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Panico A, Bagordo F, Nolasco E, Grassi T, Bianco A, Indino F, Taurino F, De Donno A, Lobreglio G. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Hospitalized Patients. Pathogens 2024; 13:429. [PMID: 38787281 PMCID: PMC11123864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid and accurate detection of infectious people is crucial in controlling outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of the viral load expressed as Ct in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected for RT-PCR testing. Forty-one subjects were recruited, of which 48.8% developed severe symptoms and 51.2% showed milder symptoms. The distribution of Ct values measured from the symptom onset showed that the kinetics of the viral load decreased with increasing time. A Ct of 25 (high viral load) was reached after a mean of 9.9 ± 4.8 days from the symptom onset, without a significant difference between patients with severe (10.9 ± 5.7 days) and milder (9.0 ± 3.9 days) symptoms. In 65.8% of cases, a high viral load was maintained for more than 7 days from the symptom onset, especially in patients with severe symptoms (70.6%). A Ct of 30 (moderate viral load) and of 38 (low viral load) were reached after a mean of 16.1 ± 8.1 and 28.5 ± 22.4 days from the symptom onset, respectively, with a significant difference between patients with severe (Ct = 30:17.9 ± 9.8 days; Ct = 38:34.6 ± 29.6 days) and milder (Ct = 30:14.3 ± 5.8 days; Ct = 38:22.7 ± 9.9 days) symptoms. These results provide an understanding of the viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 and have implications for pandemic control strategies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Panico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Nolasco
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.N.); (A.B.); (F.I.); (F.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Tiziana Grassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Annagrazia Bianco
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.N.); (A.B.); (F.I.); (F.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Floriano Indino
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.N.); (A.B.); (F.I.); (F.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Federica Taurino
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.N.); (A.B.); (F.I.); (F.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Giambattista Lobreglio
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.N.); (A.B.); (F.I.); (F.T.); (G.L.)
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Ullah I, Escudie F, Scandale I, Gilani Z, Gendron-Lepage G, Gaudette F, Mowbray C, Fraisse L, Bazin R, Finzi A, Mothes W, Kumar P, Chatelain E, Uchil PD. Bioluminescence imaging reveals enhanced SARS-CoV-2 clearance in mice with combinatorial regimens. iScience 2024; 27:109049. [PMID: 38361624 PMCID: PMC10867665 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) represent critical tools for combating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) that have escaped vaccine-elicited spike-based immunity and future coronaviruses with pandemic potential. Here, we used bioluminescence imaging to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of DAAs that target SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (favipiravir, molnupiravir) or main protease (nirmatrelvir) against Delta or Omicron VOCs in K18-hACE2 mice. Nirmatrelvir displayed the best efficacy followed by molnupiravir and favipiravir in suppressing viral loads in the lung. Unlike neutralizing antibody treatment, DAA monotherapy regimens did not eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in mice, but combining molnupiravir with nirmatrelvir exhibited superior additive efficacy and led to virus clearance. Furthermore, combining molnupiravir with caspase-1/4 inhibitor mitigated inflammation and lung pathology whereas combining molnupiravir with COVID-19 convalescent plasma demonstrated synergy, rapid virus clearance, and 100% survival. Thus, our study provides insights into in vivo treatment efficacies of DAAs and other effective combinations to bolster COVID-19 therapeutic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fanny Escudie
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Scandale
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoela Gilani
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Fleur Gaudette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Charles Mowbray
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Fraisse
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renée Bazin
- Hema-Quebec, Affaires Médicales et Innovation, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pradeep D Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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El-Daly MM. Advances and Challenges in SARS-CoV-2 Detection: A Review of Molecular and Serological Technologies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:519. [PMID: 38472991 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The urgent need for accurate COVID-19 diagnostics has led to the development of various SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains a reliable viral gene detection technique, while other molecular methods, including nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) and isothermal amplification techniques, provide diverse and effective approaches. Serological assays, detecting antibodies in response to viral infection, are crucial for disease surveillance. Saliva-based immunoassays show promise for surveillance purposes. The efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection varies, with IgM indicating recent exposure and IgG offering prolonged detectability. Various rapid tests, including lateral-flow immunoassays, present opportunities for quick diagnosis, but their clinical significance requires validation through further studies. Challenges include variations in specificity and sensitivity among testing platforms and evolving assay sensitivities over time. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, play a crucial role in diagnostic methods. Innovative approaches, such as nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers, offer enhanced sensitivity and flexibility. In conclusion, ongoing advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods contribute to the global effort in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang W, Wu H, Guo Q, Xu X, Pu Y, Chen C, Cao M, Sun D, Lu W, Yi H, Zhou S, Fang B. Association of clinical characteristics and vaccines with risk of persistently viral clearance in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai, China. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23256. [PMID: 38192786 PMCID: PMC10772582 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The global COVID-19 pandemic does not appear to end in the near future. Currently, limited data are available on the risk factors for delayed viral clearance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection. Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of clinical characteristics and vaccination with prolonged viral clearance. Methods This retrospective cohort included 16,985 patients who had contracted the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant between April 5 and May 30, 2022, in Shanghai, China, and had mild or no symptoms. The patients were admitted to the quarantine venue at the Shanghai New International Expo Center. Results Of the 16,985 participants, the occurrence of viral clearance was ≤8 and > 8 days in 11,009 (64.8 %) and 5976 (35.2 %) participants, respectively. Risk factors related to patients who remained persistently polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive were sex (Male, odds ratio [OR] 1.221, p < 0.001), older age (35-49, OR 1.389, p < 0.001; 50-64, OR 1.659, p < 0.001; ≥65, OR 2.139, p < 0.001), presence of symptoms (OR 1.093, p = 0.030), number of vaccinations (two doses, OR 0.753, p < 0.001; three doses, OR 0.797, p < 0.001; four doses, OR 0.543, p < 0.001), and cycle threshold (Ct) value for ORF1ab gene at diagnosis (25-35, OR 0.235, p < 0.001; >35, OR 0.079, p < 0.001). The lower rates of increase in Ct values were observed in the later viral shedding group than in the early viral shedding group for ORF1ab (β = -0.791, p < 0.001) and N genes (β = -0.825, p < 0.001). Conclusion Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and higher viral concentrations were associated with factors such as male sex, older age, symptomatic status, and fewer doses of vaccination in patients admitted to Shanghai Makeshift Hospital between April 5 and May 30, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Hongze Wu
- Jiujiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang, 332005, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Quan Guo
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xiangru Xu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yuting Pu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Ding Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Nursing, LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Hui Yi
- Jiujiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang, 332005, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Zhangjiang Hi Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
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Overbeck V, Taylor BP, Turcinovic J, Qiu X, Schaeffer B, Seitz S, Curry SR, Hanage WP, Connor JH, Kuppalli K. Successful treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised patient with persistent infection for 245 days: A case report. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23699. [PMID: 38223743 PMCID: PMC10784163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immunocompromised patients receiving B-cell-depleting therapies are at increased risk of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, with many experiencing fatal outcomes. We report a successful outcome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on rituximab diagnosed with COVID-19 in July 2020 with persistent infection for over 245 days. Results The patient received numerous treatment courses for persistent COVID-19 infection, including remdesivir, baricitinib, immunoglobulin and high doses of corticosteroids followed by a prolonged taper due to persistent respiratory symptoms and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Her clinical course was complicated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa sinusitis with secondary bacteremia, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia and pneumonitis. SARS-CoV-2 positive RNA samples were extracted from two nasopharyngeal swabs and sequenced using targeted amplicon Next-Generation Sequencing which were analyzed for virus evolution over time. Viral sequencing indicated lineage B.1.585.3 SARS-CoV-2 accumulated Spike protein mutations associated with immune evasion and resistance to therapeutics. Upon slowly decreasing the patient's steroids, she had resolution of her symptoms and had a negative nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serum CMV PCR in March 2021. Conclusion A patient with RA on B-cell depleting therapy developed persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection allowing for virus evolution and had numerous complications, including viral and bacterial co-infections with opportunistic pathogens. Despite intra-host evolution with a more immune evasive SARS-CoV-2 lineage, it was cleared after 245 days with reconstitution of the patient's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Overbeck
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradford P. Taylor
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xueting Qiu
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beau Schaeffer
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott Seitz
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R. Curry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - William P. Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krutika Kuppalli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Yang Q, He Y, Zhou Y, Jia Q, Dai N, Ma S, Yang X, Zhang X, Sun J. Prolonged Viral Shedding in Cancer Patients with Asymptomatic or Mild Omicron Infection: A Retrospective Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7735-7741. [PMID: 38144220 PMCID: PMC10749107 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s431126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for persistent viral shedding in cancer patients after Omicron infection. Methods Patients with asymptomatic or mild Omicron infection (≥18 years) who were treated in a makeshift hospital in Shanghai were enrolled from 9 Apr to 11 May, 2022. Deidentified information of all patients were collected retrospectively. Logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with prolonged duration of viral shedding (defined as the time from the day of first positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test to the first day of two consecutive negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests). Results A total of 1442 Omicron-infected patients were enrolled, including 129 cancer patients and 1313 non-cancer patients. The baseline clinical characteristics of cancer and non-cancer patients were balanced by propensity score matching (1:4). Compared with non-cancer patients, a higher odds ratio ([OR] 1.84, 95% CI 1.24-2.76, P = 0.003) of lasting viral shedding for ≥7 days was found in cancer patients. Further subgroup analyses found that cancer patients were at higher risk for prolonged viral shedding in a subgroup of patients without hypertension (OR 1.89), diabetes (OR 1.80), or other chronic disease (OR 2.13), unvaccinated (OR 1.97), and asymptomatic (OR 2.36). In addition, 29 patients with active cancer and 19 patients with inactive cancer were identified. The median duration of viral shedding in the active cancer group was longer than that in the inactive cancer group (10 vs 6 days, P = 0.002). The risk of persistent viral shedding ≥7 days was also increased in the active cancer group (OR 5.33, 95% CI 1.49-21.51, P = 0.013). Conclusion Cancer disease is an independent risk factor for prolonged viral shedding in Omicron infected patients, especially in patients with active cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The 941st Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Xining, 810007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Psychiatry, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinzhu Jia
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Dai
- Department of Oncology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People’s Republic of China
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Nilsson PH, Al-Majdoub M, Ibrahim A, Aseel O, Suriyanarayanan S, Andersson L, Fostock S, Aastrup T, Tjernberg I, Rydén I, Nicholls IA. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Platform for SARS-CoV-2 Immuno-Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16705. [PMID: 38069027 PMCID: PMC10705953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate serological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important for assessing immune protection from vaccination or infection of individuals and for projecting virus spread within a population. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a label-free flow-based sensor platform that offers an opportunity to detect the binding of a fluid-phase ligand to an immobilized target molecule in real time. A QCM-based assay was developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding and evaluated for assay reproducibility. The assay was cross-compared to the Roche electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology test kit and YHLO's chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). The day-to-day reproducibility of the assay had a correlation of r2 = 0.99, p < 0.001. The assay linearity was r2 = 0.96, p < 0.001, for dilution in both serum and buffer. In the cross-comparison analysis of 119 human serum samples, 59 were positive in the Roche, 52 in the YHLO, and 48 in the QCM immunoassay. Despite differences in the detection method and antigen used for antibody capture, there was good coherence between the assays, 80-100% for positive and 96-100% for negative test results. In summation, the QCM-based SARS-CoV-2 IgG immunoassay showed high reproducibility and linearity, along with good coherence with the ELISA-based assays. Still, factors including antibody titer and antigen-binding affinity may differentially affect the various assays' responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per H. Nilsson
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahmoud Al-Majdoub
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Obaidullah Aseel
- Medical Programme, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58225 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Subramanian Suriyanarayanan
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Linnea Andersson
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Samir Fostock
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Teodor Aastrup
- Attana AB, Greta Arwidssons Väg 21, SE-11419 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.A.-M.); (A.I.); (S.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Ivar Tjernberg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Region Kalmar County, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rydén
- Department of Research, Region Kalmar County, SE-39185 Kalmar, Sweden;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ian A. Nicholls
- Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden; (P.H.N.); (S.S.); (L.A.)
