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Xie Y, He Y, Guan M, Zhou G, Wang Z, Ma Z, Wang H, Yin H. Impact of low-frequency rTMS on functional connectivity of the dentate nucleus subdomains in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucination. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:87-96. [PMID: 35259665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective in treating schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), the underlying neural mechanisms of the effect still need to be clarified. Using the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN) subdomain (dorsal and versal DN) as seeds, the present study investigated resting state functional connectivity (FC) alternations of the seeds with the whole brain and their associations with clinical responses in schizophrenia patients with AVH receiving 1 Hz rTMS treatment. The results showed that the rTMS treatment improved the psychiatric symptoms (e.g., AVH and positive symptoms) and certain neurocognitive functions (e.g., visual learning and verbal learning) in the patients. In addition, the patients at baseline showed increased FC between the DN subdomains and temporal lobes (e.g., right superior temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus) and decreased FC between the DN subdomains and the left superior frontal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, left supramarginal gyrus and regional cerebellum (e.g., lobule 4-5) compared to controls. Furthermore, these abnormal DN subdomain connectivity patterns did not persist and decreased FC of DN subdomains with cerebellum lobule 4-5 were reversed in patients after rTMS treatment. Linear regression analysis showed that the FC difference values of DN subdomains with the temporal lobes, supramarginal gyrus and cerebellum 4-5 between the patients at baseline and posttreatment were associated with clinical improvements (e.g., AVH and verbal learning) after rTMS treatment. The results suggested that rTMS treatment may modulate the neural circuits of the DN subdomains and hint to underlying neural mechanisms for low-frequency rTMS treating schizophrenia with AVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Xie
- School of Education, Xinyang College, Xinyang, China; Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ying He
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muzhen Guan
- Department of Mental Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Zhongheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhujing Ma
- Department of Military Psychology, School of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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2
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Anteraper S, Guell X, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Big contributions of the little brain for precision psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1021873. [PMID: 36339842 PMCID: PMC9632752 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1021873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work using 3T functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) parcellated the human dentate nuclei (DN), the primary output of the cerebellum, to three distinct functional zones each contributing uniquely to default-mode, salience-motor, and visual brain networks. In this perspective piece, we highlight the possibility to target specific functional territories within the cerebellum using non-invasive brain stimulation, potentially leading to the refinement of cerebellar-based therapeutics for precision psychiatry. Significant knowledge gap exists in our functional understanding of cerebellar systems. Intervening early, gauging severity of illness, developing intervention strategies and assessing treatment response, are all dependent on our understanding of the cerebello-cerebral networks underlying the pathology of psychotic disorders. A promising yet under-examined avenue for biomarker discovery is disruptions in cerebellar output circuitry. This is primarily because most 3T MRI studies in the past had to exclude cerebellum from the field of view due to limitations in spatiotemporal resolutions. Using recent technological advances in 7T MRI (e.g., parallel transmit head coils) to identify functional territories of the DN, with a focus on dentato-cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuitry can lead to better characterization of brain-behavioral correlations and assessments of co-morbidities. Such an improved mechanistic understanding of psychiatric illnesses can reveal aspects of CTC circuitry that can aid in neuroprognosis, identification of subtypes, and generate testable hypothesis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Anteraper
- Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xavier Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Mousaviyan R, Davoodian N, Alizadeh F, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Mousavi SA, Shaerzadeh F, Kazemi H. Zinc Supplementation During Pregnancy Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Glial Activation and Inflammatory Markers Expression in a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4193-4204. [PMID: 33400154 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) model has been profoundly described as a suitable approach to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Our previous study revealed that prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced working memory impairments in only male offspring. Based on the putative role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in working memory process, the current study was conducted to examine the long-lasting effect of LPS-induced MIA on several neuroinflammatory mediators in the PFC of adult male pups. We also investigated whether maternal zinc supplementation can alleviate LPS-induced alterations in this region. Pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on gestation days 15/16 and supplemented with ZnSO4 (30 mg/kg) throughout pregnancy. At postnatal day 60, the density of both microglia and astrocyte cells and the expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GFAP were evaluated in the PFC of male pups. Although maternal LPS treatment increased microglia and astrocyte density, number of neurons in the PFC of adult offspring remained unchanged. These findings were accompanied by the exacerbated mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GFAP as well. Conversely, prenatal zinc supplementation alleviated the mentioned alterations induced by LPS. These findings support the idea that the deleterious effects of prenatal LPS exposure could be attenuated by zinc supplementation during pregnancy. It is of interest to suggest early therapeutic intervention as a valuable approach to prevent neurodevelopmental deficits, following maternal infection. Schematic diagram describing the experimental timeline. On gestation days (GD) 15 and 16, pregnant dams were administered with intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle and supplemented with ZnSO4 (30 mg/kg) throughout pregnancy by gavage. The resulting offspring were submitted to qPCR, immunostaining, and morphological analysis at PND 60. Maternal zinc supplementation alleviated increased expression levels of inflammatory mediators and microglia and astrocyte density induced by LPS in the PFC of treated offspring. PND postnatal day, PFC prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Mousaviyan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Nahid Davoodian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Faezeh Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Neuroscience Reesearch Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Mousavi
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Haniyeh Kazemi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Sultana R, Brooks CB, Shrestha A, Ogundele OM, Lee CC. Perineuronal Nets in the Prefrontal Cortex of a Schizophrenia Mouse Model: Assessment of Neuroanatomical, Electrophysiological, and Behavioral Contributions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11140. [PMID: 34681799 PMCID: PMC8538055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose etiopathogenesis includes changes in cellular as well as extracellular structures. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) associated with parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVs) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are dysregulated in schizophrenia. However, the postnatal development of these structures along with their associated neurons in the PFC is unexplored, as is their effects on behavior and neural activity. Therefore, in this study, we employed a DISC1 (Disruption in Schizophrenia) mutation mouse model of schizophrenia to assess these developmental changes and tested whether enzymatic digestion of PNNs in the PFC affected schizophrenia-like behaviors and neural activity. Developmentally, we found that the normal formation of PNNs, PVs, and colocalization of these two in the PFC, peaked around PND 22 (postnatal day 22). However, in DISC1, mutation animals from PND 0 to PND 60, both PNNs and PVs were significantly reduced. After enzymatic digestion of PNNs with chondroitinase in adult animals, the behavioral pattern of control animals mimicked that of DISC1 mutation animals, exhibiting reduced sociability, novelty and increased ultrasonic vocalizations, while there was very little change in other behaviors, such as working memory (Y-maze task involving medial temporal lobe) or depression-like behavior (tail-suspension test involving processing via the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis). Moreover, following chondroitinase treatment, electrophysiological recordings from the PFC exhibited a reduced proportion of spontaneous, high-frequency firing neurons, and an increased proportion of irregularly firing neurons, with increased spike count and reduced inter-spike intervals in control animals. These results support the proposition that the aberrant development of PNNs and PVs affects normal neural operations in the PFC and contributes to the emergence of some of the behavioral phenotypes observed in the DISC1 mutation model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.B.B.); (A.S.); (O.M.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Charles Chulsoo Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.B.B.); (A.S.); (O.M.O.)
