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Badry MO, Osman AK, Aboulela M, Gafar S, Nour IH. Taxonomic implications of normal and abnormal stomatal complexes in Indigofera L. (Indigofereae, Faboideae, Fabaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01951-0. [PMID: 38639891 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study is the first to report the foliar and stem epidermal micro-morphology of 13 taxa of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae) using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The micro-morphological characteristics studied here are related to the epidermal cell shape, size, frequency, anticlinal wall pattern, and stomatal complex types, size, position, frequency, and index. The study revealed 19 major normal stomatal types with eight subtypes and seven major abnormal stomatal types with 13 subtypes. The stomatal index was lower on the abaxial leaf surface than on the adaxial surface. Notably, the adaxial surface of I. hochstetteri had the highest stomatal index (27.46%), while the abaxial surface of I. oblongifolia had the lowest (9.95%). The adaxial surface of I. hochstetteri also displayed the highest average stomatal frequency (38.67), while the adaxial surface of I. spinosa had the lowest average frequency (9.37). SEM analysis revealed that most leaves had slightly sunken to sunken stomata, while stem stomata were positioned at the same level as epidermal cells in most taxa. Indigofera's foliar and stem epidermal anatomy recommends their application as baseline data coupled with other taxonomic data for the delimitation and differentiation of closely related taxa in the genus. The study provides a comprehensive description, illustrations, images, and micrographs of the stomatal types, as well as a taxonomic key for distinguishing the studied taxa of Indigofera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O Badry
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed K Osman
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Aboulela
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Shereen Gafar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Iman H Nour
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt
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Li H, Terrer C, Berdugo M, Maestre FT, Zhu Z, Peñuelas J, Yu K, Luo L, Gong JY, Ye JS. Nitrogen addition delays the emergence of an aridity-induced threshold for plant biomass. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad242. [PMID: 37900195 PMCID: PMC10600907 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Crossing certain aridity thresholds in global drylands can lead to abrupt decays of ecosystem attributes such as plant productivity, potentially causing land degradation and desertification. It is largely unknown, however, whether these thresholds can be altered by other key global change drivers known to affect the water-use efficiency and productivity of vegetation, such as elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N). Using >5000 empirical measurements of plant biomass, we showed that crossing an aridity (1-precipitation/potential evapotranspiration) threshold of ∼0.50, which marks the transition from dry sub-humid to semi-arid climates, led to abrupt declines in aboveground biomass (AGB) and progressive increases in root:shoot ratios, thus importantly affecting carbon stocks and their distribution. N addition significantly increased AGB and delayed the emergence of its aridity threshold from 0.49 to 0.55 (P < 0.05). By coupling remote sensing estimates of leaf area index with simulations from multiple models, we found that CO2 enrichment did not alter the observed aridity threshold. By 2100, and under the RCP 8.5 scenario, we forecast a 0.3% net increase in the global land area exceeding the aridity threshold detected under a scenario that includes N deposition, in comparison to a 2.9% net increase if the N effect is not considered. Our study thus indicates that N addition could mitigate to a great extent the negative impact of increasing aridity on plant biomass in drylands. These findings are critical for improving forecasts of abrupt vegetation changes in response to ongoing global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - César Terrer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef,” Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona08003, Spain
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef,” Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Zaichun Zhu
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Jie-Yu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
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Haworth M, Marino G, Materassi A, Raschi A, Scutt CP, Centritto M. The functional significance of the stomatal size to density relationship: Interaction with atmospheric [CO 2] and role in plant physiological behaviour. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160908. [PMID: 36535478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The limits for stomatal conductance are set by stomatal size (SS) and density (SD). An inverse relationship between SS and SD has been observed in fossil and living plants. This has led to hypotheses proposing that the ratio of SS to SD influences the diffusion pathway for CO2 and degree of physiological stomatal control. However, conclusive evidence supportive of a functional role of the SS-SD relationship is not evident, and patterns in SS-SD may simply reflect geometric constraints in stomatal spacing over a leaf surface. We examine published and new data to investigate the potential functional significance of the relationship between SS and SD to atmospheric [CO2] in multiple generation adaptive responses and short-term acclamatory adjustment of