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Choi JH, Lee S, Le QT, Yang S, Lee H. The Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Ct-1 achieves higher salt tolerance relative to Col-0 via higher tissue retention of K + and NO 3. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 302:154321. [PMID: 39116627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Agriculture is vital for global food security, and irrigation is essential for improving crop yields. However, irrigation can pose challenges such as mineral scarcity and salt accumulation in the soil, which negatively impact plant growth and crop productivity. While numerous studies have focused on enhancing plant tolerance to high salinity, research targeting various ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana has been relatively limited. In this study, we aimed to identify salt-tolerant ecotypes among the diverse wild types of Arabidopsis thaliana and elucidate their characteristics at the molecular level. As a result, we found that Catania-1 (Ct-1), one of the ecotypes of Arabidopsis, exhibits greater salt tolerance compared to Col-0. Specifically, Ct-1 exhibited less damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS) than Col-0, despite not accumulating antioxidants like anthocyanins. Additionally, Ct-1 accumulated more potassium ions (K+) in its shoots and roots than Col-0 under high salinity, which is crucial for water balance and preventing dehydration. In contrast, Ct-1 plants were observed to accumulate slightly lower levels of Na+ than Col-0 in both root and shoot tissues, regardless of salt treatment. These findings suggest that Ct-1 plants achieve high salinity resistance not by extruding more Na+ than Col-0, but rather by absorbing more K+ or releasing less K+. Ct-1 exhibited higher nitrate (NO3-) levels than Col-0 under high salinity conditions, which is associated with enhanced retention of K+ ions. Additionally, genes involved in NO3- transport and uptake, such as NRT1.5 and NPF2.3, showed higher transcript levels in Ct-1 compared to Col-0 when exposed to high salinity. However, Ct-1 did not demonstrate significantly greater resistance to osmotic stress compared to Col-0. These findings suggest that enhancing plant tolerance to salt stress could involve targeting the cellular processes responsible for regulating the transport of NO3- and K+. Overall, our study sheds light on the mechanisms of plant salinity tolerance, emphasizing the importance of K+ and NO3- transport in crop improvement and food security in regions facing salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjin Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Quang Tri Le
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyoung Yang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yang Y, Yang X, Dai K, He S, Zhao W, Wang S, Zhou Z, Hu W. Nanoceria-induced variations in leaf anatomy and cell wall composition drive the increase in mesophyll conductance of salt-stressed cotton leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109111. [PMID: 39255612 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials as an emerging tool are being used to improve plant's net photosynthetic rate (AN) when suffering salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify this, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of polyacrylic acid coated nanoceria (PNC) on the AN of salt-stressed cotton and related intrinsic mechanisms. Results showed that the PNC-induced AN enhancement of salt-stressed leaves was strongly facilitated by the mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm). Further analysis showed that the PNC-induced improvement of gm was related to the increased chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular airspaces, which was attribute to the increased mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular airspaces and chloroplast number due to the increased K+ content and decreased reactive oxygen species level in salt-stressed leaves. Interestingly, our results also showed that PNC-induced variations in cell wall composition of salt-stressed cotton leaves strongly influenced gm, especially, hemicellulose and pectin. Moreover, the proportion of pectin in cell wall composition played a more important role in determining gm. Our study demonstrated for the first time that nanoceria, through alterations to anatomical traits and cell wall composition, drove gm enhancement, which ultimately increased AN of salt-stressed leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kangning Dai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shuyu He
