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Polymeric micelle mediated follicular delivery of spironolactone: Targeting the mineralocorticoid receptor to prevent glucocorticoid-induced activation and delayed cutaneous wound healing. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120773. [PMID: 34090990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy is a serious clinical concern: mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists can counter glucocorticoid-induced off-target activation of MR receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the cutaneous delivery of the potent MR antagonist, spironolactone (SPL), from polymeric micelle nanocarriers, prepared using a biodegradable copolymer, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-di-hexyl-substituted-poly(lactic acid). Immunofluorescent labelling of the MR showed that it was principally located in the pilosebaceous unit (PSU), justifying the study rationale since polymeric micelles accumulate preferentially in appendageal structures. Cutaneous biodistribution studies under infinite and finite dose conditions, demonstrated delivery of pharmacologically relevant amounts of SPL to the epidermis and upper dermis. Preferential PSU targeting was confirmed by comparing amounts of SPL in PSU-containing and PSU-free skin biopsies: SPL nanomicelles showed 5-fold higher delivery of SPL in the PSU-containing biopsies, 0.54 ± 0.18 ng/mm2vs. 0.10 ± 0.03 ng/mm2, after application of a hydrogel in finite conditions. Canrenone, an active metabolite of SPL, was also quantified in skin samples. In addition to being used for the treatment of delayed cutaneous wound healing by site-specific antagonism of the MR, the formulation might also be used to treat pilosebaceous androgen-related skin diseases, e.g. acne vulgaris, since SPL is a potent androgen receptor antagonist.
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Guil MJ, Schöller MI, Cassinotti LR, Biancardi VC, Pitra S, Bianciotti LG, Stern JE, Vatta MS. Role of endothelin receptor type A on catecholamine regulation in the olfactory bulb of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: Hemodynamic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165527. [PMID: 31398465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the olfactory bulb is involved in blood pressure regulation in health and disease. Enhanced noradrenergic transmission in the olfactory bulb was reported in hypertension. Given that endothelins modulate catecholamines and are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, in the present study we sought to establish the role of the endothelin receptor type A on tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, in the olfactory bulb of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats, randomly divided into Control and DOCA-Salt hypertensive groups, were used to assess endothelin receptors by Western blot and confocal microscopy, and their co-localization with tyrosine hydroxylase in the olfactory bulb. Blood pressure and heart rate as well as tyrosine hydroxylase expression and activity were assessed following BQ610 (ETA antagonist) applied to the brain. DOCA-Salt hypertensive rats showed enhanced ETA and decreased ETB expression. ETA co-localized with tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons. Acute ETA blockade reduced blood pressure and heart rate and decreased the expression of total tyrosine hydroxylase and its phosphorylated forms. Furthermore, it also diminished mRNA tyrosine hydroxylase expression and accelerated the enzyme degradation through the proteasome pathway as shown by pretreatment with MG132, (20s proteasome inhibitor) intracerebroventricularly applied. Present findings support that the brain endothelinergic system plays a major role through ETA activation in the increase of catecholaminergic activity in the olfactory bulb of DOCA-Salt hypertensive rats. They provide rationale evidence that this telencephalic structure contributes in a direct or indirect way to the hemodynamic regulation in salt dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Guil
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes I Schöller
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis R Cassinotti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Soledad Pitra
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Liliana G Bianciotti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier E Stern
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Marcelo S Vatta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mikov M, Boni NS, Al-Salami H, Kuhajda K, Kevresan S, Golocorbin-Kon S, Fawcett JP. Bioavailability and hypoglycemic activity of the semisynthetic bile acid salt, sodium 3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-0X0-5β-cholanate, in healthy and diabetic rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 32:7-12. [PMID: 17479538 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the semisynthetic bile acid derivative, sodium 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate (MKC), has hypoglycemic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and hypoglycemic activity of MKC in healthy and diabetic rats. Groups of healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were dosed intravenously (i.v.) and orally with MKC (4 mg/kg). Blood samples were taken before administration of the dose and at 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes post-dose. MKC serum concentration was measured by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters determined using the WinNonlin program. The absolute bioavailability of MKC was found to be low in healthy and diabetic rats (29 and 23% respectively) and was not significantly different between the two groups. Mean residence time (MRT), volume of distribution (Vd) and half-life (t1/2) of MKC after oral administration were significantly lower in diabetic than in healthy rats (21, 31 and 29% respectively). After the i.v. dose, the change in blood glucose concentration was not significant in either healthy or diabetic rats. After the oral dose, the decrease in blood glucose concentration was significant, reaching a maximum decrease from baseline of 24% in healthy rats and 15% in diabetic rats. The results suggest that a first-pass effect is crucial for the hypoglycemic activity of MKC, indicating that a metabolite of MKC and/or interference with metabolism and glucose transport is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mikov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Miller MA, Kottler SJ, Ramos-Vara JA, Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK, Evans TJ. 3-methylindole induces transient olfactory mucosal injury in ponies. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:363-70. [PMID: 12824507 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-4-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Response to 3-methylindole (3MI) varies among species. Mice recover from 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial injury but sustain persistent olfactory mucosal injury with scarring and epithelial metaplasia. In contrast, 3MI induces obliterative bronchiolitis in horses and ponies, but olfactory mucosal injury has not been reported. To evaluate the effect of 3MI on equine olfactory mucosa, ponies were dosed orally with 100 mg 3MI/kg (n = 9) or corn oil vehicle (n = 6). All ponies treated with 3MI developed obliterative bronchiolitis with mild olfactory injury. By 3 days after 3MI dosing, olfactory epithelium appeared disorganized with decreased and uneven surface height and scalloping of the basement membrane zone. Epithelial cells of Bowman's glands were hypertrophic. Proliferation of olfactory epithelium and Bowman's glands was supported by an increased mitotic index and positive immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen as compared with controls. The activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an olfactory mucosal cytosolic enzyme localized to sustentacular and Bowman's glandular epithelial cells, was concurrently decreased. By 9 days postdosing, olfactory mucosal lesions had lessened. Results indicate that 3MI transiently injures equine olfactory mucosa without the extensive necrosis, scarring, or metaplasia seen in murine olfactory mucosa or in equine bronchiolar epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Miller
- UMC Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, PO Box 6023, Columbia, MO 65205, USA.
