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Sobhi Amjad Z, Shojaeian A, Sadri Nahand J, Bayat M, Taghizadieh M, Rostamian M, Babaei F, Moghoofei M. Oncoviruses: Induction of cancer development and metastasis by increasing anoikis resistance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22598. [PMID: 38144298 PMCID: PMC10746446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of cell death is a vital aspect in the regulation of aberrant cells such as cancer cells. Anoikis is a kind of cell death that occurs when cells get separated from the extracellular matrix. Some cancer cells can inhibit anoikis in order to progress metastasis. One of the key variables that might be implicated in anoikis resistance (AR) is viral infections. The most important viruses involved in this process are Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, human herpes virus 8, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and hepatitis C virus. A better understanding of how carcinogenic viruses suppress anoikis might be helpful in developing an effective treatment for virus-associated cancers. In the current study, we review the role of the mentioned viruses and their gene products in anoikis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sobhi Amjad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mobina Bayat
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Hughes CJ, Fields KM, Danis EP, Hsu JY, Neelakantan D, Vincent MY, Gustafson AL, Oliphant MJ, Sreekanth V, Zaberezhnyy V, Costello JC, Jedlicka P, Ford HL. SIX1 and EWS/FLI1 co-regulate an anti-metastatic gene network in Ewing Sarcoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4357. [PMID: 37468459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES), which is characterized by the presence of oncogenic fusion proteins such as EWS/FLI1, is an aggressive pediatric malignancy with a high rate of early dissemination and poor outcome after distant spread. Here we demonstrate that the SIX1 homeoprotein, which enhances metastasis in most tumor types, suppresses ES metastasis by co-regulating EWS/FLI1 target genes. Like EWS/FLI1, SIX1 promotes cell growth/transformation, yet dramatically inhibits migration and invasion, as well as metastasis in vivo. We show that EWS/FLI1 promotes SIX1 protein expression, and that the two proteins share genome-wide binding profiles and transcriptional regulatory targets, including many metastasis-associated genes such as integrins, which they co-regulate. We further show that SIX1 downregulation of integrins is critical to its ability to inhibit invasion, a key characteristic of metastatic cells. These data demonstrate an unexpected anti-metastatic function for SIX1, through coordinate gene regulation with the key oncoprotein in ES, EWS/FLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Pharmacology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kaiah M Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Etienne P Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Deepika Neelakantan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Melanie Y Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Vigeo Therapeutics, 85 Bolton St, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Annika L Gustafson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael J Oliphant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Integrative Physiology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Varsha Sreekanth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vadym Zaberezhnyy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Pharmacology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Pharmacology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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3
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Zhu S, Li W, Zhang H, Yan Y, Mei Q, Wu K. Retinal determination gene networks: from biological functions to therapeutic strategies. Biomark Res 2023; 11:18. [PMID: 36750914 PMCID: PMC9906957 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal determinant gene network (RDGN), originally discovered as a critical determinator in Drosophila eye specification, has become an important regulatory network in tumorigenesis and progression, as well as organogenesis. This network is not only associated with malignant biological behaviors of tumors, such as proliferation, and invasion, but also regulates the development of multiple mammalian organs. Three members of this conservative network have been extensively investigated, including DACH, SIX, and EYA. Dysregulated RDGN signaling is associated with the initiation and progression of tumors. In recent years, it has been found that the members of this network can be used as prognostic markers for cancer patients. Moreover, they are considered to be potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Here, we summarize the research progress of RDGN members from biological functions to signaling transduction, especially emphasizing their effects on tumors. Additionally, we discuss the roles of RDGN members in the development of organs and tissue as well as their correlations with the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and coronary heart disease. By summarizing the roles of RDGN members in human diseases, we hope to promote future investigations into RDGN and provide potential therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Zhu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Wanling Li
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.470966.aCancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yuheng Yan
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. .,Cancer Center, Tongji hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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4
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Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and its transcription factors. Biosci Rep 2021; 42:230017. [PMID: 34708244 PMCID: PMC8703024 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition or EMT is an extremely dynamic process involved in conversion of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, stimulated by an ensemble of signaling pathways, leading to change in cellular morphology, suppression of epithelial characters and acquisition of properties such as enhanced cell motility and invasiveness, reduced cell death by apoptosis, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs etc. Significantly, EMT has been found to play a crucial role during embryonic development, tissue fibrosis and would healing, as well as during cancer metastasis. Over the years, work from various laboratories have identified a rather large number of transcription factors (TFs) including the master regulators of EMT, with the ability to regulate the EMT process directly. In this review, we put together these EMT TFs and discussed their role in the process. We have also tried to focus on their mechanism of action, their interdependency, and the large regulatory network they form. Subsequently, it has become clear that the composition and structure of the transcriptional regulatory network behind EMT probably varies based upon various physiological and pathological contexts, or even in a cell/tissue type-dependent manner.
