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Jiang Y, Pan Y, Yin J. Prevalence, toxin-genotype distribution, and transmission of Clostridium perfringens from the breeding and milking process of dairy farms. Food Microbiol 2024; 120:104485. [PMID: 38431330 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the distribution, transmission, and cross-contamination of Clostridium perfringens during the breeding and milking process from dairy farms. The prevalence of 22.3% (301/1351) yielded 494 C. perfringens isolates; all isolates were type A, except for one type D, and 69.8% (345/494) of the isolates carried atyp. cpb2 and only 0.6% (3/494) of the isolates carried cons. cpb2. C. perfringens detected throughout the whole process but without type F. 150 isolates were classified into 94 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes; among them, six clusters contained 34 PFGE genotypes with 58.0% isolates which revealed epidemic correlation and genetic diversity; four PFGE genotypes (PT57, PT9, PT61, and PT8) were the predominant genotypes. The isolates from different farms demonstrated high homology. Our study confirmed that C. perfringens demonstrated broad cross-contamination from nipples and hides of dairy cattle, followed by personnel and tools and air-introduced raw milk during the milking process. In conclusion, raw milk could serve as a medium for the transmission of C. perfringens, which could result in human food poisoning. Monitoring and controlling several points of cross-contamination during the milking process are essential as is implementing stringent hygiene measures to prevent further spread and reduce the risk of C. perfringens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yifan Pan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Newell K, Helfrich K, Isernhagen H, Jones M, Stickel G, McKeel H, Castrodale L, McLaughlin J. Multipathogen Outbreak of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens Among Hospital Workers in Alaska, August 2021. Public Health Rep 2024; 139:195-200. [PMID: 37178053 PMCID: PMC10851898 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231170220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus are common causes of reported foodborne illness. On August 6, 2021, the Alaska Division of Public Health identified a multipathogen gastrointestinal outbreak among hospital staff in Homer, Alaska. The objectives of this study were to identify the outbreak source and prevent future illness. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of hospital staff who participated in luncheon events during August 5-7, 2021, and used an online survey to identify hospital staff with gastrointestinal illness. We defined case patients as people who reported new-onset gastrointestinal illness (diarrhea or abdominal cramping) after food consumption during the luncheon events. We calculated adjusted odds ratios of gastrointestinal illness associated with reported food exposures. We tested available food samples for C perfringens and B cereus and tested case patient stool specimens for C perfringens. We conducted an environmental investigation at the implicated vendor site. RESULTS Of 202 survey responses, 66 (32.7%) people reported acute gastrointestinal illness: 64 (97.0%) reported diarrhea, 62 (94.9%) reported abdominal cramps, and none were hospitalized. Of 79 people who consumed ham and pulled pork sandwiches, 64 (81.0%) met the case definition; this food item was significantly associated with increased odds of gastrointestinal illness (adjusted odds ratio = 296.4; 95% CI, 76.7-2019.1). C perfringens and B cereus were isolated at confirmatory levels from sandwich samples. C perfringens enterotoxin was detected in all 5 stool specimens tested. Environmental investigators observed other food items at the sandwich vendor that were refrigerated outside the required temperature range (>41 °F); no clear handling deficiencies for the implicated food were identified. CONCLUSION Quick notification and effective collaboration can help detect an outbreak, identify the responsible food vehicle, and mitigate further risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Newell
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathryn Helfrich
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Heidi Isernhagen
- Food Safety and Sanitation Program, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Martin Jones
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
- Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriela Stickel
- Enteric Bacteriology, Food and Shellfish Bacteriology Laboratories, Washington State Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Haley McKeel
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Louisa Castrodale
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Barbarek SC, Shah R, Paul S, Alvarado G, Appala K, Henderson EC, Strandquist ET, Pokorny A, Singh VK, Gatto C, Dahl JU, Hines KM, Wilkinson BJ. Lipidomics of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures in Staphylococcus aureus utilizing exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids over biosynthesized endogenous branched-chain fatty acids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578686. [PMID: 38352554 PMCID: PMC10862916 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that Staphylococcus aureus can incorporate exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids (SCUFAs) into membrane phospho- and glyco-lipids from various sources in supplemented culture media, and when growing in vivo in an infection. Given the enhancement of membrane fluidity when oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) is incorporated into lipids, we were prompted to examine the effect of medium supplementation with C18:1Δ9 on growth at low temperatures. C18:1Δ9 supported the growth of a cold-sensitive, branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA)-deficient mutant at 12°C. Interestingly, we found similar results in the BCFA-sufficient parental strain. We show that incorporation of C18:1Δ9 and its elongation product C20:1Δ9 into membrane lipids was required for growth stimulation and relied on a functional FakAB incorporation system. Lipidomics analysis of the phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and diglycosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) lipid classes revealed major impacts of C18:1Δ9 and temperature on lipid species. Growth at 12°C in the presence of C18:1Δ9 also led to increased production of the carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin; however, this was not an obligatory requirement for cold adaptation. Enhancement of growth by C18:1Δ9 is an example of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures utilizing an exogenous fatty acid. This may be significant in the growth of S. aureus at low temperatures in foods that commonly contain C18:1Δ9 and other SCUFAs in various forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritika Shah
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Sharanya Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Gloria Alvarado
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Keerthi Appala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Emma C. Henderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | | | - Antje Pokorny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Vineet K. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO
| | - Craig Gatto
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Jan-Ulrik Dahl
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
| | - Kelly M. Hines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Mostafa NF, Elkenany RM, Younis G. Characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from contaminated foods with sequencing of virulence genes in Egypt. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e257516. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.257516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The current study describes the presence of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) in contaminated foods of animal source and ready for human consumption with highlighting on their virulence contributing factors by detection of its virulence genes in addition to identification of their sequencing. Three hundred sixty food samples categorized as (228) meat products and (132) milk products were examined for B. cereus isolation and all of these isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests. Eighteen strains obtained from different food samples were examined for the attendance of a number of virulence genes (nheA, cytK, entFM, bceT and hblC genes) using uniplex PCR method. Furthermore, the B. cereus strains were valued for the sequencing of described genes. Generally 24.44% (88/360) food samples classified as 11.11% (40/360) meat products and 13.33% (48/360) milk products carried B. cereus according to cultural and biochemical properties, with geometric mean (1.5×107±0.15 CFU/g or mL) . The highest counts (above 105 CFU/g or mL) were originated from milk products (with geometric mean 2.2×107±0.22 CFU/g or mL) more than meat products (with geometric mean 1×107±0.19 CFU/g or mL). The results revealed that all of our isolates had one or more virulence (enterotoxin) genes. In our research, the most predominant genes were nheA (100%), followed by cytK (61.11%), entFM (33.33%), bceT (11.11%) then hblC (5.56%). Molecular method detected that overall, 5 strains (27.78%) harbored only 1 gene (nheA), 7 strains (38.88%) harbored 2 genes which classified as 5 strains (27.78%) (nheA and cytK), 2 strains (11.11%) have (nheA and entFM). Moreover, 5 strains (27.78%) have 3 genes classified as 3 strains (16.67%) harbored (nheA, cytK and entFM), 1 strain (5.56%) had (nheA, cytK and hblC), and 1 strain (5.56%) had (nheA, cytK and bceT). Only 1 strain (5.56%) carried 4 tested virulence genes (nheA, cytK, entFM and bceT) genes. The most prevalent gene in meat and dairy foods was nheA (100%). The nucleotide sequences of (bceT, cytK, entFM, hblC and nheA genes) of B. cereus strains were deposited in GenBank under accession no. (MW911824, MW911825, MW911826, MW911827 and MW911828), respectively. Our study was established to indicate the presence of virulent B. cereus in meat and milk products ready for human consumption as a result of deficient hygienic actions. So, a plain for good hygienic measures should be modified to avoid causing serious health problems to human due to ingestion of such products.