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Younis AA, Mansour MMF. Hydrogen sulfide-mitigated salinity stress impact in sunflower seedlings was associated with improved photosynthesis performance and osmoregulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:422. [PMID: 38760671 PMCID: PMC11102186 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity is one major abiotic stress affecting photosynthesis, plant growth, and development, resulting in low-input crops. Although photosynthesis underlies the substantial productivity and biomass storage of crop yield, the response of the sunflower photosynthetic machinery to salinity imposition and how H2S mitigates the salinity-induced photosynthetic injury remains largely unclear. Seed priming with 0.5 mM NaHS, as a donor of H2S, was adopted to analyze this issue under NaCl stress. Primed and nonprime seeds were established in nonsaline soil irrigated with tape water for 14 d, and then the seedlings were exposed to 150 mM NaCl for 7 d under controlled growth conditions. RESULTS Salinity stress significantly harmed plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, the structural integrity of chloroplasts, and mesophyll cells. H2S priming improved the growth parameters, relative water content, stomatal density and aperture, photosynthetic pigments, photochemical efficiency of PSII, photosynthetic performance, soluble sugar as well as soluble protein contents while reducing proline and ABA under salinity. H2S also boosted the transcriptional level of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene (HaRBCS). Further, the transmission electron microscope showed that under H2S priming and salinity stress, mesophyll cells maintained their cell membrane integrity and integrated chloroplasts with well-developed thylakoid membranes. CONCLUSION The results underscore the importance of H2S priming in maintaining photochemical efficiency, Rubisco activity, and preserving the chloroplast structure which participates in salinity stress adaptation, and possibly sunflower productivity under salinity imposition. This underpins retaining and minimizing the injury to the photosynthetic machinery to be a crucial trait in response of sunflower to salinity stress.
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4
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Ouk R, Oi T, Sugiura D, Taniguchi M. Structural changes of mesophyll cells in the rice leaf tissue in response to salinity stress based on the three-dimensional analysis. AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae016. [PMID: 38690081 PMCID: PMC11059269 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Rice leaf blades have intricate-shaped mesophyll cells (MCs) with a large volume of chloroplasts enhancing gas exchange between stroma and intercellular airspace (IAS). Since the rice MCs do not form palisade or spongy tissue cells and are considered monotypic cells, the structural analysis of MCs in the middle part of the leaf tissue has been done, neglecting the various shapes of MCs can be observed on the cross-section of rice leaves. Moreover, the middle MC layer is sandwiched between the upper and lower layers and is more restricted in its demand for light and CO2 entering from the outside. Therefore, the different layers of MCs may differ in their sensitivity to salt stress that causes structural changes in cells. This study aims to elucidate the intra- and extra-cellular structures of MC in different layers of leaf tissue and determine how salinity affects the MC structure in each layer. The mesophyll tissue was divided into adaxial, middle and abaxial layers, and eight MCs and chloroplast regions were selected from each layer and reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D) representations. The whole leaf anatomical and physiological parameters were measured to find the effects of salinity stress on the MC structures. As a result, the 3D analysis of rice leaf tissue revealed the different structures of MCs with greater diversity in the adaxial and abaxial layers than in the middle layer. Salinity stress reduced the size and height of the MCs and coverage of the chloroplast on the cytoplasm periphery of the adaxial and abaxial layers, as well as the chloroplast size of adaxial MCs. Overall, these results reveal the variation of rice MC in leaf tissue and suggest the higher sensitivity to salt stress in the adaxial mesophyll among the layers, which may partly account for the decrease in photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Ouk
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takao Oi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Mariyam S, Bhardwaj R, Khan NA, Sahi SV, Seth CS. Review on nitric oxide at the forefront of rapid systemic signaling in mitigation of salinity stress in plants: Crosstalk with calcium and hydrogen peroxide. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111835. [PMID: 37611833 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a global issue that limits plant growth in agricultural fields and contributes to food crisis. Salt stressors impede plant's ionic, osmotic, and oxidative balance, as well as a variety of physiological functions. Exposure to salinity stress manifest considerable ROS clustering, entailing modification in performance of various organelles. To deal with salinity, plants use a variety of coping strategies, such as osmoregulation, ion-homeostasis, increased antioxidant synthesis, and so on. Nitric oxide (NO) is a pivotal signalling molecule that helps facilitate salt stress-induced physiological plant responses. A variety of evidences point to NO being produced under similar stress conditions and with similar kinetics as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The interplay between H2O2 and NO has important functional implications for modulating plant transduction processes. Besides, NO and calcium (Ca2+)-dependent pathways also have some connection in salt stress response mechanisms. Extensive crosstalk between NO and Ca2+ signalling pathways is investigated, and it suggests that almost every type of Ca2+ channel is under the tight control of NO, and NO acts as a Ca2+ mobilising compound and aids in signal reliance. The review provides insights into understanding recent advances regarding NO's, Ca2+ and H2O2 role in salt stress reduction with entwine signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Mariyam