stomatal morphology. Consistent patterns in SS and SD were not evident in fossil and living plants adapted to high [CO2] over many generations. However, evolutionary adaptation to [CO2] strongly affected SS and SD responses to elevated [CO2], with plants adapted to the 'low' [CO2] of the past 10 million years (Myr) showing adjustment of SS-SD, while members of the same species adapted to 'high' [CO2] showed no response. This may suggest that SS and SD responses to future [CO2] will likely constrain the stimulatory effect of 'CO2-fertilisation' on photosynthesis. Angiosperms generally possessed higher densities of smaller stomata that corresponded to a greater degree of physiological stomatal control consistent with selective pressures induced by declining [CO2] over the past 90 Myr. Atmospheric [CO2] has likely shaped stomatal size and density relationships alongside the interaction with stomatal physiological behaviour. The rate and predicted extent of future increases in [CO2] will have profound impacts on the selective pressures shaping SS and SD. Understanding the trade-offs involved in SS-SD and the interaction with [CO2], will be central to the development of more productive climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Materassi
- The Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Raschi
- The Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Charles P Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR5667, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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Milligan JN, Flynn AG, Wagner JD, Kouwenberg LL, Barclay RS, Byars BW, Dunn RE, White JD, Zechmann B, Peppe DJ. Quantifying the effect of shade on cuticle morphology and carbon isotopes of sycamores: present and past. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2435-2451. [PMID: 34636420 PMCID: PMC9306692 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Reconstructing the light environment and architecture of the plant canopy from the fossil record requires the use of proxies, such as those derived from cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes. All approaches assume that plant taxa will respond predictably to changes in light environments. However, most species-level studies looking at cell wall undulation only consider "sun" or "shade" leaves; therefore, we need a fully quantitative taxon-specific method. METHODS We quantified the response of cell wall undulation, cell size, and carbon isotopes of Platanus occidentalis using two experimental setups: (1) two growth chambers at low and high light and (2) a series of outdoor growth experiments using green and black shade cloth at different densities. We then developed and applied a proxy for daily light integral (DLI) to fossil Platanites leaves from two early Paleocene floras from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. RESULTS All traits responded to light environment. Cell wall undulation was the most useful trait for reconstructing DLI in the geological record. Median reconstructed DLI from early Paleocene leaves was ~44 mol m-2 d-1 , with values from 28 to 54 mol m-2 d-1 . CONCLUSIONS Cell wall undulation of P. occidentalis is a robust, quantifiable measurement of light environment that can be used to reconstruct the paleo-light environment from fossil leaves. The distribution of high DLI values from fossil leaves may provide information on canopy architecture; indicating that either (1) most of the canopy mass is within the upper portion of the crown or (2) leaves exposed to more sunlight are preferentially preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N. Milligan
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Andrew G. Flynn
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Jennifer D. Wagner
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California Berkeley, and UC Museum of PaleontologyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Richard S. Barclay
- Department of PaleobiologyNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Avenue NWWashingtonD.C.USA
| | | | - Regan E. Dunn
- Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County, La Brea Tar PitsLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and ImagingBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
| | - Daniel J. Peppe
- Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of GeosciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTXUSA
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Song X, Bai P, Ding J, Li J. Effect of vapor pressure deficit on growth and water status in muskmelon and cucumber. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110755. [PMID: 33487342 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climatic warming and water shortages have become global environmental issues affecting agricultural production. The change of morphology and anatomical structures in plant organs can greatly affect plant growth. The study combined temperature and relative humidity to regulate vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to form low and high VPD environments (LVPD and HVPD, respectively) in two climate-controlled greenhouses. The effects of different VPD conditions on gas exchange parameters, dry matter, and leaf and stem anatomical structure parameters of muskmelon and cucumber were compared and studied. The results show that the background VPD conditions give different internal structure of muskmelon and cucumber, therefore it can improve the transport capacity of water to the leaf surface under LVPD conditions. At the same time, the stomatal closure induced by atmospheric drought stress is avoided and the gas exchange capacity of the leaf stomata is enhanced, thereby maintaining high photosynthetic rate. Thus, reducing VPD is the key to achieving high yield and productivity in greenhouse muskmelon and cucumber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ping Bai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Juping Ding
