.

RESULTS

Belinostat and Cubisbel significantly reduced colon cancer cell growth mediated through HDAC inhibition and apoptosis induction. Interestingly, the in vitro half-life of Cubisbel was significantly longer than belinostat. Belinostat and its Cu derivative commonly dysregulated numerous signalling and metabolic pathways while genes downregulated by Cubisbel were potentially controlled by VEGFA, ERBB2 and DUSP2 MRs. Treatment of colon cancer PDTOs with the HDACis resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability and downregulation of stem cell and proliferation markers.

CONCLUSIONS

Complexation of belinostat to Cu(II) does not alter the HDAC activity of belinostat, but instead significantly enhances its metabolic stability in vitro and targets anti-cancer pathways by perturbing key MRs in colon cancer. Complexation of HDACis to a metal ion might improve the efficacy of clinically used HDACis in patients with colon cancer.

Epigenetic Alteration in Colorectal Cancer: Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications

Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive system, ranks as the third and second in global incidence and mortality, respectively, in 2020, with 1.93 million new cases (≈10% of all cancers). There are 940,000 deaths (≈9.4% of all cancers), and the incidence of CRC in younger patients (under 50 years of age) has become a new trend. The pathogenesis of CRC is primarily attributed to a series of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities within normal colonic epithelial cells, coupled with the reshaping of the tumor microenvironment in the surrounding stroma. This process leads to the transformation of colorectal adenomas into invasive adenocarcinomas. Although genetic changes are known to be the primary driving force in the occurrence and progression of CRC, recent research indicates that epigenetic regulation serves as a crucial molecular marker in cancer, playing a significant role in the pathological and physiological control of interactions between genetics and the environment. This review discusses the current global epidemiology of CRC, its risk factors, and preventive treatment strategies. The current study explores the latest advancements in the epigenetic regulation of CRC, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These developments hold potential as screening tools, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for CRC.

Non-coding RNAs in disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of transcripts that, by definition, are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have emerged as important regulators of multiple biological functions across a range of cell types and tissues, and their dysregulation has been implicated in disease. Notably, much research has focused on the link between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as relevant contributors to human disease. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, notably cardiovascular, neurological and infectious diseases. Further, we discuss the potential use of ncRNAs as biomarkers of disease and as therapeutic targets.

Long Noncoding RNA RP11-278A23.1, a Potential Modulator of p53 Tumor Suppression, Contributes to Colorectal Cancer Progression

Recently, many studies revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancers. To identify lncRNAs contributing to colorectal cancers, we screened lncRNAs through expression and survival analyses in datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The screen revealed that RP11-278A23.1 expression is significantly increased in colorectal cancer tissues compared with normal tissues and that high RP11-278A23.1 expression correlates with poor prognosis. The knockdown of RP11-278A23.1 inhibited the growth of and promoted apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Next, to comprehensively examine differentially expressed genes after RP11-278A23.1 knockdown, RNA sequencing was performed in HCT116 cells. The expression of p21, a p53 target gene, was significantly upregulated, and the expression of several p53 target proapoptotic genes was also altered. RP11-278A23.1 knockdown increased p53 expression at the translational level but not at the transcriptional level. Interestingly, RP11-278A23.1 knockdown also altered the expression of these proapoptotic genes in DLD1 cells with mutated p53 and in p53-knockout HCT116 cells. These results suggest that RP11-278A23.1 modifies the expression of these apoptosis-related genes in p53-dependent and p53-independent manners. In summary, lncRNA RP11-278A23.1 contributes to colorectal cancer progression by promoting cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis, suggesting that this lncRNA may be a useful therapeutic target.

Decoding the regulatory landscape of lncRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for gastric and colorectal cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) are major contributors to cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in understanding molecular mechanisms and improved drug treatments, the overall survival rate for patients remains unsatisfactory. Metastasis and drug resistance are major challenges contributing to the high mortality rate in both CRC and GC. Recent research has shed light on the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development and progression of these cancers. LncRNAs regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications and interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins. They can serve as miRNA precursors or pseudogenes, modulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Additionally, circulating lncRNAs have emerged as non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of drug therapy response in CRC and GC. This review explores the intricate relationship between lncRNAs and CRC/GC, encompassing their roles in cancer development, progression, and chemoresistance. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets in these malignancies. The interplay between lncRNAs, miRNAs, and tumor microenvironment is also highlighted, emphasizing their impact on the complexity of cancer biology. Understanding the regulatory landscape and molecular mechanisms governed by lncRNAs in CRC and GC is crucial for the development of effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and paves the way for further exploration of lncRNAs as key players in the management of CRC and GC.

miR-1204 Positioning in 8q24.21 Involved in the Tumorigenesis of Colorectal Cancer by Targeting MASPIN

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer remains to be the third leading cause of cancer mortality rates. Despite the diverse effects of the miRNA cluster located in PVT1 of 8q24.21 across various tumors, the specific biological function in colorectal cancer has not been clarified.

METHODS

The amplification of the miR-1204 cluster was analyzed with the cBioPortal database, while the expression and survival analysis of the miRNAs in the cluster were obtained from several GEO databases of colorectal cancer. To investigate the functional role of miR-1204 in colorectal cancer, overexpression and silencing experiments were performed by miR-1204 mimic and inhibitor transfection in colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively. Then, the effects of miR-1204 on cell proliferation were assessed through CCK-8, colony formation, and Edu assay. In addition, cell migration was evaluated using wound healing and Transwell assay. Moreover, candidate genes identified through RNA sequencing and predicted databases were identified and validated using PCR and western blot. A Dual-luciferase reporter experiment was conducted to identify MASPIN as the target gene of miR-1204.

RESULTS

In colorectal cancer, the miR-1204 cluster exhibited high amplification, and the expression levels of several cluster miRNAs were also significantly increased. Furthermore, miR-1204 was found to be significantly associated with disease-specific survival according to the analysis of GSE17536. Functional experiments demonstrated that transfection of miR-1204 mimic or inhibitor could enhance or decrease cancer cell proliferation and migration. MASPIN was identified as a target of miR-1204. Additionally, the overexpression of MASPIN partially rescued the effect of miR-1204 mimics on tumorigenic abilities in LOVO cells.

