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Ralhan K, Iyer KA, Diaz LL, Bird R, Maind A, Zhou QA. Navigating Antibacterial Frontiers: A Panoramic Exploration of Antibacterial Landscapes, Resistance Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1483-1519. [PMID: 38691668 PMCID: PMC11091902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective antibacterial solutions has become paramount in maintaining global health in this era of increasing bacterial threats and rampant antibiotic resistance. Traditional antibiotics have played a significant role in combating bacterial infections throughout history. However, the emergence of novel resistant strains necessitates constant innovation in antibacterial research. We have analyzed the data on antibacterials from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific knowledge, which has proven valuable for quantitative analysis of global scientific knowledge. Our analysis focuses on mining the CAS Content Collection data for recent publications (since 2012). This article aims to explore the intricate landscape of antibacterial research while reviewing the advancement from traditional antibiotics to novel and emerging antibacterial strategies. By delving into the resistance mechanisms, this paper highlights the need to find alternate strategies to address the growing concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leilani Lotti Diaz
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ankush Maind
- ACS
International India Pvt. Ltd., Pune 411044, India
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2
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Vaňková Hausnerová V, Shoman M, Kumar D, Schwarz M, Modrák M, Jirát Matějčková J, Mikesková E, Neva S, Herrmannová A, Šiková M, Halada P, Novotná I, Pajer P, Valášek LS, Převorovský M, Krásný L, Hnilicová J. RIP-seq reveals RNAs that interact with RNA polymerase and primary sigma factors in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4604-4626. [PMID: 38348908 PMCID: PMC11077062 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved structured RNAs that can associate with RNA polymerase (RNAP). Two of them have been known so far-6S RNA and Ms1 RNA but it is unclear if any other types of RNAs binding to RNAP exist in bacteria. To identify all RNAs interacting with RNAP and the primary σ factors, we have established and performed native RIP-seq in Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Streptomyces coelicolor, Mycobacterium smegmatis and the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Besides known 6S RNAs in B. subtilis and Ms1 in M. smegmatis, we detected MTS2823, a homologue of Ms1, on RNAP in M. tuberculosis. In C. glutamicum, we discovered novel types of structured RNAs that associate with RNAP. Furthermore, we identified other species-specific RNAs including full-length mRNAs, revealing a previously unknown landscape of RNAs interacting with the bacterial transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Vaňková Hausnerová
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Regulatory RNAs, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Mahmoud Shoman
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Regulatory RNAs, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Modrák
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Department of Bioinformatics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague150 06, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Jirát Matějčková
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Regulatory RNAs, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Mikesková
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Regulatory RNAs, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Neva
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Regulatory RNAs, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Herrmannová
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Šiková
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Novotná
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague169 02, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pajer
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague169 02, Czech Republic
| | - Leoš Shivaya Valášek
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Převorovský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Krásný
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Hnilicová
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague142 20, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Regulatory RNAs, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague128 44, Czech Republic
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3
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Martínez-Campreciós J, Espinosa-Pereiro J, Sánchez-Montalvá A. Update on the treatment of tuberculosis. Med Clin (Barc) 2024:S0025-7753(24)00213-6. [PMID: 38705792 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) affects more than 10 million people each year. We have contested this burden with a paradoxically slow development of treatments, as compared to other infectious diseases. This review aims to update health care professionals on the last developments for the management of TB. The combination of drugs established more than 40years ago is still adequate to cure most people affected by TB. However, with the generalisation of regimens based on rifampicin and isoniazid for (only) 6months, resistance emerged. Resistant cases needed long treatments based on injectable drugs. Now, after an exciting decade of research, we can treat resistant TB with oral regimens based on bedaquiline, nitroimidazoles, and linezolid for (only) 6months, and we may soon break the 6-month barrier for treatment duration. However, these improvements are not enough to end TB without an engagement of people affected and their communities to achieve adherence to treatment, transmission control, and improve socioeconomic determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Martínez-Campreciós
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Programa de Salud Internacional del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (PROSICS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Juan Espinosa-Pereiro
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Programa de Salud Internacional del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (PROSICS), Barcelona, España; Grupo de Estudio de Infecciones por Micobacterias (GEIM), Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España.