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Sabbih GO, Wijesinghe KM, Algama C, Dhakal S, Danquah MK. Computational generation and characterization of IsdA-binding aptamers with single-molecule FRET analysis. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300076. [PMID: 37593983 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne bacterial pathogen. Early detection of S. aureus is crucial to prevent infections and ensure food quality. The iron-regulated surface determinant protein A (IsdA) of S. aureus is a unique surface protein necessary for sourcing vital iron from host cells for the survival and colonization of the bacteria. The function, structure, and location of the IsdA protein make it an important protein for biosensing applications relating to the pathogen. Here, we report an in-silico approach to develop and validate high-affinity binding aptamers for the IsdA protein detection using custom-designed in-silico tools and single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) measurements. We utilized in-silico oligonucleotide screening methods and metadynamics-based methods to generate 10 aptamer candidates and characterized them based on the Dissociation Free Energy (DFE) of the IsdA-aptamer complexes. Three of the aptamer candidates were shortlisted for smFRET experimental analysis of binding properties. Limits of detection in the low picomolar range were observed for the aptamers, and the results correlated well with the DFE calculations, indicating the potential of the in-silico approach to support aptamer discovery. This study showcases a computational SELEX method in combination with single-molecule binding studies deciphering effective aptamers against S. aureus IsdA, protein. The established approach demonstrates the ability to expedite aptamer discovery that has the potential to cut costs and predict binding efficacy. The application can be extended to designing aptamers for various protein targets, enhancing molecular recognition, and facilitating the development of high-affinity aptamers for multiple uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chamika Algama
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Soma Dhakal
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael K Danquah
- University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Leong SS, Korel F, King JH. Bacillus cereus: A review of "fried rice syndrome" causative agents. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106418. [PMID: 37866551 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
"Fried rice syndrome" originated from the first exposure to a fried rice dish contaminated with Bacillus cereus. This review compiles available data on the prevalence of B. cereus outbreak cases that occurred between 1984 and 2019. The outcome of B. cereus illness varies dramatically depending on the pathogenic strain encounter and the host's immune system. B. cereus causes a self-limiting, diarrheal illness caused by heat-resistant enterotoxin proteins, and an emetic illness caused by the deadly toxin named cereulide. The toxins together with their extrinsic factors are discussed. The possibility of more contamination of B. cereus in protein-rich food has also been shown. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the available data, focusing mainly on B. cereus physiology as the causative agent for "fried rice syndrome." This review emphasizes the prevalence of B. cereus in starchy food contamination and outbreak cases reported, the virulence of both enterotoxins and emetic toxins produced, and the possibility of contaminated in protein-rich food. The impact of emetic or enterotoxin-producing B. cereus on public health cannot be neglected. Thus, it is essential to constantly monitor for B. cereus contamination during food handling and hygiene practices for food product preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Sien Leong
- Department of Animal Sciences and Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Nyabau Road, Bintulu, 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia; Institute of Ecosystem Science Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, Bintulu, 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Figen Korel
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Jie Hung King
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Nyabau Road, Bintulu, 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Soni A, Brightwell G. Effect of novel and conventional food processing technologies on Bacillus cereus spores. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 108:265-287. [PMID: 38461001 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the effect of thermal and non-thermal processing technologies on Bacillus cereus spores, a well-known pathogenic bacterium associated with foodborne illnesses. B. cereus has been frequently detected in rice, milk products, infant food, liquid eggs products and meat products all over the world. This Gram positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobe can produce endospores that can withstand pasteurization, UV radiation, and chemical reagents commonly used for sanitization. B. cereus spores can germinate into vegetative cells that can produce toxins. The conventional regime for eliminating spores from food is retorting which uses the application of high temperature (121 °C). However, at this temperature, there could be a significant amount of loss in the organoleptic and functional qualities of the food components, especially proteins. This leads to the research on the preventive measures against germination and if possible, to reduce the resistance before using a non-thermal technology (temperatures less than retorting-121 °C) for inactivation. This chapter reviews the development and success of several food processing technologies in their ability to inactivate B. cereus spores in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathi Soni
- Food System Integrity, Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food System Integrity, Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea), Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Oliveira M, Carvalho M, Teixeira P. Characterization of the Toxigenic Potential of Bacillus cereus sensu lato Isolated from Raw Berries and Their Products. Foods 2023; 12:4021. [PMID: 37959140 PMCID: PMC10648475 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is estimated to be responsible for 1.4-12% of all food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxigenic potential of 181 isolates of B. cereus previously recovered from different types of berries and berry products (strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, and blueberries) by assessing the presence of enterotoxin genes (hblA, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, and cytK) and an emetic toxin cereulide synthetase gene (ces). The cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells was also evaluated for the two isolates containing the gene cytK. Twenty-three toxigenic profiles were found. The nheABC (91.7%) and hblACD (89.0%) complexes were the most prevalent among the isolates, while the cytK and ces genes were detected in low percentages, 1.1% and 3.3%, respectively. In addition, the nheABC/hblACD complex and ces genes were detected in isolates recovered throughout the production process of blackberries and strawberries. The cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells was also observed to be greater than 60% for isolates containing the cytK gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Oliveira
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Marta Carvalho
- Laboratório Associado, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Laboratório Associado, CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Duan M, Wang H, Dai R, Liu Y, Li X, Jia F. Bactericidal efficacy difference between air and nitrogen cold atmospheric plasma on Bacillus cereus: Inactivation mechanism of Gram-positive bacteria at the cellular and molecular level. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113204. [PMID: 37803533 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging food processing technology, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has attracted great attention in the field of microbial inactivation. Although CAP has been proven to effectively inactivate a variety of foodborne pathogens, there is less research on the inactivation of Bacillus cereus, and the exact inactivation mechanism is still unclear. Elucidating the inactivation mechanism will help to develop and optimize this sterilization method, with the prospective application in industrialized food production. This study aims to explore the bactericidal efficacy difference between air and nitrogen CAP on B. cereus, a typical Gram-positive bacterium, and reveals the inactivation mechanism of CAP at the cellular and molecular level, by observing the change of the cell membrane, cell morphological damage, intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity and cellular biomacromolecules changes. The results showed that both air CAP and nitrogen CAP could effectively inactivate B. cereus, which was due to the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by the plasma causing bacterial death. The damage pathways of CAP on Gram-positive bacteria could be explained by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane and cell morphology, disturbing the intracellular redox homeostasis, and destroying biomacromolecules in the cells. The differences in active species generated by the plasma were the main reason for the different bactericidal efficiencies of air CAP and nitrogen CAP, where air CAP producing RONS with stronger oxidative capacity in a shorter time. This study indicates that air CAP is an effective, inexpensive and green technology for B. cereus inactivation, providing a basis for industrial application in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yana Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Miaolin Duan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruitong Dai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xingmin Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fei Jia
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Andrade AA, Paiva AD, Machado ABF. Microbiology of street food: understanding risks to improve safety. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad167. [PMID: 37516449 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Street foods play important socioeconomic and cultural roles and are popular worldwide. In addition to providing convenient and low-cost meals for urban populations, street food offers an essential source of income for vendors, especially women, and it can reflect traditional local culture, which is an important attraction for tourists. Despite these benefits, the microbiological safety of street food has become a worldwide concern because it is often prepared and sold under inadequate safety conditions, without legal control and sanitary surveillance. Consequently, high counts of fecal indicator bacteria and several foodborne pathogens have been detected in street foods. This review provides insight into the microbiology of street food, focus on the associated microbiological safety aspects and main pathogens, and the global status of this important economic activity. Furthermore, the need to apply molecular detection rather than traditional culture-based methods is discussed to better understand the actual risks of microbial infection associated with street foods. Recognition is always the first step toward addressing a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Assunção Andrade