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Abboodi F, Buckhaults P, Altomare D, Liu C, Hosseinipour M, Banister CE, Creek KE, Pirisi L. HPV-inactive cell populations arise from HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes after p53 knockout. Virology 2020; 554:9-16. [PMID: 33321328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HPV-inactive head and neck and cervical cancers contain HPV DNA but do not express HPV E6/E7. HPV-positive primary head and neck tumors usually express E6/E7, however they may produce HPV-inactive metastases. These observations led to our hypothesis that HPV-inactive cancers begin as HPV-active lesions, losing dependence on E6/E7 expression during progression. Because HPV-inactive cervical cancers often have mutated p53, we investigated whether p53 loss may play a role in the genesis of HPV-inactive cancers. p53 knockout (p53-KO) by CRISPR-Cas9 resulted in a 5-fold reduction of E7 mRNA in differentiation-resistant HPV16 immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/DR). E7 expression was restored by 5-Aza-2 deoxycytidine in p53 KO lines, suggesting a role of DNA methylation in this process. In-situ hybridization showed that p53 KO lines consist of mixed populations of E6/E7-positive and negative cells. Hence, loss of p53 predisposes HPV16 transformed cells to losing dependence on the continuous expression of HPV oncogenes for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Abboodi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Mosul Medical College, University of Mosul, Iraq.
| | - Phillip Buckhaults
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Changlong Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Hosseinipour
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn E Banister
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, USA.
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6
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Chen M, Wang H, Liang Y, Hu M, Li L. Establishment of multifactor predictive models for the occurrence and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:926. [PMID: 32993576 PMCID: PMC7523359 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To study the risk factors involved in the occurrence and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to establish predictive models. Methods Genemania was used to build a gene network. Then, the core gene-related pathways associated with the occurrence and progression of CIN were screened in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments were performed to verify the differential expression of the identified genes in different tissues. R language was used for predictive model establishment. Results A total of 10 genes were investigated in this study. A total of 30 cases of cervical squamous cell cancer (SCC), 52 cases of CIN and 38 cases of normal cervix were enrolled. Compared to CIN cases, the age of patients in the SCC group was older, the number of parities was greater, and the percentage of patients diagnosed with CINII+ by TCT was higher. The expression of TGFBR2, CSKN1A1, PRKCI and CTBP2 was significantly higher in the SCC groups. Compared to patients with normal cervix tissue, the percentage of patients who were HPV positive and were diagnosed with CINII+ by TCT was significantly higher. FOXO1 expression was significantly higher in CIN tissue, but TGFBR2 and CTBP2 expression was significantly lower in CIN tissue. The significantly different genes and clinical factors were included in the models. Conclusions Combination of clinical and significant genes to establish the random forest models can provide references to predict the occurrence and progression of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Chen
- Guangxi Medical University affiliated Cancer Hospital, NO.71 Hedi Road Qingxiu Square, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - He Wang
- Guangxi Medical University affiliated Cancer Hospital, NO.71 Hedi Road Qingxiu Square, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yuejuan Liang
- Guangxi Medical University affiliated Cancer Hospital, NO.71 Hedi Road Qingxiu Square, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Mingmiao Hu
- Guangxi Medical University affiliated Cancer Hospital, NO.71 Hedi Road Qingxiu Square, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Guangxi Medical University affiliated Cancer Hospital, NO.71 Hedi Road Qingxiu Square, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China.
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7
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Zhou H, Blevins MA, Hsu JY, Kong D, Galbraith MD, Goodspeed A, Culp-Hill R, Oliphant MUJ, Ramirez D, Zhang L, Trinidad-Pineiro J, Mathews Griner L, King R, Barnaeva E, Hu X, Southall NT, Ferrer M, Gustafson DL, Regan DP, D'Alessandro A, Costello JC, Patnaik S, Marugan J, Zhao R, Ford HL. Identification of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor That Disrupts the SIX1/EYA2 Complex, EMT, and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2689-2702. [PMID: 32341035 PMCID: PMC7510951 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality for patients with cancer, and dysregulation of developmental signaling pathways can significantly contribute to the metastatic process. The Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1)/eyes absent (EYA) transcriptional complex plays a critical role in the development of multiple organs and is typically downregulated after development is complete. In breast cancer, aberrant expression of SIX1 has been demonstrated to stimulate metastasis through activation of TGFβ signaling and subsequent induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, SIX1 can induce metastasis via non-cell autonomous means, including activation of GLI-signaling in neighboring tumor cells and activation of VEGFC-induced lymphangiogenesis. Thus, targeting SIX1 would be expected to inhibit metastasis while conferring limited side effects. However, transcription factors are notoriously difficult to target, and thus novel approaches to inhibit their action must be taken. Here we identified a novel small molecule compound, NCGC00378430 (abbreviated as 8430), that reduces the SIX1/EYA2 interaction. 8430 partially reversed transcriptional and metabolic profiles mediated by SIX1 overexpression and reversed SIX1-induced TGFβ signaling and EMT. 8430 was well tolerated when delivered to mice and significantly suppressed breast cancer-associated metastasis in vivo without significantly altering primary tumor growth. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that pharmacologic inhibition of the SIX1/EYA2 complex and associated phenotypes is sufficient to suppress breast cancer metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify and characterize a novel inhibitor of the SIX1/EYA2 complex that reverses EMT phenotypes suppressing breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie A Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deguang Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael U J Oliphant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dominique Ramirez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennyvette Trinidad-Pineiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lesley Mathews Griner
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rebecca King