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5
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Zanin M. Simplifying functional network representation and interpretation through causality clustering. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15378. [PMID: 34321541 PMCID: PMC8319423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional networks, i.e. networks representing the interactions between the elements of a complex system and reconstructed from the observed elements’ dynamics, are becoming a fundamental tool to unravel the structures created by the movement of information in systems like the human brain. They also present drawbacks, one of the most important being the inherent difficulty in representing and interpreting the resulting structures for large number of nodes and links. I here propose a causality clustering approach, based on grouping nodes into clusters according to their similarity in the overall information dynamics, the latter one being measured by a causality metric. The whole system can then arbitrarily be simplified, with nodes being grouped in e.g. sources, brokers and sinks of information. The advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed using a set of synthetic and real-world data sets, the latter ones representing two neuroscience and technological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Zanin
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC) (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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6
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Anteraper SA, Guell X, Collin G, Qi Z, Ren J, Nair A, Seidman LJ, Keshavan MS, Zhang T, Tang Y, Li H, McCarley RW, Niznikiewicz MA, Shenton ME, Stone WS, Wang J, Whitfield-Gabrieli S. Abnormal Function in Dentate Nuclei Precedes the Onset of Psychosis: A Resting-State fMRI Study in High-Risk Individuals. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1421-1430. [PMID: 33954497 PMCID: PMC8379537 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebellum serves a wide range of functions and is suggested to be composed of discrete regions dedicated to unique functions. We recently developed a new parcellation of the dentate nuclei (DN), the major output nuclei of the cerebellum, which optimally divides the structure into 3 functional territories that contribute uniquely to default-mode, motor-salience, and visual processing networks as indexed by resting-state functional connectivity (RsFc). Here we test for the first time whether RsFc differences in the DN, precede the onset of psychosis in individuals at risk of developing schizophrenia. METHODS We used the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset from the Shanghai At Risk for Psychosis study that included subjects at high risk to develop schizophrenia (N = 144), with longitudinal follow-up to determine which subjects developed a psychotic episode within 1 year of their functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan (converters N = 23). Analysis used the 3 functional parcels (default-mode, salience-motor, and visual territory) from the DN as seed regions of interest for whole-brain RsFc analysis. RESULTS RsFc analysis revealed abnormalities at baseline in high-risk individuals who developed psychosis, compared to high-risk individuals who did not develop psychosis. The nature of the observed abnormalities was found to be anatomically specific such that abnormal RsFc was localized predominantly in cerebral cortical networks that matched the 3 functional territories of the DN that were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that abnormal RsFc of the DN may precede the onset of psychosis. This new evidence highlights the role of the cerebellum as a potential target for psychosis prediction and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Arnold Anteraper
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA,Alan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, US; tel: 617-373-4793, fax: 617-373-8714,
| | - Xavier Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Guusje Collin
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhenghan Qi
- Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Jingwen Ren
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Atira Nair
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Psychology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA
| | | | - Martha E Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William S Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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7
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Yao B, Neggers SFW, Kahn RS, Thakkar KN. Altered thalamocortical structural connectivity in persons with schizophrenia and healthy siblings. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 28:102370. [PMID: 32798913 PMCID: PMC7451425 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thalamo-prefrontal structural connectivity reduced in persons with schizophrenia. Similar reduction in thalamo-prefrontal connectivity in healthy siblings. Thalamo-motor structural connectivity increased in persons with schizophrenia. No alterations in thalamo-motor structural connectivity in healthy siblings.
Schizophrenia has long been framed as a disorder of altered brain connectivity, with dysfunction in thalamocortical circuity potentially playing a key role in the development of the illness phenotype, including psychotic symptomatology and cognitive impairments. There is emerging evidence for functional and structural hypoconnectivity between thalamus and prefrontal cortex in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, as well as hyperconnectivity between thalamus and sensory and motor cortices. However, it is unclear whether thalamocortical dysconnectivity is a general marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia or a specific mechanism of schizophrenia pathophysiology. This study aimed to answer this question by using diffusion-weighted imaging to examine thalamocortical structural connectivity in 22 persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ), 20 siblings of individuals with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SIB), and 44 healthy controls (HC) of either sex. Probabilistic tractography was used to quantify structural connectivity between thalamus and six cortical regions of interest. Thalamocortical structural connectivity was compared among the three groups using cross-thalamic and voxel-wise approaches. Thalamo-prefrontal structural connectivity was reduced in both SZ and SIB relative to HC, while SZ and SIB did not differ from each other. Thalamo-motor structural connectivity was increased in SZ relative to SIB and HC, while SIB and HC did not differ from each other. Hemispheric differences also emerged in thalamic connectivity with motor, posterior parietal, and temporal cortices across all groups. The results support the hypothesis that altered thalamo-prefrontal structural connectivity is a general marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia, whereas altered connectivity between thalamus and motor cortex is related to illness expression or illness-related secondary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beier Yao
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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8
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Alloza C, Blesa-Cábez M, Bastin ME, Madole JW, Buchanan CR, Janssen J, Gibson J, Deary IJ, Tucker-Drob EM, Whalley HC, Arango C, McIntosh AM, Cox SR, Lawrie SM. Psychotic-like experiences, polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia, and structural properties of the salience, default mode, and central-executive networks in healthy participants from UK Biobank. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:122. [PMID: 32341335 PMCID: PMC7186224 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable disorder with considerable phenotypic heterogeneity. Hallmark psychotic symptoms can be considered as existing on a continuum from non-clinical to clinical populations. Assessing genetic risk and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in non-clinical populations and their associated neurobiological underpinnings can offer valuable insights into symptom-associated brain mechanisms without the potential confounds of the effects of schizophrenia and its treatment. We leveraged a large population-based cohort (UKBiobank, N = 3875) including information on PLEs (obtained from the Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ); UKBiobank Category: 144; N auditory hallucinations = 55, N visual hallucinations = 79, N persecutory delusions = 16, N delusions of reference = 13), polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRSSZ) and multi-modal brain imaging in combination with network neuroscience. Morphometric (cortical thickness, volume) and water diffusion (fractional anisotropy) properties of the regions and pathways belonging to the salience, default-mode, and central-executive networks were computed. We hypothesized that these anatomical concomitants of functional dysconnectivity would be negatively associated with PRSSZ and PLEs. PRSSZ was significantly associated with a latent measure of cortical thickness across the salience network (r = -0.069, p = 0.010) and PLEs showed a number of significant associations, both negative and positive, with properties of the salience and default mode networks (involving the insular cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and pars orbitalis, pFDR < 0.050); with the cortical thickness of the insula largely mediating the relationship between PRSSZ and auditory hallucinations. Generally, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that higher genetic liability for schizophrenia is related to subtle disruptions in brain structure and may predispose to PLEs even among healthy participants. In addition, our study suggests that networks engaged during auditory hallucinations show structural associations with PLEs in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alloza
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Blesa-Cábez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M E Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J W Madole
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - C R Buchanan
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gibson
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, UK
| | - S M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Fusar-Poli P, Allen P, McGuire P. Neuroimaging studies of the early stages of psychosis: A critical review. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 23:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPsychiatric imaging, in particular functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are potentially powerful tools to explore the neurophysiological basis of the early stages of psychosis. Despite this impressive growth, neuroimaging has yet to become an established as diagnostic instrument this area, partly as a result of significant heterogeneity across the findings from research studies. The present review aims to: (i) assess the determinants of inconsistencies in the results from neuroimaging studies of the early stages of psychosis; and (ii) suggest approaches for future imaging research in this field that may reduce methodological differences between studies.
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10
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Prediction, Psychosis, and the Cerebellum. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:820-831. [PMID: 31495402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An increasingly influential hypothesis posits that many of the diverse symptoms of psychosis can be viewed as reflecting dysfunctional predictive mechanisms. Indeed, to perceive something is to take a sensory input and make a prediction of the external source of that signal; thus, prediction is perhaps the most fundamental neural computation. Given the ubiquity of prediction, a more challenging problem is to specify the unique predictive role or capability of a particular brain structure. This question is relevant when considering recent claims that one aspect of the predictive deficits observed in psychotic disorders might be related to cerebellar dysfunction, a subcortical structure known to play a critical role in predictive sensorimotor control and perhaps higher-level cognitive function. Here, we review evidence bearing on this question. We first focus on clinical, behavioral, and neuroimaging findings suggesting cerebellar involvement in psychosis and, specifically, schizophrenia. We then review a relatively novel line of research exploring whether computational models of cerebellar motor function can also account for cerebellar involvement in higher-order human cognition, and in particular, language function. We end the review by highlighting some key gaps in these literatures, limitations that currently preclude strong conclusions regarding cerebellar involvement in psychosis.