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais 38025-015, Brazil
| | - Aline Dias Paiva
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais 38025-015, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Barbosa Ferreira Machado
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Studies in Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, Brazil
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AlJindan R, AlEraky DM, Farhat M, Almandil NB, AbdulAzeez S, Borgio JF. Genomic Insights into Virulence Factors and Multi-Drug Resistance in Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:359. [PMID: 37368661 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen that causes several disorders in humans and animals. A multidrug-resistant Clostridium strain was isolated from the fecal sample of a patient who was clinically suspected of gastrointestinal infection and had a recent history of antibiotic exposure and diarrhea. The strain was identified by 16s rRNA sequencing as Clostridium perfringens. The strain's pathogenesis was analyzed through its complete genome, specifically antimicrobial resistance-related genes. The Clostridium perfringens IRMC2505A genome contains 19 (Alr, Ddl, dxr, EF-G, EF-Tu, folA, Dfr, folP, gyrA, gyrB, Iso-tRNA, kasA, MurA, rho, rpoB, rpoC, S10p, and S12p) antibiotic-susceptible genetic species according to the k-mer-based detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Genome mapping using CARD and VFDB databases revealed significant (p-value = 1 × 10-26) genes with aligned reads against antibiotic-resistant genes or virulence factors, including phospholipase C, perfringolysin O, collagenase, hyaluronidase, alpha-clostripain, exo-alpha-sialidase, and sialidase activity. In conclusion, this is the first report on C. perfringens from Saudi Arabia that conducted whole genome sequencing of IRMC2505A and confirmed the strain as an MDR bacterium with several virulence factors. Developing control strategies requires a detailed understanding of the epidemiology of C. perfringens, its virulence factors, and regional antimicrobial resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem AlJindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M AlEraky
- Department of Biomedical Dental Science, Microbiology and Immunology Division, Collage of Dentistry, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor B Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Warmate D, Onarinde BA. Food safety incidents in the red meat industry: A review of foodborne disease outbreaks linked to the consumption of red meat and its products, 1991 to 2021. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110240. [PMID: 37167789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Red meat is a significant source of human nutrition, and the red meat industry contributes to the economy of nations. Nonetheless, there is a widespread global concern about public health issues posed by severe food safety incidents within the red meat industry. Most of these incidents are associated with foodborne disease outbreaks that impact individual consumers, food businesses and society. This study adopts a systematic search and review approach to identify three decades of published investigation reports of global foodborne disease outbreaks linked with the consumption of red meat and products made from them. The review aims to evaluate the critical features of these outbreak incidents to get insight into their contributing factors and root causes. In particular, this review discusses the transmission setting (origin of pathogenic agents), the food vehicles mostly incriminated, the causative pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) causing the most illnesses, and the most commonly reported contributing factors to the outbreaks. This information can help researchers and food business operators (FBOs) inform future risk assessment studies and support risk management activities in developing risk-mitigating strategies for the industry. Findings from this study suggest that implementing food safety management strategies which include adequate control measures at all stages of the food chain, from farm to fork, is imperative in preventing outbreak incidents. Of equal importance is the need for enhanced and sustained public education about the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with meat and its products whilst discouraging the consumption of raw meat products, especially by high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dein Warmate
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK.
| | - Bukola A Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK
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Xiao D, Tong C, Yang T, Huo Z, Li Y, Zeng Z, Xiong W. First insights into antimicrobial resistance, toxigenic profiles, and genetic diversity in Bacillus cereus isolated from Chinese sausages. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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14
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Hong S, Kang HJ, Lee HY, Jung HR, Moon JS, Yoon SS, Kim HY, Lee YJ. Prevalence and characteristics of foodborne pathogens from slaughtered pig carcasses in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158196. [PMID: 37065220 PMCID: PMC10103459 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of bacteria into slaughterhouses can lead to microbial contamination in carcasses during slaughter, and the initial level of bacteria in carcasses is important because it directly affects spoilage and the shelf life. This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality, and the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in 200 carcasses from 20 pig slaughterhouses across Korea. Distribution of microbial counts were significantly higher for aerobic bacteria at 3.01–4.00 log10 CFU/cm2 (42.0%) and 2.01–3.00 log10 CFU/cm2 (28.5%), whereas most of Escherichia coli showed the counts under 1.00 log10 CFU/cm2 (87.0%) (P < 0.05). The most common pathogen isolated from 200 carcasses was Staphylococcus aureus (11.5%), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (7.0%). In total, 17 S. aureus isolates from four slaughterhouses were divided into six pulsotypes and seven spa types, and showed the same or different types depending on the slaughterhouses. Interestingly, isolates from two slaughterhouses carried only LukED associated with the promotion of bacterial virulence, whereas, isolates from two other slaughterhouses carried one or more toxin genes associated with enterotoxins including sen. In total, 14 Y. enterocolitica isolates from six slaughterhouses were divided into nine pulsotypes, 13 isolates belonging to biotype 1A or 2 carried only ystB, whereas one isolate belonging to bio-serotype 4/O:3 carried both ail and ystA. This is the first study to investigate microbial quality and the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in carcasses from slaughterhouses nationally, and the findings support the need for ongoing slaughterhouse monitoring to improve the microbiological safety of pig carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serim Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-San Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Ha-Young Kim
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Young Ju Lee
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Lott T, Wiedmann M, Martin N. Shelf-life storage temperature has a considerably larger effect than high-temperature, short-time pasteurization temperature on the growth of spore-forming bacteria in fluid milk. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3838-3855. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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16
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Yang S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Jia K, Zhang Z, Dong Q. Cereulide and Emetic Bacillus cereus: Characterizations, Impacts and Public Precautions. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040833. [PMID: 36832907 PMCID: PMC9956921 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereulide, which can be produced by Bacillus cereus, is strongly associated with emetic-type food poisoning outbreaks. It is an extremely stable emetic toxin, which is unlikely to be inactivated by food processing. Considering the high toxicity of cereulide, its related hazards raise public concerns. A better understanding of the impact of B. cereus and cereulide is urgently needed to prevent contamination and toxin production, thereby protecting public health. Over the last decade, a wide range of research has been conducted regarding B. cereus and cereulide. Despite this, summarized information highlighting precautions at the public level involving the food industry, consumers and regulators is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the current review is to summarize the available data describing the characterizations and impacts of emetic B. cereus and cereulide; based on this information, precautions at the public level are proposed.
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Abdelrahman F, Gangakhedkar R, Nair G, El-Didamony G, Askora A, Jain V, El-Shibiny A. Pseudomonas Phage ZCPS1 Endolysin as a Potential Therapeutic Agent. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020520. [PMID: 36851734 PMCID: PMC9961711 DOI: 10.3390/v15020520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge of antibiotic resistance has gained much attention in recent years due to the rapid emergence of resistant bacteria infecting humans and risking industries. Thus, alternatives to antibiotics are being actively searched for. In this regard, bacteriophages and their enzymes, such as endolysins, are a very attractive alternative. Endolysins are the lytic enzymes, which are produced during the late phase of the lytic bacteriophage replication cycle to target the bacterial cell walls for progeny release. Here, we cloned, expressed, and purified LysZC1 endolysin from Pseudomonas phage ZCPS1. The structural alignment, molecular dynamic simulation, and CD studies suggested LysZC1 to be majorly helical, which is highly similar to various phage-encoded lysozymes with glycoside hydrolase activity. Our endpoint turbidity reduction assay displayed the lytic activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Although in synergism with EDTA, LysZC1 demonstrated significant activity against Gram-negative pathogens, it demonstrated the highest activity against Bacillus cereus. Moreover, LysZC1 was able to reduce the numbers of logarithmic-phase B. cereus by more than 2 log10 CFU/mL in 1 h and also acted on the stationary-phase culture. Remarkably, LysZC1 presented exceptional thermal stability, pH tolerance, and storage conditions, as it maintained the antibacterial activity against its host after nearly one year of storage at 4 °C and after being heated at temperatures as high as 100 °C for 10 min. Our data suggest that LysZC1 is a potential candidate as a therapeutic agent against bacterial infection and an antibacterial bio-control tool in food preservation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Abdelrahman
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12578, Egypt
| | - Rutuja Gangakhedkar
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Gokul Nair
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Vikas Jain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +91-755-2691425 (V.J.); +20-1005662772 (A.E.-S.)