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. Programa de Salud Internacional del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (PROSICS), Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España; Grupo de Estudio de Infecciones por Micobacterias (GEIM), Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España
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Chen JX, Dong HM, Cai YX, Tian LX, Yang ZC. Synthesis of narrow-spectrum anti-mycobacterial molecules without effect on the diversity of gut microbiota in mice based on the structure of rifampicin. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107282. [PMID: 38537334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Rifampicin (RIF) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is also a first-line drug for treating tuberculosis (TB). Based on the naphthyl ring structure of RIF this study synthesized 16 narrow-spectrum antimicrobial molecules that were specifically anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The most potent candidate was 2-((6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl) methylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (compound 3c) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg/mL against Mtb. Synergistic anti-Mtb test indicated that none of the combinations of 3c with the major anti-TB drugs are antagonistic. Consistent with RIF, compound 3c induced large amounts of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cells of Mtb. The killing kinetics of compound 3c and RIF are very similar. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that compound 3c was able to access the RIF binding pocket of the β subunit of Mtb RNA polymerase (RNAP). Experiments in mice showed that compound 3c increased the variety of intestinal flora in mice, while RIF significantly decreased the diversity of intestinal flora in mice. In addition, compound 3c is non-toxic to animal cells with a selection index (SI) much more than 10. The evidence from this study suggests that the further development of 3c could contribute to the development of novel drug for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong-Mei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Xia Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zai-Chang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
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5
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Sood U, Müller M, Lan T, Garg G, Singhvi N, Hira P, Singh P, Nigam A, Verma M, Lata P, Kaur H, Kumar A, Rawat CD, Lal S, Aldrich C, Bechthold A, Lal R. Amycolatopsis mediterranei: A Sixty-Year Journey from Strain Isolation to Unlocking Its Potential of Rifamycin Analogue Production by Combinatorial Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:424-438. [PMID: 38289177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Ever since the isolation of Amycolatopsis mediterranei in 1957, this strain has been the focus of research worldwide. In the last 60 years or more, our understanding of the taxonomy, development of cloning vectors and conjugation system, physiology, genetics, genomics, and biosynthetic pathway of rifamycin B production in A. mediterranei has substantially increased. In particular, the development of cloning vectors, transformation system, characterization of the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster, and the regulation of rifamycin B production by the pioneering work of Heinz Floss have made the rifamycin polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster (PKS) an attractive target for extensive genetic manipulations to produce rifamycin B analogues which could be effective against multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Additionally, a better understanding of the regulation of rifamycin B production and the application of newer genomics tools, including CRISPR-assisted genome editing systems, might prove useful to overcome the limitations associated with low production of rifamycin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Sood
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Moritz Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gauri Garg
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Nirjara Singhvi
- School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Princy Hira
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110003, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110003, India
| | - Aeshna Nigam
- Department of Zoology, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110027, India
| | - Mansi Verma
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Pushp Lata
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Abhilash Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Charu Dogra Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Sukanya Lal
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana-122001, India
| | - Courtney Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rup Lal
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana-122001, India
- Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110019, India
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6
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Singha B, Murmu S, Nair T, Rawat RS, Sharma AK, Soni V. Metabolic Rewiring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon Drug Treatment and Antibiotics Resistance. Metabolites 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 38248866 PMCID: PMC10820029 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a significant global health challenge, further compounded by the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR is a result of several system-level molecular rearrangements enabling bacteria to evolve with better survival capacities: metabolic rewiring is one of them. In this review, we present a detailed analysis of the metabolic rewiring of Mtb in response to anti-TB drugs and elucidate the dynamic mechanisms of bacterial metabolism contributing to drug efficacy and resistance. We have discussed the current state of AMR, its role in the prevalence of the disease, and the limitations of current anti-TB drug regimens. Further, the concept of metabolic rewiring is defined, underscoring its relevance in understanding drug resistance and the biotransformation of drugs by Mtb. The review proceeds to discuss the metabolic adaptations of Mtb to drug treatment, and the pleiotropic effects of anti-TB drugs on Mtb metabolism. Next, the association between metabolic changes and antimycobacterial resistance, including intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, is discussed. The review concludes by summarizing the challenges of anti-TB treatment from a metabolic viewpoint, justifying the need for this discussion in the context of novel drug discovery, repositioning, and repurposing to control AMR in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Singha
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Sumit Murmu
- Regional Centre of Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Tripti Nair
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Rahul Singh Rawat
- Eukaryotic Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Aditya Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vijay Soni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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7
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Suman SK, Chandrasekaran N, Priya Doss CG. Micro-nanoemulsion and nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery against drug-resistant tuberculosis: recent developments. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0008823. [PMID: 38032192 PMCID: PMC10732062 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and the second most prevalent infectious killer after COVID-19. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and has become increasingly challenging to treat due to drug resistance. The World Health Organization declared TB a global health emergency in 1993. Drug resistance in TB is driven by mutations in the bacterial genome that can be influenced by prolonged drug exposure and poor patient adherence. The development of drug-resistant forms of TB, such as multidrug resistant, extensively drug resistant, and totally drug resistant, poses significant therapeutic challenges. Researchers are exploring new drugs and novel drug delivery systems, such as nanotechnology-based therapies, to combat drug resistance. Nanodrug delivery offers targeted and precise drug delivery, improves treatment efficacy, and reduces adverse effects. Along with nanoscale drug delivery, a new generation of antibiotics with potent therapeutic efficacy, drug repurposing, and new treatment regimens (combinations) that can tackle the problem of drug resistance in a shorter duration could be promising therapies in clinical settings. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicines faces challenges such as safety, large-scale production, regulatory frameworks, and intellectual property issues. In this review, we present the current status, most recent findings, challenges, and limiting barriers to the use of emulsions and nanoparticles against drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpal Kumar Suman