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Robinson AM, Kern RC, Foster JD, Krozowski ZS, Pitovski DZ. Mineralocorticoid receptors in the mammalian olfactory mucosa. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999; 108:974-81. [PMID: 10526853 DOI: 10.1177/000348949910801009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid hormones regulate secretion and absorption in a wide variety of epithelial tissues, although specific mechanisms in the olfactory mucosa are currently unknown. Utilizing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, we have demonstrated the expression of mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor messenger RNA in the rodent olfactory mucosa. Amplification products of predicted size were obtained with nucleotide sequences corresponding to respective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) kidney transcripts. Immunocytochemistry, using an antibody with known specificity for MRs, was then utilized in order to localize the cellular site(s) of MR protein expression in the olfactory mucosa. The highest levels of MR immunoreactivity were localized to the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells, as well as the acinar cells of the Bowman's glands. The respiratory regions of the nasal cavity were devoid of appreciable MR immunoreactivity. This study demonstrates both MR transcript and protein expression in the olfactory mucosa. We hypothesize that the mineralocorticoid hormones may have a role in modulation of olfactory secretion and/or sensory transduction in the peripheral olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Fong KJ, Kern RC, Foster JD, Zhao JC, Pitovski DZ. Olfactory secretion and sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase: regulation by corticosteroids. Laryngoscope 1999; 109:383-8. [PMID: 10089962 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199903000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the cellular distribution and relative intensity of the immunoreactivity associated with the expression of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K-ATPase) in cells of the olfactory mucosa. Second, changes in the activity of this enzyme in the olfactory mucosa are correlated with changes in the circulating corticosteroid aldosterone. METHODS Combination of immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques were employed to examine the olfactory Na, K-ATPase. RESULTS Within the olfactory epithelium, the Na, K-ATPase immunoreactivity was greatest at the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells and/or dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Cell bodies of ORNs demonstrated moderate immunoreactivity, whereas the duct cells of Bowman's gland exhibited moderate to intense immunoreactivity. Acinar cells of the Bowman's gland were the most intensely stained components of the lamina propria, exhibiting strong immunoreactivity at the basolateral plasma membrane domains of the acinar cells and less within the cytoplasm. Binding of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na, K-ATPase, was significantly elevated for aldosterone-injected versus sham-injected controls. CONCLUSION These results suggest that olfactory Na, K-ATPase is regulated by the systemic corticosteroid aldosterone. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that corticosteroids regulate olfactory secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Robinson AM, Kern RC, Foster JD, Fong KJ, Pitovski DZ. Expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein in the olfactory mucosa: physiologic and pathophysiologic implications. Laryngoscope 1998; 108:1238-42. [PMID: 9707251 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199808000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Define the presence and distribution of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) within the olfactory mucosa in order to assess potential physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of these hormones on olfaction. STUDY DESIGN The olfactory mucosa was harvested from adult male rats and guinea pigs. Kidney tissue was utilized as a known positive control. METHODS The techniques of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry were utilized to examine the expression of GR mRNA and protein. To assure the presence of olfactory mucosa in the nasal tissue samples, RT-PCR was utilized to identify the olfactory marker protein (OMP). RESULTS The presence of GR mRNA was confirmed in both the olfactory mucosa and kidney. GR-like immunoreactivity associated with the olfactory epithelium was greatest at the apical surface, a position corresponding to the dendrites, knobs, and cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, as well as the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells. Weaker GR-like immunoreactivity was associated with the region of the cell bodies of the olfactory receptor neurons. Within the lamina propria, acinar cells of the Bowman's glands and olfactory nerve bundles were intensely immunoreactive. CONCLUSIONS The presence of GR mRNA and protein within the olfactory mucosa is consistent with a functional role for glucocorticoid hormones in the systemic regulation of olfaction. Furthermore, these studies suggest that corticosteroid medications may have direct effects on the cells of the olfactory mucosa in the pathologic state. The potential mechanisms whereby these hormones may act are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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