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12578, Egypt
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish 45511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +91-755-2691425 (V.J.); +20-1005662772 (A.E.-S.)
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Li Y, Wang M, Li Y, Hong B, Kang D, Ma Y, Wang J. Two novel antimicrobial peptides against vegetative cells, spores and biofilm of Bacillus cereus. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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19
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Navaneethan Y, Effarizah ME. Post-Cooking Growth and Survival of Bacillus cereus Spores in Rice and Their Enzymatic Activities Leading to Food Spoilage Potential. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030626. [PMID: 36766153 PMCID: PMC9914848 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus strains vary in their heat resistance, post-processing survival and growth capacity in foods. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the effect of cooking on the survival and growth of eight B. cereus spores in rice at different temperatures in terms of their toxigenic profiles and extracellular enzyme activity. Samples of rice inoculated with different B. cereus spores were cooked and stored at 4 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C for up to 7 days, 48 h and 24 h, respectively. Out of eight B. cereus strains, four and three spore strains were able to grow at 30 °C and 25 °C post-cooking, respectively. Rapid growth was observed after a minimum of 6 h of incubation at 30 °C. All strains possessed proteolytic activity, whereas lipolytic and amylolytic activities were exhibited by 50% and 12.5% of the strains, respectively. The post-cooking survival and growth capacity of the B. cereus strains appeared to be independent of their toxigenic profiles, whereas extracellular enzymatic activities were required for their vegetative growth. Due to the B. cereus spores' abilities to survive cooking and return to their active cellular form, great care should be taken when handling ready-to-eat foods.
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Vicar EK, Alo DB, Koyiri VC, Opare-Asamoah K, Obeng-Bempong M, Mensah GI. Carriage of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Associated Factors Among Food Handlers in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana: Implications for Food Safety. Microbiol Insights 2023; 16:11786361221150695. [PMID: 36726578 PMCID: PMC9885032 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221150695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria pathogens constitute a significant proportion of diarrhoea-causing food contaminants. Transmission of antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens to humans is a major threat to food safety, especially in developing countries where quality hygiene and sanitation facilities are lacking. Factors related to antibiotic use, sanitation and hand hygiene have been associated with the spread of infectious diseases as well as antibiotic resistant bacteria. Proper food handling ensures that food is not contaminated with potential pathogenic bacteria. This study assessed the carriage of antibiotic resistant bacteria and associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among food handlers who sell ready to eat food in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern Region of Ghana. Food vending stations with huge customer base were randomly selected and the food handlers recruited using written informed consent. Structured questionnaires were used to collect participants sociodemographic details and information on sanitation, hand hygiene practice and antibiotic use. Sterile cotton swabs soaked in phosphate buffered saline was used to swab the palms of participating food handlers for bacteria isolation. All identified bacteria were tested for susceptibility to 12 antibiotics. Results In all, 406 food handlers participated in this study, the mean (SD) age was 26.5 (2.64) years. Bacteria isolated were predominantly Staphylococci 60 (14.8%) and Escherichia coli 54 (13.3%). All the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested. The isolates showed high resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics such as ampicillin (40.0%-75.0%), tetracycline (40.0%-80.0%), amoxiclav (20.0%-80.0%) and chloramphenicol (7.7%-50.0%). Logistic regression model revealed that the carriage of antibiotic resistant bacteria by food handlers was significantly associated with age, educational level, years on the job, training in food preparation, hygiene practice, water source, type of toilet facility used and antibiotic use. Conclusion Street food handlers could be potential sources of food-borne transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Kofi Vicar
- Department of Clinical Microbiology,
University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | | | - Kwame Opare-Asamoah
- Department of Biological Sciences,
University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi
Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Gloria Ivy Mensah, University of Ghana
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra,
Ghana.
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21
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Dallagi H, Jha PK, Faille C, LE-Bail A, Rawson A, Benezech T. Removal of biocontamination in the food industry using physical methods; an overview. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Gelolodo MA, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Kurniawati DA. Review of pork and pork products as a source for transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.167-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that can cause infection in animals and humans. Recently, MRSA from food-producing or farm animals has been identified as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). The spread of LA-MRSA is particularly found in pork and pork products because LA-MRSA has been widely known to infect pigs. The most common type of LA-MRSA identified in pork and pork products is the clonal complex LA-MRSA 398 (LA-MRSA CC398). The MRSA strains on the surface of pork carcasses can be spread during the handling and processing of pork and pork products through human hands, cutting tools, and any surface that comes into direct contact with pork. Food infection is the main risk of MRSA in pork and pork products consumed by humans. Antibiotics to treat food infection cases due to MRSA infection include vancomycin and tigecycline. The spread of MRSA in pork and pork products is preventable by appropriately cooking and cooling the pork and pork products at temperatures above 60°C and below 5°C, respectively. It is also necessary to take other preventive measures, such as having a clean meat processing area and disinfecting the equipment used for processing pork and pork products. This review aimed to explain epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, public health consequences, treatment of food poisoning, and preventing the spread of MRSA in pork and pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sancaka Cashyer Ramandinianto
- Master Program in Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maria Aega Gelolodo
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Master Program in Veterinary Disease and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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The Cleanability of Laser Etched Surfaces with Repeated Fouling using Staphylococcus aureus and Milk. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bacteriological Quality of Table Eggs in Moroccan Formal and Informal Sector. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:6223404. [PMID: 36245565 PMCID: PMC9553687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6223404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eggs constitute an important part of the Moroccan diet. However, contaminated eggs can cause a serious public health problem if consumed undercooked, uncooked, or used in unpasteurized egg foodstuffs. This study was carried out to evaluate the microbial contents of eggs according to their sales sector in Morocco. For that, a total of 1770 eggs were collected from January to September 2021 from formal markets (refrigerated eggs from large shopping centers) and informal markets (eggs at ambient temperature from ambulatory sellers, street vendors, kiosks, and neighborhood stores) and transferred to the Avian Pathology Unit at Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute. The eggshells and their contents were tested separately; swabs of eggshells were used to inoculate Mac-Conkey agar, while the egg contents were cultured on Mac-Conkey and Mannitol salt agar, then standard microbiological tests were performed to identify the isolated organisms. The results showed that informal eggs were more contaminated (87%) than formal eggs (48) (p < 0.05). The bacteria isolated from the eggshells (informal and formal) were Enterobacter agglomerans (59% and 21%), Klebsiella spp. (24% and 4%), Enterobacter cloacae (17% and 8%), E. coli (9% and 1%), Serratia spp. (9% and1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9% and 1%), Shigella spp. (5% and 0%), Salmonella enteritidis (0% and 2%), Proteus spp. (4% and 0%), Enterobacter sakazakii (2% and 0%), Rahnella aquatilis (1% and 0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (0% and 1%). For the egg-contents, the detected bacteria (informal and formal) were Enterobacter agglomerans (14% and 28%), Klebsiella spp. (7% and 6%), Staphylococcus aureus (6% and 1%), Enterobacter cloacae (4% and 4%), E. coli (4%, 1%), Shigella spp. (4%, 0%), Acinetobacter baumannii (3% and 1%), Salmonella enteritidis (2% and 0%), Serratia spp. (1% and 6%), Proteus spp. (1% and 3%), and Enterobacter sakazakii (1% and 0%). We conclude that eggs might be contaminated with several bacteria and can constitute a public health threat in Morocco.