- School of Bio Sciences & Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nano Biotechnology (CNBT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Kryukova NA, Kryukov VY, Polenogova OV, Chertkova ЕА, Tyurin MV, Rotskaya UN, Alikina T, Kabilov МR, Glupov VV. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia (Rickettsiales) alters larval metabolism of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22053. [PMID: 37695720 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Infection of intestinal tissues with Wolbachia has been found in Habrobracon hebetor. There are not many studies on the relationship between Habrobracon and Wolbachia, and they focus predominantly on the sex index of an infected parasitoid, its fertility, and behavior. The actual role of Wolbachia in the biology of Habrobracon is not yet clear. The method of complete eradication of Wolbachia in the parasitoid was developed here, and effects of the endosymbiont on the host's digestive metabolism were compared between two lines of the parasitoid (Wolbachia-positive and Wolbachia-negative). In the gut of Wolbachia+ larvae, lipases' activity was higher almost twofold, and activities of acid proteases, esterases, and trehalase were 1.5-fold greater than those in the Wolbachia- line. Analyses of larval homogenates revealed that Wolbachia+ larvae accumulate significantly more lipids and have a lower amount of pyruvate as compared to Wolbachia- larvae. The presented results indicate significant effects of the intracellular symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia on the metabolism of H. hebetor larvae and on the activity of its digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim Y Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Maksim V Tyurin
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ulyana N Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Мarsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Hobson AD. Antibody drug conjugates beyond cytotoxic payloads. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2023; 62:1-59. [PMID: 37981349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
For many years, antibody drug conjugates (ADC) have teased with the promise of targeted payload delivery to diseased cells, embracing the targeting of the antibody to which a cytotoxic payload is conjugated. During the past decade this promise has started to be realised with the approval of more than a dozen ADCs for the treatment of various cancers. Of these ADCs, brentuximab vedotin really laid the foundations of a template for a successful ADC with lysosomal payload release from a cleavable dipeptide linker, measured DAR by conjugation to the Cys-Cys interchain bonds of the antibody and a cytotoxic payload. Using this ADC design model oncology has now expanded their repertoire of payloads to include non-cytotoxic compounds. These new payload classes have their origins in prior medicinal chemistry programmes aiming to design selective oral small molecule drugs. While this may not have been achieved, the resulting compounds provide excellent starting points for ADC programmes with some compounds amenable to immediate linker attachment while for others extensive SAR and structural information offer invaluable design insights. Many of these new oncology payload classes are of interest to other therapeutic areas facilitating rapid access to drug-linkers for exploration as non-oncology ADCs. Other therapeutic areas have also pursued unique payload classes with glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRM) being the most clinically advanced in immunology. Here, ADC payloads come full circle, as oncology is now investigating GRM payloads for the treatment of cancer. This chapter aims to cover all these new ADC approaches while describing the medicinal chemistry origins of the new non-cytotoxic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Hobson
- Small Molecule Therapeutics & Platform Technologies, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States.
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10
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Sudzinová P, Šanderová H, Koval' T, Skálová T, Borah N, Hnilicová J, Kouba T, Dohnálek J, Krásný L. What the Hel: recent advances in understanding rifampicin resistance in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuac051. [PMID: 36549665 PMCID: PMC10719064 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin is a clinically important antibiotic that binds to, and blocks the DNA/RNA channel of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). Stalled, nonfunctional RNAPs can be removed from DNA by HelD proteins; this is important for maintenance of genome integrity. Recently, it was reported that HelD proteins from high G+C Actinobacteria, called HelR, are able to dissociate rifampicin-stalled RNAPs from DNA and provide rifampicin resistance. This is achieved by the ability of HelR proteins to dissociate rifampicin from RNAP. The HelR-mediated mechanism of rifampicin resistance is discussed here, and the roles of HelD/HelR in the transcriptional cycle are outlined. Moreover, the possibility that the structurally similar HelD proteins from low G+C Firmicutes may be also involved in rifampicin resistance is explored. Finally, the discovery of the involvement of HelR in rifampicin resistance provides a blueprint for analogous studies to reveal novel mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sudzinová
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šanderová
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Koval'
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Skálová
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Nabajyoti Borah
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Hnilicová
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kouba
- Cryogenic Electron Microscopy Research-Service Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Krásný
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics and Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Pan J, Chang Z, Zhang X, Dong Q, Zhao H, Shi J, Wang G. Research progress of single-cell sequencing in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276194. [PMID: 37901241 PMCID: PMC10611525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The pathogenesis and immune mechanism of tuberculosis are not clear, and it is urgent to find new drugs, diagnosis, and treatment targets. A useful tool in the quest to reveal the enigmas related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease is the single-cell sequencing technique. By clarifying cell heterogeneity, identifying pathogenic cell groups, and finding key gene targets, the map at the single cell level enables people to better understand the cell diversity of complex organisms and the immune state of hosts during infection. Here, we briefly reviewed the development of single-cell sequencing, and emphasized the different applications and limitations of various technologies. Single-cell sequencing has been widely used in the study of the pathogenesis and immune response of tuberculosis. We review these works summarizing the most influential findings. Combined with the multi-molecular level and multi-dimensional analysis, we aim to deeply understand the blank and potential future development of the research on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using single-cell sequencing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences/China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences/China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Sadri A. Is Target-Based Drug Discovery Efficient? Discovery and "Off-Target" Mechanisms of All Drugs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12651-12677. [PMID: 37672650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Target-based drug discovery is the dominant paradigm of drug discovery; however, a comprehensive evaluation of its real-world efficiency is lacking. Here, a manual systematic review of about 32000 articles and patents dating back to 150 years ago demonstrates its apparent inefficiency. Analyzing the origins of all approved drugs reveals that, despite several decades of dominance, only 9.4% of small-molecule drugs have been discovered through "target-based" assays. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of even this minimal share cannot be solely attributed and reduced to their purported targets, as they depend on numerous off-target mechanisms unconsciously incorporated by phenotypic observations. The data suggest that reductionist target-based drug discovery may be a cause of the productivity crisis in drug discovery. An evidence-based approach to enhance efficiency seems to be prioritizing, in selecting and optimizing molecules, higher-level phenotypic observations that are closer to the sought-after therapeutic effects using tools like artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sadri
- Lyceum Scientific Charity, Tehran, Iran, 1415893697
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417755331
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417614411
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13
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Cores Á, Carmona-Zafra N, Clerigué J, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1464. [PMID: 37508002 PMCID: PMC10376830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone. Other endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activities include tocopherol-derived quinones, most notably vatiquinone, and vitamin K. A final group of non-endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activity is discussed, comprising embelin, APX-3330, cannabinoid-derived quinones, asterriquinones and other indolylquinones, pyrroloquinolinequinone and its analogues, geldanamycin and its analogues, rifampicin quinone, memoquin and a number of hybrid structures combining quinones with amino acids, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Zafra
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Clerigué
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Khatri Chhetri B, Bhanushali R, Liang Y, Cepeda MR, Niradininoco AK, Soapi K, Wan B, Qader M, Franzblau SG, Kubanek J. Isolation and Characterization of Anti-Mycobacterial Natural Products from a Petrosia sp. Marine Sponge. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:574-581. [PMID: 36881908 PMCID: PMC10043868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a dreadful infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, second in 2020 only to severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-Cov-2). With limited therapeutic options available and a rise in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases, it is critical to develop antibiotic drugs that display novel mechanisms of action. Bioactivity-guided fractionation employing an Alamar blue assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv led to the isolation of duryne (13) from a marine sponge Petrosia sp. sampled in the Solomon Islands. Additionally, five new strongylophorine meroditerpene analogues (1-5) along with six known strongylophorines (6-12) were isolated from the bioactive fraction and characterized using MS and NMR spectroscopy, although only 13 exhibited antitubercular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwan Khatri Chhetri
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Riya Bhanushali
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yifan Liang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marisa R. Cepeda
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Katy Soapi
- Institute
of Applied Sciences, University of South
Pacific, Suva, Fiji
- Pacific
Community, Suva, Fiji
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Mallique Qader
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Julia Kubanek
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Center
for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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15
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Alsayed SSR, Gunosewoyo H. Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis, Current Treatment Regimens and New Drug Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065202. [PMID: 36982277 PMCID: PMC10049048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the causative agent of TB, is a recalcitrant pathogen that is rife around the world, latently infecting approximately a quarter of the worldwide population. The asymptomatic status of the dormant bacteria escalates to the transmissible, active form when the host's immune system becomes debilitated. The current front-line treatment regimen for drug-sensitive (DS) M. tb strains is a 6-month protocol involving four different drugs that requires stringent adherence to avoid relapse and resistance. Poverty, difficulty to access proper treatment, and lack of patient compliance contributed to the emergence of more sinister drug-resistant (DR) strains, which demand a longer duration of treatment with more toxic and more expensive drugs compared to the first-line regimen. Only three new drugs, bedaquiline (BDQ) and the two nitroimidazole derivatives delamanid (DLM) and pretomanid (PMD) were approved in the last decade for treatment of TB-the first anti-TB drugs with novel mode of actions to be introduced to the market in more than 50 years-reflecting the attrition rates in the development and approval of new anti-TB drugs. Herein, we will discuss the M. tb pathogenesis, current treatment protocols and challenges to the TB control efforts. This review also aims to highlight several small molecules that have recently been identified as promising preclinical and clinical anti-TB drug candidates that inhibit new protein targets in M. tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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16
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Investigation of Multi-Subunit Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase and Its Rifampicin Resistant Mutants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043313. [PMID: 36834726 PMCID: PMC9965755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resistant strains have continued to limit the efficacies of existing antitubercular therapies. More specifically, mutations in the RNA replicative machinery of Mtb, RNA polymerase (RNAP), have been widely linked to rifampicin (RIF) resistance, which has led to therapeutic failures in many clinical cases. Moreover, elusive details on the underlying mechanisms of RIF-resistance caused by Mtb-RNAP mutations have hampered the development of new and efficient drugs that are able to overcome this challenge. Therefore, in this study we attempt to resolve the molecular and structural events associated with RIF-resistance in nine clinically reported missense Mtb RNAP mutations. Our study, for the first time, investigated the multi-subunit Mtb RNAP complex and findings revealed that the mutations commonly disrupted structural-dynamical attributes that may be essential for the protein's catalytic functions, particularly at the βfork loop 2, β'zinc-binding domain, the β' trigger loop and β'jaw, which in line with previous experimental reports, are essential for RNAP processivity. Complementarily, the mutations considerably perturbed the RIF-BP, which led to alterations in the active orientation of RIF needed to obstruct RNA extension. Consequentially, essential interactions with RIF were lost due to the mutation-induced repositioning with corresponding reductions in the binding affinity of the drug observed in majority of the mutants. We believe these findings will significantly aid future efforts in the discovery of new treatment options with the potential to overcome antitubercular resistance.