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Gattmann M, Birami B, Nadal Sala D, Ruehr NK. Dying by drying: Timing of physiological stress thresholds related to tree death is not significantly altered by highly elevated CO 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:356-370. [PMID: 33150582 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced tree mortality is expected to occur more frequently under predicted climate change. However, the extent of a possibly mitigating effect of simultaneously rising atmospheric [CO2 ] on stress thresholds leading to tree death is not fully understood, yet. Here, we studied the drought response, the time until critical stress thresholds were reached and mortality occurrence of Pinus halepensis (Miller). In order to observe a large potential benefit from eCO2 , the seedlings were grown with ample of water and nutrient supply under either highly elevated [CO2 ] (eCO2 , c. 936 ppm) or ambient (aCO2 , c. 407 ppm) during 2 years. The subsequent exposure to a fast or a slow lethal drought was monitored using whole-tree gas exchange chambers, measured leaf water potential and non-structural carbohydrates. Using logistic regressions to derive probabilities for physiological parameters to reach critical drought stress thresholds, indicated a longer period for halving needle starch storage under eCO2 than aCO2 . Stomatal closure, turgor loss, the duration until the daily tree C balance turned negative, leaf water potential at thresholds and time-of-death were unaffected by eCO2 . Overall, our study provides for the first-time insights into the chronological interplay of physiological drought thresholds under long-term acclimation to elevated [CO2 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Gattmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Birami
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nadal Sala
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nadine Katrin Ruehr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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Reichgelt T, D'Andrea WJ. Plant carbon assimilation rates in atmospheric CO 2 reconstructions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1844-1855. [PMID: 31081929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fossil plant gas-exchange-based CO2 reconstructions use carbon (C) assimilation rates of extant plant species as substitutes for assimilation rates of fossil plants. However, assumptions in model species adoption can lead to systematic error propagation. We used a dataset of c. 2500 extant species to investigate the role of phylogenetic relatedness and ecology in determining C assimilation, an essential variable in gas-exchange-based CO2 models. We evaluated the effect on random and systematic error propagation in atmospheric CO2 caused by adopting different model species. Phylogenetic relatedness, growth form, and solar exposure are important predictors of C assimilation rate. CO2 reconstructions that apply C assimilation rates from modern species based solely on phylogenetic relatedness to fossil species can result in CO2 estimates that are systematically biased by a factor of > 2. C assimilation rates used in CO2 reconstructions should be determined by averaging assimilation rates of modern plant species that are (1) in the same family and (2) have a similar habit and habitat as the fossil plant. In addition, systematic bias potential and random error propagation are greatly reduced when CO2 is reconstructed from multiple fossil plant species with different modern relatives at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammo Reichgelt
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - William J D'Andrea
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
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Hu JJ, Xing YW, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK. Stomatal frequency of Quercus glauca from three material sources shows the same inverse response to atmospheric pCO2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1147-1158. [PMID: 30861064 PMCID: PMC6612940 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inverse correlation between atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and stomatal frequency in many plants has been widely used to estimate palaeo-CO2 levels. However, apparent discrepancies exist among the obtained estimates. This study attempts to find a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 concentrations by analysing the stomatal frequency of Quercus glauca (section Cyclobalanopsis, Fagaceae), a dominant species in East Asian sub-tropical forests with abundant fossil relatives. METHODS Stomatal frequencies of Q. glauca from three material sources were analysed: seedlings grown in four climatic chambers with elevated CO2 ranging from 400 to 1300 ppm; extant samples collected from 14 field sites at altitudes ranging from 142 to 1555 m; and 18 herbarium specimens collected between 1930 and 2011. Stomatal frequency-pCO2 correlations were determined using samples from these three sources. KEY RESULTS An inverse correlation between stomatal frequency and pCO2 was found for Q. glauca through cross-validation of the three material sources. The combined calibration curves integrating data of extant altitudinal samples and historical herbarium specimens improved the reliability and accuracy of the curves. However, materials in the climatic chambers exhibited a weak response and relatively high stomatal frequency possibly due to insufficient treatment time. CONCLUSIONS A new inverse stomatal frequency-pCO2 