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Li H, Huang YY, Addo KA, Huang ZX, Yu YG, Xiao XL. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus response to cuminaldehyde stress. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 382:109930. [PMID: 36122481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The previous study indicated that cuminaldehyde (CUM) could be used as an antibacterial agent in sauced beef to reduce the propagation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This research took sauced beef treated with 0.4 μL/mL CUM as the research object. Transcriptomic and proteomic methods were used to comprehensively analyze the changes in genes and proteins of S. aureus under CUM stress. A total of 258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 178 up-regulated and 80 down-regulated) and 384 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs, 61 up-regulated and 323 down-regulated) were found. It was observed that CUM destroyed the cell wall and cell membrane by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan and fatty acid. Low energy consumption strategies were formed by reducing glycolysis and ribosome de novo synthesis. The levels of genes and proteins associated with the glycine, serine, threonine, methionine, cysteine, and branched-chain amino acids were dramatically changed, which impaired protein synthesis and reduced bacterial viability. In addition, the up-regulated DEGs and DEFs involved in DNA replication, recombination and single-stranded DNA-binding contributed to DNA repair. Moreover, ATP-binding cassettes (ABC) transporters were also perturbed, such as the uptake of betaine and iron were inhibited. Thus, this study revealed the response mechanism of S. aureus under the stress of CUM, and provided a theoretical basis for the application of CUM in meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, PR China
| | - Keren Agyekumwaa Addo
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ze-Xuan Huang
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi-Gang Yu
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xing-Long Xiao
- Research Center of Food Safety and Detection, College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Dai J, Hu W, Yang H, Li C, Cui H, Li X, Lin L. Controlled release and antibacterial properties of PEO/casein nanofibers loaded with Thymol/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes in beef preservation. Food Chem 2022; 382:132369. [PMID: 35152025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
There are still many limitations in the application of natural active compounds in meat preservation. Herein, thymol was first inserted into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to form a stable inclusion complex (THY/β-CD-IC). The computational investigation showed that the optimized complexation energy for THY/β-CD-IC was -12.95 kcal mol-1. It contributed to the improvement of the thermal stability of thymol in the inclusion compound. Furthermore, the functionalized nanofibers (THY/β-CD-IC-NFs) loaded with THY/β-CD-IC were successfully fabricated by electrospinning of the mixture of casein and polyethylene oxide. When dealing with protease-producing bacteria, controllable release of thymol from THY/β-CD-IC-NFs was achieved through the response of casein to the hydrolysis of bacterial protease. The application results indicated that the prepared THY/β-CD-IC-NFs had a long-term antimicrobial activity for chilled beef preservation during 7-days storage. The information from this study presents a feasible strategy for the development of natural extracts for use in meat preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Hongying Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Haiying Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xiangzhou Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410007, China.
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Xiao F, Liu J, Feng X, Xie G, Zhang W, Xu H. Rapid enrichment and detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk using polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Wang X, Da J, Liu Y. Reagentless detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B via electrochemical interrogation of conformational changes. Chirality 2022; 34:1219-1227. [PMID: 35686646 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical biosensor for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) detection has been designed on the basis of electrochemical interrogation of conformational changes. Ferrocene-labeled hairpin probe (Fc-HP) and SEB aptamer are introduced for the construction of the platform. Without SEB, the rigid construction of DNA duplex that included SEB aptamer and Fc-HP prevented Fc getting access to the electrode surface, keeping the "eT-off" state in the detection system. In the presence of SEB, the interaction between SEB and the aptamer could trigger the disruption of DNA duplex and the restoration of hairpin structure, accompanied by the increase of Fc oxidation current. The decreasing distance between the redox probe and electrode upon the nucleic acid reconfiguration substantially increased the efficiency of eT, which resulted in the enhanced Fc signal. The proposed strategy presented a wide linear detection range from 0.005 to 100 ng mL-1 with a detection limit down to 3 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3). To investigate the applicability and reliability of the method in real food samples such as milk samples, we compared the results between this method and the commercial ELISA kit. The relative percentage error between the two assays ranged from -6.42% to 6.31%, indicating that there was no obvious difference between the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Urology, General Hospital Of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Da
- Urology, General Hospital Of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanjian Liu
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Abd El-Hack ME, El-Shall NA, El-Kasrawy NI, El-Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Zabermawi NM, Alshilawi MS, Alagawany M, Khafaga AF, Bilal RM, Elnesr SS, Aleya L, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA. The use of black pepper (Piper guineense) as an ecofriendly antimicrobial agent to fight foodborne microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10894-10907. [PMID: 35000164 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consumers demand clean-label food products, necessitating the search for new, natural antimicrobials to meet this demand while ensuring food safety. This review aimed at investigating the antimicrobial properties of black pepper (Piper guineense) against foodborne microorganisms. The existence of foodborne illness, food spoilage, food waste, the resulting negative economic impact of these issues, and consumer interests have all pushed the food industry to find alternative, safe, and natural antimicrobials to be used in foods and beverages. Consumers have also influenced the demand for novel antimicrobials due to the perceived association of current synthetic preservatives with diseases and adverse effects on children. They also have a desire for clean-label products. These combined concerns have prompted researchers at investigating plant extracts as potential sources for antimicrobials. Plants possess many antimicrobial properties; therefore, evaluating these plant extracts as a natural source of antimicrobials can lead to a preventative control method in reducing foodborne illness and food spoilage, inclusively meeting consumer needs. In most regions, P. guineense is commonly utilized due to its potent and effective medicinal properties against foodborne microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Nahed A El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Nagwa I El-Kasrawy
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidal M Zabermawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashaeal S Alshilawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Rana M Bilal
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
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Prevalence and Characterization of PVL-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Cow’s Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020097. [PMID: 35202125 PMCID: PMC8876356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and some toxin genes of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in unpasteurized raw cow’s milk collected from retail outlets located at Mansoura, Dakahliya governorate, Egypt. In that context, a total of 700 raw cow’s milk samples were investigated for the presence of S. aureus, which was identified in 41.1% (288/700) of the samples. Among the S. aureus isolates, 113 PVL-positive S. aureus were identified and subjected for further analysis. The PVL-positive S. aureus were investigated for the existence of toxin-related genes, including hemolysin (hla), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, see, seg, sei, and selj). Genotypic resistance of PVL-positive strains was performed for the detection of blaZ and mecA genes. Among the PVL-positive S. aureus, sea, seb, and sec were detected in 44.2, 6.2%, and 0.9%, respectively, while the hla and tst genes were identified in 54.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The blaZ and mecA genes were successfully identified in 84.9 (96/113) and 32.7% (37/113) of the total evaluated S. aureus isolates, respectively. PVL-positive S. aureus displayed a high level of resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was displayed by all methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 38.2% of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The obtained findings are raising the alarm of virulent PVL-positive MRSA clones in retail milk in Egypt, suggesting the requirement for limiting the use of β-lactam drugs in food-producing animals and the importance of implementing strong hygiene procedures in dairy farms and processing plants.
