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Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Mu P, Zhao L, Qi R, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Dong Y. The role of IGFBP-3 in tumor development and progression: enlightenment for diagnosis and treatment. Med Oncol 2024; 41:141. [PMID: 38714554 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
IGFBP-3 is aberrantly expressed in many tumor types, and its serum and tumor tissue levels provide auxiliary information for assessing the degree of tumor malignancy and patient prognosis, making it a potential therapeutic target for human malignancies and conferring it remarkable clinical value for determining patient prognosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the aberrant expression, diverse biological effects, and clinical implications of IGFBP-3 in tumors and its role as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for tumors. In addition, we summarize the signaling pathways through which IGFBP-3 exerts its effects. IGFBP-3 comprises an N-terminal, an intermediate region, and a C-terminal structural domain, each exerting different biological effects in several tumor cell types in an IGF-dependent/non-independent manner. IGFBP-3 shares an intricate relationship with the tumor microenvironment, thereby affecting tumor growth. Overall, IGFBP-3 is an essential regulatory factor that mediates tumor occurrence and progression. Gaining deeper insights into the fundamental characteristics of IGFBP-3 and its role in various tumor types will provide new perspectives and allow for the development of novel strategies for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Peizheng Mu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruomei Qi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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Nur77 Serves as a Potential Prognostic Biomarker That Correlates with Immune Infiltration and May Act as a Good Target for Prostate adenocarcinoma. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031238. [PMID: 36770929 PMCID: PMC9921667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is the most frequent malignancy, and is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in men. Thus, new prognostic biomarkers and drug targets for PRAD are urgently needed. As we know, nuclear receptor Nur77 is important in cancer development and changes in the tumor microenvironment; whereas, the function of Nur77 in PRAD remains to be elucidated. The TCGA database was used to explore the Nur77 expression and its role in the prognosis of PRAD. It was shown that Nur77 was down regulated in PRAD, and low Nur77 expression was correlated with advanced clinical pathologic characteristics (high grade, histological type, age) and poor prognosis. Furthermore, key genes screening was examined by univariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival. Additionally, Nur77 was closely related to immune infiltration and some anti-tumor immune functions. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were presented by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Therefore, the expression level of Nur77 might help predict the survival of PRAD cases, which presents a new insight and a new target for the treatment of PRAD. In vitro experiments verified that natural product malayoside targeting Nur77 exhibited significant therapeutic effects on PRAD and largely induced cell apoptosis by up-regulating the expression of Nur77 and its mitochondrial localization. Taken together, Nur77 is a prognostic biomarker for patients with PRAD, which may refresh the profound understanding of PRAD individualized treatment.
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Genomic Insights into Non-steroidal Nuclear Receptors in Prostate and Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:227-239. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Exerts Its Anti-Metastatic Effect in Aerodigestive Tract Cancers by Disrupting the Protein Stability of Vimentin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051041. [PMID: 33801272 PMCID: PMC7958122 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Local invasion and distal metastasis are the main causes of cancer-related death and the poor prognosis of patients with aerodigestive tract cancers. Therefore, understanding the biology of invasion and metastasis is important for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. The present study shows that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) inhibits the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in vitro and the development of metastasized tumors in vivo. Mechanistic studies suggest vimentin as a cellular target for the antimetastatic effect of IGFBP-3. These results contribute to a better understanding on the regulation of metastasis of cancer cells, providing the rationale to utilize IGFBP-3 as an effective therapeutic strategy targeting migration and metastasis of aerodigestive tract cancers. Abstract The proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) through IGF-dependent or -independent mechanisms have been suggested in various types of human cancers. However, a mechanistic explanation of and downstream targets involved in the antimetastatic effect of IGFBP-3 is still lacking. In this study, by applying various in vitro and in vivo models, we show that IGFBP-3 suppresses migration and invasion of human head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Silencing IGFBP-3 expression elevated the migration and invasion of NSCLC and HNSCC cells in vitro and their local invasion and metastasis in vivo, whereas overexpression of IGFBP-3 decreased such prometastatic changes. Local invasion of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced HNSCC tumors was consistently significantly potentiated in Igfbp3 knockout mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Mechanistically, IGFBP-3 disrupted the protein stability of vimentin via direct binding and promoting its association with the E3 ligase FBXL14, causing proteasomal degradation. The C-terminal domain of IGFBP-3 and the head domain of vimentin are essential for their interaction. These results provide a molecular framework for IGFBP-3′s IGF-independent antimetastatic and antitumor activities.