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8
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Ota K, Kodama H, Kawamoto Y, Sasaki D, Mitsumoto-Kaseida F, Sakamoto K, Kosai K, Hasegawa H, Takazono T, Izumikawa K, Mukae H, Tun MMN, Morita K, Yanagihara K. The evaluation of a rapid microfluidic immunofluorescence antigen test in detecting the infectiousness of COVID-19 patients. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:823. [PMID: 37996783 PMCID: PMC10668452 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A test-based strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the measures to assess the need for isolation and prevention of infection. However, testing with high sensitivity methods, such as quantitative RT-PCR, leads to unnecessary isolation, whereas the lateral flow antigen test shows low sensitivity and false negative results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 Ag test (Lumira Ag), a rapid microfluidic immunofluorescence method, in assessing infectivity. METHODS This study was performed from March 2022 to July 2022. A pair of nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from each patient with mild COVID-19. One swab was used for Lumira Ag testing, and the other for quantitative RT-PCR testing and virus culture. RESULTS A total of 84 patients were included in the study. Among them, PCR, Lumira Ag test, and virus culture indicated positivity for 82, 66, and 24 patients, respectively. When comparing the Lumira Ag test to virus culture, its sensitivity was 100.0% (24/24), specificity, 30.0% (18/60); positive predictive value, 36.3% (24/66); and negative predictive value (NPV), 100.0% (18/18). The positive sample for virus culture was observed until the ninth day from the onset of symptoms, while the Lumira Ag test was observed until day 11. CONCLUSIONS The Lumira Ag test showed high sensitivity and NPV (100% each) compared to virus culture. A test-based strategy using the Lumira Ag test can effectively exclude COVID-19 infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Hina Kodama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Kawamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Fujiko Mitsumoto-Kaseida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1, Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kosai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
- Dejima Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Yari P, Liang S, Chugh VK, Rezaei B, Mostufa S, Krishna VD, Saha R, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP, Gómez-Pastora J, Wu K. Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 and Future Epidemics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15419-15449. [PMID: 37826859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Yari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bahareh Rezaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shahriar Mostufa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Venkatramana Divana Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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10
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Naik R, Avula S, Palleti SK, Gummadi J, Ramachandran R, Chandramohan D, Dhillon G, Gill AS, Paiwal K, Shaik B, Balachandran M, Patel B, Gurugubelli S, Mariswamy Arun Kumar AK, Nanjundappa A, Bellamkonda M, Rathi K, Sakhamuri PL, Nassar M, Bali A. From Emergence to Endemicity: A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19. Cureus 2023; 15:e48046. [PMID: 37916248 PMCID: PMC10617653 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), later renamed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019. Initially, the China office of the World Health Organization was informed of numerous cases of pneumonia of unidentified etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province at the end of 2019. This would subsequently result in a global pandemic with millions of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and millions of deaths reported to the WHO. We have analyzed most of the data published since the beginning of the pandemic to compile this comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2. We looked at the core ideas, such as the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, histopathologic findings, consequences, therapies, and vaccines. We have also included the long-term effects and myths associated with some therapeutics of COVID-19. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 virology, vaccines, medicines, and significant variants identified during the course of the pandemic. Our review article is intended to provide medical practitioners with a better understanding of the fundamental sciences, clinical treatment, and prevention of COVID-19. As of May 2023, this paper contains the most recent data made accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Naik
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
- Internal Medicine/Hospital Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, USA
| | - Sreekant Avula
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Sujith K Palleti
- Nephrology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Jyotsna Gummadi
- Internal Medicine, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | - Gagandeep Dhillon
- Physician Executive MBA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center, Glen Burnie, USA
| | | | - Kapil Paiwal
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Daswani Dental College & Research Center, Kota, IND
| | - Bushra Shaik
- Internal Medicine, Onslow Memorial Hospital, Jacksonville, USA
| | | | - Bhumika Patel
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | - Mahita Bellamkonda
- Hospital Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Kanika Rathi
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Nassar
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, USA
| | - Atul Bali
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, USA
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, USA
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
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11
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Ravindran S, Gubbay JB, Cronin K, Sullivan A, Zygmunt A, Johnson K, Buchan SA, Parpia AS. Association Between Cycle Threshold Value and Vaccination Status Among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant Cases in Ontario, Canada, in December 2021. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad282. [PMID: 37274182 PMCID: PMC10234392 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased immune evasion by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and occurrence of breakthrough infections raise questions about whether coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination status affects SARS-CoV-2 viral load among those infected. This study examined the relationship between cycle threshold (Ct) value, which is inversely associated with viral load, and vaccination status at the onset of the Omicron wave onset in Ontario, Canada. Methods Using linked provincial databases, we compared median Ct values across vaccination status among polymerase chain reaction-confirmed Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 cases (sublineages B.1.1.529, BA.1, and BA.1.1) between 6 and 30 December 2021. Cases were presumed to be Omicron based on S-gene target failure. We estimated the relationship between vaccination status and Ct values using multiple linear regression, adjusting for age group, sex, and symptom status. Results Of the 27 029 presumed Omicron cases in Ontario, the majority were in individuals who had received a complete vaccine series (87.7%), followed by unvaccinated individuals (8.1%), and those who had received a booster dose (4.2%). The median Ct value for post-booster dose individuals (18.3 [interquartile range, 15.4-22.3]) was significantly higher than that for unvaccinated (17.9 [15.2-21.6]; P = .02) and post-vaccine series individuals (17.8 [15.3-21.5]; P = .005). Post-booster dose cases remained associated with a significantly higher median Ct value than cases in unvaccinated individuals (P ≤ .001), after adjustment for covariates. Compared with values in persons aged 18-29 years, Ct values were significantly lower among most age groups >50 years. Conclusions While slightly lower Ct values were observed among unvaccinated individuals infected with Omicron compared with post-booster dose cases, further research is required to determine whether a significant difference in secondary transmission exists between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirby Cronin
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh Sullivan
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Austin Zygmunt
- Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Karen Johnson
- Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah A Buchan
- Correspondence: Sarah A. Buchan, Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Floor 17, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada (); Alyssa S. Parpia, Public Health Ontario, 480 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada ()
| | - Alyssa S Parpia
- Correspondence: Sarah A. Buchan, Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Floor 17, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada (); Alyssa S. Parpia, Public Health Ontario, 480 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada ()
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12
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Basty N, Sorokin EP, Thanaj M, Srinivasan R, Whitcher B, Bell JD, Cule M, Thomas EL. Abdominal imaging associates body composition with COVID-19 severity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283506. [PMID: 37053189 PMCID: PMC10101472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The main drivers of COVID-19 disease severity and the impact of COVID-19 on long-term health after recovery are yet to be fully understood. Medical imaging studies investigating COVID-19 to date have mostly been limited to small datasets and post-hoc analyses of severe cases. The UK Biobank recruited recovered SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals (n = 967) and matched controls (n = 913) who were extensively imaged prior to the pandemic and underwent follow-up scanning. In this study, we investigated longitudinal changes in body composition, as well as the associations of pre-pandemic image-derived phenotypes with COVID-19 severity. Our longitudinal analysis, in a population of mostly mild cases, associated a decrease in lung volume with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. We also observed that increased visceral adipose tissue and liver fat, and reduced muscle volume, prior to COVID-19, were associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Finally, we trained a machine classifier with demographic, anthropometric and imaging traits, and showed that visceral fat, liver fat and muscle volume have prognostic value for COVID-19 disease severity beyond the standard demographic and anthropometric measurements. This combination of image-derived phenotypes from abdominal MRI scans and ensemble learning to predict risk may have future clinical utility in identifying populations at-risk for a severe COVID-19 outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Basty
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena P. Sorokin
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marjola Thanaj
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brandon Whitcher
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Cule
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - E. Louise Thomas
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Yang S, Xian Q, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Song Q, Gao Y, Wen W. A Silicon-Based PDMS-PEG Copolymer Microfluidic Chip for Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnosis. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040208. [PMID: 37103298 PMCID: PMC10143339 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used to make lab-on-a-chip devices, such as reactors and sensors, for biological research. Real-time nucleic acid testing is one of the main applications of PDMS microfluidic chips due to their high biocompatibility and transparency. However, the inherent hydrophobicity and excessive gas permeability of PDMS hinder its applications in many fields. This study developed a silicon-based polydimethylsiloxane-polyethylene-glycol (PDMS-PEG) copolymer microfluidic chip, the PDMS-PEG copolymer silicon chip (PPc-Si chip), for biomolecular diagnosis. By adjusting the modifier formula for PDMS, the hydrophilic switch occurred within 15 s after contact with water, resulting in only a 0.8% reduction in transmittance after modification. In addition, we evaluated the transmittance at a wide range of wavelengths from 200 nm to 1000 nm to provide a reference for its optical property study and application in optical-related devices. The improved hydrophilicity was achieved by introducing a large number of hydroxyl groups, which also resulted in excellent bonding strength of PPc-Si chips. The bonding condition was easy to achieve and time-saving. Real-time PCR tests were successfully conducted with higher efficiency and lower non-specific absorption. This chip has a high potential for a wide range of applications in point-of-care tests (POCT) and rapid disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yang
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, Interdisciplinary Program Office, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qingyue Xian
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, Interdisciplinary Program Office, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yiteng Liu
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, Interdisciplinary Program Office, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, Interdisciplinary Program Office, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weijia Wen
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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14
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KhudaBukhsh WR, Khalsa SK, Kenah E, Rempała GA, Tien JH. COVID-19 dynamics in an Ohio prison. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1087698. [PMID: 37064663 PMCID: PMC10098107 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1087698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Incarcerated individuals are a highly vulnerable population for infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the transmission of respiratory infections within prisons and between prisons and surrounding communities is a crucial component of pandemic preparedness and response. Here, we use mathematical and statistical models to analyze publicly available data on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 reported by the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections (ODRC). Results from mass testing conducted on April 16, 2020 were analyzed together with time of first reported SARS-CoV-2 infection among Marion Correctional Institution (MCI) inmates. Extremely rapid, widespread infection of MCI inmates was reported, with nearly 80% of inmates infected within 3 weeks of the first reported inmate case. The dynamical survival analysis (DSA) framework that we use allows the derivation of explicit likelihoods based on mathematical models of transmission. We find that these data are consistent with three non-exclusive possibilities: (i) a basic reproduction number >14 with a single initially infected inmate, (ii) an initial superspreading event resulting in several hundred initially infected inmates with a reproduction number of approximately three, or (iii) earlier undetected circulation of virus among inmates prior to April. All three scenarios attest to the vulnerabilities of prisoners to COVID-19, and the inability to distinguish among these possibilities highlights the need for improved infection surveillance and reporting in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiur R. KhudaBukhsh