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Alsayeqh AF, Baz AHA, Darwish WS. Antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68111-68133. [PMID: 34668139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are known as significant public health hazards worldwide, particularly in the Middle East region. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among foodborne pathogens becomes one of the top challenges for the environment, public health, and food safety sectors. However, less is known about antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in the Middle East region. Possibly because of the lack of surveillance, documentation, and reporting. This review focuses on the current status of antimicrobial resistance profiling among foodborne pathogens in the Middle East. Therefore, PubMed and other relevant databases were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Subject heading and texts were searched for "antimicrobial resistances," "foodborne," and "Middle East" to identify observational studies on AMR foodborne pathogens published during the last 10 years (2011 to 2020). Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Median and interquartile ranges of percent resistance were calculated for each antibiotic-bacterium combination. A total of 249 articles were included in the final analysis from ten countries, where only five countries had more than 85% of the included articles. The most commonly reported pathogens were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria spp. An apparent rise in drug resistance among foodborne pathogens was recorded particularly against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline that are commonly prescribed in most countries in the Middle East. Besides, there is a lack of standardization and quality control for microbiological identification and susceptibility testing methods in many of the Middle East countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F Alsayeqh
- Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, 662251452, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Jiang Z, Li W, Su W, Wen C, Gong T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jin M, Lu Z. Protective Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 40 Against Clostridium perfringens Infection in Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:733591. [PMID: 34746206 PMCID: PMC8566672 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.733591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA40) against Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) infection in mice. Bacillus subtilis PB6 was utilized as a positive control to compare the protective effects of BA40. In general, a total of 24 5-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups, with six mice each. The BA40 and PB6 groups were orally dosed with resuspension bacteria (1 × 109 CFU/ml) once a day, from day 1 to 13, respectively. In the control and infected groups, the mice were orally pre-treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (200 μl/day). The mice in the infected groups, PB6 + infected group and BA40 + infected group, were orally challenged with C. perfringens type A (1 × 109 CFU/ml) on day 11, whereas the control group was orally dosed with PBS (200 μl/day). The results showed that the BA40 group ameliorated intestinal structure damage caused by the C. perfringens infection. Furthermore, the inflammatory responses detected in the infected groups which include the concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum and secretory immunoglobulin (SigA) in the colon, and nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in the jejunum, were also alleviated (P < 0.05) by BA40 treatment. Similarly, cytokines were also detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and the results were consistent with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Additionally, in the infected group, the mRNA expression of Bax and p53 was increasing and the Bcl-2 expression was decreasing, which was reversed by BA40 and PB6 treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, the intestinal microbiota imbalance induced by the C. perfringens infection was restored by the BA40 pre-treatment, especially by improving the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota (P < 0.05) and decreasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05) in the phyla level, and the infected group increased the relative abundance of some pathogens, such as Bacteroides and Staphylococcus (P < 0.05) in the genus level. The gut microbiota alterations in the BA40 group also influenced the metabolic pathways, and the results were also compared. The purine metabolism, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly changed (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that BA40 can effectively protect mice from C. perfringens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifa Su
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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33
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Zhang C, Luo Z, Wu M, Ning W, Tian Z, Duan Y, Li Y. A highly sensitive fluorescence biosensor for detection of Staphylococcus aureus based on HCR-mediated three-way DNA junction nicking enzyme assisted signal amplification. Analyst 2021; 146:6528-6536. [PMID: 34569562 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and efficient monitoring of food-borne bacteria is of great importance for food safety control. Herein, a novel biosensor for highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was constructed by combining hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and nicking enzyme. Different from the upstream-downstream based circuit, the proposed biosensor integrated HCR circuit and three-way DNA junction nicking enzyme assisted signal amplification (3WJ-NEASA) into a virtuous circle of promotion. In the HCR-mediated 3WJ-NEASA sensing strategy, target DNA of S. aureus initiated the self-assembly between HCR hairpins (H1 and H2), which exposed the gap to capture molecular beacon (MB) and construct the 3WJ structure. Meanwhile, MB increased the stability of HCR nanowires and enhanced the efficiency of the HCR circuit, and thus more 3WJ-NEASA circuits were generated in HCR nanowires. Benefiting from the synergistic amplification coupling HCR and 3WJ-NEASA, this isothermal biosensor can detect as low as 6.7 pM of target DNA in one step within only 30 min. Furthermore, the HCR-mediated 3WJ-NEASA assay has been applied in the detection of S. aureus with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.2 × 101 cfu mL-1, and has exhibited reliable practicability in spiked milk. It is the first time that a DNA biosensor combining HCR and 3WJ-NEASA for dual signal amplification was developed and has been adopted to the sensitive analysis of food-borne bacteria. Additionally, this strategy can serve as a universal platform for monitoring other analytes, and therefore possesses broad application prospects in food safety and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyan Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Ning
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ziyi Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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34
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Bai X, Nakatsu CH, Bhunia AK. Bacterial Biofilms and Their Implications in Pathogenesis and Food Safety. Foods 2021; 10:2117. [PMID: 34574227 PMCID: PMC8472614 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an integral part of the microbial life cycle in nature. In food processing environments, bacterial transmissions occur primarily through raw or undercooked foods and by cross-contamination during unsanitary food preparation practices. Foodborne pathogens form biofilms as a survival strategy in various unfavorable environments, which also become a frequent source of recurrent contamination and outbreaks of foodborne illness. Instead of focusing on bacterial biofilm formation and their pathogenicity individually, this review discusses on a molecular level how these two physiological processes are connected in several common foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. In addition, biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is discussed because it aids the persistence of many foodborne pathogens forming polymicrobial biofilms on food contact surfaces, thus significantly elevating food safety and public health concerns. Furthermore, in-depth analyses of several bacterial molecules with dual functions in biofilm formation and pathogenicity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Bai
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Cindy H. Nakatsu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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35
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Jovanovic J, Ornelis VFM, Madder A, Rajkovic A. Bacillus cereus food intoxication and toxicoinfection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3719-3761. [PMID: 34160120 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is one of the leading etiological agents of toxin-induced foodborne diseases. Its omnipresence in different environments, spore formation, and its ability to adapt to varying conditions and produce harmful toxins make this pathogen a health hazard that should not be underestimated. Food poisoning by B. cereus can manifest itself as an emetic or diarrheal syndrome. The former is caused by the release of the potent peptide toxin cereulide, whereas the latter is the result of proteinaceous enterotoxins (e.g., hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, and cytotoxin K). The final harmful effect is not only toxin and strain dependent, but is also affected by the stress responses, accessory virulence factors, and phenotypic properties under extrinsic, intrinsic, and explicit food conditions and host-related environment. Infamous portrait of B. cereus as a foodborne pathogen, as well as a causative agent of nongastrointestinal infections and even nosocomial complications, has inspired vast volumes of multidisciplinary research in food and clinical domains. As a result, extensive original data became available asking for a new, both broad and deep, multifaceted look into the current state-of-the art regarding the role of B. cereus in food safety. In this review, we first provide an overview of the latest knowledge on B. cereus toxins and accessory virulence factors. Second, we describe the novel taxonomy and some of the most pertinent phenotypic characteristics of B. cereus related to food safety. We link these aspects to toxin production, overall pathogenesis, and interactions with its human host. Then we reflect on the prevalence of different toxinotypes in foods opening the scene for epidemiological aspects of B. cereus foodborne diseases and methods available to prevent food poisoning including overview of the different available methods to detect B. cereus and its toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Ornelis
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Acute bacterial gastroenteritis is among the most common infections worldwide, with millions of infections annually in the United States. Much of the illness is foodborne, occurring as both sporadic cases and large multistate outbreaks. Pathogen evolution through genetic exchange of virulence traits and antibiotic resistance determinants poses challenges for empiric therapy. Culture-independent diagnostic tests in clinical laboratories afford rapid diagnosis and expanded identification of pathogens. However, cultures remain important to generate sensitivity data and strain archiving for outbreak investigations. Most infections are self-limited, permitting judicious selection of antibiotic use in more severe forms of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Infectious Disease Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, 915 North Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63106, USA.
| | - F Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alaullah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Foodborne diseases have been witnessing a constant rising trend worldwide, mainly caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bacillus spp., posing a direct threat to public health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological risk of foodborne and probiotic Bacillus spp. in Beijing markets. A total of 55 Bacillus isolates, including 29 B. cereus, 9 B. licheniformis and 7 B. subtilis, mostly found in dairy products (32.7%), were recovered from 106 samples and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction methods. The susceptibility towards 16 antibiotics was determined using a broth microdilution method. Bacillus showed a high level of resistance to florfenicol (100%), lincomycin (100%), tiamulin (78.2%) and ampicillin (67.3%), while they were all susceptible or intermediate to vancomycin and rifampin. Additionally, we obtained the whole genome of 19 Bacillus strains using high-throughput sequencing, and the rates of resistance genes van, fosB, erm and tet were 57.9%, 57.9%, 21.1% and 26.3%, respectively. Moreover, 100%, 9.1%, 45.5% and 100% of these isolates carried virulence genes nhe, hbl, cytK and entFM, respectively. Lastly, 60% Bacillus strains were positive in hemolysis tests, and 3 B. licheniformis strains displayed an inhibitory activity on the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 using agar overlay technique. Our study outlines the characteristics of foodborne Bacillus spp. and provides information for the monitoring of food safety.