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Elena Barnaeva
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xin Hu
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Noel T Southall
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel P Regan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Juan Marugan
- Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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8
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Liu X, Xie S, Zhang J, Kang Y. Long Noncoding RNA XIST Contributes to Cervical Cancer Development Through Targeting miR-889-3p/SIX1 Axis. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 35:640-649. [PMID: 32191528 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. Long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs were identified as important regulators in many physiological processes. The objective of this study was to illuminate the mechanism of X-inactive-specific transcript (XIST)/miR-889-3p/Sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) axis in CC. Methods: The expression levels of XIST, miR-889-3p, and SIX1 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting Kit 8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated by transwell assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry assay. Murine model was established using transfected Me180 cell. The interaction among XIST, miR-889-3p, and SIX1 was tested by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Protein level of SIX1 was measured by Western blot. Results: XIST was highly expressed in CC tissues and cells. Silenced XIST inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis. Moreover, XIST silencing blocked tumor growth in vivo. XIST directly bound to miR-889-3p, and XIST promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion and hindered apoptosis by suppressing miR-889-3p expression. MiR-889-3p targeted SIX1 and negatively regulated SIX1 expression. Furthermore, miR-889-3p had a low expression and SIX1 had a high expression in CC tissues and cells. XIST knockdown reduced SIX1 level by targeting miR-889-3p. In addition, miR-889-3p inhibition abolished the effects of SIX silencing on proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Conclusion: XIST knockdown restrained cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis by regulating miR-889-3p/SIX1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
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Human Papillomavirus 16 E5 Inhibits Interferon Signaling and Supports Episomal Viral Maintenance. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01582-19. [PMID: 31666385 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01582-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect keratinocytes of stratified epithelia. Long-term persistence of infection is a critical risk factor for the development of HPV-induced malignancies. Through the actions of its oncogenes, HPV evades host immune responses to facilitate its productive life cycle. In this work, we discovered a previously unknown function of the HPV16 E5 oncoprotein in the suppression of interferon (IFN) responses. This suppression is focused on keratinocyte-specific IFN-κ and is mediated through E5-induced changes in growth factor signaling pathways, as identified through phosphoproteomics analysis. The loss of E5 in keratinocytes maintaining the complete HPV16 genome results in the derepression of IFNK transcription and subsequent JAK/STAT-dependent upregulation of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) at both the mRNA and protein levels. We also established a link between the loss of E5 and the subsequent loss of genome maintenance and stability, resulting in increased genome integration.IMPORTANCE Persistent human papillomavirus infections can cause a variety of significant cancers. The ability of HPV to persist depends on evasion of the host immune system. In this study, we show that the HPV16 E5 protein can suppress an important aspect of the host immune response. In addition, we find that the E5 protein is important for helping the virus avoid integration into the host genome, which is a frequent step along the pathway to cancer development.
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10
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Kong D, Li A, Liu Y, Cui Q, Wang K, Zhang D, Tang J, Du Y, Liu Z, Wu G, Wu K. SIX1 Activates STAT3 Signaling to Promote the Proliferation of Thyroid Carcinoma via EYA1. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1450. [PMID: 31921695 PMCID: PMC6933607 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a critical member of the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN), SIX1 has been regarded as a tumor promoter in various types of cancer. However, its role in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has never been investigated. In this study, thyroid carcinoma tissue microarray staining was employed to identify the expression patterns of SIX1 and its co-activator EYA1. Papillary thyroid cancer cell lines, BCPAP, and TPC-1 cells were used to investigate the potential mechanism of SIX1 in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry analysis, MTT assay, the growth curve assay, colony formation assay, EdU incorporation and xenograft assay were performed to demonstrate the role of SIX1 in the malignant change of PTC cells. Western blot and Real-time PCR were used to detect the interaction among the SIX1, EYA1, and STAT3 signaling. In comparison with normal tissue, high expressions of SIX1 and EYA1 were associated with a malignant tumor. Importantly, SIX1 strongly correlated with EYA1 in thyroid carcinoma tissue microarray. Functional assays indicated SIX1 increased EYA1 expression by stabilizing EYA1 at the post-transcriptional level. Besides, SIX1 promoted the proliferation and invasion of thyroid carcinoma via activation of STAT3 signaling and its downstream targets in an EYA1-dependent manner. SIX1 can integrate with EYA1 to contribute to PTC development via activation of the classical STAT3 signaling. These data suggested targeting the abnormal activation of the SIX1/EYA1 complex may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for advanced PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuxia Cui
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianing Tang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaying Du
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhisu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Hosseinipour M, Wan F, Altomare D, Creek KE, Pirisi L. HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes depend on SIX1 expression for proliferation and HPV E6/E7 gene expression. Virology 2019; 537:20-30. [PMID: 31425971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor SIX1 plays a critical role in embryogenesis, is not expressed in normal adult tissue, but is expressed in many malignancies, including cervical cancer. SIX1 drives the progression of HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward malignancy: HKc/HPV16 express high levels of SIX1 mRNA and protein; overexpression of SIX1 in HKc/HPV16 produces pre-malignant, differentiation-resistant lines (HKc/DR); SIX1 overexpression in HKc/DR induces tumorigenicity. In this paper, we explore the consequences of inhibition of SIX1 expression in premalignant HKc/DR. Only partial inhibition of SIX1 expression could be obtained in HKc/DR by RNA interference. Decreased SIX1 expression (up to 80%) in HKc/DR resulted in slower proliferation, decreased HPV16-E6/E7 mRNA levels, and increased p53 protein levels. Gene expression changes induced in HKc/DR by anti-SIX1 shRNA were indicative of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and changes in TGF-beta signaling. We conclude that HPV16-transformed cells depend on SIX1 for survival, HPV16 E6/E7 gene expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hosseinipour