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17
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Mondal R, Dusthackeer V. N. A, Kannan P, Singh AK, Thiruvengadam K, Manikkam R, A. S. S, Balasubramanian M, Elango P, Ebenezer Rajadas S, Bharadwaj D, Arumugam GS, Ganesan S, Kumar A. K. H, Singh M, Patil S, U. C. A. J, Doble M, R. B, Tripathy SP, Kumar V. In-vivo studies on Transitmycin, a potent Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitor. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282454. [PMID: 36867599 PMCID: PMC9983862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study involves the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-TB potency and in-vivo safety of Transitmycin (TR) (PubChem CID:90659753)- identified to be a novel secondary metabolite derived from Streptomyces sp (R2). TR was tested in-vitro against drug resistant TB clinical isolates (n = 49). 94% of DR-TB strains (n = 49) were inhibited by TR at 10μg ml-1. In-vivo safety and efficacy studies showed that 0.005mg kg-1 of TR is toxic to mice, rats and guinea pigs, while 0.001mg kg-1 is safe, infection load did not reduce. TR is a potent DNA intercalator and also targets RecA and methionine aminopeptidases of Mycobacterium. Analogue 47 of TR was designed using in-silico based molecule detoxification approaches and SAR analysis. The multiple targeting nature of the TR brightens the chances of the analogues of TR to be a potent TB therapeutic molecule even though the parental compound is toxic. Analog 47 of TR is proposed to have non-DNA intercalating property and lesser in-vivo toxicity with high functional potency. This study attempts to develop a novel anti-TB molecule from microbial sources. Though the parental compound is toxic, its analogs are designed to be safe through in-silico approaches. However, further laboratory validations on this claim need to be carried out before labelling it as a promising anti-TB molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mondal
- ICMR - Bhopal Memorial Hospital & Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
| | | | | | - Amit Kumar Singh
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
| | | | | | - Shainaba A. S.
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Padmasini Elango
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shripad Patil
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
| | - Jaleel U. C. A.
- OSPF NIAS Drug Discovery Lab, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Vanaja Kumar
- Ex-ICMR-NIRT, Chennai Scientists, Chennai, India
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18
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Larkins-Ford J, Aldridge BB. Advances in the design of combination therapies for the treatment of tuberculosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:83-97. [PMID: 36538813 PMCID: PMC9892364 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2157811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis requires lengthy multi-drug therapy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis occupies different tissue compartments during infection, making drug access and susceptibility patterns variable. Antibiotic combinations are needed to ensure each compartment of infection is reached with effective drug treatment. Despite drug combinations' role in treating tuberculosis, the design of such combinations has been tackled relatively late in the drug development process, limiting the number of drug combinations tested. In recent years, there has been significant progress using in vitro, in vivo, and computational methodologies to interrogate combination drug effects. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the advances in these methodologies and how they may be used in conjunction with new successful clinical trials of novel drug combinations to design optimized combination therapies for tuberculosis. Literature searches for approaches and experimental models used to evaluate drug combination effects were undertaken. EXPERT OPINION We are entering an era richer in combination drug effect and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data, genetic tools, and outcome measurement types. Application of computational modeling approaches that integrate these data and produce predictive models of clinical outcomes may enable the field to generate novel, effective multidrug therapies using existing and new drug combination backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Larkins-Ford
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Current address: MarvelBiome Inc, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Bree B. Aldridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
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19
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Stennett HL, Back CR, Race PR. Derivation of a Precise and Consistent Timeline for Antibiotic Development. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1237. [PMID: 36140015 PMCID: PMC9495031 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. New classes of antibiotics that can treat drug-resistant infections are urgently needed. To communicate this message, researchers have used antibiotic development timelines, but these are often contradictory or imprecise. We conducted a systematic literature review to produce an antibiotic timeline that incorporates the dates of discovery, first use, and initial reports of the emergence of resistance for the 38 classes of clinically used antibiotics. From our timeline, we derive lessons for identifying new antibiotics that are less prone to resistance. These include a required focus on molecules that exhibit multiple modes of action, possess unusually long 'resistance windows', or those that engage cellular targets whose molecular architectures are at least in part decoupled from evolutionary pressures. Our analysis also further highlights the importance of safeguarding antibiotics as a mechanism for mitigating the development of resistance. We have made our data and sources freely available so that the research community can adapt them to their own needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L. Stennett
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Catherine R. Back
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul R. Race
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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20
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Mokrousov I, Slavchev I, Solovieva N, Dogonadze M, Vyazovaya A, Valcheva V, Masharsky A, Belopolskaya O, Dimitrov S, Zhuravlev V, Portugal I, Perdigão J, Dobrikov GM. Molecular Insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resistance to Nitrofuranyl Amides Gained through Metagenomics-like Analysis of Spontaneous Mutants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091136. [PMID: 36145357 PMCID: PMC9504009 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed synthesis of new nitrofuranyl amides and investigated their anti-TB activity and primary genetic response of mycobacteria through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of spontaneous resistant mutants. The in vitro activity was assessed on reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The most active compound 11 was used for in vitro selection of spontaneous resistant mutants. The same mutations in six genes were detected in bacterial cultures grown under increased concentrations of 11 (2×, 4×, 8× MIC). The mutant positions were presented as mixed wild type and mutant alleles while increasing the concentration of the compound led to the semi-proportional and significant increase in mutant alleles. The identified genes belong to different categories and pathways. Some of them were previously reported as mediating drug resistance or drug tolerance, and counteracting oxidative and nitrosative stress, in particular: Rv0224c, fbiC, iniA, and Rv1592c. Gene-set interaction analysis revealed a certain weak interaction for gene pairs Rv1592–Rv1639c and Rv1592–Rv0224c. To conclude, this study experimentally demonstrated a multifaceted primary genetic response of M. tuberculosis to the action of nitrofurans. All three 11-treated subcultures independently presented the same six SNPs, which suggests their non-random occurrence and likely causative relationship between compound action and possible resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mokrousov
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Children’s Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (G.M.D.)
| | - Ivaylo Slavchev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Natalia Solovieva
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marine Dogonadze
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Vyazovaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Violeta Valcheva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksey Masharsky
- Resource Center “Bio-bank Center”, Research Park of St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya Belopolskaya
- Resource Center “Bio-bank Center”, Research Park of St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Simeon Dimitrov
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viacheslav Zhuravlev
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Isabel Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa–Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Perdigão
- iMed.ULisboa–Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georgi M. Dobrikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (G.M.D.)