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38
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Abraha HB, Kim K, Sbhatu DB. Bacteriophages for detection and control of foodborne bacterial pathogens—The case of
Bacillus cereus
and their phages. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haftom Baraki Abraha
- Department of Food Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang‐Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology Collage of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Desta Berhe Sbhatu
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering Mekelle Institute of Technology, Mekelle University Mekelle Ethiopia
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Prevalence, toxigenic profiles, multidrug resistance, and biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to eat cooked rice in Penang, Malaysia. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Cao J, Zheng Y. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the antimicrobial mechanism of lactobionic acid against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Funct 2021; 12:1349-1360. [PMID: 33448275 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogenic microorganism that causes foodborne diseases. Lactobionic acid (LBA) is a natural polyhydroxy acid widely used in the food industry. To understand the antibacterial action of LBA against S. aureus better and identify 274 differentially expressed proteins upon LBA treatment, an isobaric tag was used for relative and absolute quantification-based quantitative proteomics. Combined with ultrastructural observations, results suggested that LBA inhibited S. aureus by disrupting cell wall and membrane integrity, regulating adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter expression, affecting cellular energy metabolism, attenuating S. aureus virulence and reducing infection, and decreasing the levels of proteins involved in stress and starvation responses. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to validate the proteomic data. The results provide new insights into the inhibitory effects of LBA on S. aureus and suggest that LBA application may be a promising method to ensure food and pharmaceutical product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, P.R. China.
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Premkrishnan BNV, Heinle CE, Uchida A, Purbojati RW, Kushwaha KK, Putra A, Santhi PS, Khoo BWY, Wong A, Vettath VK, Drautz-Moses DI, Junqueira ACM, Schuster SC. The genomic characterisation and comparison of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from indoor air. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:6. [PMID: 33516253 PMCID: PMC7847026 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus cereus is ubiquitous in nature, found in environments such as soil, plants, air, and part of the insect and human gut microbiome. The ability to produce endospores and biofilms contribute to their pathogenicity, classified in two types of food poisoning: diarrheal and emetic syndromes. Here we report gap-free, whole-genome sequences of two B. cereus strains isolated from air samples and analyse their emetic and diarrheal potential. Results Genome assemblies of the B. cereus strains consist of one chromosome and seven plasmids each. The genome size of strain SGAir0260 is 6.30-Mb with 6590 predicted coding sequences (CDS) and strain SGAir0263 is 6.47-Mb with 6811 predicted CDS. Macrosynteny analysis showed 99% collinearity between the strains isolated from air and 90.2% with the reference genome. Comparative genomics with 57 complete B. cereus genomes suggests these strains from air are closely associated with strains isolated from foodborne illnesses outbreaks. Due to virulence potential of B. cereus and its reported involvement in nosocomial infections, antibiotic resistance analyses were performed and confirmed resistance to ampicillin and fosfomycin, with susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and vancomycin in both strains. Conclusion Phylogenetic analysis combined with detection of haemolytic (hblA, hblC, and hblD) and non-haemolytic (nheA, nheB, and nheC) enterotoxin genes in both air-isolated strains point to the diarrheic potential of the air isolates, though not emetic. Characterization of these airborne strains and investigation of their potential disease-causing genes could facilitate identification of environmental sources of contamination leading to foodborne illnesses and nosocomial infections transported by air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan N V Premkrishnan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cassie E Heinle
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akira Uchida
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rikky W Purbojati
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kavita K Kushwaha
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Putra
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puramadathil Sasi Santhi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin W Y Khoo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Wong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vineeth Kodengil Vettath
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela I Drautz-Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Carolina M Junqueira
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Determination of Genomic Epidemiology of Historical Clostridium perfringens Outbreaks in New York State by Use of Two Web-Based Platforms: National Center for Biotechnology Information Pathogen Detection and FDA GalaxyTrakr. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02200-20. [PMID: 33177125 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02200-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the second leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States. The Wadsworth Center (WC) at the New York State Department of Health enumerates infectious dose from primary patient and food samples and, until recently, identified C. perfringens to the species level only. We investigated whether whole-genome sequence-based subtyping could benefit epidemiological investigations of this pathogen, as it has with other enteric organisms. We retrospectively sequenced 76 patient and food samples received between May 2010 and February 2020, including 52 samples linked epidemiologically to 13 outbreaks and 24 sporadic samples not linked to other samples. Phylogenetic trees were built using two Web-based platforms: National Centers for Biotechnology Information Pathogen Detection (NCBI-PD) and GalaxyTrakr (a Galaxy instance supported by the GenomeTrakr initiative). For GalaxyTrakr analyses, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) matrices and maximum-likelihood (ML) trees were generated using 3 different reference genomes. Across the four separate analyses, phylogenetic clustering was generally concordant with epidemiologically identified outbreaks. SNP diversity among phylogenetically linked samples from an outbreak ranged from 0 to 20 SNPs, excepting one outbreak ranging from 4 to 62 SNPs. Importantly, four of the 13 outbreak isolates harbored one or more samples that were phylogenetic outliers, and for two outbreaks, no samples were closely related. Two specimens were found harboring two distinct genotypes. For samples below CDC enumeration dose threshold, phylogenetic clustering was robust and linked patient and/or food samples. We concluded that WGS phylogenetic clusters (i) are largely concordant with epidemiologically defined outbreaks, irrespective of analysis platform or reference genome we employed; (ii) have limited pairwise SNP diversity, allowing phylogenetic clusters to be distinguished from sporadic cases; and (iii) can aid in epidemiological investigations by identifying outlier and polyclonal samples.
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Yan J, Yang R, Yu S, Zhao W. The application of the lytic domain of endolysin from Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage in milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2641-2653. [PMID: 33358804 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread foodborne pathogen that threatens human health. In particular, multidrug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are emerging problems in modern health care, food safety, and animal health, which require the development of new antimicrobials to replace overused conventional antibiotics. Dairy products can potentially act as vehicles for the transmission of S. aureus and other antibiotic-resistant strains from the farm into the general human population, and should be controlled during the production and storage process. Recently, bacteriophage endolysins, which degrade the cell wall that is indispensable for bacteria, have been deemed promising antimicrobial agents. In this study, one endolysin, LysGH15, demonstrated prominent antimicrobial efficacy against S. aureus, as did its catalytic domain, cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidases (CHAP)LysGH15 alone. The LysGH15 and CHAPLysGH15 exhibited different characteristics in one MRSA strain (MRSA 2701), reaching the highest activity under different conditions (35°C and pH 6.0 for LysGH15, 40°C and pH 9.0 for CHAPLysGH15). A difference in the sensitivity of LysGH15 and CHAPLysGH15 to NaCl concentration was found, where the lytic activity of LysGH15 depends strongly on its binding domain's binding capacity, which is positively correlated with the NaCl concentration, whereas the CHAPLysGH15 activity showed a negative correlation with the NaCl concentration. When the NaCl concentration was 450 mM, the lytic activity of LysGH15 reached its peak, whereas the lytic activity of CHAPLysGH15 was the highest in the absence of NaCl. The difference in NaCl sensitivity between LysGH15 and CHAPLysGH15 may be due to the sensitivity of the SH3b binding protein of LysGH15 to NaCl. The CHAPLysGH15 was tested as a biopreservative in whole and skim milk and exerted effective control against S. aureus (declined by approximately 2.5 log10 cfu/mL when incubated at 4°C for 8 h), which suggests promise for application in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Suhuai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China.