- School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sat Kartar Khalsa
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eben Kenah
- Division of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregorz A. Rempała
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joseph H. Tien
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph H. Tien
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15
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Morón-López S, Riveira-Muñoz E, Urrea V, Gutiérrez-Chamorro L, Ávila-Nieto C, Noguera-Julian M, Carrillo J, Mitjà O, Mateu L, Massanella M, Ballana E, Martinez-Picado J. Comparison of Reverse Transcription (RT)-Quantitative PCR and RT-Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Genomic and Subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0415922. [PMID: 36943067 PMCID: PMC10100669 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04159-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit mild symptoms. However, 10 to 20% of those infected develop long-term symptoms, referred to as post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition (PCC). One hypothesis is that PCC might be exacerbated by viral persistence in tissue sanctuaries. Therefore, the accurate detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 are not only necessary for viral load monitoring but also crucial for detecting long-term viral persistence and determining whether viral replication is occurring in tissue reservoirs. In this study, the sensitivity and robustness of reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques have been compared for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs from oropharyngeal swabs taken from confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive, SARS-CoV-2-exposed, and nonexposed individuals as well as from samples from mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our data demonstrated that both techniques presented equivalent results in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Additionally, RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, allowing the accurate detection of positive results in individuals exposed to the virus. Overall, these data suggest that RT-ddPCR might be an alternative to RT-qPCR for detecting low viral loads in samples and for assessing viral persistence in samples from individuals with PCC. IMPORTANCE We developed one-step reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) protocols to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and compared them to the gold-standard RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, while both techniques were equivalent in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Overall, these results suggest that RT-ddPCR might be a viable alternative to RT-qPCR when it comes to detecting low viral loads in samples, which is a highly relevant issue for determining viral persistence in as-yet-unknown tissue reservoirs in individuals suffering from post-COVID conditions or long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morón-López
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Fight Infections Foundation, Badalona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Lihir Medical Centre, International SOS, Londolovit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Fight Infections Foundation, Badalona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Taw MJ, Sharma A, Rajbongshi G, Chamuah K, Henbi N, Barman RK, Chingtham S, Brahma D, Sarmah K, Baruah P, Nath K, Choudhury PD, Mazumder D, Sarmah A, Sharma A, Hazarika B, Choudhury MK, Baishya AC. Understanding the Demographic, Clinical, and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Profiles of COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northeast India. Cureus 2023; 15:e35426. [PMID: 36860823 PMCID: PMC9970726 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims The demographic and clinical profile and dynamics of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are not well understood. The study aimed to analyze the demographic, clinical, and RT-PCR profiles of COVID-19 patients. Methodology The study was a retrospective, observational study conducted at a COVID-19 care facility, and the study period was from April 2020 to March 2021. Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were enrolled in the study. Patients with incomplete details or with only single PCR tests were excluded. Demographic and clinical details and the results of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR collected at different time points were retrieved from the records. The statistical software Minitab version 17.1.0 package (Minitab, LLC, State College, PA, USA) and Rstudio version 1.3.959 (Rstudio, Boston, MA, USA) were used for the statistical analysis. Results The mean duration from symptom onset to the last positive RT-PCR was 14.2 ± 4.2 days. The proportions of positive RT-PCR tests were 100%, 40.6%, 7.5%, and 0% at the end of the first, second, third, and fourth weeks of illness. The median duration of days to first negative RT-PCR in the asymptomatic patients was 8 ± 4 days, and 88.2% of asymptomatic patients were RT-PCR-negative within 14 days. A total of 16 symptomatic patients had prolonged positive test results even after three weeks of symptom onset. Older patients were associated with prolonged RT-PCR positivity. Conclusion This study revealed that the average period of RT-PCR positivity from the onset of symptoms is >2 weeks in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Prolonged observation in the elderly population and repeat RT-PCR before discharge or discontinuation of quarantine is required.
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17
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Yang S, Zhang Z, Xian Q, Song Q, Liu Y, Gao Y, Wen W. An Aluminum-Based Microfluidic Chip for Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnosis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031085. [PMID: 36770751 PMCID: PMC9921548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) tests were successfully conducted in an aluminum-based microfluidic chip developed in this work. The reaction chamber was coated with silicone-modified epoxy resin to isolate the reaction system from metal surfaces, preventing the metal ions from interfering with the reaction process. The patterned aluminum substrate was bonded with a hydroxylated glass mask using silicone sealant at room temperature. The effect of thermal expansion was counteracted by the elasticity of cured silicone. With the heating process closely monitored, real-time PCR testing in reaction chambers proceeded smoothly, and the results show similar quantification cycle values to those of traditional test sets. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed that the surface of the reaction chamber was smoothly coated, illustrating the promising coating and isolating properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) showed that no metal ions escaped from the metal to the chip surface. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to check the surface chemical state before and after tests, and the unchanged infrared absorption peaks indicated the unreacted, antifouling surface. The limit of detection (LOD) of at least two copies can be obtained in this chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yang
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qingyue Xian
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yiteng Liu
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Weijia Wen
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Thrust of Advanced Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-5781
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18
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COVID-19 diagnostics: Molecular biology to nanomaterials. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 538:139-156. [PMID: 36403665 PMCID: PMC9673061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has claimed around 6.4 million lives worldwide. The disease symptoms range from mild flu-like infection to life-threatening complications. The widespread infection demands rapid, simple, and accurate diagnosis. Currently used methods include molecular biology-based approaches that consist of conventional amplification by RT-PCR, isothermal amplification-based techniques such as RT-LAMP, and gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas. Other methods include immunological detection including ELISA, lateral flow immunoassay, chemiluminescence, etc. Radiological-based approaches are also being used. Despite good analytical performance of these current methods, there is an unmet need for less costly and simpler tests that may be performed at point of care. Accordingly, nanomaterial-based testing has been extensively pursued. In this review, we discuss the currently used diagnostic techniques for SARS-CoV-2, their usefulness, and limitations. In addition, nanoparticle-based approaches have been highlighted as another potential means of detection. The review provides a deep insight into the current diagnostic methods and future trends to combat this deadly menace.
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19
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Srinivasagam M, Shanmugam R. A retrospective study on prevalence and profile of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction positive severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 samples tested in a tertiary care hospital, South India. APOLLO MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/am.am_131_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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20
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Yu T, Dong J, Qi Q, Lv Q, Li J, Huang C, Cai X. A Nomogram for Predicting Delayed Viral Shedding in Non-Severe SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2487-2500. [PMID: 37138833 PMCID: PMC10150765 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s407620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a significant global concern, characterized by its rapid transmission and resistance to existing treatments and vaccines. However, the specific hematological and biochemical factors that may impact the clearance of Omicron variant infection remain unclear. The present study aimed to identify easily accessible laboratory markers that are associated with prolonged virus shedding in non-severe patients with COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant. Patients and Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 882 non-severe COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed with the Omicron variant in Shanghai between March and June 2022. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used for feature selection and dimensional reduction, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to construct a nomogram for predicting the risk of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity lasting for more than 7 days. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curves were used to assess predictive discrimination and accuracy, with bootstrap validation. Results Patients were randomly divided into derivation (70%, n = 618) and validation (30%, n = 264) cohorts. Optimal independent markers for prolonged viral shedding time (VST) over 7 days were identified as Age, C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet count, leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, and eosinophil count. These factors were subsequently incorporated into the nomogram utilizing bootstrap validation. The area under the curve (AUC) in the derivation (0.761) and validation (0.756) cohorts indicated good discriminative ability. The calibration curve showed good agreement between the nomogram-predicted and actual patients with VST over 7 days. Conclusion Our study confirmed six factors associated with delayed VST in non-severe SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection and constructed a Nomogram which may assist non-severely affected patients to better estimate the appropriate length of self-isolation and optimize their self-management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaojun Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaoyan Cai, Department of General Surgery, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-21-58858730, Email
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Dioverti V, Boghdadly ZE, Shahid Z, Waghmare A, Abidi MZ, Pergam S, Boeckh M, Dadwal S, Kamboj M, Seo S, Chemaly RF, Papanicolaou GA. Revised Guidelines for Coronavirus Disease 19 Management in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Recipients (August 2022). Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:810-821. [PMID: 36103987 PMCID: PMC9464362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This document is intended as a guide for diagnosis and management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, in adult and pediatric HCT and cellular therapy patients. This document was prepared using available data and with expert opinion provided by members of the (ASTCT) Infectious Diseases Special Interest Group (ID-SIG) and is an update of pervious publication. Since our original publication in 2020, the NIH and IDSA have published extensive guidelines for management of COVID-19 which are readily accessible ( NIH Guidelines , IDSA Guidelines ). This update focuses primarily on issues pertaining specifically to HCT/cellular therapy recipients. Information provided in this manuscript may change as new information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Dioverti
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Zeinab El Boghdadly
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zainab Shahid
- Attending physician, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maheen Z Abidi
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Steven Pergam
- Professor, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Professor of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Mini Kamboj
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Susan Seo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Professor of Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Genovefa A Papanicolaou
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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22
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Immunocompromised Patients with Protracted COVID-19: a Review of “Long Persisters”. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2022; 9:209-218. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-022-00385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Certain immunocompromised individuals are at risk for protracted COVID-19, in which SARS-CoV-2 leads to a chronic viral infection. However, the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of this phenomenon remain ill-defined.