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Wang Y, Gao W, Li Y, Chow ST, Xie W, Zhang X, Zhou J, Chan FL. Interplay between orphan nuclear receptors and androgen receptor-dependent or-independent growth signalings in prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100921. [PMID: 33121737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that both the initial and advanced growth of prostate cancer depends critically on androgens and thus on the activated androgen receptor (AR) -mediated signaling pathway. The unique hormone-dependent feature of prostate cancer forms the biological basis of hormone or androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) that aims to suppress the AR signaling by androgen depletion or AR antagonists. ADT still remains the mainstay treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. However, most patients upon ADT will inevitably develop therapy-resistance and progress to relapse in the form of castration-resistant disease (castration-resistant prostate cancer or CRPC) or even a more aggressive androgen-independent subtype (therapy-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer or NEPC). Recent advances show that besides AR, some ligand-independent members of nuclear receptor superfamily-designated as orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs), as their endogenous physiological ligands are either absent or not yet identified to date, also play significant roles in the growth regulation of prostate cancer via multiple AR-dependent or -independent (AR-bypass) pathways or mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the newly elucidated roles of ONRs in prostate cancer, with a focus on their interplay in the AR-dependent pathways (intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and suppression of AR signaling) and AR-independent pathways or cellular processes (hypoxia, oncogene- or tumor suppressor-induced senescence, apoptosis and regulation of prostate cancer stem cells). These ONRs with their newly characterized roles not only can serve as novel biomarkers but also as potential therapeutic targets for management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Ting Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Safe S, Karki K. The Paradoxical Roles of Orphan Nuclear Receptor 4A (NR4A) in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:180-191. [PMID: 33106376 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The three-orphan nuclear receptor 4A genes are induced by diverse stressors and stimuli, and there is increasing evidence that NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), and NR4A3 (Nor1) play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology. In blood-derived tumors (leukemias and lymphomas), NR4A expression is low and NR4A1-/-/NR4A3-/- double knockout mice rapidly develop acute myelocytic leukemia, suggesting that these receptors exhibit tumor suppressor activity. Treatment of leukemia and most lymphoma cells with drugs that induce expression of NR4A1and NR4A3 enhances apoptosis, and this represents a potential clinical application for treating this disease. In contrast, most solid tumor-derived cell lines express high levels of NR4A1 and NR4A2, and both receptors exhibit pro-oncogenic activities in solid tumors, whereas NR4A3 exhibits tumor-specific activities. Initial studies with retinoids and apoptosis-inducing agents demonstrated that their cytotoxic activity is NR4A1 dependent and involved drug-induced nuclear export of NR4A1 and formation of a mitochondrial proapoptotic NR4A1-bcl-2 complex. Drug-induced nuclear export of NR4A1 has been reported for many agents/biologics and involves interactions with multiple mitochondrial and extramitochondrial factors to induce apoptosis. Synthetic ligands for NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 have been identified, and among these compounds, bis-indole derived (CDIM) NR4A1 ligands primarily act on nuclear NR4A1 to inhibit NR4A1-regulated pro-oncogenic pathways/genes and similar results have been observed for CDIMs that bind NR4A2. Based on results of laboratory animal studies development of NR4A inducers (blood-derived cancers) and NR4A1/NR4A2 antagonists (solid tumors) may be promising for cancer therapy and also for enhancing immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
| | - Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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12-Deacetyl-12-epi-Scalaradial, a Scalarane Sesterterpenoid from a Marine Sponge Hippospongia sp., Induces HeLa Cells Apoptosis via MAPK/ERK Pathway and Modulates Nuclear Receptor Nur77. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070375. [PMID: 32708154 PMCID: PMC7403966 DOI: 10.3390/md18070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
12-Deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial, a scalarane sesterterpenoid from a marine sponge Hippospongia sp, has been reported to possess cytotoxic activity on HepG2, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cells. However, there is no research to indicate that 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial exhibited anticancer effect on cervical cancer HeLa cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity of 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial against HeLa cells and to explore the mechanism. The results from a methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay suggested that 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial suppressed the proliferation of HeLa cells and flow cytometry analysis showed 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial could induce the apoptosis of HeLa cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial triggered apoptosis via mediating the extrinsic pathway and was found to suppress MAPK/ERK pathway which was associate with cancer cell death. Nur77, a critical number of orphan nuclear receptors, plays diverse roles in tumor development as a transcription factor and has been considered as a promising anticancer drug target. The dual-luciferase reporter assays suggested that 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial could selectively enhance the trans-activation activity of Nur77. Furthermore, Western blotting analysis and fluorescence quenching showed that 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial could induce the phosphorylation of Nur77 and interact with the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of Nur77. Our research confirmed 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial as a potential agent for cervical cancer therapy and provided a view that 12-deacetyl-12-epi-scalaradial may be a modulator of Nur77.
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Cai Q, Dozmorov M, Oh Y. IGFBP-3/IGFBP-3 Receptor System as an Anti-Tumor and Anti-Metastatic Signaling in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051261. [PMID: 32443727 PMCID: PMC7290346 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a p53 tumor suppressor-regulated protein and a major carrier for IGFs in circulation. Among six high-affinity IGFBPs, which are IGFBP-1 through 6, IGFBP-3 is the most extensively investigated IGFBP species with respect to its IGF/IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR)-independent biological actions beyond its endocrine/paracrine/autocrine role in modulating IGF action in cancer. Disruption of IGFBP-3 at transcriptional and post-translational levels has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many different types of cancer including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Over the past two decades, a wealth of evidence has revealed both tumor suppressing and tumor promoting effects of IGF/IGF-IR-independent actions of IGFBP-3 depending upon cell types, post-translational modifications, and assay methods. However, IGFBP-3′s anti-tumor function has been well accepted due to identification of functional IGFBP-3-interacting proteins, putative receptors, or crosstalk with other signaling cascades. This review mainly focuses on transmembrane protein 219 (TMEM219), which represents a novel IGFBP-3 receptor mediating antitumor effect of IGFBP-3. Furthermore, this review delineates the potential underlying mechanisms involved and the subsequent biological significance, emphasizing the clinical significance of the IGFBP-3/TMEM219 axis in assessing both the diagnosis and the prognosis of cancer as well as the therapeutic potential of TMEM219 agonists for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Q.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Q.C.); (M.D.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Youngman Oh
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (Q.C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-827-1324