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Son B, Kong M, Cha Y, Bai J, Ryu S. Simultaneous Control of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus Using a Hybrid Endolysin LysB4EAD-LysSA11. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120906. [PMID: 33327470 PMCID: PMC7764928 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins have attracted attention as promising alternatives to antibiotics, and their modular structure facilitates endolysin engineering to develop novel endolysins with enhanced versatility. Here, we constructed hybrid proteins consisting of two different endolysins for simultaneous control of two critical foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The full-length or enzymatically active domain (EAD) of LysB4, an endolysin from the B. cereus-infecting phage B4, was fused to LysSA11, an endolysin of the S. aureus-infecting phage SA11, via a helical linker in both orientations. The hybrid proteins maintained the lytic activity of their parental endolysins against both S. aureus and B. cereus, but they showed an extended antimicrobial spectrum. Among them, the EAD of LysB4 fused with LysSA11 (LysB4EAD-LyaSA11) showed significantly increased thermal stability compared to its parental endolysins. LysB4EAD-LysSA11 exhibited high lytic activity at pH 8.0–9.0 against S. aureus and at pH 5.0–10.0 against B. cereus, but the lytic activity of the protein decreased in the presence of NaCl. In boiled rice, treatment with 3.0 µM of LysB4EAD-LysSA11 reduced the number of S. aureus and B. cereus to undetectable levels within 2 h and also showed superior antimicrobial activity to LyB4EAD and LysSA11 in combination. These results suggest that LysB4EAD-LysSA11 could be a potent antimicrobial agent for simultaneous control of S. aureus and B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Yoyeon Cha
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaewoo Bai
- Division of Applied Food System, Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Deng F, Chen Y, Sun T, Wu Y, Su Y, Liu C, Zhou J, Deng Y, Wen J. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence characteristics and genotypes of Bacillus spp. from probiotic products of diverse origins. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109949. [PMID: 33509502 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spore-forming probiotic Bacillus spp. have received extensively increasing scientific and commercial interest, but raised the concerns in the potential risks and pathogenesis. In this study, 50 commercial probiotic products were collected from all over the country and Bacillus spp. isolated from products were evaluated for the safety on the aspects of hemolytic activity, contamination profiles, toxin genes, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial resistance, and genotyping. 34 probiotic products (68%) exhibited hemolysis, including 19 human probiotics, 9 animal probiotics, and 6 plant probiotics. 28 products (56%) contained other bacteria not labeled in the ingredients. 48 strains in Bacillus spp. including 17 B. subtilis group isolates, 28 B. cereus, and 3 other Bacillus spp. were isolated from human, food animal, and plant probiotic products. Detection rates of enterotoxin genes, nheABC and hblCDA, and cytotoxin cytK2 in 48 Bacillus spp. isolates were 58%, 31%, and 46%, respectively. Also, one isolate B. cereus 34b from an animal probiotic product was positive for ces, encoding cereulide. 28 of 48 Bacillus spp. isolates were cytotoxic. 19 of 28 B. cereus isolates maintained to exhibit hemolysis after heat treatment. All 48 Bacillus spp. isolates exhibited resistance to lincomycin, and 5 were resistant to tetracycline. The genotyping of commercial probiotic Bacillus spp. reported in this study showed that ces existed in B. cereus 34b with the specific sequence type (ST1066). These findings support the hypothesis that probiotic products were frequently contaminated and that some commercial probiotics consisted of Bacillus spp. may possess toxicity and antimicrobial resistance genes. Thus, the further efforts are needed in regarding the surveillance of virulence factors, toxins, and antibiotic resistance determinants in probiotic Bacillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengru Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yiting Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Changyue Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Junyu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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Li Q, Xie G, Wang Y, Aguilar ZP, Xu H. Vancomycin-modified poly-l-lysine magnetic separation combined with multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for efficient detection of Bacillus cereus in milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1465-1473. [PMID: 33272582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new vancomycin (Van)-modified poly-l-lysine (PLL) magnetic bead (MB) technique was developed for isolation of gram-positive bacteria. The method combines magnetic separation with a multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay and gel electrophoresis for easy and rapid detection of Bacillus cereus. Vancomycin was used as a molecular ligand between the MB and the d-alanyl-d-alanine moieties on the cell wall surface of B. cereus. The PLL served as a flexible molecular tether between the MB and Van that reduced steric hindrance maintaining the biological activity of Van. The MB-PLL-Van capture nanoprobes exhibited excellent capture and isolation efficiency for B. cereus in spiked milk matrix samples without interference from the complex food matrix. The subsequent mPCR assay showed high specificity for the 4 target genes in B. cereus, the entFM, cesB, cer, and 16S rRNA genes, that were used to achieve efficient genotyping and detection. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection reached 103 cfu/mL, with a dynamic range of detection at 103 to 107 cfu/mL in pure culture. Application of the MB-PLL-Van mediated mPCR assay for B. cereus in milk matrix samples achieved results similar to those of the pure culture. In addition, with a 6-h pre-enrichment of B. cereus that was spiked in milk matrix samples, the limit of detection reached 101 cfu/mL. The MB-PLL-Van mediated mPCR assay developed in this study could be used as a universal technology platform for the efficient enrichment and genotyping of gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Guoyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Yutong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | | | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China.
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Li Y, Huang TY, Mao Y, Chen Y, Shi F, Peng R, Chen J, Yuan L, Bai C, Chen L, Wang K, Liu J. Study on the Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State Formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Control in Food System. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599739. [PMID: 33324380 PMCID: PMC7726111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state is a bacterial survival strategy under reverse conditions. It poses a significant challenge for public health and food safety. In this study, the effect of external environmental conditions including acid, nutrition, and salt concentrations on the formation of S. aureus VBNC states at low temperatures were investigated. Different acidity and nutritional conditions were then applied to food products to control the VBNC state formation. Four different concentration levels of each factor (acid, nutrition, and salt) were selected in a total of 16 experimental groups. Nutrition showed the highest influence on the VBNC state formation S. aureus, followed by acid and salt. The addition of 1% acetic acid could directly kill S. aureus cells and inhibit the formation of the VBNC state with a nutrition concentration of 25, 50, and 100%. A propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction (PMA-PCR) assay was applied and considered as a rapid and sensitive method to detect S. aureus in VBNC state with the detection limit of 104 CFU/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng-Yi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Shi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Peng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Caiying Bai
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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ANJOS TRD, CAVICCHIOLI VQ, LIMA JAS, VASCONCELLOS AN, VAZ ACN, ROSSI GAM, CAMPOS-GALVÃO MEM, TODOROV SD, MATHIAS LA, SCHOCKEN-ITURRINO RP, NERO LA, VIDAL AMC. Unsatisfactory microbiological aspects of UHT goat milk, soymilk and dairy beverage of goat milk and soy protein: A public health issue. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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50
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Zhao S, Chen J, Fei P, Feng H, Wang Y, Ali MA, Li S, Jing H, Yang W. Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Bacillus cereus isolated from dairy products in China. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3994-4001. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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