Recent Findings
Herein, we review key aspects of protracted SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised individuals, or the so-called long persisters, and describe the clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of this condition, as well as intra-host viral evolution. Based on the available data, we also propose a framework of criteria with which to approach this syndrome.
Summary
Protracted COVID-19 is an uncharacterized syndrome affecting patients with B-cell depletion; our proposed diagnostic approach and definitions will inform much needed future research.
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23
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del Valle R, Ballesteros Á, Calvo C, Sainz T, Mendez A, Grasa C, Molina PR, Mellado MJ, Sanz‐Santaeufemia FJ, Herrero B, Calleja L, Soriano‐Arandes A, Melendo S, Rincón‐López E, Hernánz A, Epalza C, García‐Baeza C, Rupérez‐García E, Berzosa A, Ocaña A, Villarroya‐Villalba A, Barrios A, Otheo E, Galán JC, Rodríguez MJ, Mesa JM, Domínguez‐Rodríguez S, Moraleda C, Tagarro A. Comparison of pneumonia features in children caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other viral respiratory pathogens. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:2374-2382. [PMID: 35754093 PMCID: PMC9349806 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is a frequent manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized children. METHODS The study involved 80 hospitals in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spanish Pediatric National Cohort. Participants were children <18 years, hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We compared the clinical and radiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-associated CAP with CAP due to other viral etiologies from ValsDance (retrospective) cohort. RESULTS In total, 151 children with SARS-CoV-2-associated CAP and 138 with other viral CAP were included. Main clinical features of SARS-CoV-2-associated CAP were cough, fever, or dyspnea. Lymphopenia was found in 43% patients and 15% required admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Chest X-ray revealed condensation (42%) and other infiltrates (58%). Compared with CAP from other viral pathogens, COVID-19 patients were older, with lower C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, less wheezing, and greater need of mechanical ventilation (MV). There were no differences in the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or HVF, or PICU admission between groups. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2-associated CAP in children presents differently to other virus-associated CAP: children are older and rarely have wheezing or high CRP levels; they need less oxygen but more CPAP or MV. However, several features overlap and differentiating the etiology may be difficult. The overall prognosis is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut del Valle
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatrics Research Group, Hospital Universitario Infanta SofíaUniversidad Europea de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Álvaro Ballesteros
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Pediatrics Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de OctubreRITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Calvo
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz)RITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - Talía Sainz
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz)RITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
- Research Center, Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, SpainMadridSpain
| | - Ana Mendez
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz)RITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - Carlos Grasa
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz)RITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - Paula R. Molina
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz)RITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - María J. Mellado
- Pediatrics, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto Investigación Hospital La Paz (IDIPaz)RITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | | | - Blanca Herrero
- Pediatrics DepartmentHospital Universitario Niño JesúsMadridSpain
| | - Lourdes Calleja
- Pediatrics DepartmentHospital Universitario Niño JesúsMadridSpain
| | - Antoni Soriano‐Arandes
- Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology Unit, Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Susana Melendo
- Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology Unit, Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario Vall d'HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Elena Rincón‐López
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Alicia Hernánz
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
- Research CenterGregorio Marañón Research Institute (IiSGM)MadridSpain
| | - Cristina Epalza
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Pediatrics Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de OctubreRITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | - Carmen García‐Baeza
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of PediatricsHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | | | - Arantxa Berzosa
- Pediatrics DepartmentHospital Universitario Clínico San CarlosMadridSpain
| | - Angustias Ocaña
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit DepartmentHospital La MoralejaMadridSpain
| | - Alvaro Villarroya‐Villalba
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics DepartmentHospital Universitari i Politècnic La FeValenciaSpain
| | - Ana Barrios
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatrics Research Group, Hospital Universitario Infanta SofíaUniversidad Europea de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Enrique Otheo
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y CajalUniversidad de Alcalá MadridMadridSpain
| | - Juan C. Galán
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y CajalInstituto Ramón y Cajal para la Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - Mario José Rodríguez
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y CajalInstituto Ramón y Cajal para la Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - Juan M. Mesa
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatrics Research Group, Hospital Universitario Infanta SofíaUniversidad Europea de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Sara Domínguez‐Rodríguez
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Pediatrics Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de OctubreRITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - Cinta Moraleda
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Pediatrics Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de OctubreRITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatrics Research Group, Hospital Universitario Infanta SofíaUniversidad Europea de MadridMadridSpain
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials Unit (UPIC), Pediatrics Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de OctubreRITIP (Translational Research Network in Paediatric Infectious Diseases)MadridSpain
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24
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Colorimetric Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus (COVID-19) in Artificial Saliva Using Polydiacetylene Paper Strips. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100804. [PMID: 36290942 PMCID: PMC9599072 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The spread and resurgence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19 disease) threatens human health and social relations. Prevention of COVID-19 disease partly relies on fabricating low-cost, point-of-care (POC) sensing technology that can rapidly and selectively detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We report a colorimetric, paper-based polydiacetylene (PDA) biosensor, designed to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in artificial saliva. Analytical characterizations of the PDA sensor using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy showed the correct structural elucidation of PCDA-NHS conjugation. The PDA sensor platform containing the N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester of 10, 12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA-NHS) was divided into three experimental PCDA-NHS concentration groups of 10%, 20%, and 30% to optimize the performance of the sensor. The optimal PCDA-NHS molar concentration was determined to be 10%. The PDA sensor works by a color change from blue to red as its colorimetric output when the immobilized antibody binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in saliva samples. Our results showed that the PDA sensing platform was able to rapidly and qualitatively detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein within the concentration range of 1 to 100 ng/mL after four hours of incubation. Further investigation of pH and temperature showed minimal influence on the PDA sensor for the detection of COVID-19 disease. After exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, smartphone images of the PDA sensor were used to assess the sensor output by using the red chromatic shift (RCS) of the signal response. These results indicate the potential and practical use of this PDA sensor design for the rapid, colorimetric detection of COVID-19 disease in developing countries with limited access to medical testing.
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25
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Bangalee A, Govender K, Bangalee V. A pandemic guided by the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test: What should the clinician know? S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2022; 64:e1-e4. [PMID: 36226952 PMCID: PMC9559189 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v64i1.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidst an ever-evolving pandemic, the demand for timely and accurate diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to increase. Critically, managing and containing the spread of the disease requires expedient testing of infected individuals. Presently, the gold standard for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Potential vulnerabilities of this testing methodology can range from preanalytical variables to laboratory-related analytical factors and, ultimately, to the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avania Bangalee
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Prinshof Campus, University of Pretoria, South Africa; and, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg.
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26
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da Silva SJR, do Nascimento JCF, Germano Mendes RP, Guarines KM, Targino Alves da Silva C, da Silva PG, de Magalhães JJF, Vigar JRJ, Silva-Júnior A, Kohl A, Pardee K, Pena L. Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1758-1814. [PMID: 35940589 PMCID: PMC9380879 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health and caused widespread disruption to daily life. The crisis caused by COVID-19 has mobilized scientists and public health authorities across the world to rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management and control, and spawned the development of new countermeasures. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of knowledge gained in the last 2 years about the virus and COVID-19, including its origin and natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, and vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known highly pathogenic coronaviruses. We also discuss selected key discoveries from each topic and underline the gaps of knowledge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jessica Catarine Frutuoso do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Renata Pessôa Germano Mendes
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Klarissa Miranda Guarines
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Caroline Targino Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Poliana Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Virology, Pernambuco State Central Laboratory (LACEN/PE), 52171-011 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco (UPE), Serra Talhada Campus, 56909-335 Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of the XI Regional Health, 56912-160 Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Justin R J Vigar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Pardee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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27
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Lu M, Joung Y, Jeon CS, Kim S, Yong D, Jang H, Pyun SH, Kang T, Choo J. Dual-mode SERS-based lateral flow assay strips for simultaneous diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza a virus. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:39. [PMID: 36063218 PMCID: PMC9441817 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since COVID-19 and flu have similar symptoms, they are difficult to distinguish without an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, it is critical to quickly and accurately determine which virus was infected and take appropriate treatments when a person has an infection. This study developed a dual-mode surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based LFA strip that can diagnose SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus with high accuracy to reduce the false-negative problem of the commercial colorimetric LFA strip. Furthermore, using a single strip, it is feasible to detect SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus simultaneously. A clinical test was performed on 39 patient samples (28 SARS-CoV-2 positives, 6 influenza A virus positives, and 5 negatives), evaluating the clinical efficacy of the proposed dual-mode SERS-LFA strip. Our assay results for clinical samples show that the dual-mode LFA strip significantly reduced the false-negative rate for both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Younju Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Chang Su Jeon
- R&D Center, Speclipse Inc., Seongnam, 13461, South Korea
| | - Sunjoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, South Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyowon Jang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Pyun
- R&D Center, Speclipse Inc., Seongnam, 13461, South Korea.
