1
|
Kirar RS, Uniyal R, Garg RK, Verma R, Malhotra HS, Sharma PK, Kumar N, Pandey S, Rizvi I, Jain A. Occurrence and determinants of seizures and their impact on tuberculous meningitis: a prospective evaluation. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:821-829. [PMID: 38167743 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence of seizures and the factors contributing to poor outcomes in patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). METHODS In this prospective observational study, 129 patients with TBM were enrolled at the Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Uttar Pradesh, India, from April 2021 to April 2023. Detailed clinical history, neurological examinations, baseline laboratory tests, contrast-enhanced Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) were obtained for all patients. Patients received anti-tuberculous therapy and, if necessary, anti-epileptic treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months, with outcomes evaluated using the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS). RESULTS Of the 129 patients, 48 (37.2%) reported seizures. Advanced TBM stage (p = 0.040, OR = 2.50 95% CI:1.02-6.07), cortical involvement (p = .0.013, OR = 2.58 95% CI:1.20-5.51) and spike-wave discharges in the EEG (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with seizure occurrence. After multivariate analysis, only cortical involvement (p = 0.031, OR = 2.34, 95% CI:1.08-5.08) emerged as independent predictor of for seizures. Focal to bilateral seizures (p = 0.008, OR = 9.41, 95% CI: 1.76-74.04), status epilepticus (p = 0.002, OR = 8.00, 95% CI: 1.86-34.32), and rifampicin resistance (p = 0.022, OR = 9.25, 95% CI: 1.43-59.50) were significantly associated with poor outcomes at the 6-month mark. CONCLUSION Seizures were significantly associated with advanced stage of the disease, cortical involvement on neuro-imaging and epileptiform pattern on EEG. Additionally, focal to bilateral seizures and status epilepticus adversely affected the outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Kirar
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Ravi Uniyal
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India.
| | - Ravindra Kumar Garg
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Rajesh Verma
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Malhotra
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Sharma
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Shweta Pandey
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 22600, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guillem L, Espinosa J, Laporte-Amargos J, Sánchez A, Grijota MD, Santin M. Mortality and sequelae of tuberculous meningitis in a high-resource setting: A cohort study, 1990-2017. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024; 42:124-129. [PMID: 36737367 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most serious form of tuberculosis, results in high mortality and long-term disability in low-resource countries. We investigated temporal trends in mortality and sequelae in a high-resource low-incidence country. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients with TBM at two third-level teaching hospitals in Barcelona (Spain), between January 1990 and December 2017, assessing temporal trends in mortality and sequelae after 12 months over four consecutive 7-year time windows. Rates observed across the four periods were adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Of the 135 cases included, all but one started tuberculosis (TB) treatment and 120 (89.6%) received rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, with or without ethambutol. The probability of being alive at month 12 was 81.8%, with no differences among the four periods: in comparison with the 1990-1996 period, the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 2.55 (0.71-9.25), 0.70 (0.13-3.85), and 1.29 (0.28-5.91) for the 1997-2003, 2004-2010, and 2011-2017 periods respectively. Sequelae were present in 28.3% at month 12, with no differences across the four periods in the adjusted analysis: in comparison with the 1990-1996 period, the odds ratios and 95% CIs were 0.80 (0.09-7.22); 1.94 (0.21-17.96), and 2.42 (0.25-23.07) for the 1997-2003, 2004-2010, and 2011-2017 periods respectively. CONCLUSION This study shows that TBM still causes high mortality and disability even in a high-resource low-incidence TB setting and without improvement over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa Guillem
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Espinosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Laporte-Amargos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sánchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Programa de Salut Internacional de l'Institut Català de la Salut (PROSICS), Barcelona, Spain; Mycobacterial Diseases Study Group (Grupo de estudio de Infecciones por Micobacterias, Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, GEIM-SEIMC) Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - María D Grijota
- Tuberculosis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Fundamental and Medical-Surgical Nursing, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Santin
- Tuberculosis Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar K, Mathew JL. World Health Organization Guideline on the Management of Tuberculosis in Children: Critical Appraisal, Concerns, and Caution. Indian J Pediatr 2023; 90:811-816. [PMID: 37193925 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In September 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a new guideline for the management of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents. It included eight new recommendations. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) has been designated as the preferred initial diagnostic test for pulmonary TB and detection of rifampicin resistance. But its place vis-à-vis the previously recommended GeneXpert has not been clarified. Further, the limited diagnostic accuracy of Xpert Ultra in some biological specimens like nasopharyngeal aspirates, and the inability to report the presence or absence of rifampicin resistance in 'trace' reports has not been addressed. The guideline also recommends a shortened 4-mo treatment regimen for non-severe drug-susceptible TB. This is based on a single trial having several methodological issues that limit its applicability and generalizability. Interestingly, the criteria for designating 'non-severe' TB in the trial is based on smear negativity, whereas the new WHO recommendation is to omit smear microscopy altogether. The guideline also recommends an alternative 6-mo intensive regimen for drug-susceptible TB meningitis, which needs more supportive evidence. The lower age limits for the use of bedaquiline and delamanid have been decreased to less than 6 and 3 y respectively. While this makes it feasible to treat drug resistant TB in children with oral medications, the resource implications need careful consideration. These concerns advocate caution before the WHO guideline recommendations can be universally implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Joseph L Mathew