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11
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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12
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Gomez-Pilar J, Poza J, Gómez C, Northoff G, Lubeiro A, Cea-Cañas BB, Molina V, Hornero R. Altered predictive capability of the brain network EEG model in schizophrenia during cognition. Schizophr Res 2018; 201:120-129. [PMID: 29764760 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of the mechanisms involved in cognition is of paramount importance for the understanding of the neurobiological substrates in psychiatric disorders. Hence, this research is aimed at exploring the brain network dynamics during a cognitive task. Specifically, we analyze the predictive capability of the pre-stimulus theta activity to ascertain the functional brain dynamics during cognition in both healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Firstly, EEG recordings were acquired during a three-tone oddball task from fifty-one healthy subjects and thirty-five schizophrenia patients. Secondly, phase-based coupling measures were used to generate the time-varying functional network for each subject. Finally, pre-stimulus network connections were iteratively modified according to different models of network reorganization. This adjustment was applied by minimizing the prediction error through recurrent iterations, following the predictive coding approach. Both controls and schizophrenia patients follow a reinforcement of the secondary neural pathways (i.e., pathways between cortical brain regions weakly connected during pre-stimulus) for most of the subjects, though the ratio of controls that exhibited this behavior was statistically significant higher than for patients. These findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with an impaired ability to modify brain network configuration during cognition. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that the changes in phase-based brain network parameters from pre-stimulus to cognitive response in the theta band are closely related to the performance in important cognitive domains. Our findings not only contribute to the understanding of healthy brain dynamics, but also shed light on the altered predictive neuronal substrates in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gomez-Pilar
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Poza
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; IMUVA, Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; INCYL, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Georg Northoff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alba Lubeiro
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Molina
- INCYL, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Roberto Hornero
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; IMUVA, Instituto de Investigación en Matemáticas, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; INCYL, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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13
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Cerebellar volume and cerebellocerebral structural covariance in schizophrenia: a multisite mega-analysis of 983 patients and 1349 healthy controls. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1512-1520. [PMID: 28507318 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although cerebellar involvement across a wide range of cognitive and neuropsychiatric phenotypes is increasingly being recognized, previous large-scale studies in schizophrenia (SZ) have primarily focused on supratentorial structures. Hence, the across-sample reproducibility, regional distribution, associations with cerebrocortical morphology and effect sizes of cerebellar relative to cerebral morphological differences in SZ are unknown. We addressed these questions in 983 patients with SZ spectrum disorders and 1349 healthy controls (HCs) from 14 international samples, using state-of-the-art image analysis pipelines optimized for both the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Results showed that total cerebellar grey matter volume was robustly reduced in SZ relative to HCs (Cohens's d=-0.35), with the strongest effects in cerebellar regions showing functional connectivity with frontoparietal cortices (d=-0.40). Effect sizes for cerebellar volumes were similar to the most consistently reported cerebral structural changes in SZ (e.g., hippocampus volume and frontotemporal cortical thickness), and were highly consistent across samples. Within groups, we further observed positive correlations between cerebellar volume and cerebral cortical thickness in frontotemporal regions (i.e., overlapping with areas that also showed reductions in SZ). This cerebellocerebral structural covariance was strongest in SZ, suggesting common underlying disease processes jointly affecting the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Finally, cerebellar volume reduction in SZ was highly consistent across the included age span (16-66 years) and present already in the youngest patients, a finding that is more consistent with neurodevelopmental than neurodegenerative etiology. Taken together, these novel findings establish the cerebellum as a key node in the distributed brain networks underlying SZ.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Salomon
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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15
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Díez Á, Ranlund S, Pinotsis D, Calafato S, Shaikh M, Hall MH, Walshe M, Nevado Á, Friston KJ, Adams RA, Bramon E. Abnormal frontoparietal synaptic gain mediating the P300 in patients with psychotic disorder and their unaffected relatives. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3262-3276. [PMID: 28345275 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The "dysconnection hypothesis" of psychosis suggests that a disruption of functional integration underlies cognitive deficits and clinical symptoms. Impairments in the P300 potential are well documented in psychosis. Intrinsic (self-)connectivity in a frontoparietal cortical hierarchy during a P300 experiment was investigated. Dynamic Causal Modeling was used to estimate how evoked activity results from the dynamics of coupled neural populations and how neural coupling changes with the experimental factors. Twenty-four patients with psychotic disorder, twenty-four unaffected relatives, and twenty-five controls underwent EEG recordings during an auditory oddball paradigm. Sixteen frontoparietal network models (including primary auditory, superior parietal, and superior frontal sources) were analyzed and an optimal model of neural coupling, explaining diagnosis and genetic risk effects, as well as their interactions with task condition were identified. The winning model included changes in connectivity at all three hierarchical levels. Patients showed decreased self-inhibition-that is, increased cortical excitability-in left superior frontal gyrus across task conditions, compared with unaffected participants. Relatives had similar increases in excitability in left superior frontal and right superior parietal sources, and a reversal of the normal synaptic gain changes in response to targets relative to standard tones. It was confirmed that both subjects with psychotic disorder and their relatives show a context-independent loss of synaptic gain control at the highest hierarchy levels. The relatives also showed abnormal gain modulation responses to task-relevant stimuli. These may be caused by NMDA-receptor and/or GABAergic pathologies that change the excitability of superficial pyramidal cells and may be a potential biological marker for psychosis. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3262-3276, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Díez
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Basic Psychology II - Cognitive processes, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience - Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Complutense University and Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Siri Ranlund
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Psychology & Neuroscience - King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Pinotsis
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stella Calafato
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madiha Shaikh
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Psychology & Neuroscience - King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- Psychosis Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Psychology & Neuroscience - King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ángel Nevado
- Department of Basic Psychology II - Cognitive processes, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience - Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Complutense University and Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl J Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rick A Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Psychology & Neuroscience - King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Giersch A, Lalanne L, Isope P. Implicit Timing as the Missing Link between Neurobiological and Self Disorders in Schizophrenia? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:303. [PMID: 27378893 PMCID: PMC4913093 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness and the self are at the forefront of schizophrenia symptomatology. Patients are impaired in feeling themselves as the authors of their thoughts and actions. In addition, their flow of consciousness is disrupted, and thought fragmentation has been suggested to be involved in the patients' difficulties in feeling as being one unique, unchanging self across time. Both impairments are related to self disorders, and both have been investigated at the experimental level. Here we review evidence that both mechanisms of motor control and the temporal structure of signal processing are impaired in schizophrenia patients. Based on this review, we propose that the sequencing of action and perception plays a key role in the patients' impairments. Furthermore, the millisecond time scale of the disorders, as well as the impaired sequencing, highlights the cooperation between brain networks including the cerebellum, as proposed by Andreasen (1999). We examine this possibility in the light of recent knowledge on the anatomical and physiological properties of the cerebellum, its role in timing, and its involvement in known physiological impairments in patients with schizophrenia, e.g., resting states and brain dynamics. A disruption in communication between networks involving the cerebellum, related to known impairments in dopamine, glutamate and GABA transmission, may help to better explain why patients experience reduced attunement with the external world and possibly with themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg University Strasbourg, France
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17
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Antonucci LA, Taurisano P, Fazio L, Gelao B, Romano R, Quarto T, Porcelli A, Mancini M, Di Giorgio A, Caforio G, Pergola G, Popolizio T, Bertolino A, Blasi G. Association of familial risk for schizophrenia with thalamic and medial prefrontal functional connectivity during attentional control. Schizophr Res 2016; 173:23-9. [PMID: 27012899 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anomalies in behavioral correlates of attentional processing and related brain activity are crucial correlates of schizophrenia and associated with familial risk for this brain disorder. However, it is not clear how brain functional connectivity during attentional processes is key for schizophrenia and linked with trait vs. state related variables. To address this issue, we investigated patterns of functional connections during attentional control in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia, who share with probands genetic features but not variables related to the state of the disorder. 356 controls, 55 patients with schizophrenia on stable treatment with antipsychotics and 40 healthy siblings of patients with this brain disorder underwent the Variable Attentional Control (VAC) task during fMRI. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is allowed to identify independent components (IC) of BOLD signal recorded during task performance. Results indicated reduced connectivity strength in patients with schizophrenia as well as in their healthy siblings in left thalamus within an attentional control component and greater connectivity in right medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) within the so-called Default Mode Network (DMN) compared to healthy individuals. These results suggest a relationship between familial risk for schizophrenia and brain functional networks during attentional control, such that this biological phenotype may be considered a useful intermediate phenotype in order to link genes effects to aspects of the pathophysiology of this brain disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Antonucci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy; Department of Educational Science, Psychology and Communication Science, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fazio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara Gelao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Romano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Quarto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamaria Porcelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marina Mancini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Caforio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy; Psychiatry Unit, Bari University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Popolizio
- IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", 71013 S. Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy; Psychiatry Unit, Bari University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy; Psychiatry Unit, Bari University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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18
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Fonville L, Cohen Kadosh K, Drakesmith M, Dutt A, Zammit S, Mollon J, Reichenberg A, Lewis G, Jones DK, David AS. Psychotic Experiences, Working Memory, and the Developing Brain: A Multimodal Neuroimaging Study. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4828-38. [PMID: 26286920 PMCID: PMC4635922 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic experiences (PEs) occur in the general population, especially in children and adolescents, and are associated with poor psychosocial outcomes, impaired cognition, and increased risk of transition to psychosis. It is unknown how the presence and persistence of PEs during early adulthood affects cognition and brain function. The current study assessed working memory as well as brain function and structure in 149 individuals, with and without PEs, drawn from a population cohort. Observer-rated PEs were classified as persistent or transient on the basis of longitudinal assessments. Working memory was assessed using the n-back task during fMRI. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was used to characterize frontoparietal network configuration and voxel-based morphometry was utilized to examine gray matter. Those with persistent, but not transient, PEs performed worse on the n-back task, compared with controls, yet showed no significant differences in regional brain activation or brain structure. DCM analyses revealed greater emphasis on frontal connectivity within a frontoparietal network in those with PEs compared with controls. We propose that these findings portray an altered configuration of working memory function in the brain, potentially indicative of an adaptive response to atypical development associated with the manifestation of PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Fonville
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Drakesmith
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anirban Dutt
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Josephine Mollon
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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The role of the thalamus in schizophrenia from a neuroimaging perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 54:57-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Whalley HC, Dimitrova R, Sprooten E, Dauvermann MR, Romaniuk L, Duff B, Watson AR, Moorhead B, Bastin M, Semple SI, Giles S, Hall J, Thomson P, Roberts N, Hughes ZA, Brandon NJ, Dunlop J, Whitcher B, Blackwood DHR, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM. Effects of a Balanced Translocation between Chromosomes 1 and 11 Disrupting the DISC1 Locus on White Matter Integrity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130900. [PMID: 26102360 PMCID: PMC4477898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals carrying rare, but biologically informative genetic variants provide a unique opportunity to model major mental illness and inform understanding of disease mechanisms. The rarity of such variations means that their study involves small group numbers, however they are amongst the strongest known genetic risk factors for major mental illness and are likely to have large neural effects. DISC1 (Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1) is a gene containing one such risk variant, identified in a single Scottish family through its disruption by a balanced translocation of chromosomes 1 and 11; t(1;11) (q42.1;q14.3). Method Within the original pedigree, we examined the effects of the t(1;11) translocation on white matter integrity, measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). This included family members with (n = 7) and without (n = 13) the translocation, along with a clinical control sample of patients with psychosis (n = 34), and a group of healthy controls (n = 33). Results We report decreased white matter integrity in five clusters in the genu of the corpus callosum, the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, acoustic radiation and fornix. Analysis of the mixed psychosis group also demonstrated decreased white matter integrity in the above regions. FA values within the corpus callosum correlated significantly with positive psychotic symptom severity. Conclusions We demonstrate that the t(1;11) translocation is associated with reduced white matter integrity in frontal commissural and association fibre tracts. These findings overlap with those shown in affected patients with psychosis and in DISC1 animal models and highlight the value of rare but biologically informative mutations in modeling psychosis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Bipolar Disorder/genetics
- Bipolar Disorder/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Corpus Callosum/pathology
- Cyclothymic Disorder/genetics
- Cyclothymic Disorder/pathology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics
- Depressive Disorder, Major/pathology
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Schizophrenia/genetics
- Schizophrenia/pathology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Translocation, Genetic
- White Matter/pathology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rali Dimitrova
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Developing Brain, St Thomas’ Hospital, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Maria R. Dauvermann
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Liana Romaniuk
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Duff
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Watson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Moorhead
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Scott I. Semple
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Giles
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pippa Thomson
- Department of Medical Genetics, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Roberts
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe A. Hughes
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Nick J. Brandon
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Current affiliation: AstraZeneca Neuroscience IMED, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - John Dunlop
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Current affiliation: AstraZeneca Neuroscience IMED, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Brandon Whitcher
- Clinical and Translational Imaging, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Li W, Yang W, Li W, Li Y, Wei D, Li H, Qiu J, Zhang Q. Brain Structure and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in University Professors with High Academic Achievement. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2015.1030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Matthews M, Fair DA. Research review: Functional brain connectivity and child psychopathology--overview and methodological considerations for investigators new to the field. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:400-14. [PMID: 25307115 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional connectivity MRI is an emerging technique that can be used to investigate typical and atypical brain function in developing and aging populations. Despite some of the current confounds in the field of functional connectivity MRI, the translational potential of the technique available to investigators may eventually be used to improve diagnosis, early disease detection, and therapy monitoring. METHOD AND SCOPE Based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, this review offers an introduction of resting-state functional connectivity for new investigators to the field of resting-state functional connectivity. We discuss a brief history of the technique, various methods of analysis, the relationship of functional networks to behavior, as well as the translational potential of functional connectivity MRI to investigate neuropsychiatric disorders. We also address some considerations and limitations with data analysis and interpretation. CONCLUSIONS The information provided in this review should serve as a foundation for investigators new to the field of resting-state functional connectivity. The discussion provides a means to better understand functional connectivity and its application to typical and atypical brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Matthews
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Poppe AB, Carter CS, Minzenberg MJ, MacDonald AW. Task-based functional connectivity as an indicator of genetic liability to schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:118-23. [PMID: 25592803 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Impaired functional connectivity has been hypothesized as a potential source of the cognitive deficits routinely observed in patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, these deficits may be manifestations of the genetic liability to schizophrenia and present in the non-psychotic first-degree relatives of that group. However, no study has examined task-based functional connectivity in schizophrenia relatives using independent component analysis (ICA). We employed group ICA to test the hypothesis that the unexpressed genetic liability to schizophrenia is reflected in the functional connectivity between brain regions during a task measuring context processing. We compared 20 schizophrenia patients and 32 patients' first-degree relatives to 22 controls demographically matched to the patients and 28 controls' relatives, respectively. The group ICA showed differential connectivity between patients and controls in a task-related network constituting right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and right posterior parietal lobe. A network constituting left MFG and left posterior parietal, which was also related to the context processing task, did not differ between groups. These findings demonstrate that connectivity abnormalities associated with the genetic liability to schizophrenia are most strongly expressed in a right lateralized executive fronto-parietal network, and that these abnormalities are linked to context processing impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Poppe
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, 135 Young Hall, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychiatry, UC Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Michael J Minzenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, 135 Young Hall, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychiatry, UC Davis Medical Center, 2230 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Angus W MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 2450 Riverside Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States. http://www.psych.umn.edu/research/tricam/