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21
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Ibrahim MM, Isyaka TM, Askira UM, Umar JB, Isa MA, Mustapha A, Salihu A. Trends in the incidence of Rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in northeastern Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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22
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Paulowski L, Beckham KSH, Johansen MD, Berneking L, Van N, Degefu Y, Staack S, Sotomayor FV, Asar L, Rohde H, Aldridge BB, Aepfelbacher M, Parret A, Wilmanns M, Kremer L, Combrink K, Maurer FP. C25-modified rifamycin derivatives with improved activity against Mycobacterium abscessus. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac130. [PMID: 36714853 PMCID: PMC9802118 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus are difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics. Formation of biofilms and the capacity of M. abscessus to survive inside host phagocytes further complicate eradication. Herein, we explored whether addition of a carbamate-linked group at the C25 position of rifamycin SV blocks enzymatic inactivation by ArrMab, an ADP-ribosyltransferase conferring resistance to rifampicin (RMP). Unlike RMP, 5j, a benzyl piperidine rifamycin derivative with a morpholino substituted C3 position and a naphthoquinone core, is not modified by purified ArrMab. Additionally, we show that the ArrMab D82 residue is essential for catalytic activity. Thermal profiling of ArrMab in the presence of 5j, RMP, or rifabutin shows that 5j does not bind to ArrMab. We found that the activity of 5j is comparable to amikacin against M. abscessus planktonic cultures and pellicles. Critically, 5j also exerts potent antimicrobial activity against M. abscessus in human macrophages and shows synergistic activity with amikacin and azithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nhi Van
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Yonatan Degefu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sonja Staack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Flor Vasquez Sotomayor
- National and WHO Supranational Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia Asar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annabel Parret
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607 Hamburg, Germany,Charles River Laboratories, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 22607 Hamburg, Germany,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France,INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Keith Combrink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 77843, USA,Department of Chemistry, Blinn College, Bryan Campus, Brenham, TX 77833, USA
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23
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Surette MD, Waglechner N, Koteva K, Wright GD. HelR is a helicase-like protein that protects RNA polymerase from rifamycin antibiotics. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3151-3165.e9. [PMID: 35907401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycin antibiotics such as rifampin are potent inhibitors of prokaryotic RNA polymerase (RNAP) used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. Although resistance arises in the clinic principally through mutations in RNAP, many bacteria possess highly specific enzyme-mediated resistance mechanisms that modify and inactivate rifamycins. The expression of these enzymes is controlled by a 19-bp cis-acting rifamycin-associated element (RAE). Guided by the presence of RAE sequences, we identify a helicase-like protein, HelR, in Streptomyces venezuelae that confers broad-spectrum rifamycin resistance. We show that HelR also promotes tolerance to rifamycins, enabling bacterial evasion of the toxic properties of these antibiotics. HelR forms a complex with RNAP and rescues transcription inhibition by displacing rifamycins from RNAP, thereby providing resistance by target protection . Furthermore, HelRs are broadly distributed in Actinobacteria, including several opportunistic Mycobacterial pathogens, offering yet another challenge for developing new rifamycin antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Surette
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Nicholas Waglechner
- Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kalinka Koteva
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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24
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Deshpande AS, Fahrenfeld NL. Abundance, diversity, and host assignment of total, intracellular, and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in riverbed sediments. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118363. [PMID: 35390554 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human health risk assessment for environmental antibiotic resistant microbes requires not only quantifying the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental matrices, but also understanding their hosts and genetic context. Further, differentiating ARGs in intracellular and extracellular DNA (iDNA and eDNA) fractions may help refine our understanding of ARG transferability. The objectives of this study were to understand the (O1) abundance and diversity of extracellular, intracellular, and total ARGs along a land use gradient and (O2) impact of bioinformatics pipeline on the assignment of putative hosts for the ARGs observed in the different DNA fractions. Sediment samples were collected along a land use gradient in the Raritan River, New Jersey, USA. DNA was extracted to separate eDNA and iDNA and qPCR was performed for select ARGs and the 16S rRNA gene. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on DNA extracts for the different DNA fractions. ARG hosts were assigned via two different bioinformatic pipelines: network analysis of raw reads versus assembly. Results of the two pipelines were compared to evaluate their performance in terms of number and diversity of linkages and accuracy of in silico matrix spike host assignments. No differences were observed in the 16S rRNA gene normalized sul1 concentrations between the DNA fractions. The overall microbial community structure was more similar for iDNA and total DNA compared to eDNA and generally clustered by sampling site. ARGs associated with mobile genetic elements increased in iDNA for the downstream sites. Regarding host assignment, the raw reads pipeline via network analysis identified 247 ARG hosts as compared to 53 hosts identified by assembly pipeline. Other comparisons between the pipelines were made including ARG assignment to taxa containing waterborne pathogens and practical considerations regarding processing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Deshpande
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - N L Fahrenfeld
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers University, 500 Bartholomew Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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25