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kainz K, Brinkmann F, Bogyi M, Feiterna-Sperling C, Götzinger F, Mädel C, Thee S, Krüger R. [Tuberculosis-Update 2022]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2023; 171:553-564. [PMID: 37266398 PMCID: PMC10204672 DOI: 10.1007/s00112-023-01768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
According to the annual global reports from the Word Health Organization (WHO), children under 15 years of age represent 11% of all cases of tuberculosis (TB) globally. Nearly 50% of these cases are children below 5 years old. This continuing medical education (CME) article provides an overview of the current recommendations and innovations based on the revised WHO guidelines on TB management in children and adolescents published in 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kainz
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Montleartstraße 37, 1160 Wien, Österreich
| | - Folke Brinkmann
- Pädiatrische Pneumologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Bogyi
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Montleartstraße 37, 1160 Wien, Österreich
| | - Cornelia Feiterna-Sperling
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m.S. Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Florian Götzinger
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Montleartstraße 37, 1160 Wien, Österreich
| | - Clemens Mädel
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Montleartstraße 37, 1160 Wien, Österreich
| | - Stephanie Thee
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m.S. Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Renate Krüger
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m.S. Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuen CM, Sekadde MP, Kaiser B, Waning B, Graham SM. Towards Shorter, Child-Friendly Regimens for Treatment of Tuberculosis Disease and Infection in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:e77-e79. [PMID: 36201662 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Yuen
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, France
| | | | - Brian Kaiser
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brenda Waning
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen M Graham
- Global Drug Facility, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Kampala, Uganda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gafar F, Wasmann RE, McIlleron HM, Aarnoutse RE, Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Agarwal D, Antwi S, Bang ND, Bekker A, Bell DJ, Chabala C, Choo L, Davies GR, Day JN, Dayal R, Denti P, Donald PR, Engidawork E, Garcia-Prats AJ, Gibb D, Graham SM, Hesseling AC, Heysell SK, Idris MI, Kabra SK, Kinikar A, Kumar AKH, Kwara A, Lodha R, Magis-Escurra C, Martinez N, Mathew BS, Mave V, Mduma E, Mlotha-Mitole R, Mpagama SG, Mukherjee A, Nataprawira HM, Peloquin CA, Pouplin T, Ramachandran G, Ranjalkar J, Roy V, Ruslami R, Shah I, Singh Y, Sturkenboom MGG, Svensson EM, Swaminathan S, Thatte U, Thee S, Thomas TA, Tikiso T, Touw DJ, Turkova A, Velpandian T, Verhagen LM, Winckler JL, Yang H, Yunivita V, Taxis K, Stevens J, Alffenaar JWC. Global estimates and determinants of antituberculosis drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:2201596. [PMID: 36328357 PMCID: PMC9996834 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01596-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suboptimal exposure to antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs has been associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes. We aimed to investigate estimates and determinants of first-line anti-TB drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents at a global level. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science (1990-2021) for pharmacokinetic studies of first-line anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents. Individual patient data were obtained from authors of eligible studies. Summary estimates of total/extrapolated area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h post-dose (AUC0-24) and peak plasma concentration (C max) were assessed with random-effects models, normalised with current World Health Organization-recommended paediatric doses. Determinants of AUC0-24 and C max were assessed with linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Of 55 eligible studies, individual patient data were available for 39 (71%), including 1628 participants from 12 countries. Geometric means of steady-state AUC0-24 were summarised for isoniazid (18.7 (95% CI 15.5-22.6) h·mg·L-1), rifampicin (34.4 (95% CI 29.4-40.3) h·mg·L-1), pyrazinamide (375.0 (95% CI 339.9-413.7) h·mg·L-1) and ethambutol (8.0 (95% CI 6.4-10.0) h·mg·L-1). Our multivariate models indicated that younger age (especially <2 years) and HIV-positive status were associated with lower AUC0-24 for all first-line anti-TB drugs, while severe malnutrition was associated with lower AUC0-24 for isoniazid and pyrazinamide. N-acetyltransferase 2 rapid acetylators had lower isoniazid AUC0-24 and slow acetylators had higher isoniazid AUC0-24 than intermediate acetylators. Determinants of C max were generally similar to those for AUC0-24. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the most comprehensive estimates of plasma exposures to first-line anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents. Key determinants of drug exposures were identified. These may be relevant for population-specific dose adjustment or individualised therapeutic drug monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fajri Gafar
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland E Wasmann
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen M McIlleron
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rob E Aarnoutse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ben J Marais