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Wang HLS, Rau CL, Li YM, Chen YP, Yu R. Disrupted thalamic resting-state functional networks in schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:45. [PMID: 25762911 PMCID: PMC4340165 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus plays a key role in filtering or gating information and has extensive interconnectivity with other brain regions. Recent studies provide evidence of thalamus abnormality in schizophrenia, but the resting functional networks of the thalamus in schizophrenia is still unclear. We characterize the thalamic resting-state networks (RSNs) in 72 patients with schizophrenia and 73 healthy controls, using a standard seed-based whole-brain correlation. In comparison with controls, patients exhibited enhance thalamic connectivity with bilateral precentral gyrus, dorsal medial frontal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and lingual gyrus. Reduced thalamic connectivity in schizophrenia was found in bilateral superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingualte cortex, inferior parietal lobe, and cerebellum. Our findings question the “disconnectivity model” of schizophrenia by showing the over-connected thalamic network during resting state in schizophrenia and highlight the thalamus as a key hub in the schizophrenic network abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Lun Rau
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Special Education, National Taiwan Normal University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore ; Center for Life Sciences, Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Schmidt A, Diwadkar VA, Smieskova R, Harrisberger F, Lang UE, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S. Approaching a network connectivity-driven classification of the psychosis continuum: a selective review and suggestions for future research. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:1047. [PMID: 25628553 PMCID: PMC4292722 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain changes in schizophrenia evolve along a dynamic trajectory, emerging before disease onset and proceeding with ongoing illness. Recent investigations have focused attention on functional brain interactions, with experimental imaging studies supporting the disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia. These studies have revealed a broad spectrum of abnormalities in brain connectivity in patients, particularly for connections integrating the frontal cortex. A critical point is that brain connectivity abnormalities, including altered resting state connectivity within the fronto-parietal (FP) network, are already observed in non-help-seeking individuals with psychotic-like experiences. If we consider psychosis as a continuum, with individuals with psychotic-like experiences at the lower and psychotic patients at the upper ends, individuals with psychotic-like experiences represent a key population for investigating the validity of putative biomarkers underlying the onset of psychosis. This paper selectively addresses the role played by FP connectivity in the psychosis continuum, which includes patients with chronic psychosis, early psychosis, clinical high risk, genetic high risk, as well as the general population with psychotic experiences. We first discuss structural connectivity changes among the FP pathway in each domain in the psychosis continuum. This may provide a basis for us to gain an understanding of the subsequent changes in functional FP connectivity. We further indicate that abnormal FP connectivity may arise from glutamatergic disturbances of this pathway, in particular from abnormal NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity. In the second part of this paper we propose some concepts for further research on the use of network connectivity in the classification of the psychosis continuum. These concepts are consistent with recent efforts to enhance the role of data in driving the diagnosis of psychiatric spectrum diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Renata Smieskova
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel Basel, Switzerland ; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK
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Najjar S, Pearlman DM. Neuroinflammation and white matter pathology in schizophrenia: systematic review. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:102-12. [PMID: 24948485 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and white matter pathology have each been independently associated with schizophrenia, and experimental studies have revealed mechanisms by which the two can interact in vitro, but whether these abnormalities simultaneously co-occur in people with schizophrenia remains unclear. METHOD We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science from inception through 12 January 2014 for studies reporting human data on the relationship between microglial or astroglial activation, or cytokines and white matter pathology in schizophrenia. RESULTS Fifteen studies totaling 792 subjects (350 with schizophrenia, 346 controls, 49 with bipolar disorder, 37 with major depressive disorder and 10 with Alzheimer's disease) met all eligibility criteria. Five neuropathological and two neuroimaging studies collectively yielded consistent evidence of an association between schizophrenia and microglial activation, particularly in white rather than gray matter regions. Ultrastructural analysis revealed activated microglia near dystrophic and apoptotic oligodendroglia, demyelinating and dysmyelinating axons and swollen and vacuolated astroglia in subjects with schizophrenia but not controls. Two neuroimaging studies found an association between carrier status for a functional single nucleotide polymorphism in the interleukin-1β gene and abnormal white as well as gray matter volumes in schizophrenia but not controls. A neuropathological study found that orbitofrontal white matter neuronal density was increased in schizophrenia cases exhibiting high transcription levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines relative to those exhibiting low transcription levels and to controls. Schizophrenia was associated with decreased astroglial density specifically in subgenual cingulate white matter and anterior corpus callosum, but not other gray or white matter areas. Astrogliosis was consistently absent. Data on astroglial gene expression, mRNA expression and protein concentration were inconsistent. CONCLUSION Neuroinflammation is associated with white matter pathology in people with schizophrenia, and may contribute to structural and functional disconnectivity, even at the first episode of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Epilepsy Center Division, Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States.
| | - Daniel M Pearlman
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Epilepsy Center Division, Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States; The Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Wang Z, Meda SA, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA, Sweeney JA, Clementz BA, Schretlen DJ, Calhoun VD, Lui S, Pearlson GD. Large-Scale Fusion of Gray Matter and Resting-State Functional MRI Reveals Common and Distinct Biological Markers across the Psychosis Spectrum in the B-SNIP Cohort. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:174. [PMID: 26732139 PMCID: PMC4685049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether aberrant interactions between brain structure and function present similarly or differently across probands with psychotic illnesses [schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective disorder (SAD), and bipolar I disorder with psychosis (BP)] and whether these deficits are shared with their first-degree non-psychotic relatives. A total of 1199 subjects were assessed, including 220 SZ, 147 SAD, 180 psychotic BP, 150 first-degree relatives of SZ, 126 SAD relatives, 134 BP relatives, and 242 healthy controls (1). All subjects underwent structural MRI (sMRI) and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scanning. Joint-independent component analysis (jICA) was used to fuse sMRI gray matter and rs-fMRI amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations data to identify the relationship between the two modalities. jICA revealed two significantly fused components. The association between functional brain alteration in a prefrontal-striatal-thalamic-cerebellar network and structural abnormalities in the default mode network was found to be common across psychotic diagnoses and correlated with cognitive function, social function, and schizo-bipolar scale scores. The fused alteration in the temporal lobe was unique to SZ and SAD. The above effects were not seen in any relative group (including those with cluster-A personality). Using a multivariate-fused approach involving two widely used imaging markers, we demonstrate both shared and distinct biological traits across the psychosis spectrum. Furthermore, our results suggest that the above traits are psychosis biomarkers rather than endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital , Hartford, CT , USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - David J Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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28
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Schmidt A, Smieskova R, Simon A, Allen P, Fusar-Poli P, McGuire PK, Bendfeldt K, Aston J, Lang UE, Walter M, Radue EW, Riecher-Rössler A, Borgwardt SJ. Abnormal effective connectivity and psychopathological symptoms in the psychosis high-risk state. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:239-48. [PMID: 24506946 PMCID: PMC4074235 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.130102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has revealed abnormal functional connectivity between the frontal and parietal brain regions during working memory processing in patients with schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. However, it still remains unclear whether abnormal frontoparietal connectivity during working memory processing is already evident in the psychosis high-risk state and whether the connection strengths are related to psychopathological outcomes. METHODS Healthy controls and antipsychotic-naive individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) performed an n-back working memory task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Effective connectivity between frontal and parietal brain regions during working memory processing were characterized using dynamic causal modelling. RESULTS Our study included 19 controls and 27 individuals with an ARMS. In individuals with an ARMS, we found significantly lower task performances and reduced activity in the right superior parietal lobule and middle frontal gyrus than in controls. Furthermore, the working memory-induced modulation of the connectivity from the right middle frontal gyrus to the right superior parietal lobule was significantly reduced in individuals with an ARMS, while the extent of this connectivity was negatively related to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score. LIMITATIONS The modest sample size precludes a meaningful subgroup analysis for participants with a later transition to psychosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that abnormal frontoparietal connectivity during working memory processing is already evident in individuals with an ARMS and is related to psychiatric symptoms. Thus, our results provide further insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of the psychosis high-risk state by linking functional brain imaging, computational modelling and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- Correspondence to: A. Schmidt, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Image Analysis Centre, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
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29
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Altered default mode and fronto-parietal network subsystems in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Brain Res 2014; 1562:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Collin G, Kahn RS, de Reus MA, Cahn W, van den Heuvel MP. Impaired rich club connectivity in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:438-48. [PMID: 24298172 PMCID: PMC3932089 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a disorder of brain connectivity. Recent studies suggest that brain connectivity may be disproportionally impaired among the so-called rich club. This small core of densely interconnected hub regions has been hypothesized to form an important infrastructure for global brain communication and integration of information across different systems of the brain. Given the heritable nature of the illness, we hypothesized that connectivity disturbances, including abnormal rich club connectivity, may be related to familial vulnerability for schizophrenia. To test this hypothesis, both schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings of patients were investigated. Rich club organization was examined in networks derived from diffusion-weighted imaging in 40 schizophrenia patients, 54 unaffected siblings of patients, and 51 healthy control subjects. Connectivity between rich club hubs was differentially reduced across groups (P = .014), such that it was highest in controls, intermediate in siblings (7.9% reduced relative to controls), and lowest in patients (19.6% reduced compared to controls). Furthermore, in patients, lower levels of rich club connectivity were found to be related to longer duration of illness and worse overall functioning. Together, these findings suggest that impaired rich club connectivity is related to familial, possibly reflecting genetic, vulnerability for schizophrenia. Our findings support a central role for abnormal rich club organization in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Collin