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendra V Sahi
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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6
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Feng X, Yu Z, Fang H, Jiang H, Yang G, Chen L, Zhou X, Hu B, Qin C, Hu G, Xing G, Zhao B, Shi Y, Guo J, Liu F, Han B, Zechmann B, He Y, Liu F. Plantorganelle Hunter is an effective deep-learning-based method for plant organelle phenotyping in electron microscopy. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1760-1775. [PMID: 37749240 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate delineation of plant cell organelles from electron microscope images is essential for understanding subcellular behaviour and function. Here we develop a deep-learning pipeline, called the organelle segmentation network (OrgSegNet), for pixel-wise segmentation to identify chloroplasts, mitochondria, nuclei and vacuoles. OrgSegNet was evaluated on a large manually annotated dataset collected from 19 plant species and achieved state-of-the-art segmentation performance. We defined three digital traits (shape complexity, electron density and cross-sectional area) to track the quantitative features of individual organelles in 2D images and released an open-source web tool called Plantorganelle Hunter for quantitatively profiling subcellular morphology. In addition, the automatic segmentation method was successfully applied to a serial-sectioning scanning microscope technique to create a 3D cell model that offers unique views of the morphology and distribution of these organelles. The functionalities of Plantorganelle Hunter can be easily operated, which will increase efficiency and productivity for the plant science community, and enhance understanding of subcellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Rural Development Academy & Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Rural Development Academy & Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjin Jiang
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Rural Development Academy & Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Liting Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinran Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Biological Experiment Teaching Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Biological Experiment Teaching Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Biological Experiment Teaching Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guipei Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Biological Experiment Teaching Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boxi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Midorikawa K, Numata K, Kodama Y. Peroxisomes undergo morphological changes in a light-dependent manner with proximity to the nucleus. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2178-2184. [PMID: 37428521 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The size and shape of organelles can influence the rate of biochemical reactions in cells. Previous studies have suggested that organelle morphology changes due to intra- and extracellular environmental responses, affecting the metabolic efficiency of and signal transduction emanating from neighboring organelles. In this study, we tested the possibility that intracellularly distributed organelles exhibit a heterogeneous response to intra- and extracellular environments. We detected a high correlation between peroxisome morphology and distance to the nucleus in light-exposed cells. Moreover, the proximity area between chloroplasts and peroxisomes varied with distance to the nucleus. These results indicate that peroxisome morphology varies with proximity to the nucleus, suggesting the presence of a nucleus-peroxisome signal transduction cascade mediated by chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Midorikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
- Biomacromoleules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Japan
- Biomacromoleules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako-shi, Japan
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8