CONCLUSION

miR-1204 positioning in 8q24.21 promotes the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells by targeting MASPIN.

An Updated Review on Molecular Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Therapy of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Since colorectal cancer takes time to develop, its incidence and mortality can be treated effectively if it is detected in its early stages. As a result, non-invasive or invasive biomarkers play an essential role in the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Many experimental studies have been carried out to assess genetic, epigenetic, or protein markers in feces, serum, and tissue. It may be possible to find biomarkers that will help with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer by identifying the genes, RNAs, and/or proteins indicative of cancer growth. Recent advancements in the molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, DNA methylation, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, exosomes, and their involvement in colorectal cancer have led to the discovery of novel biomarkers. In small-scale investigations, most biomarkers appear promising. However, large-scale clinical trials are required to validate their effectiveness before routine clinical implementation. Hence, this review focuses on small-scale investigations and results of big data analysis that may provide an overview of the biomarkers for the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of colorectal cancer.

lncRNA CCAT2 Protects Against Cardiomyocyte Injury After Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion by Regulating BMI1 Expression

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) decreases cardiac function and efficiency. Accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been linked to the cellular processes of myocardial I/R injury. The present investigation elucidated the function of lncRNA colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) in myocardial I/R injury and the related mechanisms.AC16 cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia (16 hours) /reoxygenation (6 hours) (H/R) to mimic myocardial I/R models in vitro. CCAT2 and microRNA (miR) -539-3p expressions in AC16 cardiomyocytes were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 (BMI1) protein levels in AC16 cardiomyocytes were determined by western blotting. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis were detected using Counting Kit-8, LDH Assay Kit, dihydroethidium assay, 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro1,1',3,3'-tetramethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting, respectively. The interactions between the molecules were confirmed using the dual-luciferase gene reporter. The wingless/integrated/beta-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin) pathway under the H/R condition was detected by western blotting.CCAT2 and BMI1 mRNA expressions were reduced in H/R-exposed AC16 cardiomyocytes. CCAT2 overexpression exerted protective effects against H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury, as demonstrated by increased cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased LDH leakage, ROS levels, and apoptosis. In addition, CCAT2 positively regulated BMI1 expression by binding to miR-539-3p. CCAT2 knockdown or miR-539-3p overexpression restrained the protective effects of BMI1 against H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury. In addition, miR-539-3p overexpression reversed the protective effects of CCAT2. Furthermore, CCAT2 activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway under the H/R condition via the miR-539-3p/BMI1 axis.Overall, this investigation showed the protective effects of the CCAT2/miR-539-3p/BMI1/Wnt/β-catenin regulatory axis against cardiomyocyte injury induced by H/R.

LncRNA CASC19: a novel oncogene involved in human cancer

Multiple studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the occurrence and development of diverse cancers. Cancer susceptibility candidate 19 (CASC19), encoded by chromosome 8q24.21, is a newly discovered lncRNA that contains 324 nucleotides. CASC19 has been found to be significantly overexpressed in different human cancers, such as non-small cell lung carcinoma, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, glioma, cervical cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Moreover, dysregulation of CASC19 was closely associated with clinicopathological parameters and cancer progression. CASC19 regulates a variety of cell phenotypes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance. In this study, we review recent studies on the characteristics and biological function of CASC19, as well as its role in human cancers. These findings suggest that CASC19 may be both a reliable biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in cancers.

Heterogeneous graph framework for predicting the association between lncRNA and disease and case on uterine fibroid

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial regulatory roles in various cellular processes, including gene expression, chromatin remodeling, and protein localization. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been linked to several diseases, making it essential to understand their functions in disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. However, traditional experimental methods for studying lncRNA function are time-consuming, expensive, and offer limited insights. In recent years, computational methods have emerged as valuable tools for predicting lncRNA functions and their associations with diseases. However, many existing methods focus on constructing separate networks for lncRNA and disease similarity, resulting in information loss and insufficient processing capacity for isolated nodes. To address this, we developed 'RGLD' by combining Random Walk with restarting (RWR), Graph Neural Network (GNN), and Graph Attention Networks (GAT) to predict lncRNA-disease associations in a heterogeneous network. RGLD achieved an impressive AUC of 0.88, outperforming other methods. It can also predict novel associations between lncRNAs and diseases. RGLD identified HOTAIR, MEG3, and PVT1 as lncRNAs associated with uterine fibroids. Biological experiments directly or indirectly verified the involvement of these three lncRNAs in uterine fibroids, validating the accuracy of RGLD's predictions. Furthermore, we extensively discussed the functions of the target genes regulated by these lncRNAs in uterine fibroids, providing evidence for their role in the development and progression of the disease.

Prognostic Biomarkers of Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer (CRC): From Immunohistochemistry to Molecular Biology Techniques

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Nonetheless, non-invasive and effective prognostic and predictive testing in CRC patients remains challenging. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. The number of proliferation-related long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) that could serve as potential CRC markers has also steadily increased in recent years. Among the immunohistochemical (IHC) proliferative markers, the prognostic value regarding the patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) has been confirmed for thymidylate synthase (TS), cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki-67. In most cases, the overexpression of these markers in tissues was related to worse OS and DFS. However, slowly proliferating cells should also be considered in CRC therapy (especially radiotherapy) as they could represent a reservoir from which cells are recruited to replenish the rapidly proliferating population in response to cell-damaging factors. Considering the above, the aim of this article is to review the most common proliferative markers assessed using various methods including IHC and selected molecular biology techniques (e.g., qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, RNA/DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing) as prognostic and predictive markers in CRC.

Identification of CD147-positive extracellular vesicles as novel non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

The mortality rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be decreased with effective screening and early diagnosis. Exosomes are released from cancer cells into the bloodstream, and circulating exosomes may serve as novel biomarkers. This study aimed to identify a sensitive and rapid method of exosome collection and measurement using specific antibodies.