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jaebum Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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Maya S, McCorvie R, Jacobson K, Shete PB, Bardach N, Kahn JG. COVID-19 Testing Strategies for K-12 Schools in California: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159371. [PMID: 35954728 PMCID: PMC9367893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Public health officials must provide guidance on operating schools safely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from April–December 2021, we conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to assess six screening strategies for schools using SARS-CoV-2 antigen and PCR tests and varying screening frequencies for 1000 individuals. We estimated secondary infections averted, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), cost per QALY gained, and unnecessary school days missed per infection averted. We conducted sensitivity analyses for the more transmissible Omicron variant. Weekly antigen testing with PCR follow-up for positives was the most cost-effective option given moderate transmission, adding 0.035 QALYs at a cost of USD 320,000 per QALY gained in the base case (Reff = 1.1, prevalence = 0.2%). This strategy had the fewest needlessly missed school days (ten) per secondary infection averted. During widespread community transmission with Omicron (Reff = 1.5, prevalence = 5.8%), twice weekly antigen testing with PCR follow-up led to 2.02 QALYs gained compared to no test and cost the least (USD 187,300), with 0.5 needlessly missed schooldays per infection averted. In periods of moderate community transmission, weekly antigen testing with PCR follow up can help reduce transmission in schools with minimal unnecessary days of school missed. During widespread community transmission, twice weekly antigen screening with PCR confirmation is the most cost-effective and efficient strategy. Schools may benefit from resources to implement routine asymptomatic testing during surges; benefits decline as community transmission declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Maya
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St., Floor 7, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (N.B.); (J.G.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryan McCorvie
- California Department of Public Health, Fresno, CA 95899, USA; (R.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Kathleen Jacobson
- California Department of Public Health, Fresno, CA 95899, USA; (R.M.); (K.J.)
| | - Priya B. Shete
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Naomi Bardach
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St., Floor 7, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (N.B.); (J.G.K.)
- Safe Schools for All, California Health and Human Services, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
| | - James G. Kahn
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St., Floor 7, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (N.B.); (J.G.K.)
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Haslbauer JD, Bratic-Hench I, Cima K, Luger AK, Schmitz K, Augustin F, Krapf C, Hoefer D, Tancevski I, Tzankov A, Löffler-Ragg J. Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis and Extensive Dendriform Ossification with Persistent Viral Load: A Rare Presentation of Post-COVID-19 Condition in Need of Lung Transplantation. Pathobiology 2022; 90:138-146. [PMID: 35835004 PMCID: PMC10129030 DOI: 10.1159/000525457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence, presentation, and predisposing factors of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) are currently poorly understood. Lung explants may provide a rare insight into terminal SARS-CoV-2-associated lung damage and its pathophysiology. A 62-year-old man presented with progressively worsening respiratory symptoms after recovering from mild COVID-19 3 months earlier. No underlying pulmonary comorbidities were reported. A chest CT revealed bilateral extensive ground-glass and reticular opacities, suspicious of pulmonary fibrosis. Despite initial high-dose glucocorticoid therapy, the interstitial lung disease progressed, and after exhausting all viable therapeutic options, bilateral lung transplantation was successfully conducted. Histological analysis revealed extensive end-stage interstitial fibrosis with diffuse dendriform ossification and bronchiolar and transitional cell metaplasia. Signs of interstitial remodeling such as an increased interstitial collagen deposition, a pathological accumulation of CD163+/CD206+ M2-polarized macrophages with an increased expression of phosphorylated ERK, and an increased density of CD105+ newly formed capillaries were observed. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 N-protein in the endothelium of medium-sized vessels confirmed a persistence of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings highlight a highly unusual presentation of SARS-CoV-2-associated lung fibrosis, implying that incomplete viral clearance in the vascular compartment may play a vital pathophysiological role in the development of PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dionne Haslbauer
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Ivana Bratic-Hench
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Cima
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectiology, Rheumatology, Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, Innpath, Tyrolean State Clinics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Augustin
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Krapf
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Hoefer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectiology, Rheumatology, Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectiology, Rheumatology, Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ramalingam G, Dhanasezhian A, Murugesan A, Saminathan G, Sivathanu L. A comparative study on the efficiency of commercial reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction kits for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections. Indian J Public Health 2022; 66:276-281. [PMID: 36149104 DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_2042_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kits have been reliably employed for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA since the beginning of the disease outbreak. In consideration of reliable diagnosis, apart from RT-PCR, the isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based point-of-care automated kits have also been tagged as a simpler and rapid alternative to the conventional techniques. Currently, the availability of a better diagnostic method for COVID-19 when compared to RT-PCR is nil. The most important step in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a RT-PCR diagnostic laboratory is to identify and employ RT-PCR kits with higher sensitivity as well as specificity. Objectives This study aimed to study commercially available RT-PCR kits for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods The performance of seven different RT-PCR kits from different manufacturers used for diagnosis of COVID-19 in Govt Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, Tamil Nadu were analysed. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from patients and subjected to RT-PCR using these kits. Results and Conclusion The sensitivities and batch effects of the assessed kits were slightly different for different targets, for SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Examination of COVID-19 kits should be done using currently employed kits in routine diagnosis for better efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Ramalingam
- Scientist B, Department of Microbiology Govt Theni Medical College Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Dhanasezhian
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology Govt Theni Medical College Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Research Associate, Department of Microbiology Govt Theni Medical College Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowsalya Saminathan
- Research Associate, Department of Microbiology Govt Theni Medical College Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lallitha Sivathanu
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Central Leather Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Granger J, Cho E, Lindsey K, Lemoine N, Calvert D, Marucci J, Mullenix S, O'Neal H, Irving BA, Johannsen N, Spielmann G. Salivary immunity of elite collegiate American football players infected with SARS-CoV-2 normalizes following isolation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9090. [PMID: 35641582 PMCID: PMC9154042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 on systemic immunity in the general population has been well characterized, however the short-term effects of COVID-19 infection on innate salivary immunity in elite-level athletes are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether elite college football athletes had altered salivary immunity following the CDC-recommended isolation post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Salivary samples were obtained from fourteen elite football players who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 14), immediately after CDC-recommended isolation (average days = 14 ± 2 days) and fifteen controls who remained uninfected with SARS-CoV-2. Biomarkers of innate salivary immunity (sIgA and alpha-amylase), antimicrobial proteins (AMPs, i.e., HNP1-3, lactoferrin, LL-37) and lung inflammation (SPA, SPLI, and Neutrophil Elastase-alpha-1-antitrypsin complex) were measured. Independent student t-tests were used to determine changes in biomarkers between groups. Although all AMP levels were within normal range, Human Neutrophil Defensin 1–3 concentrations and secretion rates were higher in SARS-CoV-2+ compared to SARS-CoV-2–. This suggests that the CDC-recommended isolation period is sufficient to ensure that athletes’ salivary immunity is not compromised upon return to sports, and athletes post-COVID-19 infection do not appear to be at greater risk for secondary infection than those with no history of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Granger
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Eunhan Cho
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kevin Lindsey
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hollis O'Neal
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Our Lady of the Lake, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810, USA
| | - Brian A Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Neil Johannsen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. .,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Modelling the Impact of Mass Testing to Transition from Pandemic Mitigation to Endemic COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050967. [PMID: 35632707 PMCID: PMC9145947 DOI: 10.3390/v14050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As countries transition from pandemic mitigation to endemic COVID-19, mass testing may blunt the impact on the healthcare system of the liminal wave. We used GeoDEMOS-R, an agent-based model of Singapore’s population with demographic distributions and vaccination status. A 250-day COVID-19 Delta variant model was run at varying maximal rapid antigen test sensitivities and frequencies. Without testing, the number of infections reached 1,021,000 (899,400–1,147,000) at 250 days. When conducting fortnightly and weekly mass routine rapid antigen testing 30 days into the outbreak at a maximal test sensitivity of 0.6, this was reduced by 12.8% (11.3–14.5%) and 25.2% (22.5–28.5%). An increase in maximal test sensitivity of 0.2 results a corresponding reduction of 17.5% (15.5–20.2%) and 34.4% (30.5–39.1%). Within the maximal test sensitivity range of 0.6–0.8, test frequency has a greater impact than maximal test sensitivity with an average reduction of 2.2% in infections for each day removed between tests in comparison to a 0.43% average reduction per 1% increase in test frequency. Our findings highlight that mass testing using rapid diagnostic tests can be used as an effective intervention for countries transitioning from pandemic mitigation to endemic COVID-19.
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Malundo AFG, Abad CLR, Salamat MSS, Sandejas JCM, Planta JEG, Poblete JB, Morales SJL, Gabunada RRW, Evasan ALM, Cañal JPA, Santos JA, Manto JT, Rojo RD, Ornos EDB, Severino MEL, Mercado MEP, Alejandria MM. Clinical characteristics of patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary referral centre in the Philippines. IJID REGIONS (ONLINE) 2022; 2:204-211. [PMID: 35721425 PMCID: PMC8818128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asymptomatic infection is common. Bimodal age distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was observed at the University of the Philippines–Philippine General Hospital. Universal testing impacts infection control measures in resource-limited settings. Further blood testing is likely to be unnecessary for mild and asymptomatic cases of COVID-19. Symptom-based isolation protocol reduces length of hospitalization.