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Fu H, Yang Y. How Plants Tolerate Salt Stress. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5914-5934. [PMID: 37504290 PMCID: PMC10378706 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization inhibits plant growth and seriously restricts food security and agricultural development. Excessive salt can cause ionic stress, osmotic stress, and ultimately oxidative stress in plants. Plants exclude excess salt from their cells to help maintain ionic homeostasis and stimulate phytohormone signaling pathways, thereby balancing growth and stress tolerance to enhance their survival. Continuous innovations in scientific research techniques have allowed great strides in understanding how plants actively resist salt stress. Here, we briefly summarize recent achievements in elucidating ionic homeostasis, osmotic stress regulation, oxidative stress regulation, and plant hormonal responses under salt stress. Such achievements lay the foundation for a comprehensive understanding of plant salt-tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Zou SC, Zhuo MG, Abbas F, Hu GB, Wang HC, Huang XM. Transcription factor LcNAC002 coregulates chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1913-1927. [PMID: 36843134 PMCID: PMC10315271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis, which often occur almost synchronously during fruit ripening, are crucial for vibrant coloration of fruits. However, the interlink point between their regulatory pathways remains largely unknown. Here, 2 litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cultivars with distinctively different coloration patterns during ripening, i.e. slow-reddening/stay-green "Feizixiao" (FZX) vs rapid-reddening/degreening "Nuomici" (NMC), were selected as the materials to study the key factors determining coloration. Litchi chinensis STAY-GREEN (LcSGR) was confirmed as the critical gene in pericarp chlorophyll loss and chloroplast breakdown during fruit ripening, as LcSGR directly interacted with pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), a key enzyme in chlorophyll degradation via the PAO pathway. Litchi chinensis no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon 2 (LcNAC002) was identified as a positive regulator in the coloration of litchi pericarp. The expression of LcNAC002 was significantly higher in NMC than in FZX. Virus-induced gene silencing of LcNAC002 significantly decreased the expression of LcSGR as well as L. chinensis MYELOBLASTOSIS1 (LcMYB1), and inhibited chlorophyll loss and anthocyanin accumulation. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that LcNAC002 significantly activates the expression of both LcSGR and LcMYB1. Furthermore, yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results showed that LcNAC002 directly binds to the promoters of LcSGR and LcMYB1. These findings suggest that LcNAC002 is an important ripening-related transcription factor that interlinks chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis by coactivating the expression of both LcSGR and LcMYB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mao-Gen Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gui-Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, 16, Juxian Street, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Xu-Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
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10
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Wickramanayake JS, Czymmek KJ. A conventional fixation volume electron microscopy protocol for plants. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 177:83-99. [PMID: 37451777 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Volume electron microscopy techniques play an important role in plant research from understanding organelles and unicellular forms to developmental studies, environmental effects and microbial interactions with large plant structures, to name a few. Due to large air voids central vacuole, cell wall and waxy cuticle, many plant tissues pose challenges when trying to achieve high quality morphology, metal staining and adequate conductivity for high-resolution volume EM studies. Here, we applied a robust conventional chemical fixation strategy to address the special challenges of plant samples and suitable for, but not limited to, serial block-face and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. The chemistry of this protocol was modified from an approach developed for improved and uniform staining of large brain volumes. Briefly, primary fixation was in paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde with malachite green followed by secondary fixation with osmium tetroxide, potassium ferrocyanide, thiocarbohydrazide, osmium tetroxide and finally uranyl acetate and lead aspartate staining. Samples were then dehydrated in acetone with a propylene oxide transition and embedded in a hard formulation Quetol 651 resin. The samples were trimmed and mounted with silver epoxy, metal coated and imaged via serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and focal charge compensation for charge suppression. High-contrast plant tobacco and duckweed leaf cellular structures were readily visible including mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope membranes, as well as prominent chloroplast thylakoid membranes and individual lamella in grana stacks. This sample preparation protocol serves as a reliable starting point for routine plant volume electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janithri S Wickramanayake