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, PO Box 85500, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; tel: +31-88-75-58161, fax: +31-88-75-55443, e-mail:
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. de Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cooper D, Barker V, Radua J, Fusar-Poli P, Lawrie SM. Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in those at elevated genetic risk of developing schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 221:69-77. [PMID: 24239093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Computational brain-imaging studies of individuals at familial high risk for psychosis have provided interesting results, but interpreting these findings can be a challenge due to a number of factors. We searched the literature for studies reporting whole brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings in people at familial high risk for schizophrenia compared with a control group. A voxel-wise meta-analysis with the effect-size version of Signed Differential Mapping (ES-SDM) identified regional abnormalities of functional brain response. Similarly, an ES-SDM meta-analysis was conducted on VBM studies. A multi-modal imaging meta-analysis was used to highlight brain regions with both structural and functional abnormalities. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, in which a total of 815 familial high-risk individuals were compared to 685 controls. Our fMRI results revealed a number of regions of altered activation. VBM findings demonstrated both increases and decreases in grey matter density of relatives in a variety of brain regions. The multimodal analysis revealed relatives had decreased grey matter with hyper-activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus/amygdala, and decreased grey matter with hypo-activation in the thalamus. We found several regions of altered activation or structure in familial high-risk individuals. Reliable fMRI findings in the right posterior superior temporal gyrus further confirm that alteration in this area is a potential marker of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cooper
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
| | - Victoria Barker
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; FIDMAG Research Unit, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
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Kyathanahally SP, Jia H, Pustovyy OM, Waggoner P, Beyers R, Schumacher J, Barrett J, Morrison EE, Salibi N, Denney TS, Vodyanoy VJ, Deshpande G. Anterior-posterior dissociation of the default mode network in dogs. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1063-76. [PMID: 24399180 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) in humans has been extensively studied using seed-based correlation analysis (SCA) and independent component analysis (ICA). While DMN has been observed in monkeys as well, there are conflicting reports on whether they exist in rodents. Dogs are higher mammals than rodents, but cognitively not as advanced as monkeys and humans. Therefore, they are an interesting species in the evolutionary hierarchy for probing the comparative functions of the DMN across species. In this study, we sought to know whether the DMN, and consequently its functions such as self-referential processing, are exclusive to humans/monkeys or can we also observe the DMN in animals such as dogs. To address this issue, resting state functional MRI data from the brains of lightly sedated dogs and unconstrained and fully awake dogs were acquired, and ICA and SCA were performed for identifying the DMN. Since anesthesia can alter resting state networks, confirming our results in awake dogs was essential. Awake dog imaging was accomplished by training the dogs to keep their head still using reinforcement behavioral adaptation techniques. We found that the anterior (such as anterior cingulate and medial frontal) and posterior regions (such as posterior cingulate) of the DMN were dissociated in both awake and anesthetized dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath P Kyathanahally
- AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, there have been numerous technical and methodological advances available to clinicians and researchers to better understand attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its etiology. Despite the growing body of literature investigating the disorder's pathophysiology, ADHD remains a complex psychiatric disorder to characterize. This chapter will briefly review the literature on ADHD, with a focus on its history, the current genetic insights, neurophysiologic theories, and the use of neuroimaging to further understand the etiology. We address some of the major concerns that remain unclear about ADHD, including subtype instability, heterogeneity, and the underlying neural correlates that define the disorder. We highlight that the field of ADHD is rapidly evolving; the descriptions provided here will hopefully provide a sturdy foundation for which to build and improve our understanding of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Matthews
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470 Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470 Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Damien A. Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470 Portland, OR 97239, USA. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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34
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Dauvermann MR, Whalley HC, Schmidt A, Lee GL, Romaniuk L, Roberts N, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM, Moorhead TWJ. Computational neuropsychiatry - schizophrenia as a cognitive brain network disorder. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:30. [PMID: 24723894 PMCID: PMC3971172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling of functional brain networks in fMRI data has advanced the understanding of higher cognitive function. It is hypothesized that functional networks mediating higher cognitive processes are disrupted in people with schizophrenia. In this article, we review studies that applied measures of functional and effective connectivity to fMRI data during cognitive tasks, in particular working memory fMRI studies. We provide a conceptual summary of the main findings in fMRI data and their relationship with neurotransmitter systems, which are known to be altered in individuals with schizophrenia. We consider possible developments in computational neuropsychiatry, which are likely to further our understanding of how key functional networks are altered in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Dauvermann
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland ; Medical Image Analysis Center, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Graham L Lee
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Liana Romaniuk
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Neil Roberts
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, QMRI, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Thomas W J Moorhead
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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35
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Jiang T, Zhou Y, Liu B, Liu Y, Song M. Brainnetome-wide association studies in schizophrenia: The advances and future. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2818-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Thermenos HW, Keshavan MS, Juelich RJ, Molokotos E, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Brent BK, Makris N, Seidman LJ. A review of neuroimaging studies of young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: a developmental perspective from schizotaxia to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:604-35. [PMID: 24132894 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify the developing abnormalities preceding psychosis, Dr. Ming T. Tsuang and colleagues at Harvard expanded Meehl's concept of "schizotaxia," and examined brain structure and function in families affected by schizophrenia (SZ). Here, we systematically review genetic (familial) high-risk (HR) studies of SZ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), examine how findings inform models of SZ etiology, and suggest directions for future research. Neuroimaging studies of youth at HR for SZ through the age of 30 were identified through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search. There is substantial evidence of gray matter volume abnormalities in youth at HR compared to controls, with an accelerated volume reduction over time in association with symptoms and cognitive deficits. In structural neuroimaging studies, prefrontal cortex (PFC) alterations were the most consistently reported finding in HR. There was also consistent evidence of smaller hippocampal volume. In functional studies, hyperactivity of the right PFC during performance of diverse tasks with common executive demands was consistently reported. The only longitudinal fMRI study to date revealed increasing left middle temporal activity in association with the emergence of psychotic symptoms. There was preliminary evidence of cerebellar and default mode network alterations in association with symptoms. Brain abnormalities in structure, function and neurochemistry are observed in the premorbid period in youth at HR for SZ. Future research should focus on the genetic and environmental contributions to these alterations, determine how early they emerge, and determine whether they can be partially or fully remediated by innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Thermenos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Division of Public Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Su TW, Lan TH, Hsu TW, Biswal BB, Tsai PJ, Lin WC, Lin CP. Reduced neuro-integration from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the whole brain and executive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their relatives. Schizophr Res 2013; 148:50-8. [PMID: 23726722 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. Functional neuro-imaging studies have suggested an association between deficits in activating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and executive dysfunction, but neuro-integration from the DLPFC to the whole brain remains unclear. Studies investigating the neuro-integration from the DLPFC to the whole brain in unaffected but genetically liable family members are scant. In this study, we report DLPFC neuro-integrative deficits correlated with executive dysfunction and family history of schizophrenia using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using seed regions in DLPFC, we examined resting-state functional connectivity in 25 patients with schizophrenia, 25 unaffected first-degree relatives (UR), and 25 healthy control (HC) persons. Schizophrenia patients and UR have impaired connectivity from DLPFC to its coordinated regions (ANOVA: F=7.316-10.974, p<0.001). These coordinated brain regions are distributed in the bilateral caudate, left middle/inferior frontal gyrus, left precentral gyrus, and right cerebellum. The individual functional connectivity strength between the left DLPFC and its coordinated regions was correlated with individual executive function performance among whole persons. (Pearson's r=0.244-0.366, p=0.035-0.008) Our findings support that distributed neuro-integrative DLPFC deficits reflect a genetic risk for schizophrenia and that these deficits are present, to a lesser degree, in unaffected first-degree relatives. Our findings also support that neuro-integration might correlate with a patient's executive function performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Wei Su
- Brain Connectivity Lab., Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