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Varma Shrivastav S, Bhardwaj A, Pathak KA, Shrivastav A. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3): Unraveling the Role in Mediating IGF-Independent Effects Within the Cell. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:286. [PMID: 32478064 PMCID: PMC7232603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), one of the six members of the IGFBP family, is a key protein in the IGF pathway. IGFBP-3 can function in an IGF-dependent as well as in an IGF-independent manner. The IGF-dependent roles of IGFBP-3 include its endocrine role in the delivery of IGFs from the site of synthesis to the target cells that possess IGF receptors and the activation of associated downstream signaling. IGF-independent role of IGFBP-3 include its interactions with the proteins of the extracellular matrix and the proteins of the plasma membrane, its translocation through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and into the nucleus. The C-terminal domain of IGFBP-3 has the ability to undergo cell penetration therefore, generating a short 8-22-mer C-terminal domain peptides that can be conjugated to drugs or genes for effective intracellular delivery. This has opened doors for biotechnological applications of the molecule in molecular medicine. The aim of this this review is to summarize the complex roles of IGFBP-3 within the cell, including its mechanisms of cellular uptake and its translocation into the nucleus, various molecules with which it is capable of interacting, and its ability to regulate IGF-independent cell growth, survival and apoptosis. This would pave way into understanding the modus operandi of IGFBP-3 in regulating IGF-independent processes and its pleiotropic ability to bind with potential partners thus regulating several cellular functions implicated in metabolic diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailly Varma Shrivastav
- VastCon Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Apurva Bhardwaj
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kumar Alok Pathak
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anuraag Shrivastav
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Poreba E, Durzynska J. Nuclear localization and actions of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) system components: Transcriptional regulation and DNA damage response. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 784:108307. [PMID: 32430099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system stimulates growth, proliferation, and regulates differentiation of cells in a tissue-specific manner. It is composed of two insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2), six insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and two insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF-1R and IGF-2R). IGF actions take place mostly through the activation of the plasma membrane-bound IGF-Rs by the circulating ligands (IGFs) released from the IGFBPs that stabilize their levels in the serum. This review focuses on the IGF-1 part of the system. The IGF-1 gene, which is expressed mainly in the liver as well as in other tissues, comprises six alternatively spliced exons that code for three protein isoforms (pro-IGF-1A, pro-IGF-1B, and pro-IGF-1C), which are processed to mature IGF-1 and E-peptides. The IGF-1R undergoes autophosphorylation, resulting in a signaling cascade involving numerous cytoplasmic proteins such as AKT and MAPKs, which regulate the expression of target genes. However, a more complex picture of the axis has recently emerged with all its components being translocated to the nuclear compartment. IGF-1R takes part in the regulation of gene expression by forming transcription complexes, modifying the activity of chromatin remodeling proteins, and participating in DNA damage tolerance mechanisms. Four IGFBPs contain a nuclear localization signal (NLS), which targets them to the nucleus, where they regulate gene expression (IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5, IGFBP-6) and DNA damage repair (IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-6). Last but not least, the IGF-1B isoform has been reported to be localized in the nuclear compartment. However, no specific molecular actions have been assigned to the nuclear pro-IGF-1B or its derivative EB peptide. Therefore, further studies are needed to shed light on their nuclear activity. These recently uncovered nuclear actions of different components of the IGF-1 axis are relevant in cancer cell biology and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Poreba
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Julia Durzynska
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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ZHU Z, TAN J, DENG H. [Nucleus translocation of membrane/cytoplasm proteins in tumor cells]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:318-325. [PMID: 31496165 PMCID: PMC8800772 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.06.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the physical basis of life and perform all kinds of life activities. Proteins have different orientations and function in different tissues. The same protein, located in different subcellular regions, can perform different and even opposite functions. Both functional and structural proteins are capable of undergoing re-localization which can directly or indirectly participate in signal transduction. Due to abnormal transduction of signals during carcinogenesis, the proteins originally expressed in the cytoplasm are translocated into the nucleus and lead to functional changes in the tumor tissue. The changes of protein localization are affected by many factors, including the interaction between proteins, expression level of proteins and the cleaved intracellular domain of transmembrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong DENG
- 邓红(1964-), 女, 博士, 副教授, 硕士生导师, 主要从事肿瘤分子病理学研究; E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-9144
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12
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Wu J, Sun H, Yang X, Sun X. Nur77 suppression facilitates androgen deprivation-induced cell invasion of prostate cancer cells mediated by TGF-β signaling. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 20:1302-1313. [PMID: 29594945 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a standard treatment for advanced prostate cancers. However, recent studies revealed that while inhibiting the growth of certain types of prostate cancer cells, ADT promotes invasion. In the current study, we explored the effects of Nur77, an orphan nuclear receptor, on prostate cancer cell invasion following ADT. METHODS Androgen receptor (AR) and Nur77 protein expression in patient tissues and cell lines were quantified via ELISA and western blot. The effects of AR-signaling on Nur77 expression were examined. The effects of Nur77 over-expression and knockdown on ADT-induced prostate cancer cell invasion were characterized. RESULTS The results showed that AR and Nur77 are both highly expressed in prostate cancers of patients. Nur77 is positively regulated by AR-signaling at transcriptional level in NCI-H660, a widely used prostate cancer cell line. AR antagonists, Casodex and MDV3100 treatment resulted in significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth but enhanced cancer cell invasion. Nur77 over-expression blocked invasion-promoting effect of ADT, which is consistent with the down-regulation of MMP9 and Snail protein expression. Further mechanistic investigations showed that Nur77 inhibited transcription of TGF-β target genes (Snail and MMP9), and thereby inhibits TGF-β-mediated prostate cancer cell invasion following androgen antagonism. In addition, our data suggested the nature of this inhibitory effect of Nur77 on TGF-β-signaling is selective, for Smad3-signaling, the classical effector of TGF-β-signaling, was not interrupted by Nur77 over-expression. CONCLUSION Considering the limited success of management of prostate cancer metastasis following ADT, our data strongly suggest that Nur77 regulation could be a promising direction for search of complementary therapeutic strategy on top of classic ADT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - H Sun
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Yang
- Institute of Business Analytics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, USA
| | - X Sun