Objectives To describe the clinical profile and outcomes of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across the spectrum of disease severity. Methods This retrospective study included adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection admitted to a referral hospital. Descriptive statistics, tests for trend, Kaplan–Meier curve and log-rank test were used to compare characteristics and outcomes across disease severity categories. Results Of 1500 patients with COVID-19, 14.8% were asymptomatic, 13.5% had mild disease, 36.6% had moderate disease, 12.3% had severe disease and 22.7% had critical disease. Asymptomatic patients were admitted for a concurrent condition or for isolation. Patients aged >60 years, male gender and with co-morbidities had more severe disease. Fever, cough, shortness of breath, malaise, gastrointestinal symptoms and decreased sensorium were more common in patients with severe disease. Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates were common (51.1%), with sicker patients having more abnormal findings. The overall mortality rate was 15.1%. Adopting a symptom-based strategy reduced the length of hospitalization from a median of 13 [interquartile range (IQR) 7–21] days to 9 (IQR 5–14) days. Conclusion The clinical profile and outcomes for this cohort of patients with COVID-19 was consistent with published reports. Asymptomatic infection was common, and universal testing may be a valuable strategy in the correct context, given the implications for infection control. A symptom-based strategy was found to reduce the length of hospitalization considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Flor G Malundo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cybele Lara R Abad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Sonia S Salamat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joanne Carmela M Sandejas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jose Eladio G Planta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jonnel B Poblete
- Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shayne Julieane L Morales
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ron Rafael W Gabunada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Agnes Lorrainne M Evasan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Johanna Patricia A Cañal
- Department of Radiology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Julian A Santos
- Department of Radiology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jeffrey T Manto
- Department of Radiology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Raniv D Rojo
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Maria Elizabeth P Mercado
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marissa M Alejandria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
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Hariadi P, Lokida D, Menur Naysilla A, Lukman N, Kosasih H, Mardian Y, Andru G, Pertiwi I, Sugiyono RI, Pradana AA, Salim G, Butar-butar DP, Lau CY, Karyana M. Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 and Dengue Virus: A Case Report Highlighting Diagnostic Challenges. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.801276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSince its emergence in China, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 240 million people worldwide, including in regions where dengue virus (DENV) is hyperendemic such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. Diagnosis of COVID-19 in dengue endemic regions as well as DENV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection can be challenging.Case PresentationWe describe a 68-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus type II who was admitted to the Tangerang District Hospital on 14 April 2020. She lived in a neighborhood where a few people were contracting dengue fever. She presented with five days of fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, myalgia, and arthralgia. Hematology revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia, normal leukocyte count, increased neutrophil proportion, and decreased lymphocyte proportion and absolute lymphocytes. Her chest X-ray showed right pericardial infiltrates. Although dengue was clinically suspected, she was also tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection as she met screening criteria. After being confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR, she was treated with ceftriaxone, paracetamol, azithromycin, oseltamivir, and chloroquine. She was clinically improved four days later and discharged from the hospital on 25 April 2020 after SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was negative on two consecutive samples. Dengue was diagnosed retrospectively based on sero-conversion of dengue IgM and a very high dengue IgG index (ELISA, Focus Diagnostics®, Cypress, CA, USA), and sero-conversion of dengue IgM and positive IgG (Rapid test, PanBio ®Dengue duo cassette, Inverness Medical Innovations, QLD, AU), which was equivalent to high Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) antibody titer (≥1280) found in secondary dengue infection.ConclusionThe overlapping clinical presentations of COVID-19 and dengue; limited diagnostic capacity of laboratories in resource constrained settings; and complexities of interpreting results make identification of COVID-19 in the dengue endemic setting challenging. Clinicians in endemic areas must be aware of diagnostic challenges and maintain a high index of suspicion for COVID-19 coinfection with DENV and other tropical pathogens.
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Bonelli M, Rosato E, Locatelli M, Tartaglia A, Falco P, Petrarca C, Potenza F, Damiani V, Mandatori D, De Laurenzi V, Stuppia L, D'Ovidio C. Long persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 swab positivity in a drowned corpse: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:72. [PMID: 35139890 PMCID: PMC8826670 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the beginning of the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to date, important knowledge has been obtained about the virus behavior in living subjects and on inanimate surfaces; however, there is still a lack of data on virus persistency on dead bodies and the risk of contagion from cadavers. Case presentation The present case shows the persistency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral genome in nasopharyngeal swabs performed on a drowned Caucasian man, aged 41 years old, who was completely asymptomatic when he was alive, up to 41 days after death. Specific real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan 2019-nCoV Assay Kit v2; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Italy and Realquality RQ-SARS-CoV-2, AB Analytical) was used to evaluate the swabs. Conclusions This data reflect the importance of postmortem swabs in all autopsy cases, and not only in potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related death, and also highlight the necessity to evaluate virus positivity a long time after the moment of death, even if a low initial viral load was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonelli
- Section of Legal Medicine, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Enrica Rosato
- Section of Legal Medicine, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angela Tartaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pietro Falco
- Division of Legal Medicine, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Petrarca
- Allergy and Immunotoxicology and Occupational Biorepository, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Potenza
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Verena Damiani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domitilla Mandatori
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristian D'Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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Reales Gonzalez J, Prada Cardozo D, Corchuelo S, Zabaleta G, Alarcón Z, Herrera Sepulveda MT, Laiton Donato K, Franco Muñoz C, Alvarez Diaz DA, Toloza Perez YG, López R, Malagón Rojas J, Bresciani G, Mercado M. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid conversion time in military personnel outbreaks with presence of specific IgG antibodies. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35099368 PMCID: PMC8895548 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is transmitted person-to-person mainly by close contact or droplets from respiratory tract. However, the actual time of viral shedding is still uncertain as well as the different routes of transmission. We aimed to characterize RNA shedding from nasopharyngeal and rectal samples in prolonged cases of mild COVID-19 in young male soldiers. Seventy patients from three different military locations were monitored after recommending to follow more strict isolation measures to prevent the spread of the virus. Then, nasopharyngeal, rectal, and blood samples were taken. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by RT-PCR and specific antibodies by chemiluminescent immunoassays. The median nucleic acid conversion time (NACT) was 60 days (IQR: 7-85 days). Rectal swabs were taken in 60 % of patients. Seven patients (10 %) were positive in nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs, and five (7.14 %) remained positive in rectal swabs, but negative in nasopharyngeal samples. Four patients (5.71 %) that had been discharged, were positive again after 15 days. No significant difference was found in nucleic acid conversion time between age groups nor clinical classification. Maintaining distancing among different positive patients is essential as a possible re-exposure to the virus could cause a longer nucleic acid conversion time in SARS-COV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonnatan Reales Gonzalez
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.,Especialización en Estadística Aplicada, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Prada Cardozo
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Microbiología. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sheryll Corchuelo
- Grupo de Morfología Celular. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Zabaleta
- Grupo de Microbiología. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zonia Alarcón
- Grupo de Microbiología. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria T Herrera Sepulveda
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Katherine Laiton Donato
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Franco Muñoz
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego A Alvarez Diaz
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yesith Guillermo Toloza Perez
- Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral. Subdirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ronald López
- Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral. Subdirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jeadran Malagón Rojas
- Grupo de Salud Ambiental y Laboral. Subdirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Marcela Mercado
- Grupo de Genómica De Microorganismos Emergentes. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
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Kimura A, Morinaga N, Wada W, Ogata K, Okuyama T, Kato H, Sohda M, Shirabe K, Saeki H. Patient with gastric cancer who underwent distal gastrectomy after treatment of COVID-19 infection diagnosed by preoperative PCR screening. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35038069 PMCID: PMC8761870 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, preoperative screenings for COVID-19 infection are often performed in many institutions. Some patients are diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by antigen tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for COVID-19, even if they have no symptoms, such as fever or respiratory symptoms. We herein describe a patient with gastric cancer who underwent distal gastrectomy 6 weeks after recovering from COVID-19 infection diagnosed by preoperative PCR. Case presentation An 86-year-old man was transferred to our hospital because of hematemesis and melena. A hemorrhagic gastric ulcer was found in the lesser curvature of the antrum by emergency endoscopy. Endoscopic hemostasis was performed, and he was discharged after recovery. A tumor-like lesion in the lesser curvature of the antrum was found on repeat endoscopy and was diagnosed as well-differentiated adenocarcinoma by biopsy. There was no evidence of lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis; therefore, we planned radical surgery. However, he was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by preoperative PCR screening. Although he had no symptoms, such as fever or respiratory symptoms, he was hospitalized because of his advanced age. He was discharged 10 days after admission, and repeat COVID-19 PCR was negative. We planned radical surgery for the stomach tumor 6 weeks after recovery from the COVID-19 infection. A PCR-negative COVID-19 status was confirmed again before hospitalization. Open distal gastrectomy with Billroth I reconstruction was performed. We avoided ultrasonic scalpels and used a Crystal Vision 450D surgical smoke evacuator (I.C. Medical, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA) to reduce intraoperative surgical smoke. The postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, some patients are diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by preoperative antigen tests or PCR, even if they have no symptoms. If possible, elective surgery should be performed 4 to 6 weeks after recovery from COVID-19 infection to maximize safety. Moreover, surgeons must consider intraoperative surgical smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Kimura
- Department of Surgery, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, 6-3 Orihime-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-0024, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Morinaga
- Department of Surgery, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, 6-3 Orihime-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-0024, Japan
| | - Wataru Wada
- Department of Surgery, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, 6-3 Orihime-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-0024, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Ogata
- Department of Surgery, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, 6-3 Orihime-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-0024, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, 6-3 Orihime-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Surgery, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital, 6-3 Orihime-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-0024, Japan
| | - Makoto Sohda
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Rivelli A, Fitzpatrick V, Blair C, Copeland K, Richards J. Incidence of COVID-19 reinfection among Midwestern healthcare employees. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262164. [PMID: 34982800 PMCID: PMC8726474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the overwhelming worldwide rate of infection and the disappointing pace of vaccination, addressing reinfection is critical. Understanding reinfection, including longevity after natural infection, will allow us to better know the prospect of herd immunity, which hinges on the assumption that natural infection generates sufficient, protective immunity. The primary objective of this observational cohort study is to establish the incidence of reinfection of COVID-19 among healthcare employees who experienced a prior COVID-19 infection over a 10-month period. Of 2,625 participants who experienced at least one COVID-19 infection during the 10-month study period, 156 (5.94%) experienced reinfection and 540 (20.57%) experienced recurrence after prior infection. Median days were 126.50 (105.50–171.00) to reinfection and 31.50 (10.00–72.00) to recurrence. Incidence rate of COVID-19 reinfection was 0.35 cases per 1,000 person-days, with participants working in COVID-clinical and clinical units experiencing 3.77 and 3.57 times, respectively, greater risk of reinfection relative to those working in non-clinical units. Incidence rate of COVID-19 recurrence was 1.47 cases per 1,000 person-days. This study supports the consensus that COVID-19 reinfection, defined as subsequent infection ≥ 90 days after prior infection, is rare, even among a sample of healthcare workers with frequent exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rivelli
- Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Veronica Fitzpatrick
- Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Christopher Blair
- Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Copeland
- Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
- ACL Laboratories, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jon Richards
- Advocate Aurora Health, Downers Grove, IL, United States of America