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Zhang J, Chu KW, Teague EB, Newmark RE, Buchsbaum MS. fMRI assessment of thalamocortical connectivity during attentional performance. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1112-8. [PMID: 23727467 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown dysfunction in key areas associated with the thalamocortical circuit in patients with schizophrenia. This study examined the functional connectivity involving the frontal-thalamic circuitry during a spatial focusing-of-attention task in 18 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 38 healthy controls. Functional connectivity was analyzed by assigning seed regions (in the thalamic nuclei (mediodorsal nucleus (MDN), pulvinar, anterior nucleus (AN)), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 9 and 46), and the caudate), and correlating their respective activity with that in the non-seed regions voxel-wise. Functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that functional connectivity was significantly impaired in patients, e.g., between the right pulvinar and regions such as the prefrontal and temporal cortices and the cerebellum. On the other hand, enhanced functional connectivity was found in patients, e.g., between the AN and regions such as the prefrontal and temporal cortices. In addition, the patients had significantly lower task performance and less (but non-significant) brain activation than those of controls. These results revealed disturbed functional integration in schizophrenia, and suggested that the functional connectivity abnormalities in the thalamocortical circuitry, especially the frontal-thalamic circuitry, may underlie the attention deficits in schizophrenia patients. Further, this study suggested that functional connectivity analysis might be more sensitive than brain activation analysis in detecting the functional abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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39
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Li X, Zhu D, Jiang X, Jin C, Zhang X, Guo L, Zhang J, Hu X, Li L, Liu T. Dynamic functional connectomics signatures for characterization and differentiation of PTSD patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1761-78. [PMID: 23671011 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connectomes (FCs) have been recently shown to be powerful in characterizing brain conditions. However, many previous studies assumed temporal stationarity of FCs, while their temporal dynamics are rarely explored. Here, based on the structural connectomes constructed from diffusion tensor imaging data, FCs are derived from resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) data and are then temporally divided into quasi-stable segments via a sliding time window approach. After integrating and pooling over a large number of those temporally quasi-stable FC segments from 44 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients and 51 healthy controls, common FC (CFC) patterns are derived via effective dictionary learning and sparse coding algorithms. It is found that there are 16 CFC patterns that are reproducible across healthy controls, and interestingly, two additional CFC patterns with altered connectivity patterns [termed signature FC (SFC) here] exist dominantly in PTSD subjects. These two SFC patterns alone can successfully differentiate 80% of PTSD subjects from healthy controls with only 2% false positive. Furthermore, the temporal transition dynamics of CFC patterns in PTSD subjects are substantially different from those in healthy controls. These results have been replicated in separate testing datasets, suggesting that dynamic functional connectomics signatures can effectively characterize and differentiate PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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40
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Rawdon C, Murphy J, Blanchard MM, Kelleher I, Clarke MC, Kavanagh F, Cannon M, Roche RAP. Reduced P300 amplitude during retrieval on a spatial working memory task in a community sample of adolescents who report psychotic symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:125. [PMID: 23634909 PMCID: PMC3666949 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in working memory are widely reported in schizophrenia and are considered a trait marker for the disorder. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and imaging data suggest that these differences in working memory performance may be due to aberrant functioning in the prefrontal and parietal cortices. Research suggests that many of the same risk factors for schizophrenia are shared with individuals from the general population who report psychotic symptoms. METHODS Forty-two participants (age range 11-13 years) were divided into those who reported psychotic symptoms (N = 17) and those who reported no psychotic symptoms, i.e. the control group (N = 25). Behavioural differences in accuracy and reaction time were explored between the groups as well as electrophysiological correlates of working memory using a Spatial Working Memory Task, which was a variant of the Sternberg paradigm. Specifically, differences in the P300 component were explored across load level (low load and high load), location (positive probe i.e. in the same location as shown in the study stimulus and negative probe i.e. in a different location to the study stimulus) and between groups for the overall P300 timeframe. The effect of load was also explored at early and late timeframes of the P300 component (250-430 ms and 430-750 ms respectively). RESULTS No between-group differences in the behavioural data were observed. Reduced amplitude of the P300 component was observed in the psychotic symptoms group relative to the control group at posterior electrode sites. Amplitude of the P300 component was reduced at high load for the late P300 timeframe at electrode sites Pz and POz. CONCLUSIONS These results identify neural correlates of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with population level psychotic symptoms and provide insights into ERP abnormalities associated with the extended psychosis phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rawdon
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mathieu M Blanchard
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian Kelleher
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary C Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal Kavanagh
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard AP Roche
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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41
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Hart SJ, Bizzell J, McMahon MA, Gu H, Perkins DO, Belger A. Altered fronto-limbic activity in children and adolescents with familial high risk for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2013; 212:19-27. [PMID: 23482245 PMCID: PMC3604031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early symptoms of schizophrenia tend to emerge during adolescence, hich is a critical period for development of executive and emotional processing. While individuals with familial high risk (FHR) for schizophrenia may show cognitive and emotional changes, the neural mechanisms underlying the development of these changes remain unclear. The goal of this study was to identify functional differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions in children with FHR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected from 21 children with a first-degree family member with schizophrenia and 21 controls without FHR. Participants performed an emotional oddball task requiring both selective attention and suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. During selective attention, the group with FHR showed enhanced activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and caudate, with decreases in middle frontal gyrus and insular activation. The FHR group also showed greater age-related recruitment of anterior cingulate, temporal and occipital cortical areas during selective attention. During emotional processing, the FHR group showed decreased anterior cingulate activation, with decreased age-related recruitment of inferior frontal, parietal and occipital areas. The results suggest that FHR for schizophrenia may be associated with abnormal hyperactivation and hypoactivation of the neural circuitry engaged during executive and emotional processing and with age-related changes in neural recruitment during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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42
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Ruiz S, Birbaumer N, Sitaram R. Abnormal Neural Connectivity in Schizophrenia and fMRI-Brain-Computer Interface as a Potential Therapeutic Approach. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:17. [PMID: 23525496 PMCID: PMC3605516 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CONSIDERING THAT SINGLE LOCATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES ARE INSUFFICIENT TO EXPLAIN THE DIVERSE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, NEW MODELS HAVE POSTULATED THAT THE IMPAIRMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE ARISE FROM A FAILURE TO INTEGRATE THE ACTIVITY OF LOCAL AND DISTRIBUTED NEURAL CIRCUITS: the "abnormal neural connectivity hypothesis." In the last years, new evidence coming from neuroimaging have supported and expanded this theory. However, despite the increasing evidence that schizophrenia is a disorder of neural connectivity, so far there are no treatments that have shown to produce a significant change in brain connectivity, or that have been specifically designed to alleviate this problem. Brain-Computer Interfaces based on real-time functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI-BCI) are novel techniques that have allowed subjects to achieve self-regulation of circumscribed brain regions. In recent studies, experiments with this technology have resulted in new findings suggesting that this methodology could be used to train subjects to enhance brain connectivity, and therefore could potentially be used as a therapeutic tool in mental disorders including schizophrenia. The present article summarizes the findings coming from hemodynamics-based neuroimaging that support the abnormal connectivity hypothesis in schizophrenia, and discusses a new approach that could address this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ruiz
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Ospedale San Camillo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere ScientificoVenezia – Lido, Italy
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Sri Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and TechnologyThiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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43
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The application of nonlinear Dynamic Causal Modelling for fMRI in subjects at high genetic risk of schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2013; 73:16-29. [PMID: 23384525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) for fMRI provides computational modelling of gating mechanisms at the neuronal population level. It allows for estimations of connection strengths with nonlinear modulation within task-dependent networks. This paper presents an application of nonlinear DCM in subjects at high familial risk of schizophrenia performing the Hayling Sentence Completion Task (HSCT). We analysed scans of 19 healthy controls and 46 subjects at high familial risk of schizophrenia, which included 26 high risk subjects without psychotic symptoms and 20 subjects with psychotic symptoms. The activity-dependent network consists of the intra parietal cortex (IPS), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the mediodorsal (MD) thalamus. The connections between the MD thalamus and the IFG were gated by the MD thalamus. We used DCM to investigate altered connection strength of these connections. Bayesian Model Selection (BMS) at the group and family level was used to compare the optimal bilinear and nonlinear models. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was used to assess the connection strengths with the gating from the MD thalamus and the IFG. The nonlinear models provided the better explanation of the data. Furthermore, the BMA analysis showed significantly lower connection strength of the thalamocortical connection with nonlinear modulation from the MD thalamus in high risk subjects with psychotic symptoms and those who subsequently developed schizophrenia. These findings demonstrate that nonlinear DCM provides a method to investigate altered connectivity at the level of neural circuits. The reduced connection strength with thalamic gating may be a neurobiomarker implicated in the development of psychotic symptoms. This study suggests that nonlinear DCM could lead to new insights into functional and effective dysconnection at the network level in subjects at high familial risk.