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dipti Agarwal
- Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Lucknow, India
| | - Sampson Antwi
- Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Department of Child Health, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Child Health, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Adrie Bekker
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - David J Bell
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Infectious Diseases Unit, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chishala Chabala
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
- University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Lusaka, Zambia
- University Teaching Hospitals - Children's Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Louise Choo
- University College London, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Geraint R Davies
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Clinical Research Programme, Clinical Department, Blantyre, Malawi
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeremy N Day
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajeshwar Dayal
- Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Agra, India
| | - Paolo Denti
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter R Donald
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anthony J Garcia-Prats
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Diana Gibb
- University College London, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Stephen M Graham
- University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Scott K Heysell
- University of Virginia, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Misgana I Idris
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sushil K Kabra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India
| | - Aarti Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
| | - Agibothu K Hemanth Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Awewura Kwara
- University of Florida, Emerging Pathogens Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Nilza Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Del Ambiente, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Binu S Mathew
- Christian Medical College and Hospital, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Vellore, India
| | - Vidya Mave
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College - Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Estomih Mduma
- Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Center for Global Health Research, Haydom, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Aparna Mukherjee
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, New Delhi, India
| | - Heda M Nataprawira
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health, Division of Paediatric Respirology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Thomas Pouplin
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Geetha Ramachandran
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Jaya Ranjalkar
- Christian Medical College and Hospital, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Vellore, India
| | - Vandana Roy
- Maulana Azad Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ira Shah
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Pediatric TB Clinic, Mumbai, India
| | - Yatish Singh
- Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Department of Pediatrics, Agra, India
| | - Marieke G G Sturkenboom
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elin M Svensson
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- World Health Organization, Public Health Division, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urmila Thatte
- Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Mumbai, India
| | - Stephanie Thee
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania A Thomas
- University of Virginia, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tjokosela Tikiso
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daan J Touw
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Turkova
- University College London, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, UK
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy Division, Dr R.P. Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Lilly M Verhagen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Stellenbosch University, Family Centre for Research with UBUNTU, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jana L Winckler
- Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Hongmei Yang
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vycke Yunivita
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Katja Taxis
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Stevens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Both authors contributed equally and shared senior authorship
| | - Jan-Willem C Alffenaar
- The University of Sydney, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Both authors contributed equally and shared senior authorship
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calzada-Hernández J, Anton J, Martín de Carpi J, López-Montesinos B, Calvo I, Donat E, Núñez E, Blasco Alonso J, Mellado MJ, Baquero-Artigao F, Leis R, Vegas-Álvarez AM, Medrano San Ildefonso M, Pinedo-Gago MDC, Eizaguirre FJ, Tagarro A, Camacho-Lovillo M, Pérez-Gorricho B, Gavilán-Martín C, Guillén S, Sevilla-Pérez B, Peña-Quintana L, Mesa-Del-Castillo P, Fortuny C, Tebruegge M, Noguera-Julian A. Dual latent tuberculosis screening with tuberculin skin tests and QuantiFERON-TB assays before TNF-α inhibitor initiation in children in Spain. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:307-317. [PMID: 36335186 PMCID: PMC9829583 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor-necrosis-factor-α inhibitors (anti-TNF-α) are associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease, primarily due to reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI). We assessed the performance of parallel LTBI screening with tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assays (QFT-GIT) before anti-TNF-α treatment in children with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders in a low TB-burden setting. We conducted a multicenter cohort study involving 17 pediatric tertiary centers in Spain. LTBI was defined as the presence of a positive TST and/or QFT-GIT result without clinical or radiological signs of TB disease. A total of 270 patients (median age:11.0 years) were included, mainly with rheumatological (55.9%) or inflammatory bowel disease (34.8%). Twelve patients (4.4%) were diagnosed with TB infection at screening (LTBI, n = 11; TB disease, n = 1). Concordance between TST and QFT-GIT results was moderate (TST+/QFT-GIT+, n = 4; TST-/QFT-GIT+, n = 3; TST+/QFT-GIT-, n = 5; kappa coefficient: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.36-0.60). Indeterminate QFT-GIT results occurred in 10 patients (3.7%) and were associated with young age and elevated C-reactive protein concentrations. Eleven of 12 patients with TB infection uneventfully completed standard LTBI or TB treatment. During a median follow-up period of 6.4 years, only 2 patients developed TB disease (incidence density: 130 (95% CI: 20-440) per 100,000 person-years), both probable de novo infections. CONCLUSION A substantial number of patients were diagnosed with LTBI during screening. The dual strategy identified more cases than either of the tests alone, and test agreement was only moderate. Our data show that in children in a low TB prevalence setting, a dual screening strategy with TST and IGRA before anti-TNF-α treatment is effective. WHAT IS KNOWN • The optimal screening strategy for latent tuberculosis in children with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders remains uncertain. • Children receiving anti-TNF-α drugs are at increased risk of developing severe tuberculosis disease. WHAT IS NEW • A dual screening strategy, using TST and an IGRA assay, identified more children with latent tuberculosis than either of the tests alone. • Identification and treatment of latent tuberculosis before initiation of anti-TNF-α therapy averted incident tuberculosis cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Calzada-Hernández
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Anton
- grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Pediatric Rheumatology Division, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Departament de Cirurgia i Especialitats Medicoquirúrgiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martín de Carpi
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Departament de Cirurgia i Especialitats Medicoquirúrgiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Servei de Gastroenterologia, Hepatologia I Nutrició Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta López-Montesinos
- grid.84393.350000 0001 0360 9602Rheumatology Unit, Pediatrics Department, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Calvo
- grid.84393.350000 0001 0360 9602Rheumatology Unit, Pediatrics Department, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ester Donat
- grid.84393.350000 0001 0360 9602Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Pediatrics Department, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Núñez
- grid.411457.2UGC de Pediatría, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Blasco Alonso
- grid.411457.2UGC de Pediatría, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María José Mellado
- Servicio de Pediatria, Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Patología Tropical, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain ,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.512890.7Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero-Artigao
- Servicio de Pediatria, Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Patología Tropical, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain ,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.512890.7Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis
- grid.411048.80000 0000 8816 6945Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pediatrics Department, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana María Vegas-Álvarez
- grid.411280.e0000 0001 1842 3755Gastroenterología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Medrano San Ildefonso
- grid.411106.30000 0000 9854 2756Reumatología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Saragossa, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Eizaguirre
- grid.414651.30000 0000 9920 5292Unidad de Gastroenterología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.119375.80000000121738416Paediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía; Paediatrics Research Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain ,grid.144756.50000 0001 1945 5329Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisol Camacho-Lovillo
- grid.411109.c0000 0000 9542 1158Servicio de Inmunología, Reumatología e Infectología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gorricho
- grid.411107.20000 0004 1767 5442Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Gavilán-Martín
- grid.411263.3Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Sara Guillén
- grid.512890.7Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain ,grid.411244.60000 0000 9691 6072Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Sevilla-Pérez
- grid.459499.cUnidad de Reumatología, Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Universitario San Cecilio de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Peña-Quintana
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Mother and Child Insular University Hospital,, Las Palmas, Spain ,grid.512890.7Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain ,grid.4521.20000 0004 1769 9380University Institute for Research in Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pablo Mesa-Del-Castillo
- grid.411372.20000 0001 0534 3000Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de La Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Departament de Cirurgia i Especialitats Medicoquirúrgiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Malalties Infeccioses I Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d’Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Tebruegge