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Kirsch SH, Haeckl FPJ, Müller R. Beyond the approved: target sites and inhibitors of bacterial RNA polymerase from bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1226-1263. [PMID: 35507039 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2016 to 2022RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme in bacterial gene expression representing an attractive and validated target for antibiotics. Two well-known and clinically approved classes of natural product RNAP inhibitors are the rifamycins and the fidaxomycins. Rifampicin (Rif), a semi-synthetic derivative of rifamycin, plays a crucial role as a first line antibiotic in the treatment of tuberculosis and a broad range of bacterial infections. However, more and more pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop resistance, not only against Rif and other RNAP inhibitors. To overcome this problem, novel RNAP inhibitors exhibiting different target sites are urgently needed. This review includes recent developments published between 2016 and today. Particular focus is placed on novel findings concerning already known bacterial RNAP inhibitors, the characterization and development of new compounds isolated from bacteria and fungi, and providing brief insights into promising new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Kirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - F P Jake Haeckl
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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26
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Oh CE, Menzies D. Four months of rifampicin monotherapy for latent tuberculosis infection in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:214-221. [PMID: 34727494 PMCID: PMC9082252 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing and treating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important part of efforts to combat tuberculosis (TB). The Korean guidelines for TB published in 2020 recommend 2 LTBI regimens for children and adolescents: 9 months of daily isoniazid (9H) and 3 months of daily isoniazid plus rifampicin. Isoniazid for 6-12 months has been used to effectively treat LTBI in children for over 50 years. However, a long treatment period results in poor patient compliance. This review summarizes pediatric data on the treatment completion rate, safety, and efficacy of 4 months of daily rifampicin (4R) and evaluates the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifampicin in children. The 4R regimen has a higher treatment completion rate than the 9H regimen and equivalent safety in children. The efficacy of preventing TB is also consistent with that of 9H when summarizing reports published to date. A shorter treatment period could increase patient compliance and, therefore, prevent TB in more patients. By using an effective, safe, and highly compliant regimen for the treatment of children with LTBI, we would become one step closer to our goal of eradicating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Eun Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dick Menzies
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Equilibrium molecular structure and intramolecular interactions of picolinic acid hydrazide. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Skrzypczak N, Przybylski P. Modifications, biological origin and antibacterial activity of naphthalenoid ansamycins. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1653-1677. [PMID: 35244668 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2021Structural division of natural naphthalenoid ansamycins, regarding the type of the core and length of the ansa chain, and their biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms are discussed. The great biosynthetic plasticity of natural naphthalenoid ansamycins is reflected in their structural variety due to the alterations within ansa bridge or naphthalenoid core portions. A comparison between the biological potency of natural and semisynthetic naphthalenoid ansamycins was performed and discussed in relation to the molecular targets in cells. The antibacterial potency of naphthalenoid ansamycins seems to be dependent on the ansa chain length and conformational flexibility - the higher flexibility of the ansa chain the better biological outcome is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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29
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Tao X, Tian Y, Liu WH, Yao S, Yin L. Trace Level Quantification of 4-Methyl-1-nitrosopiperazin in Rifampicin Capsules by LC-MS/MS. Front Chem 2022; 10:834124. [PMID: 35237562 PMCID: PMC8883033 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.834124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin is a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug. However, in August 2020, the presence of 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP), a nitrosamine impurity, was detected by the United Stated Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in rifampicin capsules. Consequently, the development of efficient methods for the detection of MNP is an important objective. In this study, the MNP present in rifampicin capsules was detected using LC-MS/MS. A total of 27 batches from nine manufacturers in the Chinese market were tested, with MNP (0.33–2.36 ppm) being detected in all samples at levels exceeding the maximum acceptable intake limit of 0.16 ppm initially set by the FDA. However, after considering the associated benefits and risks, the FDA-approved limit was revised to 5 ppm; hence, all the samples examined herein exhibited MNP levels well below the required limit. Furthermore, the results of forced degradation experiments suggest that MNP is formed by the thermal degradation of rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Shangchen Yao
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shangchen Yao, ; Lihui Yin,
| | - Lihui Yin
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shangchen Yao, ; Lihui Yin,
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30
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Kaur R, Rani P, Atanasov AG, Alzahrani Q, Gupta R, Kapoor B, Gulati M, Chawla P. Discovery and Development of Antibacterial Agents: Fortuitous and Designed. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:984-1029. [PMID: 34939541 DOI: 10.2174/1570193x19666211221150119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, antibacterial drug resistance has turned into a significant public health issue. Repeated intake, suboptimal and/or unnecessary use of antibiotics, and, additionally, the transfer of resistance genes are the critical elements that make microorganisms resistant to conventional antibiotics. A substantial number of antibacterials that were successfully utilized earlier for prophylaxis and therapeutic purposes have been rendered inadequate due to this phenomenon. Therefore, the exploration of new molecules has become a continuous endeavour. Many such molecules are at various stages of investigation. A surprisingly high number of new molecules are currently in the stage of phase 3 clinical trials. A few new agents have been commercialized in the last decade. These include solithromycin, plazomicin, lefamulin, omadacycline, eravacycline, delafloxacin, zabofloxacin, finafloxacin, nemonoxacin, gepotidacin, zoliflodacin, cefiderocol, BAL30072, avycaz, zerbaxa, vabomere, relebactam, tedizolid, cadazolid, sutezolid, triclosan and afabiacin. This article aims to review the investigational and recently approved antibacterials with a focus on their structure, mechanisms of action/resistance, and spectrum of activity. Delving deep, their success or otherwise in various phases of clinical trials is also discussed while attributing the same to various causal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravleen Kaur
- Department of Health Sciences, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia. Canada
| | - Pooja Rani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. India
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna. Austria
| | - Qushmua Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacy/Nursing/Medicine Health and Environment, University of the Region of Joinville (UNIVILLE) volunteer researcher, Joinville. Brazil