METHODS

ExoCounter, a high-sensitive exosome-counting system, allows the identification of exosomes without enrichment or purification, based on the identification of the transmembrane protein-CD147-on serum exosomes that are associated with CRC.

RESULTS

Receiver operating characteristic curves between healthy donors and CRC patients were described and assessed by CD147-specific exosomes (exo-CD147), CEA, and CA19-9. And area under curves for exo-CD147, CEA, and CA19-9 were 0.827 (95%CI: 0.764-0.891), 0.630 (95%CI: 0.536-0.724), and 0.659 (95%CI: 0.559-0.759), respectively. Drawing a clinical decision curve of exo-CD147 for the diagnosis of CRC metastases showed that when the threshold probability of exo-CD147 was between 20% and 92%, the net clinical utilization rate was higher than for all patients with or without metastases. A nomogram was constructed using multivariate COX regression analysis to select significant variables such as the high CD147 group (>34 × 105 particles). Calibration curves for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of CRC patients showed that the actual 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were in excellent agreement with the survival rates predicted by the nomogram.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased CD147 expression in exosomes could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC.

The Talented LncRNAs: Meshing into Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Cancer

As a group of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell growth, cancer is highly multifaceted in how it overrides checkpoints controlling proliferation. Amongst the regulators of these checkpoints, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can have key roles in why natural biological processes go haywire. LncRNAs represent a large class of regulatory transcripts that can localize anywhere in cells. They were found to affect gene expression on many levels from transcription to mRNA translation and even protein stability. LncRNA participation in such control mechanisms can depend on cell context, with given transcripts sometimes acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Importantly, the tissue-specificity and low expression levels of lncRNAs make them attractive therapeutic targets or biomarkers. Here, we review the various cellular processes affected by lncRNAs and outline molecular strategies they use to control gene expression, particularly in cancer and in relation to transcription factors.

Long non-coding RNAs CCAT1 and CCAT2 in colorectal liver metastases are tumor-suppressive via MYC interaction and might predict patient outcomes

BACKGROUND

Liver metastases severely reduce the long term survival of colorectal cancer patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) CCAT1 and CCAT2 have previously been found to be associated with impaired patient outcomes in primary colorectal cancer. We aimed to elucidate the role of CCAT1 and CCAT2 in colorectal liver metastases.

METHODS

Total RNA was isolated from 97 human tissue samples of colorectal liver metastases and adjacent normal liver tissue. Gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR and Multiplex ELISA and correlated with patient characteristics and survival. Gene expression, cancer cell migration, invasion, and proliferation were studied after siRNA-mediated knockdown of CCAT1, CCAT2, and MYC in metastatic colorectal cancer cell lines Colo205 and HROC277Met2.

RESULTS

Elevated expression levels of lncRNAs CCAT1 and CCAT2, and their common target MYC in colorectal liver metastases were associated with prolonged progression-free survival after liver resection. High expression of CCAT1 was likewise associated with prolonged overall survival. Knockdown of CCAT1, CCAT2, and MYC resulted in increased migratory and invasive potential in metastatic colorectal cancer cell lines. Gene expression analysis revealed alterations in constituents of Wnt signaling following knockdown.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate tumor-suppressive functions of lncRNAs CCAT1 and CCAT2 in colorectal liver metastases. They suppress Wnt signaling directly and indirectly through target gene MYC and might prevent further metastatic spread from colorectal liver metastases.

Comprehensive landscape and future perspectives of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC): Based on a bibliometric analysis

This review aimed to use bibliometric analysis to sort out, analyze and summarize the knowledge foundation and hot topics in the field of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and point out future trends to inspire related research and innovation. We used CiteSpace to analyze publication outputs, countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords. Knowledge foundations, hotspots, and future trends were then depicted. The overall research showed the trend of biomedical-oriented multidisciplinary. Much evidence indicates that lncRNA plays the role of oncogene or tumor suppressor in the occurrence and development of CRC. Besides, many lncRNAs have multiple mechanisms. lncRNAs and metastasis of CRC, lncRNAs and drug resistance of CRC, and the clinical application of lncRNAs in CRC are current research hotspots. Through insight into the development trend of lncRNAs in CRC, this study will help researchers extract hidden valuable information for further research.

The 8q24 region hosts miRNAs altered in biospecimens of colorectal and bladder cancer patients

BACKGROUND

The 8q24 locus is enriched in cancer-associated polymorphisms and, despite containing relatively few protein-coding genes, it hosts the MYC oncogene and other genetic elements connected to tumorigenesis, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Research on miRNAs may provide insights into the transcriptomic regulation of this multiple cancer-associated region.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We profiled all miRNAs located in the 8q24 region in 120 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 80 controls. miRNA profiling was performed on cancer/non-malignant adjacent mucosa, stool, and plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the results validated with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. To verify if the 8q24-annotated miRNAs altered in CRC were dysregulated in other cancers and biofluids, we evaluated their levels in bladder cancer (BC) cases from the TCGA dataset and in urine and plasma EVs from a set of BC cases and healthy controls.

RESULTS

Among the detected mature miRNAs in the region, 12 were altered between CRC and adjacent mucosa (adj. p < 0.05). Five and four miRNAs were confirmed as dysregulated in the CRC and BC TCGA dataset, respectively. A co-expression analysis of tumor/adjacent tissue data from the CRC group revealed a correlation between the dysregulated miRNAs and CRC-related genes (PVT1 and MYC) annotated in 8q24 region. miR-30d-5p and miR-151a-3p, altered in CRC tissue, were also dysregulated in stool of CRC patients and urine of BC cases, respectively. Functional enrichment of dysregulated miRNA target genes highlighted terms related to TP53-mediated cell cycle control.

CONCLUSIONS

Altered expression of 8q24-annotated miRNAs may be relevant for the initiation and/or progression of cancer.