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Kapustynska OS, Samchuk ОO, Kovalchuk H, Vdovychenko V, Kapustynskyi ОO, Sklyarov Y, Yaremkevych R. FEATURES OF COVID-19 PNEUMONIA DIAGNOSIS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:781-786. [PMID: 35633347 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202204106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 pneumonia course, the diagnostic significance of laboratory methods for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus based on a retrospective analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: We studied the case histories of 96 patients who were treated at the Municipal Non-Profit Enterprise "Lviv Clinical Emergency Care Hospital" for the period from 01/07/2020 to 31/07/2020 with a diagnosis of pneumonia, which corresponded to 5 points on the CO -RADS scale. We analyzed the clinical and laboratory signs of COVID-19 pneumonia depending on the results of the Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) tests to the SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive result of RT-qPCR was observed in the first group and negative - in the second group). RESULTS Results: In both groups, no clinical differences in the course of the disease were found. The most common symptoms of coronavirus pneumonia were found with the same frequency in both patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis and without it. A positive PCR test in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs was more often detected during testing up to 10 days, in patients over 60 years of age and in severe COVID-19. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis should be based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and radiological signs of this disease. A negative PCR test result does not exclude the diagnosis of coronavirus disease. The test results are influenced by the timing of the sampling, the severity of the disease and the age of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Оleg O Samchuk
- MUNICIPAL NON-PROFIT ENTERPRISE "LVIV CLINICAL EMERGENCY CARE HOSPITAL", LVIV, UKRAINE
| | | | | | | | - Yevgen Sklyarov
- DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, LVIV, UKRAINE
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Chang YS, Mayer S, Davis ES, Figueroa E, Leo P, Finn PW, Perkins DL. Transmission Dynamics of Large Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Homeless Shelter, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:76-84. [PMID: 34856112 PMCID: PMC8714208 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.210780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential for rapid transmission in congregate settings. We describe the multidisciplinary response to an outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in a large homeless shelter in Chicago, Illinois, USA. The response to the outbreak included 4 rounds of mass PCR testing of all staff and residents and subsequent isolation of persons who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We further describe the dynamics of the shelter outbreak by fitting a modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered compartmental model incorporating the widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing and isolation measures implemented in this shelter. Our model demonstrates that rapid transmission of COVID-19 in the shelter occurred before the outbreak was detected; rates of transmission declined after widespread testing and isolation measures were put in place. Overall, we demonstrate the feasibility of mass PCR testing and isolation in congregate settings and suggest the necessity of prompt response to suspected COVID-19 outbreaks in homeless shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shin Chang
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Y.-S. Chang, S. Mayer, E. Figueroa, P. Leo, P.W. Finn, D.L. Perkins)
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (E.S. Davis)
| | - Stockton Mayer
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Y.-S. Chang, S. Mayer, E. Figueroa, P. Leo, P.W. Finn, D.L. Perkins)
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (E.S. Davis)
| | - Elizabeth S. Davis
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Y.-S. Chang, S. Mayer, E. Figueroa, P. Leo, P.W. Finn, D.L. Perkins)
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (E.S. Davis)
| | - Evelyn Figueroa
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Y.-S. Chang, S. Mayer, E. Figueroa, P. Leo, P.W. Finn, D.L. Perkins)
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (E.S. Davis)
| | - Paul Leo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (Y.-S. Chang, S. Mayer, E. Figueroa, P. Leo, P.W. Finn, D.L. Perkins)
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (E.S. Davis)
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Comparison of Antigen Tests and qPCR in Rapid Diagnostics of Infections Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010017. [PMID: 35062221 PMCID: PMC8779007 DOI: 10.3390/v14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using molecular techniques from the collected respiratory swab specimens requires well-equipped laboratory and qualified personnel, also it needs several hours of waiting for results and is expensive. Antigen tests appear to be faster and cheaper but their sensitivity and specificity are debatable. The aim of this study was to compare a selected antigen test with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests results. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 192 patients with COVID-19 symptoms. All samples were tested using Vitassay qPCR SARS-CoV-2 kit and the Humasis COVID-19 Ag Test (MedSun) antigen immunochromatographic test simultaneously. Ultimately, 189 samples were tested; 3 samples were excluded due to errors in taking swabs. The qPCR and antigen test results were as follows: 47 positive and 142 negative, and 45 positive and 144 negative, respectively. Calculated sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 98.6% for the antigen test shows differences which are not statistically significant in comparison to qPCR. Our study showed that effectiveness of the antigen tests in rapid laboratory diagnostics is high enough to be an alternative and support for nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) in the virus replication phase in the course of COVID-19.
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Fast, Reliable, and Simple Point-of-Care-like Adaptation of RT-qPCR for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 for Use in Hospital Emergency Departments. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122413. [PMID: 34960682 PMCID: PMC8707628 DOI: 10.3390/v13122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During COVID-19 pandemics, the availability of testing has often been a limiting factor during patient admissions into the hospital. To circumvent this problem, we adapted an existing diagnostic assay, Seegene Allplex SARS-CoV-2, into a point-of-care-style direct qPCR (POC dqPCR) assay and implemented it in the Emergency Department of Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Croatia. In a 4-month analysis, we tested over 10,000 patients and demonstrated that POC-dqPCR is robust and reliable and can be successfully implemented in emergency departments and similar near-patient settings and can be performed by medical personnel with little prior experience in qPCR.
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McGowan A, Laveneziana P, Bayat S, Beydon N, Boros PW, Burgos F, Fležar M, Franczuk M, Galarza MA, Kendrick AH, Lombardi E, Makonga-Braaksma J, McCormack MC, Plantier L, Stanojevic S, Steenbruggen I, Thompson B, Coates AL, Wanger J, Cockcroft DW, Culver B, Sylvester K, De Jongh F. International consensus on lung function testing during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. ERJ Open Res 2021; 8:00602-2021. [PMID: 35261912 PMCID: PMC8607240 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00602-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has negatively affected the delivery of respiratory diagnostic services across the world due to the potential risk of disease transmission during lung function testing. Community prevalence, reoccurrence of COVID-19 surges, and the emergence of different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have impeded attempts to restore services. Finding consensus on how to deliver safe lung function services for both patients attending and for staff performing the tests are of paramount importance.This international statement presents the consensus opinion of 23 experts in the field of lung function and respiratory physiology balanced with evidence from the reviewed literature. It describes a robust roadmap for restoration and continuity of lung function testing services during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.Important strategies presented in this consensus statement relate to the patient journey when attending for lung function tests. We discuss appointment preparation, operational and environmental issues, testing room requirements including mitigation strategies for transmission risk, requirement for improved ventilation, maintaining physical distance, and use of personal protection equipment. We also provide consensus opinion on precautions relating to specific tests, filters, management of special patient groups, and alternative options to testing in hospitals.The pandemic has highlighted how vulnerable lung function services are and forces us to re-think how long term mitigation strategies can protect our services during this and any possible future pandemic. This statement aspires to address the safety concerns that exist and provide strategies to make lung function tests and the testing environment safer when tests are required.
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44
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BJS commission on surgery and perioperative care post-COVID-19. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1162-1180. [PMID: 34624081 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020 and global surgical practice was compromised. This Commission aimed to document and reflect on the changes seen in the surgical environment during the pandemic, by reviewing colleagues' experiences and published evidence. METHODS In late 2020, BJS contacted colleagues across the global surgical community and asked them to describe how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had affected their practice. In addition to this, the Commission undertook a literature review on the impact of COVID-19 on surgery and perioperative care. A thematic analysis was performed to identify the issues most frequently encountered by the correspondents, as well as the solutions and ideas suggested to address them. RESULTS BJS received communications for this Commission from leading clinicians and academics across a variety of surgical specialties in every inhabited continent. The responses from all over the world provided insights into multiple facets of surgical practice from a governmental level to individual clinical practice and training. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered a variety of problems in healthcare systems, including negative impacts on surgical practice. Global surgical multidisciplinary teams are working collaboratively to address research questions about the future of surgery in the post-COVID-19 era. The COVID-19 pandemic is severely damaging surgical training. The establishment of a multidisciplinary ethics committee should be encouraged at all surgical oncology centres. Innovative leadership and collaboration is vital in the post-COVID-19 era.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Biomedical Research/organization & administration
- COVID-19/diagnosis
- COVID-19/economics
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- Education, Medical, Graduate/methods
- Education, Medical, Graduate/trends
- Female
- Global Health
- Health Resources/supply & distribution
- Health Services Accessibility/trends
- Humans
- Infection Control/economics
- Infection Control/methods
- Infection Control/standards
- International Cooperation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics
- Perioperative Care/education
- Perioperative Care/methods
- Perioperative Care/standards
- Perioperative Care/trends
- Practice Patterns, Physicians'/standards
- Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends
- Surgeons/education
- Surgeons/psychology
- Surgeons/trends
- Surgical Procedures, Operative/education
- Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods
- Surgical Procedures, Operative/standards
- Surgical Procedures, Operative/trends
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Dickens BL, Koo JR, Lim JT, Park M, Sun H, Sun Y, Zeng Z, Quaye SED, Clapham HE, Wee HL, Cook AR. Determining quarantine length and testing frequency for international border opening during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6295067. [PMID: 34104959 PMCID: PMC8344539 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the closure or partial closure of international borders in almost all countries. Here, we investigate the efficacy of imported case detection considering quarantine length and different testing measures for travellers on arrival. METHODS We examine eight broad border control strategies from utilizing quarantine alone, pre-testing, entry and exit testing, and testing during quarantine. In comparing the efficacy of these strategies, we calculate the probability of detecting travellers who have been infected up to 2 weeks pre-departure according to their estimated incubation and infectious period. We estimate the number of undetected infected travellers permitted entry for these strategies across a prevalence range of 0.1-2% per million travellers. RESULTS At 14-day quarantine, on average 2.2% (range: 0.5-8.2%) of imported infections are missed across the strategies, leading to 22 (5-82) imported cases at 0.1% prevalence per million travellers, increasing up to 430 (106-1641) at 2%. The strategy utilizing exit testing results in 3.9% (3.1-4.9%) of imported cases being missed at 7-day quarantine, down to 0.4% (0.3-0.7%) at 21-day quarantine, and the introduction of daily testing, as the most risk averse strategy, reduces the proportion further to 2.5-4.2% at day 7 and 0.1-0.2% at day 21 dependent on the tests used. Rapid antigen testing every 3 days in quarantine leads to 3% being missed at 7 days and 0.7% at 14 days, which is comparable to PCR testing with a 24-hour turnaround. CONCLUSIONS Mandatory testing, at a minimal of pre-testing and on arrival, is strongly recommended where the length of quarantining should then be determined by the destination country's level of risk averseness, pandemic preparedness and origin of travellers. Repeated testing during quarantining should also be utilized to mitigate case importation risk and reduce the quarantining duration required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel R Koo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Jue Tao Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Minah Park
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Yinxiaohe Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Zitong Zeng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Sharon Esi Duoduwa Quaye
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Hwee Lin Wee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System
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Gaspar-Rodríguez A, Padilla-González A, Rivera-Toledo E. Coronavirus persistence in human respiratory tract and cell culture: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101632. [PMID: 34627782 PMCID: PMC8486621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging human coronaviruses, including the recently identified SARS-CoV-2, are relevant respiratory pathogens due to their potential to cause epidemics with high case fatality rates, although endemic coronaviruses are also important for immunocompromised patients. Long-term coronavirus infections had been described mainly in experimental models, but it is currently evident that SARS-CoV-2 genomic-RNA can persist for many weeks in the respiratory tract of some individuals clinically recovered from coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19), despite a lack of isolation of infectious virus. It is still not clear whether persistence of such viral RNA may be pathogenic for the host and related to long-term sequelae. In this review, we summarize evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA persistence in respiratory samples besides results obtained from cell culture and histopathology describing long-term coronavirus infection. We also comment on potential mechanisms of coronavirus persistence and relevance for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gaspar-Rodríguez
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Ana Padilla-González
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Coyoacan, Mexico.