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine at Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine at Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine at Columbia, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Yang L, Liu J, Xiu M. Increased Six1 expression in macrophages promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth and invasion by regulating MMP-9. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4523-4533. [PMID: 31044528 PMCID: PMC6584525 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased Six1 expression is commonly observed in a variety of cancers and is positively correlated with cancer progression and metastasis. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which Six1 affects the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. A series of experiments involving cell counting kit-8, colony formation and Transwell assay was used to determine cell proliferation, migration and invasion respectively. Histological examination and immunofluorescence assay were also performed. The messenger RNA and protein expression of interesting genes were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting respectively. We found that Six1 was up-regulated in HCC and was associated with worse histological grade and poor survival rate. Increased expression of Six1 was shown to be able to boost cell growth, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas silencing of Six1 suppressed these malignant phenotypes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that, in macrophages, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was up-regulated by Six1. Interestingly, Six1 expression in macrophages was also able to trigger MMP-9 induction in HCC cells. Moreover, macrophage Six1 expression was able to induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) up-regulation and increase the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in HCC cells, which accounted for the elevated levels of MMP-9 and the higher invasive levels seen in HCC. Increased expression of Six1 in HCC aggravates the malignant behaviour of cancer cells, and we provide novel evidence that macrophage Six1 can stimulate cancer cell invasion by elevating MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Zhang
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Shiji Wang
- Department of Intensive Care UnitThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Intensive Care UnitThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Lewei Yang
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Ming Xiu
- Department of Intensive Care UnitThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
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13
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Talbot JC, Teets EM, Ratnayake D, Duy PQ, Currie PD, Amacher SL. Muscle precursor cell movements in zebrafish are dynamic and require Six family genes. Development 2019; 146:dev171421. [PMID: 31023879 PMCID: PMC6550023 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Muscle precursors need to be correctly positioned during embryonic development for proper body movement. In zebrafish, a subset of hypaxial muscle precursors from the anterior somites undergo long-range migration, moving away from the trunk in three streams to form muscles in distal locations such as the fin. We mapped long-distance muscle precursor migrations with unprecedented resolution using live imaging. We identified conserved genes necessary for normal precursor motility (six1a, six1b, six4a, six4b and met). These genes are required for movement away from somites and later to partition two muscles within the fin bud. During normal development, the middle muscle precursor stream initially populates the fin bud, then the remainder of this stream contributes to the posterior hypaxial muscle. When we block fin bud development by impairing retinoic acid synthesis or Fgfr function, the entire stream contributes to the posterior hypaxial muscle indicating that muscle precursors are not committed to the fin during migration. Our findings demonstrate a conserved muscle precursor motility pathway, identify dynamic cell movements that generate posterior hypaxial and fin muscles, and demonstrate flexibility in muscle precursor fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared C Talbot
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emily M Teets
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dhanushika Ratnayake
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Kingsbury TJ, Kim M, Civin CI. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties by SIX1, a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:1-42. [PMID: 30691681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network (PSEDN) is a central developmental transcriptional regulatory network from Drosophila to humans. The PSEDN is comprised of four conserved protein families; including paired box (PAX), sine oculis (SIX), eyes absent (EYA), and dachshund (DACH). Aberrant expression of PSEDN members, particularly SIX1, has been observed in multiple human cancers, where SIX1 expression correlates with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In conjunction with its transcriptional activator EYA, the SIX1 transcription factor increases cancer stem cell (CSC) numbers and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIX1 promotes multiple hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer via regulation of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, genome stability, and energy metabolism. SIX1 also influences the tumor microenvironment, enhancing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulating angiogenesis, to promote tumor development and progression. EYA proteins are multifunctional, possessing a transcriptional activation domain and tyrosine phosphatase activity, that each contributes to cancer stem cell properties. DACH proteins function as tumor suppressors in solid cancers, opposing the actions of SIX-EYA and reducing CSC prevalence. Multiple mechanisms can lead to increased SIX1 expression, including loss of SIX1-targeting tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRs), whose expression correlates inversely with SIX1 expression in cancer patient samples. In this review, we discuss the major mechanisms by which SIX1 confers CSC and EMT features and other important cancer cell characteristics. The roles of EYA and DACH in CSCs and cancer progression are briefly highlighted. Finally, we summarize the clinical significance of SIX1 in cancer to emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of effective strategies to disrupt PSEDN protein interactions and functions.