correlation for Q. glauca was determined using samples from three sources. These three material types show the same response, indicating that Q. glauca is sensitive to atmospheric pCO2 and is an ideal proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels. Quercus glauca is a nearest living relative (NLR) of section Cyclobalanopsis fossils, which are widely distributed in the strata of East Asia ranging from the Eocene to Pliocene, thereby providing excellent materials to reconstruct the atmospheric CO2 concentration history of the Cenozoic. Quercus glauca will add to the variety of proxies that can be widely used in addition to Ginkgo and Metasequoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Saban JM, Chapman MA, Taylor G. FACE facts hold for multiple generations; Evidence from natural CO 2 springs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1-11. [PMID: 30422366 PMCID: PMC7379517 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is a key driver of enhanced global greening, thought to account for up to 70% of increased global vegetation in recent decades. CO2 fertilization effects have further profound implications for ecosystems, food security and biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks. However, it is also possible that current trends will not continue, due to ecosystem level constraints and as plants acclimate to future CO2 concentrations. Future predictions of plant response to rising [CO2 ] are often validated using single-generation short-term FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) experiments but whether this accurately represents vegetation response over decades is unclear. The role of transgenerational plasticity and adaptation in the multigenerational response has yet to be elucidated. Here, we propose that naturally occurring high CO2 springs provide a proxy to quantify the multigenerational and long-term impacts of rising [CO2 ] in herbaceous and woody species respectively, such that plasticity, transgenerational effects and genetic adaptation can be quantified together in these systems. In this first meta-analysis of responses to elevated [CO2 ] at natural CO2 springs, we show that the magnitude and direction of change in eight of nine functional plant traits are consistent between spring and FACE experiments. We found increased photosynthesis (49.8% in spring experiments, comparable to 32.1% in FACE experiments) and leaf starch (58.6% spring, 84.3% FACE), decreased stomatal conductance (gs , 27.2% spring, 21.1% FACE), leaf nitrogen content (6.3% spring, 13.3% FACE) and Specific Leaf Area (SLA, 9.7% spring, 6.0% FACE). These findings not only validate the use of these sites for studying multigenerational plant response to elevated [CO2 ], but additionally suggest that long-term positive photosynthetic response to rising [CO2 ] are likely to continue as predicted by single-generation exposure FACE experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Saban
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Southampton, Life SciencesSouthamptonUK
| | - Mark A. Chapman
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Southampton, Life SciencesSouthamptonUK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Southampton, Life SciencesSouthamptonUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
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Yan W, Zhong Y, Shangguan Z. Contrasting responses of leaf stomatal characteristics to climate change: a considerable challenge to predict carbon and water cycles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3781-3793. [PMID: 28181733 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the cycling of water and carbon between plants and the atmosphere; however, no consistent conclusions have been drawn regarding the response of stomatal frequency to climate change. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1854 globally obtained data series to determine the response of stomatal frequency to climate change, which including four plant life forms (over 900 species), at altitudes ranging from 0 to 4500 m and over a time span of more than one hundred thousand years. Stomatal frequency decreased with increasing CO2 concentration and increased with elevated temperature and drought stress; it was also dependent on the species and experimental conditions. The response of stomatal frequency to climate change showed a trade-off between stomatal control strategies and environmental factors, such as the CO2 concentration, temperature, and soil water availability. Moreover, threshold effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on stomatal frequency were detected, indicating that the response of stomatal density to increasing CO2 concentration will decrease over the next few years. The results also suggested that the stomatal index may be more reliable than stomatal density for determination of the historic CO2 concentration. Our findings indicate that the contrasting responses of stomata to climate change bring a considerable challenge in predicting future water and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yangquanwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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McElwain JC, Steinthorsdottir M. Paleoecology, Ploidy, Paleoatmospheric Composition, and Developmental Biology: A Review of the Multiple Uses of Fossil Stomata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:650-664. [PMID: 28495890 PMCID: PMC5462064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C McElwain
- Earth Institute, O'Brien Centre for Science, and School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (J.C.M.);
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.); and
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.)