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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Dornfeld D, Dudek AH, Vausselin T, Günther SC, Hultquist JF, Giese S, Khokhlova-Cubberley D, Chew YC, Pache L, Krogan NJ, Garcia-Sastre A, Schwemmle M, Shaw ML. SMARCA2-regulated host cell factors are required for MxA restriction of influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2092. [PMID: 29391557 PMCID: PMC5794779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human interferon (IFN)-induced MxA protein is a key antiviral host restriction factor exhibiting broad antiviral activity against many RNA viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (IAV) of the H5N1 and H7N7 subtype. To date the mechanism for how MxA exerts its antiviral activity is unclear, however, additional cellular factors are believed to be essential for this activity. To identify MxA cofactors we performed a genome-wide siRNA-based screen in human airway epithelial cells (A549) constitutively expressing MxA using an H5N1 reporter virus. These data were complemented with a proteomic screen to identify MxA-interacting proteins. The combined data identified SMARCA2, the ATPase subunit of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, as a crucial factor required for the antiviral activity of MxA against IAV. Intriguingly, our data demonstrate that although SMARCA2 is essential for expression of some IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and the establishment of an antiviral state, it is not required for expression of MxA, suggesting an indirect effect on MxA activity. Transcriptome analysis of SMARCA2-depleted A549-MxA cells identified a small set of SMARCA2-regulated factors required for activity of MxA, in particular IFITM2 and IGFBP3. These findings reveal that several virus-inducible factors work in concert to enable MxA restriction of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dornfeld
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra H Dudek
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thibaut Vausselin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sira C Günther
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Yap C Chew
- Zymo Research Corp, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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14
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Yin H, Zhang S, Sun Y, Li S, Ning Y, Dong Y, Shang Y, Bai C. MicroRNA-34/449 targets IGFBP-3 and attenuates airway remodeling by suppressing Nur77-mediated autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2998. [PMID: 28796252 PMCID: PMC5596548 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays critical roles in airway inflammation and fibrosis-mediated airway remodeling and many factors including proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation related pathways are involved in the process. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of epithelial microRNAs (miRNAs) in autophagy-mediated airway remodeling and to identify the factors involved and the underlying mechanisms. Serum miR-34/449, inflammatory factors, and autophagy and fibrosis-related proteins were determined by real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting in 46 subjects with asthma and 10 controls and in the lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B induced with IL-13 and treated with miRNA mimics. Luciferase assays were used to verify IGFBP-3 as a target of miR-34/449, and immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation were used in vitro and in vivo study. miR-34/449 were downregulated in patients with asthma in parallel with the upregulation of autophagy-related proteins. Proinflammatory factors and fibrosis-related proteins were significantly higher in asthma patients than in healthy controls. IL-13 induction promoted autophagy and upregulated miR-34/449 in BEAS-2B cells, and these effects were restored by IGFBP-3 silencing. miR-34/449 overexpression suppressed autophagy, decreased fibrosis, activated Akt, downregulated fibrosis-related factors, and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor κB by targeting IGFBP-3. In vivo experiments showed that miR-34/449 overexpression was associated with Nur77 nuclear translocation and IGFBP-3 downregulation in parallel with decreased airway remodeling by decreased autophagy. miR-34/449 are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in asthma. miR-34/449 may contribute to airway inflammation and fibrosis by modulating IGFBP-3 mediated autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Yin
- Department of Respiration, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yahong Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Haining People's Hospital, Zhejiang Haining 314400, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunye Ning
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuchao Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chong Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1866:23-36. [PMID: 27264242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptors are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and are so named because their endogenous physiological ligands are either unknown or may not exist. Because of their important regulatory roles in many key physiological processes, dysregulation of signalings controlled by these receptors is associated with many diseases including cancer. Over years, studies of orphan NRs have become an area of great interest because their specific physiological and pathological roles have not been well-defined, and some of them are promising drug targets for diseases. The recently identified synthetic small molecule ligands, acting as agonists or antagonists, to these orphan NRs not only help to understand better their functional roles but also highlight that the signalings mediated by these ligand-independent NRs in diseases could be therapeutically intervened. This review is a summary of the recent advances in elucidating the emerging functional roles of orphan NRs in cancers, especially prostate cancer. In particular, some orphan NRs, RORγ, TR2, TR4, COUP-IFII, ERRα, DAX1 and SHP, exhibit crosstalk or interference with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in either normal or malignant prostatic cells, highlighting their involvement in prostate cancer progression as androgen and AR signaling pathway play critical roles in this process. We also propose that a better understanding of the mechanism of actions of these orphan NRs in prostate gland or prostate cancer could help to evaluate their potential value as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alyson Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Agostini-Dreyer A, Jetzt AE, Stires H, Cohick WS. Endogenous IGFBP-3 Mediates Intrinsic Apoptosis Through Modulation of Nur77 Phosphorylation and Nuclear Export. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4141-51. [PMID: 26340041 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In nontransformed bovine mammary epithelial cells, the intrinsic apoptosis inducer anisomycin (ANS) induces IGFBP-3 expression and nuclear localization and knockdown of IGFBP-3 attenuates ANS-induced apoptosis. Others have shown in prostate cancer cells that exogenous IGFBP-3 induces apoptosis by facilitating nuclear export of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 and its binding partner, retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα). The goal of the present work was to determine whether endogenous IGFBP-3 plays a role in ANS-induced apoptosis by facilitating nuclear transport of Nur77 and/or RXRα in nontransformed cells. Knockdown of Nur77 with siRNA decreased ANS-induced cleavage of caspase-3 and -7 and their downstream target, PARP, indicating a role for Nur77 in ANS-induced apoptosis. In cells transfected with IGFBP-3, IGFBP-3 associated with RXRα but not Nur77 under basal conditions, however, IGFBP-3 co-precipitated with phosphorylated forms of both proteins in ANS-treated cells. Indirect immunofluorescence and cell fractionation techniques showed that ANS induced phosphorylation and transport of Nur77 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and these effects were attenuated by knockdown of IGFBP-3. These data suggest that endogenous IGFBP-3 plays a role in intrinsic apoptosis by facilitating phosphorylation and nuclear export of Nur77 to the cytoplasm where it exerts its apoptotic effect. Whether this mechanism involves a physical association between endogenous IGFBP-3 and Nur77 or RXRα remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Agostini-Dreyer
- Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences (A.A.-D., W.S.C.), Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers (A.E.J., W.S.C.), and Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (H.S., W.S.C.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520
| | - Amanda E Jetzt
- Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences (A.A.-D., W.S.C.), Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers (A.E.J., W.S.C.), and Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (H.S., W.S.C.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520
| | - Hillary Stires
- Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences (A.A.-D., W.S.C.), Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers (A.E.J., W.S.C.), and Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (H.S., W.S.C.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520
| | - Wendie S Cohick
- Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences (A.A.-D., W.S.C.), Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers (A.E.J., W.S.C.), and Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (H.S., W.S.C.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520