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15
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Zhao Z, Li L, Du P, Ma L, Zhang W, Zheng L, Lan B, Zhang B, Ma F, Xu B, Zhan Q, Song Y. Transcriptional Downregulation of miR-4306 serves as a New Therapeutic Target for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Theranostics 2019; 9:1401-1416. [PMID: 30867840 PMCID: PMC6401504 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression, but the effect of lacking the three factors on TNBC is unclear. Whether loss of the three factors contributes to deregulate genes that participate in the progress of TNBC remains unknown. Methods: We performed microRNA arrays and comprehensive analysis to screen for miRNAs that are transcriptionally regulated by ER-α, HER2 and PR. Functional assays and molecular mechanism studies were used to investigate the role of miR-4306 in TNBC. An orthotopic mouse model of TNBC was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a cholesterol-conjugated miR-4306 mimic. Results: We found that miR-4306 is transcriptionally regulated by ER-α, HER2 and PR, and the downregulation of miR-4306 in TNBC is caused by the loss of ER-α, HER2 and PR. Clinically, low miR-4306 expression is strongly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival for TNBC. Upregulation of miR-4306 greatly suppresses TNBC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and abrogates angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in vitro. According to in vivo models, miR-4306 overexpression considerably inhibits TNBC growth, lung metastasis, angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Mechanistic analyses indicate that miR-4306 directly targets SIX1/Cdc42/VEGFA to inactivate the signaling pathways mediated by SIX1/Cdc42/VEGFA. Finally, the orthotopic mouse model of TNBC reveals that miR-4306 mimic can be used for TNBC treatment in combination with cisplatin. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-4306 acts as a tumor suppressor in TNBC and is a potential therapeutic target for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Peina Du
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Lan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Breast Cancer Center and the Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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16
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Zheng X, Liu Q, Yi M, Qin S, Wu K. The regulation of cytokine signaling by retinal determination gene network pathway in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6479-6487. [PMID: 30323623 PMCID: PMC6177397 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor environment plays a pivotal role in determining cancer biology characteristics. Cytokine factors, as a critical component in tumor milieu, execute distinct functions in the process of tumorigenesis and progression via the autocrine or paracrine manner. The retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which mainly comprised DACH, SIX, and EYA family members, is required for the organ development in mammalian species. While the aberrant expression of RDGN is involved in the proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumors via interacting with different cytokine-related signals, such as CXCL8, IL-6, TGF-β, FGF, and VEGF, in a cell- or tissue-dependent manner. Thus, joint detection of this pathway might be used as a potential biomarker for the stratification of target therapy and for the precision prediction of the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China.,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
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17
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Stem Cell Properties of Normal Human Keratinocytes Determine Transformation Responses to Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00331-18. [PMID: 29593030 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00331-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the genital tract is common; however, only about 10 to 15% of infections persist, and approximately 10 to 15% of these persistent infections result in cancer. Basal epidermal stem cells are the presumed target cells for HPV infection, providing a reservoir of latently infected cells that persist over time and initiate lesions. However, it is not known whether stem cell density has any influence on transformation of human keratinocytes by HPV. We explored the relationship between stem cell properties of normal human keratinocytes and their susceptibility to transformation by HPV16 DNA. Normal human keratinocyte isolates (NHKc) derived from different donors were cultured in three-dimensional anchorage-free suspension to assess their spheroid-forming ability. NHKc spheroids were then plated back into plastic monolayer culture and transfected with full-length HPV16 DNA, which we have previously shown to integrate into the host cell genome upon transfection. Spheroid-derived NHKc (SD-NHKc) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified populations of basal stem-like keratinocytes, expressing low levels of epidermal growth factor receptor and high levels of integrin alpha 6 (EGFRlo/ITGα6hi), responded to transfection with HPV16 DNA with more vigorous proliferation, greater immortalization efficiency, and faster progression to differentiation resistance than autologous mass-cultured cells. Conversely, cells committed to terminal differentiation (EGFRhi/ITGα6lo) grew slowly after transfection with HPV16 and failed to generate immortalized or DR clones. HPV16 DNA induced stem cell properties in mass-cultured NHKc. We conclude that HPV16 preferentially immortalizes basal keratinocytes with stem cell properties and that these cells readily achieve a differentiation-resistant phenotype upon immortalization by HPV16.IMPORTANCE This paper explores the relationship between the stem cell properties of normal human epidermal cells in culture and these cells' susceptibility to transformation by HPV16 DNA, the HPV type present in about 50% of cervical cancers. We report variable susceptibilities to HPV16-mediated transformation among different keratinocyte isolates derived from neonatal foreskin. Our findings provide strong experimental evidence that HPV16 preferentially transforms basal keratinocytes with stem cell properties. Insights gained from these studies increase our understanding of the host cell-specific factors influencing individual susceptibility to HPV-driven transformation and the contributing factors leading to preneoplastic and neoplastic progression of HPV-positive lesions.