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44
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Kasparek T, Rehulova J, Kerkovsky M, Sprlakova A, Mechl M, Mikl M. Cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity and sequencing of movements in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:17. [PMID: 22409909 PMCID: PMC3353210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal execution of several movements in a sequence is a frequent finding in schizophrenia. Successful performance of such motor acts requires correct integration of cortico-subcortical processes, particularly those related to cerebellar functions. Abnormal connectivity between cortical and cerebellar regions with resulting cognitive dysmetria has been proposed as the core dysfunction behind many signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. The aim of the present study was to assess if these proposed abnormalities in connectivity are a unifying feature of schizophrenia, or, rather, reflect a specific symptom domain of a heterogeneous disease. We predicted that abnormal functional connectivity between the motor cortex and cerebellum would be linked with abnormal performance of movement sequencing. METHODS We examined 24 schizophrenia patients (SCH) and 24 age-, sex-, and handedness-matched healthy controls (HC) using fMRI during a modified finger-tapping task. The ability to perform movement sequencing was tested using the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). The subjects were categorized into two groups, with (SQ+) and without (SQ-) movement sequencing abnormalities, according to the NES-SQ score. The effects of diagnosis and movement sequencing abnormalities on the functional connectivity parameters between the motor cortex and cerebellum (MC-CRBL) and the supplementary motor cortex and cerebellum (SMA-CRBL) activated during the motor task were analyzed. RESULTS We found no effect of diagnosis on the functional connectivity measures. There was, however, a significant effect on the SQ group: SQ + patients showed a lower level of MC-CRBL connectivity than SQ- patients and healthy controls. Moreover, the level of MC-CRBL and SMA-CRBL negatively correlated with the magnitude of NES-SQ abnormalities, but with no other NES domain. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity during the execution of a motor task is linked with movement sequencing abnormalities in schizophrenia, but not with the diagnosis of schizophrenia per se. It seems that specific patterns of inter-regional connectivity are linked with corresponding signs and symptoms of clinically heterogeneous conditions such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kasparek
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Rehulova
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic,Behavioral and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Kerkovsky
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Sprlakova
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mechl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Mikl
- Molecular and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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45
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Karlsgodt KH, Jacobson SC, Seal M, Fusar-Poli P. The relationship of developmental changes in white matter to the onset of psychosis. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:422-33. [PMID: 22239573 PMCID: PMC7130450 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799316073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disorder with a pronounced developmental component. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in characterizing developmental changes in the period leading up to disease onset, in an effort to develop effective preventative interventions. One of the ongoing neurodevelopmental changes known to occur in the late adolescent period that often overlaps with the prodromal phase and time of onset is white matter development and myelination. In this critical review, a disruption in the normal trajectory of white matter development could potentially play an important role in the onset of psychosis. We seek to summarize the existing state of research on white matter development in prodromal subjects, with a particular focus on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. First, we describe the physiological basis of developmental white matter changes and myelination. Next, we characterize the pattern of white matter changes associated with typical development across adolescence as measured with DTI. Then, we discuss white matter changes observed in adult patients with schizophrenia and in individuals seen in genetic and clinical high risk states. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for future research directions and for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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46
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Canuet L, Ishii R, Pascual-Marqui RD, Iwase M, Kurimoto R, Aoki Y, Ikeda S, Takahashi H, Nakahachi T, Takeda M. Resting-state EEG source localization and functional connectivity in schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27863. [PMID: 22125634 PMCID: PMC3220705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether, like in schizophrenia, psychosis-related disruption in connectivity between certain regions, as an index of intrinsic functional disintegration, occurs in schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy (SLPE). In this study, we sought to determine abnormal patterns of resting-state EEG oscillations and functional connectivity in patients with SLPE, compared with nonpsychotic epilepsy patients, and to assess correlations with psychopathological deficits. Methodology/Principal Findings Resting EEG was recorded in 21 patients with focal epilepsy and SLPE and in 21 clinically-matched non-psychotic epilepsy controls. Source current density and functional connectivity were determined using eLORETA software. For connectivity analysis, a novel nonlinear connectivity measure called “lagged phase synchronization” was used. We found increased theta oscillations in regions involved in the default mode network (DMN), namely the medial and lateral parietal cortex bilaterally in the psychotic patients relative to their nonpsychotic counterparts. In addition, patients with psychosis had increased beta temporo-prefrontal connectivity in the hemisphere with predominant seizure focus. This functional connectivity in temporo-prefrontal circuits correlated with positive symptoms. Additionally, there was increased interhemispheric phase synchronization between the auditory cortex of the affected temporal lobe and the Broca's area correlating with auditory hallucination scores. Conclusions/Significance In addition to dysfunction of parietal regions that are part of the DMN, resting-state disrupted connectivity of the medial temporal cortex with prefrontal areas that are either involved in the DMN or implicated in psychopathological dysfunction may be critical to schizophrenia-like psychosis, especially in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. This suggests that DMN deficits might be a core neurobiological feature of the disorder, and that abnormalities in theta oscillations and beta phase synchronization represent the underlying neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonides Canuet
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Ishii
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberto D. Pascual-Marqui
- The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryu Kurimoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakahachi
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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Weissman MM, Brown AS, Talati A. Translational epidemiology in psychiatry: linking population to clinical and basic sciences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:600-8. [PMID: 21646577 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translational research generally refers to the application of knowledge generated by advances in basic sciences research translated into new approaches for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease. This direction is called bench-to-bedside. Psychiatry has similarly emphasized the basic sciences as the starting point of translational research. This article introduces the term translational epidemiology for psychiatry research as a bidirectional concept in which the knowledge generated from the bedside or the population can also be translated to the benches of laboratory science. Epidemiologic studies are primarily observational but can generate representative samples, novel designs, and hypotheses that can be translated into more tractable experimental approaches in the clinical and basic sciences. This bedside-to-bench concept has not been explicated in psychiatry, although there are an increasing number of examples in the research literature. This article describes selected epidemiologic designs, providing examples and opportunities for translational research from community surveys and prospective, birth cohort, and family-based designs. Rapid developments in informatics, emphases on large sample collection for genetic and biomarker studies, and interest in personalized medicine--which requires information on relative and absolute risk factors--make this topic timely. The approach described has implications for providing fresh metaphors to communicate complex issues in interdisciplinary collaborations and for training in epidemiology and other sciences in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Stone WS, Iguchi L. Do Apparent Overlaps between Schizophrenia and Autistic Spectrum Disorders Reflect Superficial Similarities or Etiological Commonalities? NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE 2011; 4:124-133. [PMID: 22563520 PMCID: PMC3342590 DOI: 10.7156/v4i3p124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STUDY BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and autism are both neurodevelopmental disorders that were once considered to be the same disorder expressed in different developmental periods. Although they were separated diagnostically about 40 years ago, they share several clinical and possibly, etiological features. This paper reviews overlaps in four domains of function to consider the issue of whether these similarities are sporadic and likely to represent superficial similarities, or whether the disorders are more likely to share some features in common. METHODS: Representative areas of function were reviewed and compared for aspects of cognition (nonverbal reasoning, memory and language), social function (orienting/joint attention, eye contact and theory of mind), brain function (structural differences) and genetics. To facilitate comparisons with schizophrenia, a focus on high functioning autism/Asperger's disorder was utilized, particularly in the sections on cognition and social function. RESULTS: Significant similarities (and differences) characterized comparisons in each domain. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbed function in similar clinical (in cognition and social function), neurobiological (brain volumes) and genetic (e.g., involvement of the same genes or chromosomal locations) domains in autism and schizophrenia supports the hypothesis that while they are distinct disorders, they are not entirely unique. Additional studies of similarities and differences between them may thus shed light on common etiological mechanisms and hopefully, facilitate the development of novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Iguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Rasetti R, Weinberger DR. Intermediate phenotypes in psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:340-8. [PMID: 21376566 PMCID: PMC3138621 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The small effect size of most individual risk factors for psychiatric disorders likely reflects biological heterogeneity and diagnostic imprecision, which has encouraged genetic studies of intermediate biological phenotypes that are closer to the molecular effects of risk genes than are the clinical symptoms. Neuroimaging-based intermediate phenotypes have emerged as particularly promising because they map risk associated gene effects onto physiological processes in brain that are altered in patients and in their healthy relatives. Recent evidence using this approach has elucidated discrete, dissociable biological mechanisms of risk genes at the level of neural circuitries, and their related cognitive functions. This approach may greatly contribute to our understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rasetti
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch: Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch: Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Papagni SA, Mechelli A, Prata DP, Kambeitz J, Fu CH, Picchioni M, Walshe M, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Murray RM, Collier DA, Bellomo A, McGuire P. Differential effects of DAAO on regional activation and functional connectivity in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and controls. Neuroimage 2011; 56:2283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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