| | - Margret Steinthorsdottir
- Earth Institute, O'Brien Centre for Science, and School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (J.C.M.)
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.); and
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden (M.S.)
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13
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Caldera HIU, De Costa WAJM, Woodward FI, Lake JA, Ranwala SMW. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on stomatal characteristics and carbon isotope ratio of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from an altitudinal gradient. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:74-92. [PMID: 27514017 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal functioning regulates the fluxes of CO2 and water vapor between vegetation and atmosphere and thereby influences plant adaptation to their habitats. Stomatal traits are controlled by external environmental and internal cellular signaling. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of CO2 enrichment (CE) on stomatal density (SD)-related properties, guard cell length (GCL) and carbon isotope ratio (δ13 C) of a range of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes originating from a wide altitudinal range [50-1260 m above sea level (asl)], and grown at 400 and 800 ppm [CO2 ], and thereby elucidate the possible adaptation and acclimation responses controlling stomatal traits and water use efficiency (WUE). There was a highly significant variation among ecotypes in the magnitude and direction of response of stomatal traits namely, SD and stomatal index (SI) and GCL, and δ13 C to CE, which represented a short-term acclimation response. A majority of ecotypes showed increased SD and SI with CE with the response not depending on the altitude of origin. Significant ecotypic variation was shown in all stomatal traits and δ13 C at each [CO2 ]. At 400 ppm, means of SD, SI and GCL for broad altitudinal ranges, i.e. low (<100 m), mid (100-400 m) and high (>400 m), increased with increasing altitude, which represented an adaptation response to decreased availability of CO2 with altitude. δ13 C was negatively correlated to SD and SI at 800 ppm but not at 400 ppm. Our results highlight the diversity in the response of key stomatal characters to CE and altitude within the germplasm of A. thaliana and the need to consider this diversity when using A. thaliana as a model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iroja U Caldera
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - W A Janendra M De Costa
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - F Ian Woodward
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Janice A Lake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sudheera M W Ranwala
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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14
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Haworth M, Killi D, Materassi A, Raschi A. Coordination of stomatal physiological behavior and morphology with carbon dioxide determines stomatal control. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:677-88. [PMID: 26022482 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Stomatal control is determined by the ability to alter stomatal aperture and/or the number of stomata on the surface of new leaves in response to growth conditions. The development of stomatal control mechanisms to the concentration of CO₂within the atmosphere ([CO₂]) is fundamental to our understanding of plant evolutionary history and the prediction of gas exchange responses to future [CO₂]. METHODS In a controlled environment, fern and angiosperm species were grown in atmospheres of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (2000 ppm) [CO₂]. Physiological stomatal behavior was compared with the stomatal morphological response to [CO₂]. KEY RESULTS An increase in [CO₂] or darkness induced physiological stomatal responses ranging from reductions (active) to no change (passive) in stomatal conductance. Those species with passive stomatal behavior exhibited pronounced reductions of stomatal density in new foliage when grown in elevated [CO₂], whereas species with active stomata showed little morphological response to [CO₂]. Analysis of the physiological and morphological stomatal responses of a wider range of species suggests that patterns of stomatal control to [CO₂] do not follow a phylogenetic pattern associated with plant evolution. CONCLUSIONS Selective pressures may have driven the development of divergent stomatal control strategies to increased [CO₂]. Those species that are able to actively regulate guard cell turgor are more likely to respond to [CO₂] through a change in stomatal aperture than stomatal number. We propose a model of stomatal control strategies in response to [CO₂] characterized by a trade-off between short-term physiological behavior and longer-term morphological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- CNR-Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Dilek Killi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28 50144 Florence, Italy Institute of Natural and Applied Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Materassi
- CNR-Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Raschi
- CNR-Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8 50145 Florence, Italy
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15