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18
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Meel MH, Schaper SA, Kaspers GJL, Hulleman E. Signaling pathways and mesenchymal transition in pediatric high-grade glioma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:871-887. [PMID: 29164272 PMCID: PMC5809527 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), are the most lethal types of cancer in children. In recent years, it has become evident that these tumors are driven by epigenetic events, mainly mutations involving genes encoding Histone 3, setting them apart from their adult counterparts. These tumors are exceptionally resistant to chemotherapy and respond only temporarily to radiotherapy. Moreover, their delicate location and diffuse growth pattern make complete surgical resection impossible. In many other forms of cancer, chemo- and radioresistance, in combination with a diffuse, invasive phenotype, are associated with a transcriptional program termed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activation of this program allows cancer cells to survive individually, invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. It also enables them to survive exposure to cytotoxic therapy, including chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation. We here suggest that EMT plays an important, yet poorly understood role in the biology and therapy resistance of pHGG and DIPG. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the major signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer in general and in pediatric HGG and DIPG in particular. Despite the fact that the mesenchymal transition has not yet been specifically studied in pHGG and DIPG, activation of pathways and high levels of transcription factors involved in EMT have been described. We conclude that the mesenchymal transition is likely to be an important element of the biology of pHGG and DIPG and warrants further investigation for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël H Meel
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie A Schaper
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Departments of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Neuro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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The retinal determination gene network: from developmental regulator to cancer therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50755-50765. [PMID: 27203207 PMCID: PMC5226618 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although originally identified for its function in Drosophila melanogaster eye specification, the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) is essential for the development of multiple organs in mammals. The RDGN regulates proliferation, differentiation and autocrine signaling, and interacts with other key signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of RDGN members such as DACH, EYA and SIX contributes to tumor initiation and progression; indeed, the levels of RDGN members are clinically prognostic factors in various cancer types. Stimulation or suppression of the activities of these crucial components can block cancer cell proliferation, prevent cancer stem cell expansion and even reverse the EMT process, thereby attenuating malignant phenotypes. Thus, cancer therapeutic interventions targeting RDGN members should be pursued in future studies.
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20
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Kakavandi E, Shahbahrami R, Goudarzi H, Eslami G, Faghihloo E. Anoikis resistance and oncoviruses. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2484-2491. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kakavandi
- Department of VirologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Students’ Scientific Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ramin Shahbahrami
- Department of VirologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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21
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Xu H, Zhang Y, Peña MM, Pirisi L, Creek KE. Six1 promotes colorectal cancer growth and metastasis by stimulating angiogenesis and recruiting tumor-associated macrophages. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:281-292. [PMID: 28199476 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeoprotein Six1 is overexpressed in many human cancers and is associated with increased tumor progression and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that Six1 is associated with poorer overall survival in advanced-stage colorectal cancer (CRC). In the current study, we explored the functional changes and molecular events associated with Six1 overexpression in a mouse model of CRC. An orthotopic model and a splenic injection metastasis model were used to investigate the role of Six1 in CRC tumor growth and metastasis using mouse colon adenocarcinoma MC38 cells overexpressing Six1. We found that overexpression of Six1 dramatically promotes CRC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Six1 overexpression in MC38 increased protein levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 and expanded CD44+/CD166+ populations, indicating Six1 increased features of cancer stem cells. In addition, Six1 overexpression stimulated angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Six1-overexpressing tumor cells recruited tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) by increasing the expression of macrophage-specific colony stimulating factor, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/5 and VEGF, further facilitating CRC tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, we determined that Six1 activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in CRC cells. In summary, our studies strongly suggest that Six1 overexpression promotes CRC growth and metastasis and remodels tumor stroma by stimulating angiogenesis and recruiting TAM. MAPK activation may be a pivotal event in Six1-associated tumor progression, which may provide opportunities for pharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Xu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Maria M Peña
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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22
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EMT promoting transcription factors as prognostic markers in human breast cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:817-825. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Woodby B, Scott M, Bodily J. The Interaction Between Human Papillomaviruses and the Stromal Microenvironment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:169-238. [PMID: 27865458 PMCID: PMC5727914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in stratified squamous epithelia and cause a variety of malignancies. Current efforts in HPV biology are focused on understanding the virus-host interactions that enable HPV to persist for years or decades in the tissue. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment has become increasingly apparent in recent years, but how stromal interactions impact the normal, benign life cycle of HPVs, or progression of lesions to cancer is less understood. Furthermore, how productively replicating HPV impacts cells in the stromal environment is also unclear. Here we bring together some of the relevant literature on keratinocyte-stromal interactions and their impacts on HPV biology, focusing on stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. We discuss how HPV oncogenes in infected cells manipulate other cells in their environment, and, conversely, how neighboring cells may impact the efficiency or course of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woodby