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17
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Baxter RC. Nuclear actions of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Gene 2015; 569:7-13. [PMID: 26074086 PMCID: PMC4496269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its actions outside the cell, cellular uptake and nuclear import of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has been recognized for almost two decades, but knowledge of its nuclear actions has been slow to emerge. IGFBP-3 has a functional nuclear localization signal and interacts with the nuclear transport protein importin-β. Within the nucleus IGFBP-3 appears to have a role in transcriptional regulation. It can bind to the nuclear receptor, retinoid X receptor-α and several of its dimerization partners, including retinoic acid receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). These interactions modulate the functions of these receptors, for example inhibiting VDR-dependent transcription in osteoblasts and PPARγ-dependent transcription in adipocytes. Nuclear IGFBP-3 can be detected by immunohistochemistry in cancer and other tissues, and its presence in the nucleus has been shown in many cell culture studies to be necessary for its pro-apoptotic effect, which may also involve interaction with the nuclear receptor Nur77, and export from the nucleus. IGFBP-3 is p53-inducible and in response to DNA damage, forms a complex with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), translocating to the nucleus to interact with DNA-dependent protein kinase. Inhibition of EGFR kinase activity or downregulation of IGFBP-3 can inhibit DNA double strand-break repair by nonhomologous end joining. IGFBP-3 thus has the ability to influence many cell functions through its interactions with intranuclear pathways, but the importance of these interactions in vivo, and their potential to be targeted for therapeutic benefit, require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Level 8, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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18
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Johnson MA, Firth SM. IGFBP-3: a cell fate pivot in cancer and disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:164-173. [PMID: 24953254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks in the advancement of cancer cells is an ability to overcome and acquire resistance to adverse conditions. There has been a large amount of cancer research on IGFBP-3 as a pro-apoptotic molecule in vitro. These pro-apoptotic properties, however, do not correlate with several studies linking high IGFBP-3 levels in breast cancer tissue to rapid growth and poor prognosis. Evidence is emerging that IGFBP-3 also exhibits pro-survival and growth-promoting properties in vitro. How IGFBP-3 pivots cell fate to either death or survival, it seems, comes down to a complex interplay between cells' microenvironments and the presence of cellular IGFBP-3 binding partners and growth factor receptors. The cytoprotective actions of IGFBP-3 are not restricted to cancer but are also observed in other disease states, such as retinopathy and brain ischaemia. Here we review the literature on this paradoxical nature of IGFBP-3, its pro-apoptotic and growth-inhibitory actions versus its cytoprotective and growth-potentiating properties, and discuss the implications of targeting IGFBP-3 for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Johnson
- Hormones and Cancer, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Sue M Firth
- Hormones and Cancer, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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19
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Jin Q, Lee HJ, Min HY, Smith JK, Hwang SJ, Whang YM, Kim WY, Kim YH, Lee HY. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 by Akt3. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2232-43. [PMID: 24942865 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and -independent antitumor activities of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) have been proposed in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, the mechanism underlying regulation of IGFBP-3 expression in NSCLC cells is not well understood. In this study, we show that activation of Akt, especially Akt3, plays a major role in the mRNA expression and protein stability of IGFBP-3 and thus antitumor activities of IGFBP-3 in NSCLC cells. When Akt was activated by genomic or pharmacologic approaches, IGFBP-3 transcription and protein stability were decreased. Conversely, suppression of Akt increased IGFBP-3 mRNA levels and protein stability in NSCLC cell lines. Characterization of the effects of constitutively active form of each Akt subtype (HA-Akt-DD) on IGFBP-3 expression in NSCLC cells and a xenograft model indicated that Akt3 plays a major role in the Akt-mediated regulation of IGFBP-3 expression and thus suppression of Akt effectively enhances the antitumor activities of IGFBP-3 in NSCLC cells with Akt3 overactivation. Collectively, these data suggest a novel function of Akt3 as a negative regulator of IGFBP-3, indicating the possible benefit of a combined inhibition of IGFBP-3 and Akt3 for the treatment of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Jin
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyungnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - John Kendal Smith
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Su Jung Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyungnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Whang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-745, Republic of Korea and
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea,
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20
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Abstract
The six members of the family of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) were originally characterized as passive reservoirs of circulating IGFs, but they are now understood to have many actions beyond their endocrine role in IGF transport. IGFBPs also function in the pericellular and intracellular compartments to regulate cell growth and survival - they interact with many proteins, in addition to their canonical ligands IGF-I and IGF-II. Intranuclear roles of IGFBPs in transcriptional regulation, induction of apoptosis and DNA damage repair point to their intimate involvement in tumour development, progression and resistance to treatment. Tissue or circulating IGFBPs might also be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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21
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Niu G, Lu L, Gan J, Zhang D, Liu J, Huang G. Dual roles of orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77/NGFI-B in mediating cell survival and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:219-58. [PMID: 25376494 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a transcriptional factor, Nur77 has sparked interests across different research fields in recent years. A number of studies have demonstrated the functional complexity of Nur77 in mediating survival/apoptosis in a variety of cells, including tumor cells. Conflicting observations also exist in clinical reports, in that TR3 behaves like an oncogene in tumors of the GI tract, lung, and breast, that is negatively associated with tumor stage and patient prognosis; while functions as a tumor suppressor gene in malignancies of the hematological and lymphatic system, skin, and ovary whose malfunction results in carcinogenesis. This chapter summarizes the apparent opposing effects of Nur77 on cells and explicates the mechanisms that determine the functional preference of Nur77. We conclude that in addition to cell type and agent context, other factors such as cellular localization, signaling pathway, and posttranslational modification also determine the final effects of Nur77 on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengming Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Main Library, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Baxter RC. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3): Novel ligands mediate unexpected functions. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:179-89. [PMID: 23700234 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its important role in the regulation of somatic growth by acting as the major circulating transport protein for the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has a variety of intracellular ligands that point to its function within major signaling pathways. The discovery of its interaction with the retinoid X receptor has led to the elucidation of roles in regulating the function of several nuclear hormone receptors including retinoic acid receptor-α, Nur77 and vitamin D receptor. Its interaction with the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is believed to be involved in regulating adipocyte differentiation, which is also modulated by IGFBP-3 through an interaction with TGFβ/Smad signaling. IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis alone or in conjunction with other agents, and in different systems can activate caspases -8 and -9. At least two unrelated proteins (LRP1 and TMEM219) have been designated as receptors for IGFBP-3, the latter with a demonstrated role in inducing caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, IGFBP-3 also has demonstrated roles in survival-related functions, including the repair of DNA double-strand breaks through interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor and DNA-dependent protein kinase, and the induction of autophagy through interaction with GRP78. The ability of IGFBP-3 to modulate the balance between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival sphingolipids by regulating sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingomyelinases may be integral to its role at the crossroads between cell death and survival in response to a variety of stimuli. The pleiotropic nature of IGFBP-3 activity supports the idea that IGFBP-3 itself, or pathways with which it interacts, should be investigated as targets of therapy for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Level 8, Kolling Building, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia,
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23
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Abstract
Although the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is essential for normal growth and development, its dysregulation has been implicated in a range of pathological states. The peptide growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II exert their effects by binding to cell-surface heterotetrameric tyrosine kinase receptors and activating multiple intracellular signalling cascades, leading to changes in the expression of proteins essential for cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. The IGF system comprises multiple ligands, receptors and high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), with added complexity arising from crosstalk between its receptors and other key growth-regulatory pathways such as those activated by steroid hormones, integrins and other receptor tyrosine kinases. The IGFBPs are also increasingly recognised for their intrinsic growth-regulatory activity, and the ability of IGFBP-3 to modulate signalling pathways of nuclear hormone and growth factor receptors, as well as novel receptors, is believed to play a role both in normal physiology and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Martin
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
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24
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Mehta HH, Gao Q, Galet C, Paharkova V, Wan J, Said J, Sohn JJ, Lawson G, Cohen P, Cobb LJ, Lee KW. IGFBP-3 is a metastasis suppression gene in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5154-63. [PMID: 21697285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor binding protein IGFBP-3 is a proapoptotic and antiangiogenic protein in prostate cancer (CaP). Epidemiologic studies suggest that low IGFBP-3 is associated with greater risk of aggressive, metastatic prostate cancers, but in vivo functional data are lacking. Here we show that mice that are genetically deficient in IGFBP-3 exhibit weaker growth of primary prostate tumors but higher incidence of metastatic disease. Prostates in IGFBP-3 knockout mice (IGFBP-3KO mice) failed to undergo apoptosis after castration. Spontaneous prostate tumors did not develop in IGFBP-3KO mice, but splenic lymphomas occurred in 23% of female IGFBP-3KO mice by 80 weeks of age. To assess the effects of IGFBP-3 deficiency on prostate cancer development, we crossed IGFBP-3KO mice with a c-Myc-driven model of CaP that develops slow-growing, nonmetastatic tumors. By 24 weeks of age, well-differentiated prostate cancers were observed in all mice regardless of IGFBP-3 status. However, by 80 weeks of age IGFBP-3KO mice tended to exhibit larger prostate tumors than control mice. More strikingly, lung metastases were observed at this time in 55% of the IGFBP-3KO mice but none in the control animals. Cell lines established from IGFBP-3KO:Myc tumors displayed more aggressive phenotypes in proliferation, invasion, and colony formation assays, relative to control Myc tumor cell lines. In addition, Myc:IGFBP-3KO cells exhibited evidence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our findings established a function for IGFBP-3 in suppressing metastasis in prostate cancer, and they also offered the first reported transgenic model of spontaneous metastatic prostate cancer for studies of this advanced stage of disease.
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25
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Paharkova-Vatchkova V, Lee KW. Nuclear export and mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum localization of IGF-binding protein 3 regulate its apoptotic properties. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:293-302. [PMID: 20228135 PMCID: PMC3174094 DOI: 10.1677/erc-09-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppression by IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) may occur in an IGF-independent manner, in addition to its role as a regulator of IGF bioavailability. After secretion, IGFBP3 is internalized, rapidly localized to the nucleus, and is later detected in the cytoplasm. We identified a putative nuclear export sequence (NES) in IGFBP3 between amino acids 217 and 228, analogous to the leucine-rich NES sequence of p53 and HIV Rev. Mutation of the NES prevents nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of IGFBP3 and blocks its ability to induce apoptosis. Targeting of IGFBP3 to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was confirmed by co-localization with organelle markers using fluorescence confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation. Mitochondrial targeting was also demonstrated in vivo in IGFBP3-treated prostate cancer xenografts. These results show that IGFBP3 shuttles from the nucleus to the mitochondria and ER, and that nuclear export is essential for its effects on prostate cancer apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Paharkova-Vatchkova
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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26
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Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P. Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:55-62. [PMID: 19853487 PMCID: PMC2815223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The IGF axis is critical for the regulation of apoptosis in many human cancer cell lines. Recently, potent anti-tumorigenic effects of pomegranate juice and extracts have been reported. Consequently, pomegranate has potential not only as a treatment but also as a preventative measure against certain types of cancer, including prostate. In this study, we investigated the relationship between pomegranate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and the IGF/IGFBP system. Treatment of LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with 10microg/ml POMx, a highly potent pomegranate extract prepared from skin and arils minus seeds and standardized to ellagitannin content (37% punicalagins by HPLC), resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, co-treatment with POMx and IGFBP-3 revealed synergistic stimulation of apoptosis and additive inhibition of cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with POMx or POMx/IGFBP-3 combination resulted in increased JNK phosphorylation, and decreased Akt and mTOR activation, consistent with a growth inhibitory, pro-apoptotic function. We also investigated the relationship between IGF-1 and pomegranate-induced apoptosis in 22RV1 prostate cancer cells. Co-treatment with 100ng/ml IGF-1 completely blocked apoptosis induction by POMx. In contrast, IGF-I failed to inhibit POMx-induced apoptosis in R(-) cells, suggesting the importance of IGF-IR. POMx-treatment decreased Igf1 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner indicating that its actions also involve tumor-specific suppression of IGF-1. These studies revealed novel interactions between the IGF system and pomegranate-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Koyama
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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27