Long non-coding RNA signature in colorectal cancer: research progression and clinical application

Colorectal cancer is one of the top-ranked human malignancies. The development and progression of colorectal cancer are associated with aberrant expression of multiple coding and non-coding genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have an important role in regulating gene stability as well as gene expression. Numerous current studies have shown that lncRNAs are promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. In this review, we have searched the available literature to list lncRNAs involved in the pathogenesis and regulation of colorectal cancer. We focus on the role of lncRNAs in cancer promotion or suppression, their value in tumor diagnosis, and their role in treatment response and prognosis prediction. In addition, we will discuss the signaling pathways that these lncRNAs are mainly associated with in colorectal cancer. We also summarize the role of lncRNAs in colorectal precancerous lesions and colorectal cancer consensus molecular subgroups. We hope this review article will bring you the latest research progress and outlook on lncRNAs in colorectal cancer.

Long non-coding RNA CCL14-AS suppresses invasiveness and lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by regulating MEP1A

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the biology of colorectal cancer (CRC). There are several lncRNAs associated with invasion and metastasis have been characterized in CRC. However, studies focusing on the precise molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs function in lymph node (LN) metastasis in CRC are still limited.

METHODS

In this study, by analyzing TCGA dataset, we identified that AC244100.2 (termed CCL14-AS), a novel lncRNA enriched in the cytoplasm, was negatively correlated with LN metastasis and unfavorable prognosis of CRC. In situ hybridization was used to examine CCL14-AS expression in clinical CRC tissues. Various functional experiments including migration assay and wound-healing assay were used to investigate the effects of CCL14-AS on CRC cells migration. The nude mice popliteal lymph node metastasis model assay further confirmed the effects of CCL14-AS in vivo.

RESULTS

CCL14-AS expression was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. In addition, low CCL14-AS expression was correlated with advanced T classification, LN metastasis, distant metastasis, and shorter disease-free survival of CRC patients. Functionally, CCL14-AS overexpression inhibited the invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro and LN metastasis in nude mice. On the contrary, knockdown of CCL14-AS promoted the invasiveness and LN metastasis abilities of CRC cells. Mechanistically, CCL14-AS downregulated the expression of MEP1A via interacting with MEP1A mRNA and reduced its stability. Overexpression of MEP1A rescued the invasiveness and LN metastasis abilities in CCL14-AS-overexpressing CRC cells. Moreover, the expression levels of CCL14-AS was negatively correlated with that of MEP1A in CRC tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a novel lncRNA, CCL14-AS, as a potential tumor suppressor in CRC. Our findings supported a model in which the CCL14-AS/MEP1A axis serves as critical regulator in CRC progression, suggesting a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in advanced CRC.

LncRNA CASC19 Enhances the Radioresistance of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Regulating the miR-340-3p/FKBP5 Axis

Radioresistance remains a serious obstacle encountered in the radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), play essential roles in radiosensitivity. However, the comprehensive expression profiles and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in NPC radioresistance are still bewildering. In this study, we performed an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) assay in the radioresistant NPC cells CNE2R and its parental cells CNE2 to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. The ceRNA networks containing lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were predicted on the basis of the Pearson correlation coefficients and authoritative miRanda databases. In accordance with bioinformatic analysis of the data of the tandem mass tag (TMT) assay of CNE2R and CNE2 cells and the gene chip assay of radioresistant NPC samples in pre- and post-radiotherapy, the radioresistance-related signaling network of lncRNA CASC19, miR-340-3p, and FKBP5 was screened and further verified using an RT-qPCR assay. CASC19 was positively associated with FKBP5 expression while negatively correlated with miR-340-3p, and the target binding sites of CASC19/miR-340-3p and miR-340-3p/FKBP5 were confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, using an mRFP-GFP-LC3 maker, it was found that autophagy contributed to the radioresistance of NPC. MiR-340-3p inhibition or FKBP5 overexpression could rescue the suppression of autophagy and radioresistance induced by CASC19 knockdown in CNE2R cells. In conclusion, the CASC19/miR-340-3p/FKBP5 network may be instrumental in regulating NPC radioresistance by enhancing autophagy, which provides potential new therapeutic targets for NPC.

Clinicopathological and prognostic value of long non-coding RNA CCAT1 expression in patients with digestive system cancer

Colon cancer associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) is known to play an important role in numerous types of human cancer, including bladder, prostate and ovarian cancer. However, a consistent perspective has not been established in digestive system cancer (DSC). To explore the prognostic value of CCAT1 in patients with DSC, a meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biological Medical Literature database, Cochrane Library and WanFang database was applied to select eligible articles. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the effects of CCAT1 on pathological or clinical features. A total of 1,719 patients from 12 eligible articles were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The results revealed that elevated CCAT1 expression was significantly related to larger tumor size (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31-2.48), poorer differentiation (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31-0.64), earlier lymph node metastasis (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 2.34-4.22) and advanced TNM stage (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.07-4.59). In addition, high CCAT1 expression predicted a poorer outcome for overall survival rate (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.11-2.67) and recurrence-free survival rate (HR, 2.16, 95% CI, 1.31-3.57). High expression levels of CCAT1 were therefore related to unfavorable clinical outcomes of patients with DSC. These results demonstrated that CCAT1 could serve as a prognostic predictor in human DSC.

CCAT 1- A Pivotal Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common cancer and second deadliest cancer in both men and women in the world. Currently, the cure rate and 5-year survival rate of CRC patients remain relatively low. Therefore, discovering a novel molecular biomarker that can be used to improve CRC screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment would be beneficial. Long non-coding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT 1) has been found overexpressed in CRC and is associated with CRC tumorigenesis and treatment outcome. CCAT 1 has a high degree of specificity and sensitivity, it is readily detected in CRC tissues and is significantly overexpressed in both premalignant and malignant CRC tissues. Besides, CCAT 1 is associated with clinical manifestation and advanced features of CRC, such as lymph node metastasis, high tumor node metastasis stage, differentiation, invasion, and distant metastasis. In addition, they can upregulate oncogenic c-MYC and negatively modulate microRNAs via different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, dysregulated CCAT 1 also enhances the chemoresistance in CRC cells while downregulation of them reverses the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In brief, CCAT 1 serves as a potential screening, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in CRC, it also serves as a potential therapeutic marker to treat CRC patients.