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Department of Paediatrics, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Departament de Cirurgia i Especialitats Medicoquirúrgiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP), Madrid, Spain. .,Malalties Infeccioses I Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d'Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hou J, Liu XJ, He Y, Zhang YA, Wang MS. Cerebrospinal fluid findings of infant tuberculous meningitis: a scoping review. Ann Med 2022; 54:2517-2521. [PMID: 36120927 PMCID: PMC9518261 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2123560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations play an important role in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). However, their yield in the diagnosis of infant TBM remains unclear. This scoping review aims to detail the role of CSF examination for the diagnosis of infant TBM. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed to identify articles published prior to October 14th, 2021. Articles describing the results of CSF exanimations among infant TBM were eligible for inclusion. Data extracted from each study included age, sex, CSF microbiological evidence (such as AFB smear, TB PCR, and TB culture), and routine CSF examinations (such as appearance, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, protein, and glucose). RESULTS A total of 98 cases were included in the final analysis. The yield of microbiological methods was listed as follows: CSF AFB smear, 20.5% (9/44); CSF TB culture 47.5% (29/61); CSF TB PCR, 65.0% (26/40); the combination of them, 57.3% (47/82). According to Marais criteria, the positivities of CSF examinations were calculated as follows: WBC count (ref, 50-500/μL), 65.5% (55/84); lymphocyte predominance (ref, >0.5), 75.4% (49/65); total protein (ref, >100 mg/dL), 67.8% (59/87); glucose (ref, <2.2 mmol/L, or CSF/serum ratio < 0.5), 68.2% (58/85). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that routine microbiological tools for infant TBM diagnosis have a sensitivity ranging from 20.5% to 65.0%, and most CSF features are non-specific and insufficient to predict a diagnosis of infant TBM. Therefore, further effort is required to develop new tools for infant TBM diagnosis.Key messages: Routine microbiological tools (such as acid-fast bacilli smear, PCR, and culture) have an unsatisfactory sensitivity for infant TBM diagnosis, and most CSF features are non-specific and insufficient to predict a diagnosis of infant TBM. Therefore, further effort is required to develop new tools for infant TBM diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- Department of Intensive Care, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Jie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-An Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Mao-Shui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, China.,Department of Lab Medicine, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guillem L, Espinosa J, Laporte-Amargos J, Sánchez A, Grijota MD, Santin M. Mortality and sequelae of tuberculous meningitis in a high-resource setting: A cohort study, 1990–2017. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Sulis G, Tavaziva G, Gore G, Benedetti A, Solomons R, van Toorn R, Thee S, Day J, Verkuijl S, Brands A, Viney K, Masini T, Ahmad Khan F, Chiang SS. Comparative Effectiveness of Regimens for Drug-Susceptible Tuberculous Meningitis in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Aggregate-Level Data Meta-Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac108. [PMID: 35673608 PMCID: PMC9167638 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Before August 2021, the only regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat pediatric drug-susceptible tuberculous meningitis was a 12-month regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide (2HRZE/10HR). The comparative effectiveness of shorter regimens is unknown. Methods To inform a WHO guideline update, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate outcomes from regimens of 6- to less than 12-months' duration that included, at a minimum, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. We included studies that applied rigorous diagnostic criteria and reported outcomes for ≥10 children or adolescents. Using generalized linear mixed models, we estimated the random effects pooled proportions of patients with key outcomes. Results Of 7 included studies, none compared regimens head-to-head. Three studies (724 patients) used a 6-month intensive regimen, which includes isoniazid and rifampicin at higher doses, pyrazinamide, and ethionamide instead of ethambutol (6HRZEto). Outcomes for this versus the 12-month regimen (282 patients, 3 studies) were, respectively, as follows: death, 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1%-13.4%) vs 23.9% (95% CI, 17.5%-31.7%); treatment success (survival with or without sequelae), 94.6% (95% CI, 73.9%-99.1%) vs 75.4% (95% CI, 68.7%-81.1%); and neurological sequelae among survivors, 66.0% (95% CI, 55.3%-75.3%) vs 36.3% (95% CI, 30.1%-43.0%). Relapse did not occur among 148 patients followed-up for 2 years after completing the 6-month intensive regimen. Conclusions Our findings are limited by the small number of studies and substantial potential for confounding. Nonetheless, the 6HRZEto regimen was associated with high treatment success and is now recommended by WHO as an alternative to the 12-month regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sulis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrea Benedetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Regan Solomons
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ronald van Toorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jeremy Day
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sabine Verkuijl
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annemieke Brands
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kerri Viney
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiziana Masini
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Silvia S Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nataprawira HM, Gafar F, Risan NA, Wulandari DA, Sudarwati S, Marais BJ, Stevens J, Alffenaar JWC, Ruslami R. Treatment Outcomes of Childhood Tuberculous Meningitis in a Real-World Retrospective Cohort, Bandung, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:660-671. [PMID: 35202524 PMCID: PMC8888221 DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.212230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
12
|
Gafar F, Marais BJ, Nataprawira HM, Alffenaar JWC. Optimizing antimicrobial and host-directed therapies to improve clinical outcomes of childhood tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:360-361. [PMID: 34910810 PMCID: PMC9410716 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fajri Gafar
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J Marais
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heda M Nataprawira
- Division of Pediatric Respirology, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jan-Willem C Alffenaar
- University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|