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Advanced Bioimaging Laboratory, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
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11
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Li Y, Ai Z, Mu Y, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Li L, Huang Z, Nie L, Khan MN. Rice yield penalty and quality deterioration is associated with failure of nitrogen uptake from regreening to panicle initiation stage under salinity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120755. [PMID: 37025146 PMCID: PMC10071828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development and utilization of saline land for rice cultivation have effectively expanded grain productivity. Rice is a salt-sensitive crop, and the increasing salinity problem threatens rice yield and quality. Therefore, we conducted open field experiments to study the effect of salinity on different growth stages of rice. Irrigating saline treatment was conducted at three different growth stages: irrigating saline from the regreening stage to the panicle initiation stage (S1), irrigating saline from the panicle initiation stage to the flowering stage (S2), and irrigating saline from the flowering stage to the maturity stage (S3). Each treatment period lasted for about 30 days. At the same time, irrigating saline water from the regreening stage to the maturity stage (S4) treatment was added in 2022 to explore the performance of salt stress during the whole growth period of rice. Based on the treatment of these different saline irrigation growth periods, three saline concentrations were incorporated, including salinity 0‰ (T1), 3‰ (T2), and 6‰ (T3) concentrations. No irrigating saline during the whole growth period was also used as a control (CK). The results indicated that rice grain yield and quality were most sensitive to saline treatment during S1 among the three stress periods. At the S1 stage, salinity mainly reduced the nitrogen uptake, resulting in stunted plant growth, reducing tillering, yield, and yield components, and deteriorating the rice quality. Compared to the control, IEN (grain yield over the total amount of N uptake in plants at maturity) was more sensitive at the S1 stage than S2 and S3 stages under salinity. Furthermore, the findings of our study suggest that under salinity, rice growth is not only directly affected by the higher sodium (Na+) content in plants, but the higher concentration of Na+ reduced the ability of plants to uptake nitrogen. Thus, more attention should be paid to the field management of the S1 stage, the most sensitive stage during rice cultivation in salinized areas. It is necessary to avoid salt damage to rice during this period and ensure irrigation with precious freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyong Ai
- National Innovation Center of Saline−Alkali Tolerant Rice in Sanya, Sanya, China
- Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yixue Mu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Tingcheng Zhao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lixiao Nie
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- National Innovation Center of Saline−Alkali Tolerant Rice in Sanya, Sanya, China
| | - Mohammad Nauman Khan
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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12
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El-Dakak RA, Badr RH, Zeineldein MH, Swedan EA, Batrawy OE, Hassaballah AF, Hassan IA. Effect of chilling and salinity stress on photosynthetic performance and ultrastructure of chloroplast in faba beans (Vicia faba L.) leaves. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChilling (Ch) and salinity (S) are challenging stresses affecting plant physiology, growth, and productivity. The current study investigated the effects of these two stresses, singly and in combination, on photosynthetic performance and ultrastructure of chloroplast of faba beans (Vicia faba L. Cv. Aspani). Plants were exposed to 3 °C and 120 mM NaCl for 16 h in an optimized soil mixture (sand:clay 2:1) under optimized conditions. Results showed that both Ch and S significantly reduced photosynthetic rates, Fv/Fm, chlorophyll content, stomatal index, and stomatal conductance. Chilling caused changes in chloroplast ultrastructure (swelling, ruptured envelopes, and shrunk lamellae), while salinity caused more deformation of the thylakoid membrane and disorganization of the grana structure. However, there was an antagonistic effect between Ch x S. The tolerance of plant to 120 mM NaCl, in the present study, was improved by exposure to Ch which rather allowed the maintenance of chloroplast ultrastructure and morphology of stomata. Moreover, using SEM and TEM gave an effective insight of the ultrastructural damage in plant cells under stress and helps to consider the underlying mechanisms of stress effects. Our results suggest that Ch mitigates the noxious effect of S on the photosynthetic performance of Vicia faba plants.