Clinical significance and functional role of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in tumour pathogenesis, however, their clinical significance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear.

METHODS

We analysed 796 PDAC patients, including 331 from public data sets (TCGA, ICGC and GSE57495) and 465 from independent cohorts (training: n = 321, validation: n = 144). Using in-vitro studies, we confirmed the biological function of the candidate GPCRs.

RESULTS

Analysis of all 33 adhesion GPCRs, led to identify GPR115, as the only significant prognostic factor in all public data sets. The patients with high GPR115 expression exhibited significantly poorer prognosis for OS and RFS, in training (P < 0.01, P < 0.01) and validation cohort (P < 0.01, P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis indicated that GPR115 high expression was an independent prognostic factor in both cohorts (HR = 1.43; P = 0.01, HR = 2.55; P < 0.01). A risk-prediction model using Cox regression by incorporating GPR115 and clinicopathological factors accurately predicted 5-year survival following surgery. In addition, GPR115 silencing inhibited cell proliferation and migration in PDAC cells.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that GPR115 has important prognostic significance and functional role in tumour progression; providing a rationale that this may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with PDAC.

Long non-coding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript 2: role and function in human cancers

ABSTRACT

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a family of non-protein-coding RNAs that span a length of over 200 nucleotides. Research reports have illustrated that lncRNAs are involved in various cellular processes and that their abnormal expression leads to the occurrence and development of various tumors. Colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) was first reported as an oncogene in colon cancer. LncRNA CCAT2 is abnormally expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, glioma, and other tumors. In tumor tissues, abnormally overexpressed CCAT2 can affect cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, and other biological behaviors through endogenous RNAs mechanisms, various signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, and other complex mechanisms. Additionally, the overexpression of CCAT2 is also closely related to the tumor size, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, survival time, and other prognostic factors, suggesting that it is a potential prognostic indicator. This article reviews the biological functions of CCAT2 and its mechanisms of action in tumors from previous studies. In this review, we attempt to provide a molecular basis for future clinical applications of lncRNA CCAT2.

Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer and the potential role of exosomes in drug delivery

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer with the second most frequent cause of death worldwide. One fourth to one fifth of the CRC cases are detected at advance stage. Early detection of colorectal cancer might help in decreasing mortality and morbidity worldwide. CRC being a heterogeneous disease, new non-invasive approaches are needed to complement and improve the screening and management of CRC. Reliable and early detectable biomarkers would improve diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic responses, and will enable the prediction of drug response and recurrence risk. Over the past decades molecular research has demonstrated the potentials of CTCs, ctDNAs, circulating mRNAs, ncRNAs, and exosomes as tumor biomarkers. Non-invasive screening approaches using fecal samples for identification of altered gut microbes in CRC is also gaining attention. Exosomes can be potential candidates that can be employed in the drug delivery system. Further, the integration of in vitro, in vivo and in silico models that involve CRC biomarkers will help to understand the interactions occurring at the cellular level. This review summarizes recent update on CRC biomarkers and their application along with the nanoparticles followed by the application of organoid culture in CRC.

Analysis of LINC01314 and miR-96 Expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients via Tissue Microarray-Based Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Methods

A tissue microarray (TMA) containing 76 individual colorectal tumor samples and 28 adjacent normal samples was constructed, and the expression levels of LINC01314 and miR-96 were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Results

The expression levels of both LINC01314 and miR-96 were upregulated in CRC tissues and were associated with vascular metastasis (p < 0.05). A significantly positive correlation was observed between LINC01314 and miR-96 expression in tumor tissues (p < 0.001, r = 0.870). Dominant expression of LINC01314 was a risk factor for both blood vessel invasion (p < 0.05) and poor 5-year survival (p = 0.001, hazard ratio = 4.144). The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with LINC01314-dominant expression exhibited worse 5-year survival rates than those with miR-96-dominant expression (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The expression patterns of both LINC01314 and miR-96 may be diagnostic of, and prognostic for, CRC. These findings will facilitate further exploration of the molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in CRC.

Antioxidant Systems, lncRNAs, and Tunneling Nanotubes in Cell Death Rescue from Cigarette Smoke Exposure

Cigarette smoke is a rich source of carcinogens and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage macromolecules including DNA. Repair systems can restore DNA integrity. Depending on the duration or intensity of stress signals, cells may utilize various survival and adaptive mechanisms. ROS levels are kept in check through redundant detoxification processes controlled largely by antioxidant systems. This review covers and expands on the mechanisms available to cigarette smoke-exposed cancer cells for restoring the redox balance. These include multiple layers of transcriptional control, each of which is posited to be activated upon reaching a particular stress threshold, among them the NRF2 pathway, the AP-1 and NF-kB pathways, and, finally, TP53, which triggers apoptosis if extreme toxicity is reached. The review also discusses long noncoding RNAs, which have been implicated recently in regulating oxidative stress-with roles in ROS detoxification, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Lastly, the emerging roles of tunneling nanotubes in providing additional mechanisms for metabolic rescue and the regulation of redox imbalance are considered, further highlighting the expanded redox reset arsenal available to cells.

Polymorphisms in lncRNA CCAT1 on the susceptibility of lung cancer in a Chinese northeast population: A case-control study

OBJECT

To explore the association of rs1948915, rs7013433 in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CCAT1 and rs6983267 in MYC enhancer region with the risk of lung cancer in a Chinese northeast population, a case-control study was conducted.

METHODS

The hospital-based case-control study contained 669 lung cancer patients and 697 healthy controls. Taqman® Probe allele resolution was used for genotyping. The differences between the case-control groups were analyzed using Student t-test and chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the genotypes and the risk of lung cancer. Cross-generation analysis was used to explore the relationship between gene-environment interaction and lung cancer.

RESULTS

There was no association between the three selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the susceptibility of lung cancer. Rs1948915 CT was correlated with lung adenocarcinoma. In female stratification, rs1948915 CT/CC was associated with a decreased susceptibility of lung cancer significantly. Additionally, the additive and multiplicative interaction models showed that there was no interaction between the three selected SNPs and smoking status in lung cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

There may be an association between lung adenocarcinoma and rs1948915 polymorphism in the Chinese northeast population, while rs7013433 and rs6983267 might have no association. There was no interaction between the three selected SNPs and smoking status.