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Bodily
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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24
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Keerthikumar S, Gangoda L, Liem M, Fonseka P, Atukorala I, Ozcitti C, Mechler A, Adda CG, Ang CS, Mathivanan S. Proteogenomic analysis reveals exosomes are more oncogenic than ectosomes. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15375-96. [PMID: 25944692 PMCID: PMC4558158 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include the exosomes (30-100 nm) that are produced through the endocytic pathway via the multivesicular bodies and the ectosomes (100-1000 nm) that are released through the budding of the plasma membrane. Despite the differences in the mode of biogenesis and size, reliable markers that can distinguish between exosomes and ectosomes are non-existent. Moreover, the precise functional differences between exosomes and ectosomes remains poorly characterised. Here, using label-free quantitative proteomics, we highlight proteins that could be exploited as markers to discriminate between exosomes and ectosomes. For the first time, a global proteogenomics analysis unveiled the secretion of mutant proteins that are implicated in cancer progression through tumor-derived EVs. Follow up integrated bioinformatics analysis highlighted the enrichment of oncogenic cargo in exosomes and ectosomes. Interestingly, exosomes induced significant cell proliferation and migration in recipient cells compared to ectosomes confirming the oncogenic nature of exosomes. These findings ascertain that cancer cells facilitate oncogenesis by the secretion of mutant and oncoproteins into the tumor microenvironment via exosomes and ectosomes. The integrative proteogenomics approach utilized in this study has the potential to identify disease biomarker candidates which can be later assayed in liquid biopsies obtained from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Liem
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamali Fonseka
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ishara Atukorala
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cemil Ozcitti
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Adda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Six family of homeobox genes and related mechanisms in tumorigenesis protocols. TUMORI JOURNAL 2016; 2016:236-43. [PMID: 27056337 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the homeobox gene superfamily has been introduced as a master regulator in downstream target genes related to cell development and proliferation. An indispensable role of this family involved in organogenesis development has been widely demonstrated since expression of Six family led to a distinct increase in development of various organs. These functions of Six family genes are primarily based on structure as well as regulatory role in response to external or internal stimuli. In addition to these roles, mutation or aberrant expression of Six family plays a fundamental role in initiation of carcinogenesis, a multistep process including transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis. This suggests that the Six superfamily members can be considered as novel target molecules to inhibit tumor growth and progression. This review focuses on the structure, function, and mechanisms of the Six family in cancer processes and possible strategies to apply these family members for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes.
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26
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Murphy SJ, Hart SN, Halling GC, Johnson SH, Smadbeck JB, Drucker T, Lima JF, Rohakhtar FR, Harris FR, Kosari F, Subramanian S, Petersen GM, Wiltshire TD, Kipp BR, Truty MJ, McWilliams RR, Couch FJ, Vasmatzis G. Integrated Genomic Analysis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas Reveals Genomic Rearrangement Events as Significant Drivers of Disease. Cancer Res 2015; 76:749-61. [PMID: 26676757 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many somatic mutations have been detected in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), leading to the identification of some key drivers of disease progression, but the involvement of large genomic rearrangements has often been overlooked. In this study, we performed mate pair sequencing (MPseq) on genomic DNA from 24 PDAC tumors, including 15 laser-captured microdissected PDAC and 9 patient-derived xenografts, to identify genome-wide rearrangements. Large genomic rearrangements with intragenic breakpoints altering key regulatory genes involved in PDAC progression were detected in all tumors. SMAD4, ZNF521, and FHIT were among the most frequently hit genes. Conversely, commonly reported genes with copy number gains, including MYC and GATA6, were frequently observed in the absence of direct intragenic breakpoints, suggesting a requirement for sustaining oncogenic function during PDAC progression. Integration of data from MPseq, exome sequencing, and transcriptome analysis of primary PDAC cases identified limited overlap in genes affected by both rearrangements and point mutations. However, significant overlap was observed in major PDAC-associated signaling pathways, with all PDAC exhibiting reduced SMAD4 expression, reduced SMAD-dependent TGFβ signaling, and increased WNT and Hedgehog signaling. The frequent loss of SMAD4 and FHIT due to genomic rearrangements strongly implicates these genes as key drivers of PDAC, thus highlighting the strengths of an integrated genomic and transcriptomic approach for identifying mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Murphy
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steven N Hart
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Geoffrey C Halling
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sarah H Johnson
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James B Smadbeck
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Travis Drucker
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joema Felipe Lima
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Faye R Harris
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Farhad Kosari
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Timothy D Wiltshire
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark J Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Fergus J Couch
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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27