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Jia Y, Lee KW, Swerdloff R, Hwang D, Cobb LJ, Sinha Hikim A, Lue YH, Cohen P, Wang C. Interaction of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and BAX in mitochondria promotes male germ cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1726-32. [PMID: 19887447 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.046847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell apoptosis is crucial for spermatogenesis and can be triggered by various stimuli, including intratesticular hormone deprivation. This study proposes a role for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in male germ cell apoptosis. Groups of adult Sprague-Dawley male rats received one of the following treatments for 5 days: (i) daily intratesticular (IT) injections with saline (control); (ii) a single subcutaneous injection of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-A), acyline, on day 1 and a daily IT injection of saline; (iii) daily IT injection of IGFBP-3; and (iv) a GnRH-A injection on day 1 and a daily IT injection of IGFBP-3. Germ cell apoptosis increased significantly after IGFBP-3 or GnRH-A treatment which was further enhanced by the combined treatment. After co-immunoprecipitation with BAX antibody, IGFBP-3 association with BAX was demonstrated in total and mitochondrial fractions but not in the cytosol of testis extracts. BAX-associated IGFBP-3 expression was increased in mitochondria after treatment compared with control, which was confirmed by an IGFBP-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dot blot studies further validated the BAX-IGFBP-3 binding in vitro. IGFBP-3 as well as BAX induced release of cytochrome c and DIABLO from isolated testicular mitochondria in vitro. IGFBP-3, when combined with an ineffective dose of BAX, triggered release of these proteins from isolated mitochondria at a 4-fold lower dose than IGFBP-3 alone. Our data demonstrate that the IGFBP-3 and BAX interaction activates germ cell apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. This represents a novel pathway regulating germ call homeostasis that may have significance for male fertility and testicular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509-2910, USA
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28
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Jogie-Brahim S, Feldman D, Oh Y. Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 actions in human disease. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:417-37. [PMID: 19477944 PMCID: PMC2819737 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The IGF system plays critical roles in somatic growth in an endocrine fashion (somatomedin hypothesis) as well as proliferation and differentiation of normal and malignant cells in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. IGFBP-3 is known to modulate the actions of IGFs in circulation as well as the immediate extracellular environment. Interestingly, apart from the ability to inhibit or enhance IGF actions, IGFBP-3 also exhibits very clear, distinct biological effects independent of the IGF/IGF-I receptor axis. Over the past decade it has become widely appreciated that IGF/IGF-IR-independent actions of IGFBP-3 (antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects) contribute to improving the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and malnutrition. Recent studies have implicated interaction of IGFBP-3 with a variety of proteins or signaling cascades critical to cell cycle control and apoptosis; however, the actual mechanism of IGFBP-3 action is still unclear. This review reinforces the concept in support of the IGF/IGF-IR axis-independent actions of IGFBP-3 and delineates potential underlying mechanisms involved and subsequent biological significance, focusing in particular on functional binding partners and the clinical significance of IGFBP-3 in the assessment of cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherryline Jogie-Brahim
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0662, USA
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29
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Lee SO, Chintharlapalli S, Liu S, Papineni S, Cho SD, Yoon K, Safe S. p21 expression is induced by activation of nuclear nerve growth factor-induced Balpha (Nur77) in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1169-78. [PMID: 19584258 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-anisyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOCH3) activates the orphan receptor nerve growth factor-induced Balpha (Nur77) in cancer cells, and in this study, DIM-C-pPhOCH3 decreased Panc1 pancreatic cancer cell survival and arrested cells in G0-G1. These responses were accompanied by induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistic studies showed that induction of p21 mRNA and protein by DIM-C-pPhOCH3 was Nur77 dependent but did not depend on Krüppel-like factor 4, which was also induced by DIM-C-pPhOCH3. Activation of p21 promoter constructs by DIM-C-pPhOCH3 required the GC-rich proximal region of the promoter, and results of RNA interference studies showed that Nur77-dependent activation of the p21 promoter involved interactions with Sp1 and Sp4 but not Sp3. Interactions of Nur77 with the p21 promoter in Panc1 cells treated with DIM-C-pPhOCH3 were also confirmed in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These data show that activation of nuclear Nur77 results in a novel pathway for induction of p21, which is independent of Nur77 response elements but dependent on Sp proteins bound to the GC-rich proximal region of the p21 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syng-Ook Lee
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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Leibowitz BJ, Cohick WS. Endogenous IGFBP-3 is required for both growth factor-stimulated cell proliferation and cytokine-induced apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:182-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Cobb LJ, Mehta H, Cohen P. Enhancing the apoptotic potential of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in prostate cancer by modulation of CK2 phosphorylation. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1624-33. [PMID: 19556345 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) promotes apoptosis by both IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have previously reported that phosphorylation of IGFBP-3 (S156) by DNA-dependent protein kinase enhances its nuclear accumulation and is essential for its ability to interact with retinoid X receptor-alpha and induce apoptosis in cultured prostate cancer cells. Using specific chemical inhibitors and small interfering RNA, we demonstrate that preventing casein kinase 2 (CK2) activation enhanced the apoptotic potential of IGFBP-3. We mapped potential CK2 phosphosphorylation sites in IGFBP-3 to S167 and S175 and identified that wild-type IGFBP-3- and IGFBP-3-S175A-induced apoptosis to a comparable extent. In contrast, IGFBP-3-S167A was far more potently apoptosis inducing due to inability to undergo CK2 phosphorylation. Pretreatment of 22RV1 cells with IGFBP-3 small interfering RNA also limits the ability of high doses of CK2 inhibitor to induce apoptosis. These effects can be reversed by the addition of exogenous IGFBP-3 protein, suggesting reciprocal regulation of cell survival and apoptosis by IGFBP-3 and CK2. These studies reveal multisite phosphorylation of IGFBP-3 that both positively and negatively regulate its apoptotic potential. Understanding such intrinsic regulation of IGFBP-3 action may enhance the development of potential cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Cobb
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mattel Children's Hospital at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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32
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Chan SSY, Schedlich LJ, Twigg SM, Baxter RC. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E654-63. [PMID: 19141684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90846.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) interacts with the type II nuclear receptors retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha and retinoic acid receptor-alpha and modulates their transcriptional activity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma, a related nuclear receptor that dimerizes with RXRalpha, plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation. IGFBP-3 is regulated during adipocyte differentiation, but its role in this process is unknown. We demonstrate that IGFBP-3 interferes with the PPARgamma-dependent processes of adipocyte differentiation and maintenance of the gene expression characteristic of mature adipocytes. Treatment of adipocytes with exogenous IGFBP-3, but not an IGFBP-3 mutant that does not bind RXRalpha or PPARgamma, decreased markers of adipocyte differentiation, PPARgamma, and resistin but increased the preadipocyte marker plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Furthermore, expression of human IGFBP-3, but not the IGFBP-3 mutant, by preadipocytes inhibited preadipocyte differentiation as determined by gene markers and lipid accumulation. IGFBP-3 interacted with PPARgamma in vitro and in 3T3-L1 adipocyte lysates and inhibited PPARgamma heterodimerization with RXRalpha in vitro. Wild-type IGFBP-3, but not mutant IGFBP-3, blocked ligand-induced transactivation of PPAR response element in 3T3-L1 cells. The observation that IGFBP-3 inhibits adipocyte differentiation and impacts on the PPARgamma system suggests a role for IGFBP-3 in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Y Chan