Downregulation of MEIS1 mediated by ELFN1-AS1/EZH2/DNMT3a axis promotes tumorigenesis and oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer

Oxaliplatin is widely used in the frontline treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), but an estimated 50% of patients will eventually stop responding to treatment due to acquired resistance. This study revealed that diminished MEIS1 expression was detected in CRC and harmed the survival of CRC patients. MEIS1 impaired CRC cell viabilities and tumor growth in mice and enhanced CRC cell sensitivity to oxaliplatin by preventing DNA damage repair. Mechanistically, oxaliplatin resistance following MEIS1 suppression was critically dependent on enhanced FEN1 expression. Subsequently, we confirmed that EZH2-DNMT3a was assisted by lncRNA ELFN1-AS1 in locating the promoter of MEIS1 to suppress MEIS1 transcription epigenetically. Based on the above, therapeutics targeting the role of MEIS1 in oxaliplatin resistance were developed and our results suggested that the combination of oxaliplatin with either ELFN1-AS1 ASO or EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 could largely suppress tumor growth and reverse oxaliplatin resistance. This study highlights the potential of therapeutics targeting ELFN1-AS1 and EZH2 in cell survival and oxaliplatin resistance, based on their controlling of MEIS1 expression, which deserve further verification as a prospective therapeutic strategy.

Identification and Validation of HOTAIRM1 as a Novel Biomarker for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

ORAL squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence among tumors involving the oral cavity maxillofacial region, and is notorious for its high recurrence and metastasis potential. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which regulate the genesis and evolution of cancers, are potential prognostic biomarkers. This study identified HOTAIRM1 as a novel significantly upregulated lncRNA in OSCC, which is strongly associated with unfavorable prognosis of OSCC. Systematic bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that HOTAIRM1 was closely related to tumor stage, overall survival, genome instability, the tumor cell stemness, the tumor microenvironment, and immunocyte infiltration. Using biological function prediction methods, including Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA), HOTAIRM1 plays a pivotal role in OSCC cell proliferation, and is mainly involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. In vitro, cell loss-functional experiments confirmed that HOTAIRM1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation of OSCC cells, and arrested the cell cycle in G1 phase. At the molecular level, PCNA and CyclinD1 were obviously reduced after HOTAIRM1 knockdown. The expression of p53 and p21 was upregulated while CDK4 and CDK6 expression was decreased by HOTAIRM1 knockdown. In vivo, knocking down HOTAIRM1 significantly inhibited tumor growth, including the tumor size, weight, volume, angiogenesis, and hardness, monitored by ultrasonic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging In summary, our study reports that HOTAIRM1 is closely associated with tumorigenesis of OSCC and promotes cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle. HOTAIRM1 could be a potential prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for OSCC.

Long Non-Coding RNA CCAT2 Activates RAB14 and Acts as an Oncogene in Colorectal Cancer

Here, we investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic potential of the long noncoding RNA Colon Cancer-Associated Transcript 2 (CCAT2) in human colorectal cancer (CRC). We used qPCR to quantify CCAT2 levels in 44 pairs of CRC tissues and adjacent nontumor and healthy colon mucosa tissues, and in several CRC cell lines (SW620, SW480, HT-29, LOVO, HCT116 and DLD-1) and normal human colorectal epithelial cells (HFC). We assessed the effects of CCAT2 overexpression or knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion by SW620 and LOVO cells using CCK-8, transwell, and wound-healing assays, respectively. We also investigated the potential interaction between CCAT2 and TAF15 through RNA pull down and rescue experiments. Lastly, we evaluated the expression of the cell cycle progression markers and GSK3β signaling pathway proteins using Western blotting. Our results showed that CCAT2 was upregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines as com-pared to controls. Ectopic expression of CCAT2 promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, likely through direct interaction with TAF15, transcriptional activation of RAB14, and activation of the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. In vivo, CCAT2 promoted CRC cell growth and metastasis in nude mice. Taken together, these results highlight the actions of CCAT2 as a CRC oncogene.

What is beyond LncRNAs in breast cancer: A special focus on colon cancer-associated Transcript-1 (CCAT-1)

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play a vital role in the process of malignant transformation. In breast cancer (BC), lncRNAs field is currently under intensive investigations. Yet, the role of lncRNAs as promising diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers and as therapeutic target/tool among BC patients still needs a special focus from the biomedical scientists. In BC, triple negative breast cancer patients (TNBC) are the unlucky group as they are always represented with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rates. For that reason, a special focus on TNBC and associated lncRNAs was addressed in this review. Colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT-1) is a newly discovered oncogenic lncRNA that has been emerged as a vital biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic interventions in multiple malignancies and showed differential expression among TNBC patients. In this review, the authors shed the light onto the general role of lncRNAs in BC and the specific functional activities, molecular mechanisms, competing endogenous ncRNA role of CCAT-1 in TNBC.

Identification of a novel prognosis-associated ceRNA network in lung adenocarcinoma via bioinformatics analysis

Background

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has a high incidence rate and mortality. The survival of LUAD patients has increased with the development of targeted therapeutics, but the prognosis of these patients is still poor. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the occurrence and development of LUAD. The purpose of this study was to identify novel abnormally regulated lncRNA–microRNA (miRNA)–messenger RNA (mRNA) competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks that may suggest new therapeutic targets for LUAD or relate to LUAD prognosis.

Methods

We used the SBC human ceRNA array V1.0 to screen for differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and mRNAs in four paired LUAD samples. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to annotate the DE lncRNAs and mRNAs. R bioinformatics packages, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUAD database, and Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival analysis tools were used to validate the microarray data and construct the lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA ceRNA regulatory network. Then, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the DE lncRNAs in 7 LUAD cell lines.