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Hu JJ, Xing YW, Turkington R, Jacques FMB, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK. A new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae): a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:777-88. [PMID: 25681824 PMCID: PMC4373289 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inverse relationship between atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and stomatal frequency in many species of plants has been widely used to estimate palaeoatmospheric CO2 (palaeo-CO2) levels; however, the results obtained have been quite variable. This study attempts to find a potential new proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels by analysing stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Q. guajavifolia, Fagaceae), an extant dominant species of sclerophyllous forests in the Himalayas with abundant fossil relatives. METHODS Stomatal frequency was analysed for extant samples of Q. guyavifolia collected from17 field sites at altitudes ranging between 2493 and 4497 m. Herbarium specimens collected between 1926 and 2011 were also examined. Correlations of pCO2-stomatal frequency were determined using samples from both sources, and these were then applied to Q. preguyavaefolia fossils in order to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations for two late-Pliocene floras in south-western China. KEY RESULTS In contrast to the negative correlations detected for most other species that have been studied, a positive correlation between pCO2 and stomatal frequency was determined in Q. guyavifolia sampled from both extant field collections and historical herbarium specimens. Palaeo-CO2 concentrations were estimated to be approx. 180-240 ppm in the late Pliocene, which is consistent with most other previous estimates. CONCLUSIONS A new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Q. guyavifolia is presented, which can be applied to the fossils closely related to this species that are widely distributed in the late-Cenozoic strata in order to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations. The results show that it is valid to use a positive relationship to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations, and the study adds to the variety of stomatal density/index relationships that available for estimating pCO2. The physiological mechanisms underlying this positive response are unclear, however, and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Roy Turkington
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Frédéric M B Jacques
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Su
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang R, Yu G, He N, Wang Q, Xia F, Zhao N, Xu Z, Ge J. Elevation-related variation in leaf stomatal traits as a function of plant functional type: evidence from Changbai Mountain, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115395. [PMID: 25517967 PMCID: PMC4269444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the variation in stomatal characteristics in relation to climatic gradients can reveal the adaptation strategies of plants, and help us to predict their responses to future climate changes. In this study, we investigated stomatal density (SD) and stomatal length (SL) in 150 plant species along an elevation gradient (540-2357 m) in Changbai Mountain, China, and explored the patterns and drivers of stomatal characteristics across species and plant functional types (PFTs: trees, shrubs, and herbs). The average values of SD and SL for all species combined were 156 mm(-2) and 35 µm, respectively. SD was higher in trees (224 mm(-2)) than in shrubs (156 mm(-2)) or herbs (124 mm(-2)), and SL was largest in herbs (37 µm). SD was negatively correlated with SL in all species and PFTs (P < 0.01). The relationship between stomatal characteristics and elevation differed among PFTs. In trees, SD decreased and SL increased with elevation; in shrubs and herbs, SD initially increased and then decreased. Elevation-related differences in SL were not significant. PFT explained 7.20-17.6% of the total variation in SD and SL; the contributions of CO2 partial pressure (P CO2), precipitation, and soil water content (SWC) were weak (0.02-2.28%). Our findings suggest that elevation-related patterns of stomatal characteristics in leaves are primarily a function of PFT, and highlight the importance of differences among PFTs in modeling gas exchange in terrestrial ecosystems under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (NH)
| | - Nianpeng He
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (NH)
| | - Qiufeng Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fucai Xia
- Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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17
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Evolution of stomatal and trichome density of the Quercus delavayi complex since the late Miocene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Zheng Y, Xu M, Hou R, Shen R, Qiu S, Ouyang Z. Effects of experimental warming on stomatal traits in leaves of maize (Zea may L.). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3095-111. [PMID: 24101997 PMCID: PMC3790554 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the warming effects on the stomatal frequency, stomatal aperture size and shape, and their spatial distribution pattern of maize (Zea may L.) leaves using a light microscope, an electron scanning microscope, and geostatistic techniques. A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate canopy temperature by 2.08°C, on average. We found that experimental warming had little effect on stomatal density, but significantly increased stomatal index due to the reduction in the number of epidermal cells under the warming treatment. Warming also significantly decreased stomatal aperture length and increased stomatal aperture width. As a result, warming significantly increased the average stomatal aperture area and stomatal aperture circumference. In addition, warming dramatically changed the stomatal spatial distribution pattern with a substantial increase in the average nearest neighbor distance between stomata on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The spatial distribution pattern of stomata was scale dependent with regular patterns at small scales and random patterns at larger scales on both leaf surfaces. Warming caused the stomatal distribution to become more regular on both leaf surfaces with smaller L(t) values (Ripley's K-function, L(t) is an expectation of zero for any value of t) in the warming plots than the control plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100039, China
- Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruichang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100039, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, 100101, China
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Bodin PE, Gagen M, McCarroll D, Loader NJ, Jalkanen R, Robertson I, Switsur VR, Waterhouse JS, Woodley EJ, Young GHF, Alton PB. Comparing the performance of different stomatal conductance models using modelled and measured plant carbon isotope ratios (δ(13) C): implications for assessing physiological forcing. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:1709-1719. [PMID: 23504999 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accurate modelling of long-term changes in plant stomatal functioning is vital to global climate change studies because changes in evapotranspiration influence temperature via physiological forcing of the climate. Various stomatal models are included in land surface schemes, but their robustness over longer timescales is difficult to validate. We compare the performance of three stomatal models, varying in their degree of complexity, and coupled to a land surface model. This is carried out by simulating the carbon isotope ratio of tree leaves (δ(13) Cleaf ) over a period of 53 years, and comparing the results with carbon isotope ratios obtained from tree rings (δ(13) Cstem ) measured at six sites in northern Europe. All three stomatal models fail to capture the observed interannual variability in the measured δ(13) Cstem time series. However, the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (SPA) model performs significantly better than the Ball-Berry (BB) or COX models when tested for goodness-of-fit against measured δ(13) Cstem . The δ(13) Cleaf time series simulated using the SPA model are significantly positively correlated (P < 0.05) with measured results over the full time period tested, at all six sites. The SPA model underestimates interannual variability measured in δ(13) Cstem , but is no worse than the BB model and significantly better than the COX model. The inability of current models to adequately replicate changes in stomatal response to rising levels of CO2 concentrations, and thus to quantify the associated physiological forcing, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E Bodin
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Haworth M, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. Co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to elevated [CO2] in vascular plants. Oecologia 2013. [PMID: 22810089 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-24069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant stomata display a wide range of short-term behavioural and long-term morphological responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]). The diversity of responses suggests that plants may have different strategies for controlling gas exchange, yet it is not known whether these strategies are co-ordinated in some way. Here, we test the hypothesis that there is co-ordination of physiological (via aperture change) and morphological (via stomatal density change) control of gas exchange by plants. We examined the response of stomatal conductance (G(s)) to instantaneous changes in external [CO(2)] (C(a)) in an evolutionary cross-section of vascular plants grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)] (1,500 ppm) and sub-ambient [O(2)] (13.0 %) compared to control conditions (380 ppm CO(2), 20.9 % O(2)). We found that active control of stomatal aperture to [CO(2)] above current ambient levels was not restricted to angiosperms, occurring in the gymnosperms Lepidozamia peroffskyana and Nageia nagi. The angiosperm species analysed appeared to possess a greater respiratory demand for stomatal movement than gymnosperm species displaying active stomatal control. Those species with little or no control of stomatal aperture (termed passive) to C(a) were more likely to exhibit a reduction in stomatal density than species with active stomatal control when grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)]. The relationship between the degree of stomatal aperture control to C(a) above ambient and the extent of any reduction in stomatal density may suggest the co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to [CO(2)] in the optimisation of water use efficiency. This trade-off between stomatal control strategies may have developed due to selective pressures exerted by the costs associated with passive and active stomatal control.