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Discipline of Medicine, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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33
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Yamada PM, Lee KW. Perspectives in mammalian IGFBP-3 biology: local vs. systemic action. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C954-76. [PMID: 19279229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00598.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has traditionally been defined by its role as a binding protein and its association with IGF delivery and availability. Development of non-IGF binding IGFBP-3 analogs and the use of cell lines devoid of type 1 IGF receptors (IGF-R) have led to critical advances in the field of IGFBP-3 biology. These studies show that IGFBP-3 has IGF-independent roles in inhibiting cell proliferation in cancer cell lines. Nuclear transcription factor, retinoid X receptor (RXR)-alpha, and IGFBP-3 functionally interact to reduce prostate tumor growth and prostate-specific antigen in vivo. Moreover, IGFBP-3 inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipocytes independent of IGF. The purpose of this review is to highlight IGFBP-3 as a novel effector molecule and not just another "binding protein" by discussing its IGF-independent actions on metabolism and cell growth. Although this review presents studies that assume the role of IGFBP-3 as either an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine molecule, these systems may not exist as distinct entities, justifying the examination of IGFBP-3 in an integrated model. Also, we provide an overview of factors that regulate IGFBP-3 availability, including its production, methylation, and ubiquitination. We conclude with the role of IGFBP-3 in whole body systems and possible future applications of IGFBP-3 in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette M Yamada
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
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34
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Sun T, Hunziker EB, Morales TI. Subcellular distribution of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) 2 and 3 in articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1421-7. [PMID: 18418889 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a major anabolic regulator in articular cartilage. The IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are increased during osteoarthritis (OA), but the function of the later proteins remains unknown. In general, the IGFBPs are pluripotential effectors capable of IGF regulation and of acting on their own to control key cell functions, including survival and proliferation. The independent functions are often associated with their cell location, and therefore this study explores the distribution of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 in articular chondrocytes. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize IGFBP-2 in normal human articular cartilage. Bovine chondrocytes were used for subcellular fractionation (hypotonic cell lysis) under nonreducing conditions and nuclear purification (centrifugation on sucrose cushions). Cell fraction markers and IGFBPs were assayed in the subcellular fractions by Western immunoblot. The IHC results showed association of IGFBP-2 with chondrocytes, but not with the nuclei. Subcellular fractionation of isolated chondrocytes yielded intact nuclei as assessed at the light microscopic level; the nuclear marker histone H1 was exclusively associated with this fraction. More than 90% of the cytoplasmic marker GAPDH and all the detectable IGFBP-2 were in the cytoplasmic fraction. Immunoreactive IGFBP-3 was found in the cytoplasmic and peri-nuclear/nuclear fractions. Chondrocytes contain intracellular IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 but only IGFBP-3 is associated with nuclei. This suggests the hypothesis that the actions of these IGFBPs in articular cartilage extend beyond the classic modulation of IGF receptor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiezheng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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35
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Chen HZ, Zhao BX, Zhao WX, Li L, Zhang B, Wu Q. Akt phosphorylates the TR3 orphan receptor and blocks its targeting to the mitochondria. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:2078-88. [PMID: 18713840 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acutely transforming retrovirus AKT8 in rodent T cell lymphoma (Akt) phosphorylates and regulates the function of many cellular proteins involved in processes such as metabolism, apoptosis and proliferation. However, the precise mechanisms by which Akt promotes cell survival and inhibits apoptosis have been characterized in part only. TR3, an orphan receptor, functions as a transcription factor that can both positively or negatively regulate gene expression. We have reported previously that the translocation of TR3 from the nucleus to the mitochondria can elicit a proapoptotic effect in gastric cancer cells. In our present study, we demonstrate that Akt phosphorylates cytoplasmic TR3 through its physical interaction with the N-terminus of TR3. When coexpressed with Akt, TR3 mitochondrial targeting was blocked and this protein adopted a diffuse expression pattern in the cytoplasm. Moreover, Akt displayed an ability to disrupt the interaction of TR3 with Bcl-2, which is thought to be a critical requirement for mitochondrial TR3 to elicit apoptosis. Consistently, insulin was also found to induce the phosphorylation of TR3 and abolish 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced mitochondrial localization, which was dependent upon the activation of the phophatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, our current data demonstrate a unique role for Akt in inhibiting TR3 functions that are not related to transcriptional activity but that correlate with the regulation of its mitochondrial association. This may represent a novel signal pathway by which Akt exerts its antiapoptotic effects in gastric cancer cells, i.e. by regulating the phosphorylation and redistribution of orphan receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Zi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China
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36
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Zappala G, Elbi C, Edwards J, Gorenstein J, Rechler MM, Bhattacharyya N. Induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 does not require binding to retinoid X receptor-alpha. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1802-12. [PMID: 18162523 PMCID: PMC2276719 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells directly without sequestering IGF-I and -II. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the IGF-independent actions of IGFBP-3 remain unclear. IGFBP-3, a secreted protein, can be internalized and translocate to the nucleus. It binds to the nuclear retinoid X receptor (RXR)-alpha. Binding to RXR-alpha has been proposed to be required for IGFBP-3 to induce apoptosis. The present study tests this hypothesis in the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. PC-3 cells express RXR-alpha, and apoptosis is induced by incubation with RXR-specific ligand. A COOH-terminal region in IGFBP-3 (residues 215-232) contains a nuclear localization signal, and binding domains for RXR-alpha and heparin (HBD). Different combinations of the 11 amino acids in this region that differ from IGFBP-1, a related IGFBP, which does not localize to the nucleus or bind RXR-alpha, were mutated to the IGFBP-1 sequence. By confocal imaging, mutation of residues 228-KGRKR-232 in nonsecreted IGFBP-3 diminished its nuclear localization. IGFBP-3 binding to glutathione S-transferase-RXR-alpha only was lost when all 11 sites were mutated (HBD-11m-IGFBP-3). Expressed nuclear RXR-alpha did not transport cytoplasmic IGFBP-3 nuclear localization signal mutants that can bind RXR-alpha to the nucleus even after treatment with RXR ligand. Expressed HBD-11m-IGFBP-3 still induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells in an IGF-independent manner as determined by flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V staining. We conclude that in PC-3 cells, RXR-alpha is not required for the nuclear translocation of IGFBP-3 and that IGFBP-3 can induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells without binding RXR-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Zappala
- Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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