Results

A total of 2819 DE lncRNAs and 2396 DE mRNAs (P < 0.05 and fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5) were identified in four paired LUAD tissue samples. In total, 255 of the DE lncRNAs were also identified in TCGA. The GO and KEGG analysis results suggested that the DE genes were most enriched in angiogenesis and cell proliferation, and were closely related to human cancers. Moreover, the differential expression of ENST00000609697, ENST00000602992, and NR_024321 was consistent with the microarray data, as determined by qRT-PCR validation in 7 LUAD cell lines; however, only ENST00000609697 was associated with the overall survival of LUAD patients (log-rank P = 0.029). Finally, through analysis of ENST00000609697 target genes, we identified the ENST00000609697–hsa-miR-6791-5p–RASL12 ceRNA network, which may play a tumor-suppressive role in LUAD.

Conclusion

ENST00000609697 was abnormally expressed in LUAD. Furthermore, downregulation of ENST00000609697 and its target gene RASL12 was associated with poor prognosis in LUAD. The ENST00000609697–hsa-miR-6791-5p–RASL12 axis may play a tumor-suppressive role. These results suggest new potential prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for LUAD.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12938-021-00952-x.

The Roles of the Colon Cancer Associated Transcript 2 (CCAT2) Long Non-Coding RNA in Cancer: A Comprehensive Characterization of the Tumorigenic and Molecular Functions

Colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) is an intensively studied lncRNA with important regulatory roles in cancer. As such, cumulative studies indicate that CCAT2 displays a high functional versatility due to its direct interaction with multiple RNA binding proteins, transcription factors, and other species of non-coding RNA, especially microRNA. The definitory mechanisms of CCAT2 are its role as a regulator of the TCF7L2 transcription factor, enhancer of MYC expression, and activator of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, as well as a role in promoting and maintaining chromosome instability through the BOP1–AURKB pathway. Additionally, we highlight how the encompassing rs6983267 SNP has been shown to confer CCAT2 with allele-specific functional and structural particularities, such as the allelic-specific reprogramming of glutamine metabolism. Additionally, we emphasize CCAT2’s role as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs, such as miR-4496, miR-493, miR-424, miR-216b, miR-23b, miR-34a, miR-145, miR-200b, and miR-143 and the pro-tumorigenic role of the altered regulatory axis. Additionally, due to its upregulation in tumor tissues, wide distribution across cancer types, and presence in serum samples, we outline CCAT2’s potential as a biomarker and disease indicator and its implications for the development of resistance against current cancer therapy regiments and metastasis.

Regulation of Long Non-coding RNA KCNQ1OT1 Network in Colorectal Cancer Immunity

Over the past few decades, researchers have become aware of the importance of non-coding RNA, which makes up the vast majority of the transcriptome. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in turn constitute the largest fraction of non-coding transcripts. Increasing evidence has been found for the crucial roles of lncRNAs in both tissue homeostasis and development, and for their functional contributions to and regulation of the development and progression of various human diseases such as cancers. However, so far, only few findings with regards to functional lncRNAs in cancers have been translated into clinical applications. Based on multiple factors such as binding affinity of miRNAs to their lncRNA sponges, we analyzed the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network for the colorectal cancer RNA-seq datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). After performing the ceRNA network construction and survival analysis, the lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 was found to be significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and associated with the survival of patients. A KCNQ1OT1-related lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed. A gene set variation analysis (GSVA) indicated that the expression of the KCNQ1OT1 ceRNA network in colorectal cancer tissues and normal tissues were significantly different, not only in the TCGA-COAD dataset but also in three other GEO datasets used as validation. By predicting comprehensive immune cell subsets from gene expression data, in samples grouped by differential expression levels of the KCNQ1OT1 ceRNA network in a cohort of patients, we found that CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and cytotoxic T cells and 14 other immune cell subsets were at different levels in the high- and low-KCNQ1OT1 ceRNA network score groups. These results indicated that the KCNQ1OT1 ceRNA network could be involved in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment, which would provide the rationale to further exploit KCNQ1OT1 as a possible functional contributor to and therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.

Association of a novel antisense lncRNA TP73-AS1 polymorphisms and expression with colorectal cancer susceptibility and prognosis

BACKGROUND

TP73-AS1 is a novel antisense long noncoding RNA and plays an important role in cell proliferation and cancer development. However, the link between TP73-AS1 and colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been reported.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association of genetic variants in TP73-AS1 and its expression with CRC susceptibility and prognosis.

METHODS

A case-control study (including 507 CRC cases and 503 controls) and bioinformatics analysis were conducted.

RESULTS

rs9800 polymorphism was significantly related to higher risk in CRC [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.75, P = 0.034 in heterozygote codominant model]. There was no difference between TP73-AS1 polymorphisms and different tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages in the adjusted model. Moreover, TP73-AS1 expression level was positively related to different TNM stages. After adjusted for age, gender and TNM, higher TP73-AS1 expression levels were related to shorter recurrence-free survival time [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.02-2.71, P = 0.043].

CONCLUSION

TP73-AS1 polymorphisms and expression may be associated with susceptibility and prognosis of CRC.

Long Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Progress and Prospects

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. It is now well understood that breast cancer is a heterogeneous entity that exhibits distinctive histological and biological features, treatment responses and prognostic patterns. Therefore, the identification of novel ideal diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is of utmost importance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly defined as transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that lack coding potential. Extensive research has shown that lncRNAs are involved in multiple human cancers, including breast cancer. LncRNAs with dysregulated expression can act as oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes to regulate malignant transformation processes, such as proliferation, invasion, migration and drug resistance. Intriguingly, the expression profiles of lncRNAs tend to be highly cell-type-specific, tissue-specific, disease-specific or developmental stage-specific, which makes them suitable biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

CCAT1/FABP5 promotes tumour progression through mediating fatty acid metabolism and stabilizing PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling in lung adenocarcinoma

Long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) colon cancer associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) has been identified as an oncogene in many cancers, but its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains to be further investigated. We identified the upregulation of CCAT1 in LUAD tissues and LUAD cells. Through RNA pull‐down and mass spectrometry analysis, we obtained the interacting proteins with CCAT1 and discovered their functional relation with ‘signal transduction’, ‘energy pathways’ and ‘metabolism’ and revealed the potential of CCAT1 on fatty acid (FA) metabolism. For mechanism exploration, we uncovered the mediation of CCAT1 on the translocation of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) into nucleus by confirming their interaction and localization. Also, CCAT1 was discovered to promote the formation of the transcription complex by RXR and PPARγ so as to activate the transcription of CD36, PDK1 and VEGFA. Moreover, we found that CCAT1 regulated the activity of AKT by promoting the ubiquitination of FKBP51 through binding with USP49. Subsequently, cell function assays revealed the enhancement of CCAT1 on LUAD cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CCAT1 regulated cell proliferation and angiogenesis through regulating FA metabolism in LUAD, providing a novel target for LUAD treatment.