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21
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Haworth M, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. Co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to elevated [CO2] in vascular plants. Oecologia 2012; 171:71-82. [PMID: 22810089 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant stomata display a wide range of short-term behavioural and long-term morphological responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]). The diversity of responses suggests that plants may have different strategies for controlling gas exchange, yet it is not known whether these strategies are co-ordinated in some way. Here, we test the hypothesis that there is co-ordination of physiological (via aperture change) and morphological (via stomatal density change) control of gas exchange by plants. We examined the response of stomatal conductance (G(s)) to instantaneous changes in external [CO(2)] (C(a)) in an evolutionary cross-section of vascular plants grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)] (1,500 ppm) and sub-ambient [O(2)] (13.0 %) compared to control conditions (380 ppm CO(2), 20.9 % O(2)). We found that active control of stomatal aperture to [CO(2)] above current ambient levels was not restricted to angiosperms, occurring in the gymnosperms Lepidozamia peroffskyana and Nageia nagi. The angiosperm species analysed appeared to possess a greater respiratory demand for stomatal movement than gymnosperm species displaying active stomatal control. Those species with little or no control of stomatal aperture (termed passive) to C(a) were more likely to exhibit a reduction in stomatal density than species with active stomatal control when grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)]. The relationship between the degree of stomatal aperture control to C(a) above ambient and the extent of any reduction in stomatal density may suggest the co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to [CO(2)] in the optimisation of water use efficiency. This trade-off between stomatal control strategies may have developed due to selective pressures exerted by the costs associated with passive and active stomatal control.
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22
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Jordan GJ. A critical framework for the assessment of biological palaeoproxies: predicting past climate and levels of atmospheric CO(2) from fossil leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:29-44. [PMID: 21770947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review uses proxies of past temperature and atmospheric CO(2) composition based on fossil leaves to illustrate the uncertainties in biologically based proxies of past environments. Most leaf-based proxies are geographically local or genetically restricted and therefore can be confounded by evolution, extinction, changes in local environment or immigration of species. Stomatal frequency proxies illustrate how genetically restricted proxies can be particularly vulnerable to evolutionary change. High predictive power in the modern world resulting from the use of a very narrow calibration cannot be confidently extrapolated into the past (the Ginkgo paradox). Many foliar physiognomic proxies of climate are geographically local and use traits that are more or less fixed for individual species. Such proxies can therefore be confounded by floristic turnover and biome shifts in the region of calibration. Uncertainty in proxies tends to be greater for more ancient fossils. I present a set of questions that should be considered before using a proxy. Good proxies should be relatively protected from environmental and genetic change, particularly through having high information content and being founded on biomechanical or biochemical principles. Some current and potential developments are discussed, including those that involve more mechanistically sound proxies and better use of multivariate approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Jordan
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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Ogaya R, Llorens L, Peñuelas J. Density and length of stomatal and epidermal cells in "living fossil" trees grown under elevated CO2 and a polar light regime. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Haworth M, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. Stomatal control as a driver of plant evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2419-23. [PMID: 21576397 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Haworth M, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. The stomatal CO2 proxy does not saturate at high atmospheric CO2 concentrations: evidence from stomatal index responses of Araucariaceae conifers. Oecologia 2011; 167:11-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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