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Liu Y, Han N, Zhou S, Zhou R, Yuan X, Xu H, Zhang C, Yin T, Wu K. The DACH/EYA/SIX gene network and its role in tumor initiation and progression. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1067-75. [PMID: 26096807 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional abnormality of developmental genes is a common phenomenon in cancer initiation and progression. The retinal determination gene network (RDGN) is a key signal in Drosophila eye specification, and this conservative pathway is also required for the development of multiple organs in mammalian species. Recent studies demonstrated that aberrant expressions of RDGN components in vertebrates, mainly Dach, Six, and Eya, represent a novel tumor signal. RDGN regulates proliferation, apoptosis, tumor growth and metastasis through interactions with multiple signaling pathways in a co-ordinated fashion; Dach acts as a tumor suppressor, whereas Six and Eya function as oncogenes. Clinical analyses demonstrated that the expression levels of RDGN correlate with tumor stage, metastasis and survival, suggesting that combinational detection of this pathway might be used as a promising biomarker for the stratification of therapy and for the prediction of the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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28
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Liu Y, Kong D, Wu H, Yuan X, Xu H, Zhang C, Wu G, Wu K. Interplay of retinal determination gene network with TGF-β signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:12. [PMID: 27358880 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.05.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As a fundamental event in the generation of tissues and organs during embryogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been implicated in cancer progression by its ability to alter the plasticity of epithelial cells to acquire invasive properties. Evidence is mounting that ectopic activation of transforming growth factors β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) superfamily members to enhance tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this respect, the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN), which was identified to govern the normal initiation of the morphogenetic furrow in Drosophila, has now been found to be de-regulated in various types of cancers, and the key members of this network, DACH, SIX, and EYA, have emerged as novel co-regulators of TGF- signaling during EMT. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which RDGN regulates TGF-β/BMP signaling to influence EMT may lead to novel strategies for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Deguang Kong
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hua Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, 2 Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, 3 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
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29
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Graves CA, Abboodi FF, Tomar S, Wells J, Pirisi L. The translational significance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck cancer. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:60. [PMID: 25632320 PMCID: PMC4302251 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in head and neck cancers complicate clinical management and are associated with reduced survival. We discuss recent translational discoveries in EMT and suggest additional actionable molecular pathways, biomarkers, and clinical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Graves
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Bldg. 1 Room B43 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29208 USA ; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Wm. Jennings Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Fadi F Abboodi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Bldg. 1 Room B43 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Swati Tomar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Bldg. 1 Room B43 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - James Wells
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Wm. Jennings Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Bldg. 1 Room B43 6439 Garners Ferry Rd, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
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30
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Six1 overexpression at early stages of HPV16-mediated transformation of human keratinocytes promotes differentiation resistance and EMT. Virology 2014; 474:144-53. [PMID: 25463612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory discovered that SIX1 mRNA expression increased during in vitro progression of HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward a differentiation-resistant (HKc/DR) phenotype. In this study, we explored the role of Six1 at early stages of HPV16-mediated transformation by overexpressing Six1 in HKc/HPV16. We found that Six1 overexpression in HKc/HPV16 increased cell proliferation and promoted cell migration and invasion by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, the overexpression of Six1 in HKc/HPV16 resulted in resistance to serum and calcium-induced differentiation, which is the hallmark of the HKc/DR phenotype. Activation of MAPK in HKc/HPV16 overexpressing Six1 is linked to resistance to calcium-induced differentiation. In conclusion, this study determined that Six1 overexpression resulted in differentiation resistance and promoted EMT at early stages of HPV16-mediated transformation of human keratinocytes.
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31
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Xia Y, Zhu Y, Ma T, Pan C, Wang J, He Z, Li Z, Qi X, Chen Y. miR-204 functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating SIX1 in NSCLC. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3703-12. [PMID: 25157435 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of miR-204 in lung cancer development is unclear. In our study, we analyzed the expression of miR-204 in tumor- and adjacent-tissue samples from 141 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MiR-204 expression was decreased in tumor samples compared with non-cancerous tissue-derived controls. Moreover, miR-204 expression negatively correlated with homeobox protein SIX1 expression, tumor size and metastasis. MiR-204 silencing in miR-204-positive NSCLC cell lines promoted cell invasion and proliferation. Concomitantly, MiR-204 overexpression resulted in reduced cell proliferation and invasion, upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated N-cadherin and Vimentin expression. SIX1 was identified as a potential target of miR-204, and SIX1 silencing partially compromised the invasive and proliferative capacity of miR-204-deficient cells. Thus, miR-204 may be involved in the NSCLC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical College and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai'an 223002, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Chunfeng Pan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Zhicheng He
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xiaotong Qi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yijiang Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China.
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