Keep your eyes peeled for long noncoding RNAs: Explaining their boundless role in cancer metastasis, drug resistance, and clinical application

Cancer metastasis and drug resistance are two major obstacles in the treatment of cancer and therefore, the leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Hence, an in-depth understanding of these processes and identification of the underlying key players could help design a better therapeutic regimen to treat cancer. Earlier thought to be merely transcriptional junk and having passive or secondary function, recent advances in the genomic research have unravelled that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in diverse physiological as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis and drug resistance. LncRNAs can regulate various steps of the complex metastatic cascade such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration and metastatic colonization, and also affect the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. A substantial body of literature for more than a decade of research evince that lncRNAs can regulate gene expression at different levels such as epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational and posttranslational levels, depending on their subcellular localization and through their ability to interact with DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we mainly focus on how lncRNAs affect cancer metastasis by modulating expression of key metastasis-associated genes at various levels of gene regulation. We also discuss how lncRNAs confer cancer cells either sensitivity or resistance to various chemo-therapeutic drugs via different mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the immense potential of lncRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets in cancer.

Self-assembled fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles-mediated collaborative lncRNA CCAT1 silencing and curcumin delivery for synchronous colorectal cancer theranostics

Background

Cancer synergistic therapy strategy in combination with therapeutic gene and small molecule drug offers the possibility to amplify anticancer efficiency. Colon cancer-associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) is a well identified oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) exerting tumorigenic effects in a variety of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC).

Results

In the present work, curcumin (Cur) and small interfering RNA targeting lncRNA CCAT1(siCCAT1) were co-incorporated into polymeric hybrid nanoparticles (CSNP), which was constructed by self-assembling method with two amphiphilic copolymers, polyethyleneimine-poly (d, l-lactide) (PEI-PDLLA) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol) (DSPE-mPEG). Owing to the multicolor fluorescence characteristics of PEI-PDLLA, the constructed CSNP could be served as a theranostic nanomedicine for synchronous therapy and imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Resultantly, proliferation and migration of HT-29 cells were efficiently inhibited, and the highest apoptosis ratio was induced by CSNP with coordination patterns. Effective knockdown of lncRNA CCAT1 and concurrent regulation of relevant downstream genes could be observed. Furthermore, CSNP triggered conspicuous anti-tumor efficacy in the HT-29 subcutaneous xenografts model with good biosafety and biocompatibility during the treatment.

Conclusion

On the whole, our studies demonstrated that the collaborative lncRNA CCAT1 silencing and Cur delivery based on CSNP might emerge as a preferable and promising strategy for synergetic anti-CRC therapy.

Graphic abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00981-7.

Early Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Risk-Based Selection Strategies for Adjuvant Treatment in Stage II Colon Cancer: The Potential Value of Prognostic Molecular Markers

BACKGROUND

To explore the potential value of consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) in stage II colon cancer treatment selection, we carried out an early cost-effectiveness assessment of a CMS-based strategy for adjuvant chemotherapy.

METHODS

We used a Markov cohort model to evaluate three selection strategies: (i) the Dutch guideline strategy (MSS+pT4), (ii) the mutation-based strategy (MSS plus a BRAF and/or KRAS mutation or MSS plus pT4), and (iii) the CMS-based strategy (CMS4 or pT4). Outcomes were number of colon cancer deaths per 1,000 patients, total discounted costs per patient (pp), and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) pp. The analyses were conducted from a Dutch societal perspective. The robustness of model predictions was assessed in sensitivity analyses. To evaluate the value of future research, we performed a value of information (VOI) analysis.

RESULTS

The Dutch guideline strategy resulted in 8.10 QALYs pp and total costs of €23,660 pp. The CMS-based and mutation-based strategies were more effective and more costly, with 8.12 and 8.13 QALYs pp and €24,643 and €24,542 pp, respectively. Assuming a threshold of €50,000/QALY, the mutation-based strategy was considered as the optimal strategy in an incremental analysis. However, the VOI analysis showed substantial decision uncertainty driven by the molecular markers (expected value of partial perfect information: €18M).

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of current evidence, our analyses suggest that the mutation-based selection strategy would be the best use of resources. However, the extensive decision uncertainty for the molecular markers does not allow selection of an optimal strategy at present.

IMPACT

Future research is needed to eliminate decision uncertainty driven by molecular markers.

Deciphering the Long Non-Coding RNAs and MicroRNAs Coregulation Networks in Ovarian Cancer Development: An Overview

Non-coding RNAs are emergent elements from the genome, which do not encode for proteins but have relevant cellular functions impacting almost all the physiological processes occurring in eukaryotic cells. In particular, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new class of small RNAs transcribed from the genome, which modulate the expression of specific genes at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, thus adding a new regulatory layer in the flux of genetic information. In cancer cells, the miRNAs and lncRNAs interactions with its target genes and functional pathways are deregulated as a consequence of epigenetic and genetic alterations occurring during tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the actual knowledge on the interplay of lncRNAs with its cognate miRNAs and mRNAs pairs, which interact in coregulatory networks with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying its oncogenic behavior in ovarian cancer. Specifically, we reviewed here the evidences unraveling the relevant roles of lncRNAs/miRNAs pairs in altered regulation of cell migration, angiogenesis, therapy resistance, and Warburg effect. Finally, we also discussed its potential clinical implications in ovarian cancer and related endocrine disease therapies.