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Ouk R, Oi T, Sugiura D, Taniguchi M. 3-D reconstruction of rice leaf tissue for proper estimation of surface area of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts facing intercellular airspaces from 2-D section images. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:991-998. [PMID: 36283030 PMCID: PMC9851327 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The surface area of mesophyll cells (Smes) and chloroplasts (Sc) facing the intercellular airspace (IAS) are important parameters for estimating photosynthetic activity from leaf anatomy. Although Smes and Sc are estimated based on the shape assumption of mesophyll cells (MCs), it is questionable if the assumption is correct for rice MCs with concave-convex surfaces. Therefore, in this study, we establish a reconstruction method for the 3-D representation of the IAS in rice leaf tissue to calculate the actual Smes and Sc with 3-D images and to determine the correct shape assumption for the estimation of Smes and Sc based on 2-D section images. METHODS We used serial section light microscopy to reconstruct 3-D representations of the IAS, MCs and chloroplasts in rice leaf tissue. Actual Smes and Sc values obtained from the 3-D representation were compared with those estimated from the 2-D images to find the correct shape-specific assumption (oblate or prolate spheroid) in different orientations (longitudinal and transverse sections) using the same leaf sample. KEY RESULTS The 3-D representation method revealed that volumes of the IAS and MCs accounted for 30 and 70 % of rice leaf tissue excluding epidermis, respectively, and the volume of chloroplasts accounted for 44 % of MCs. The shape-specific assumption on the sectioning orientation affected the estimation of Smes and Sc using 2-D section images with discrepancies of 10-38 %. CONCLUSIONS The 3-D representation of rice leaf tissue was successfully reconstructed using serial section light microscopy and suggested that estimation of Smes and Sc of the rice leaf is more accurate using longitudinal sections with MCs assumed as oblate spheroids than using transverse sections with MCs as prolate spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Ouk
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takao Oi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Wang S, Liu X, Liu X, Xue J, Ren X, Zhai Y, Zhang X. The red/blue light ratios from light-emitting diodes affect growth and flower quality of Hippeastrum hybridum 'Red Lion'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1048770. [PMID: 36531383 PMCID: PMC9751929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Light quality strongly impacts the growth and flower quality of ornamental plants. The optimum light quality for the growth and flowering of Hippeastrum remains to be validated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the red/blue light ratio of LEDs on the growth and flowering quality of H. hybrid 'Red Lion'. Two LEDs with red/blue light ratio of 1:9 (R10B90) and 9:1 (R90B10) were designed. LEDs of white light were the control. In the earlier vegetative and reproductive growth phase, R90B10 increased the biomass of the bulbs, leaves, and flowers. Compared with the control and R10B90 group, R90B10 LEDs delayed flowering by 2.30 d and 3.26 d, respectively. Based on chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and carbohydrate contents, the photosynthesis rate was higher in the R10B90 group. Optimal red and blue light intensity promoted the accumulation of carbohydrates and early flowering and prolonged the flowering period of H. hybrid. Microscopic analysis showed that stomatal density was high, and the number of chloroplasts was large in the R10B90 treatment group, which enhanced photosynthesis. Particularly, R10B90 promoted the expression of seven key genes related to chlorophyll synthesis. R10B90 also promoted early overexpression of the HpCOL gene that promotes early flowering. Thus, higher blue light and 10% red light intensities promote early and extended flowering, while higher red light and 10% blue light promote vegetative plant growth but delay flowering.
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15
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Yamane K, Oi T, Taniguchi M. Evaluation of the validity of large-scale serial sectioning TEM for three-dimensional reconstruction of rice mesophyll cells and chloroplasts. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1219-1231. [PMID: 34989863 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) is a classical method of 3D reconstruction using serial sections obtained with an ultramicrotome. However, producing a long ribbon with homogeneity is difficult. Here, ultramicrotome movement was suspended after producing a ribbon of 15-30 serial sections (cutting intervals, 100 nm), and then, the ribbon was mounted on an individual one-slot grid. However, as this ssTEM method may include influencing factors such as incorrect intervals of section thickness and distortion of sections, which is produced by cutting sections using a diamond knife and beam interaction under TEM observation, qualitative and quantitative data on rice mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were compared with those obtained from a focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) (cutting intervals, 50 nm). No structural distortion in 3D models was observed. In addition, no significant differences in the volume and surface area were observed between the two methods. The surface to volume ratio was significantly affected by the increase in section thickness, but not the difference of methodologies. Our method was useful for observing large volumes of plant cells and organelles, leading to the identification of various sizes and types of chloroplasts. The formation of a chloroplast pocket, which is a structure surrounding other intracellular compartments, was confirmed in rice leaves grown under moderate growth conditions using the ssTEM method. As only four out of 90 chloroplasts formed pocket structures, the formation was considered to be rare under the applied moderate growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamane
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
| | - Takao Oi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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16
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Zahra N, Al Hinai MS, Hafeez MB, Rehman A, Wahid A, Siddique KHM, Farooq M. Regulation of photosynthesis under salt stress and associated tolerance mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 178:55-69. [PMID: 35276596 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is crucial for the survival of all living biota, playing a key role in plant productivity by generating the carbon skeleton that is the primary component of all biomolecules. Salinity stress is a major threat to agricultural productivity and sustainability as it can cause irreversible damage to photosynthetic apparatus at any developmental stage. However, the capacity of plants to become photosynthetically active under adverse saline conditions remains largely untapped. This study addresses this discrepancy by exploring the current knowledge on the impact of salinity on chloroplast operation, metabolism, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf anatomy, and highlights the dire consequences for photosynthetic machinery and stomatal conductance. We also discuss enhancing photosynthetic capacity by modifying and redistributing electron transport between photosystems and improving photosystem stability using genetic approaches, beneficial microbial inoculations, and root architecture changes to improve salt stress tolerance under field conditions. Understanding chloroplast operations and molecular engineering of photosynthetic genes under salinity stress will pave the way for developing salt-tolerant germplasm to ensure future sustainability by rehabilitating saline areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Zahra
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Marwa Sulaiman Al Hinai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
| | | | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia.
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Hameed A, Ahmed MZ, Hussain T, Aziz I, Ahmad N, Gul B, Nielsen BL. Effects of Salinity Stress on Chloroplast Structure and Function. Cells 2021; 10:2023. [PMID: 34440792 PMCID: PMC8395010 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a growing problem affecting soils and agriculture in many parts of the world. The presence of salt in plant cells disrupts many basic metabolic processes, contributing to severe negative effects on plant development and growth. This review focuses on the effects of salinity on chloroplasts, including the structures and function of these organelles. Chloroplasts house various important biochemical reactions, including photosynthesis, most of which are considered essential for plant survival. Salinity can affect these reactions in a number of ways, for example, by changing the chloroplast size, number, lamellar organization, lipid and starch accumulation, and interfering with cross-membrane transportation. Research has shown that maintenance of the normal chloroplast physiology is necessary for the survival of the entire plant. Many plant species have evolved different mechanisms to withstand the harmful effects of salt-induced toxicity on their chloroplasts and its machinery. The differences depend on the plant species and growth stage and can be quite different between salt-sensitive (glycophyte) and salt-tolerant (halophyte) plants. Salt stress tolerance is a complex trait, and many aspects of salt tolerance in plants are not entirely clear yet. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of salt stress tolerance in plants with a special focus on chloroplast structure and its functions, including the underlying differences between glycophytes and halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hameed
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Muhammad Zaheer Ahmed
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Tabassum Hussain
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Irfan Aziz
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bilquees Gul
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Brent L. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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18
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Photosynthetic and Ultrastructural Properties of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) under Salinity Stress. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major problems facing crops worldwide. Salinity can severely affect plants in a negative manner. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of NaCl on morpho–physiological, biochemical, structural and ultrastructural properties in Solanum melongena seedlings under different NaCl concentrations. Plants treated with high concentrations of NaCl showed a nonsignificant decrease in shoot height compared to the controls. However, NaCl concentration of 50 mM and above significantly decreased leaf area, while 75 mM and above significantly reduced the photosynthetic rate (PN) and leaf total sugar content when compared with plants treated with less-concentrated NaCl and the controls. Thick root sections from plants grown in 100 and 150 mM NaCl exhibit severe deformation in the epidermal and cortical layers. Additionally, TEM micrographs of plants treated with 75, 100, and 150 mM exhibited bulgy chloroplasts with loss of integrity thylakoid membranes associated with large starch grains. The changes in plant ultrastructure observed in this study broaden our knowledge about the impact of salinity at the cellular level.