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Coyoacan, Mexico.
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47
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Baba MM, Bitew M, Fokam J, Lelo EA, Ahidjo A, Asmamaw K, Beloumou GA, Bulimo WD, Buratti E, Chenwi C, Dadi H, D'Agaro P, De Conti L, Fainguem N, Gadzama G, Maiuri P, Majanja J, Meshack W, Ndjolo A, Nkenfou C, Oderinde BS, Opanda SM, Segat L, Stuani C, Symekher SL, Takou D, Tesfaye K, Triolo G, Tuki K, Zacchigna S, Marcello A. Diagnostic performance of a colorimetric RT -LAMP for the identification of SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter prospective clinical evaluation in sub-Saharan Africa. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 40:101101. [PMID: 34476394 PMCID: PMC8401528 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management and control of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is critically dependent on quick and reliable identification of the virus in clinical specimens. Detection of viral RNA by a colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a simple, reliable and cost-effective assay, deployable in resource-limited settings (RLS). Our objective was to evaluate the intrinsic and extrinsic performances of RT-LAMP in RLS. METHODS This is a multicenter prospective observational study of diagnostic accuracy, conducted from October 2020 to February 2021 in four African Countries: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya and Nigeria; and in Italy. We enroled 1657 individuals who were either COVID-19 suspect cases, or asymptomatic and presented for screening. RNA extracted from pharyngeal swabs was tested in parallel by a colorimetric RT-LAMP and by a standard real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FINDINGS The sensitivity and specificity of index RT LAMP compared to standard RT-PCR on 1657 prospective specimens from infected individuals was determined. For a subset of 1292 specimens, which underwent exactly the same procedures in different countries, we obtained very high specificity (98%) and positive predictive value (PPV = 99%), while the sensitivity was 87%, with a negative predictive value NPV = 70%, Stratification of RT-PCR data showed superior sensitivity achieved with an RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) below 35 (97%), which decreased to 60% above 35. INTERPRETATION In this field trial, RT-LAMP appears to be a reliable assay, comparable to RT-PCR, particularly with medium-high viral loads (Ct < 35). Hence, RT-LAMP can be deployed in RLS for timely management and prevention of COVID-19, without compromising the quality of output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycelin Mandu Baba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State P.M.B.1069, Nigeria
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute (EBTI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joseph Fokam
- The Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric Agola Lelo
- Center for Biotechnology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Ahidjo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State P.M.B.1069, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Collins Chenwi
- The Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hailu Dadi
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute (EBTI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Pierlanfranco D'Agaro
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, UCO Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e della Salute, Università di Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura De Conti
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Nadine Fainguem
- The Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Galadima Gadzama
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State P.M.B.1069, Nigeria
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milano 20139, Italy
| | - Janet Majanja
- Center for Biotechnology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wadegu Meshack
- Center for Biotechnology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexis Ndjolo
- The Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Celine Nkenfou
- The Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Bamidele Soji Oderinde
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State P.M.B.1069, Nigeria
| | | | - Ludovica Segat
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, UCO Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stuani
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Samwel L. Symekher
- Center for Biotechnology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Desire Takou
- The Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CIRCB), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Gianluca Triolo
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Keyru Tuki
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute (EBTI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste 34149, Italy
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48
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Watanabe Y, Oikawa R, Suzuki T, Funabashi H, Asai D, Hatori Y, Takemura H, Yamamoto H, Itoh F. Evaluation of a new point-of-care quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain test for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23992. [PMID: 34519100 PMCID: PMC8529137 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is rapidly spreading worldwide, and the resultant disease, coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), has become a global pandemic. Although there are multiple methods for detecting SARS‐CoV‐2, there are some issues with such tests, including long processing time, expense, low sensitivity, complexity, risk of contamination, and user friendly. This study evaluated the reproducibility and usability of a new point‐of‐care test (POCT) using real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) for detecting SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods Samples from 96 patients with suspected SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were assessed using the real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT and the conventional real‐time qRT‐PCR method based on the Japanese National Institute of Infectious Diseases guidelines (registration number: jRCT1032200025). Results The real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT had a positive agreement rate of 90.0% (18/20), a negative agreement rate of 100% (76/76), and a total agreement rate of 97.9% (94/96), and the significantly high score of questionnaire survey (total score p < 0.0001). In the two cases in which real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT results did not match conventional real‐time qRT‐PCR test results, the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA copy numbers were 8.0 copies per test in one case and below the detection limit in the other case when quantified using conventional real‐time qRT‐PCR. All patients could be triaged within 1 day using the real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT without invalid reports. Conclusions The real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT not only had high reproducibility and useability but also allowed rapid patient triage. Therefore, it may be helpful in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Rinko General Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshio Suzuki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Funabashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Matsudo City General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Asai
- Department of Microbiology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hatori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hatori Clinic, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takemura
- Department of Microbiology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fumio Itoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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49
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Kobelev E, Bergen TA, Tarkova AR, Vasiltseva OY, Kamenskaya OV, Usov VY, Chernyavsky AM. COVID-19 as a cause of chronic pulmonary hypertension: pathophysiological rationale and potential of instrumental investigations. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2021. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a poorly understood and dangerous medical problem. COVID-19-related pulmonary vessels involvement is a complex set of interrelated pathophysiological processes associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and accompanied by thrombosis of various localization, vasomotor disorders, severe respiratory failure, as well as pulmonary embolism (PE) resulting in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). According to computed tomographic pulmonary angiography, the incidence of PE in patients with COVID-19 ranges from 23 to 30%. The aim of this work was to focus the doctors' attention on the risk of pulmonary hypertension in patients after COVID-19.Despite the ability of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to infect various organs and systems, the main and most serious complications are pulmonary infiltration, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory failure and PE, which in some cases becomes the triggering mechanism for CTEPH development. The literature review presents data on main pathological abnormalities developing in target organs during COVID-19 and playing an important role in increasing the CTEPH risk. The paper describes the main methods of instrumental investigations of CTEPH and an algorithm for its use in COVID-19 survivors.The revealed data demonstrated that the absence of obvious signs of pulmonary hypertension/CTEPH, the cardiopulmonary system abnormalities cannot be ruled out. Therefore, it seems appropriate to actively follow up COVID-19 survivors. A thoroughly, purposefully collected anamnesis, pulmonary function tests and stress echocardiography in an ambiguous clinical situation will play a leading role as they identify cardiopulmonary disorders and provide the doctor with basic information for further planning of patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kobelev
- Meshalkin National Medical Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | - V. Yu. Usov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center
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50
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Chen Z, Liu A, Cheng Y, Wang X, Xu X, Huang J, Ma Y, Gao M, Huang C. Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:805. [PMID: 34384388 PMCID: PMC8358550 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the COVID-19 pandemic, several therapeutic agents have been used in COVID-19 management. However, the results were controversial. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)/chloroquine (CQ) in COVID-19. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients with COVID-19 admitted to an inpatient ward in Wuhan from 2020/Feb/08 to 2020/Mar/05. Patients with HCQ/CQ and age, gender, disease severity matched ones without HCQ/CQ were selected at a 1:2 ratio. The clinical, laboratory and imaging findings were compared between these two groups. The multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify the factors that might influence patients’ virus shedding periods (VSPs). Results A total of 14 patients with HCQ/CQ and 21 matched ones were analyzed. The HCQ/CQ treatment lasted for an average of 10.36 ± 3.12 days. The mean VSPs were longer in the HCQ/CQ treatment group (26.57 ± 10.35 days vs. 19.10 ± 7.80 days, P = 0.020). There were 3 patients deceased during inpatient period, two patients were with HCQ/CQ treatment (P = 0.551). In the multivariate linear regression analysis, disease durations at admission (t = 3.643, P = 0.001) and HCQ/CQ treatment (t = 2.637, P = 0.013) were independent parameters for patients’ VSPs. One patient with CQ had recurrent first-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) and obvious QTc elongation, another one complained about dizziness and blurred vision which disappeared after CQ discontinuation. One patient with HCQ had transient AVB. Conclusions In summary, we identify that the HCQ/CQ administration is not related to less mortality cases at later phase of COVID-19. More studies are needed to explore whether HCQ/CQ treatment would lead to SARS-Cov-2 RNA clearance delay or not. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06477-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xutao Wang
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomao Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Cibo Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
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