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19
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Amin I, Rasool S, Mir MA, Wani W, Masoodi KZ, Ahmad P. Ion homeostasis for salinity tolerance in plants: a molecular approach. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:578-594. [PMID: 32770745 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the major environmental stresses faced by the plants. Sodium chloride is the most important salt responsible for inducing salt stress by disrupting the osmotic potential. Due to various innate mechanisms, plants adapt to the sodic niche around them. Genes and transcription factors regulating ion transport and exclusion such as salt overly sensitive (SOS), Na+ /H+ exchangers (NHXs), high sodium affinity transporter (HKT) and plasma membrane protein (PMP) are activated during salinity stress and help in alleviating cells of ion toxicity. For salt tolerance in plants signal transduction and gene expression is regulated via transcription factors such as NAM (no apical meristem), ATAF (Arabidopsis transcription activation factor), CUC (cup-shaped cotyledon), Apetala 2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF), W-box binding factor (WRKY) and basic leucine zipper domain (bZIP). Cross-talk between all these transcription factors and genes aid in developing the tolerance mechanisms adopted by plants against salt stress. These genes and transcription factors regulate the movement of ions out of the cells by opening various membrane ion channels. Mutants or knockouts of all these genes are known to be less salt-tolerant compared to wild-types. Using novel molecular techniques such as analysis of genome, transcriptome, ionome and metabolome of a plant, can help in expanding the understanding of salt tolerance mechanism in plants. In this review, we discuss the genes responsible for imparting salt tolerance under salinity stress through transport dynamics of ion balance and need to integrate high-throughput molecular biology techniques to delineate the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Amin
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, FVSc & A.H., SKUAST, Shuhama, India
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Department of School Education, Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar, 190001, India
| | - Mudasir A Mir
- Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India
| | - Wasia Wani
- Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, S. P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190001, India
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20
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Ganie SA, Wani SH, Henry R, Hensel G. Improving rice salt tolerance by precision breeding in a new era. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:101996. [PMID: 33444976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a premier staple food that constitutes the bulk of the daily diet of the majority of people in Asia. Agricultural productivity must be boosted to support this huge demand for rice. However, production is jeopardized by soil salinity. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, marker-assisted breeding strategies, and targeted mutagenesis have substantially improved the toolbox of today's breeders. Given that salinity has a major influence on rice at both the seedling and reproductive stages, understanding and manipulating this trait will have an enormous impact on sustainable production. This article summarizes recent developments in the understanding of the mechanisms of salt tolerance and how state-of-the-art tools such as RNA guided CRISPR endonuclease technology including targeted mutagenesis or base and prime editing can help in gene discovery and functional analysis as well as in transferring favorable alleles into elite breeding material to speed the breeding of salt-tolerant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani - 192101, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, OT Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany; Division of Molecular Biology, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agriculture Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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21
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Hussain S, Hussain S, Ali B, Ren X, Chen X, Li Q, Saqib M, Ahmad N. Recent progress in understanding salinity tolerance in plants: Story of Na +/K + balance and beyond. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:239-256. [PMID: 33524921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and development of plants. It is imperative to understand the different components of salt-tolerant network in plants in order to produce the salt-tolerant cultivars. High-affinity potassium transporter- and myelocytomatosis proteins have been shown to play a critical role for salinity tolerance through exclusion of sodium (Na+) ions from sensitive shoot tissues in plants. Numerous genes, that limit the uptake of salts from soil and their transport throughout the plant body, adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells in roots and shoots. In the present review, we have tried to provide a comprehensive report of major research advances on different mechanisms regulating plant tolerance to salinity stress at proteomics, metabolomics, genomics and transcriptomics levels. Along with the role of ionic homeostasis, a major focus was given on other salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants including osmoregulation and osmo-protection, cell wall remodeling and integrity, and plant antioxidative defense. Major proteins and genes expressed under salt-stressed conditions and their role in enhancing salinity tolerance in plants are discussed as well. Moreover, this manuscript identifies and highlights the key questions on plant salinity tolerance that remain to be discussed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadam Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiaolong Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ahmad
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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