| | - Reena Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara . India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara . India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara . India
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan Moga, Punjab 142001. India
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31
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Riccardi N, Canetti D, Rodari P, Besozzi G, Saderi L, Dettori M, Codecasa LR, Sotgiu G. Tuberculosis and pharmacological interactions: A narrative review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100007. [PMID: 34909643 PMCID: PMC8663953 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if major improvements in therapeutic regimens and treatment outcomes have been progressively achieved, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious microorganism. To improve TB treatment success as well as patients' quality of life, drug-drug-interactions (DDIs) need to be wisely managed. Comprehensive knowledge of anti-TB drugs, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, potential patients’ changes in absorption and distribution, possible side effects and interactions, is mandatory to built effective anti-TB regimens. Optimization of treatments and adherence to international guidelines can help bend the curve of TB-related mortality and, ultimately, decrease the likelihood of treatment failure and drop-out during anti-TB treatment. Aim of this paper is to describe the most relevant DDIs between anti-TB and other drugs used in daily clinical practice, providing an updated and “easy-to-use” guide to minimize adverse effects, drop-outs and, in the long run, increase treatment success. Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious microorganism. Comprehensive knowledge of anti-TB drugs and PK/PD parameters is mandatory to built effective anti-TB regimens. Drug-drug-interactions (DDIs) need to be avoided and/or wisely managed to ensure treatment success. Optimization of anti-TB treatment to avoid DDIs can help to bend the curve of TB related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Riccardi
- StopTB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Diana Canetti
- StopTB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rodari
- Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Laura Saderi
- StopTB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Dettori
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi R. Codecasa
- StopTB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy
- Regional TB Reference Centre, Villa Marelli Inst., Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- StopTB Italia Onlus, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Corresponding author. Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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32
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Zloh M, Gupta M, Parish T, Brucoli F. Novel C-3-(N-alkyl-aryl)-aminomethyl rifamycin SV derivatives exhibit activity against rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpoB S522L strain and display a different binding mode at the RNAP β-subunit site compared to rifampicin. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113734. [PMID: 34418786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a main concern in tuberculosis treatment and is often associated with the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to rifampicin (RIF), which is one of the cornerstones of tuberculosis chemotherapy. In this study, aminoalkyl-aromatic ring tails were appended to the C3 position of rifamycin core to assess the role of C3 substitutions to the anti-mycobacterial activity of the rifamycin antibiotics. The typical hydrazone unit of RIF was replaced by an amino-alkyl linkage to connect the aromatic ring tails with the rifamycin naphthoquinone core. Eight novel C3-(N-alkyl-aryl)-aminoalkyl analogues of rifamycin SV were synthesised and screened in vitro against wild-type HR37Rv and "hypervirulent" HN-878 strains, and a panel of rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis clinical isolates carrying mutations at the 522, 531 and 455 positions of the rpoB gene (RpoBS522L, RpoBS531L and RpoBH455D strains). The analogues exhibited anti-tubercular activity against H37Rv and HN-878 at submicromolar or nanomolar concentrations, and against clinical H37Rv isolates bearing the S522L mutations at low micromolar concentration. Benzylamine moiety-including analogue 8 was as active as rifampicin against HN-878 with a MIC90 value of 0.02 μM, whereas 14 and 15, which included tryptamine and para-methyl-sulfonylbenzylamine C3-substituents, respectively, showed higher anti-tubercular activity (MIC90 = 3 μM) compared to rifampicin against the S522L mutated H37Rv strain. Detailed in silico analysis of different RNAP molecular systems predicted a distinct, possibly novel, binding mode for the new rifamycin analogues. These were found to occupy a different space in the binding pockets of both wild type and mutated RNAP proteins compared to that of rifampicin. Moreover, the molecular modelling experiments investigated the ability of the novel analogues aromatic tails to establish key interactions at the RNAP binding site. These interesting findings might pave the way for generating rifamycin analogues that can overcome anti-microbial resistance in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mire Zloh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Business Academy, Novi Sad, 2100, Serbia; UCL School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Megha Gupta
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
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33
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Rifamycin antibiotics and the mechanisms of their failure. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:786-798. [PMID: 34400805 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics that were first discovered in 1957 and are known for their use in treating tuberculosis (TB). Rifamycins exhibit bactericidal activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting RNA polymerase (RNAP); however, resistance is prevalent and the mechanisms range from primary target modification and antibiotic inactivation to cytoplasmic exclusion. Further, phenotypic resistance, in which only a subpopulation of bacteria grow in concentrations exceeding their minimum inhibitory concentration, and tolerance, which is characterized by reduced rates of bacterial cell death, have been identified as additional causes of rifamycin failure. Here we summarize current understanding and recent developments regarding this critical antibiotic class.
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34
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Giddey AD, Ganief TA, Ganief N, Koch A, Warner DF, Soares NC, Blackburn JM. Cell Wall Proteomics Reveal Phenotypic Adaption of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis to Subinhibitory Rifampicin Exposure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:723667. [PMID: 34676224 PMCID: PMC8525676 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.723667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective drug treatment, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB disease, kills ~1. 5 million people annually, and the rising prevalence of drug resistance increasingly threatens to worsen this plight. We previously showed that sublethal exposure to the frontline anti-TB drug, rifampicin, resulted in substantial adaptive remodeling of the proteome of the model organism, Mycobacterium smegmatis, in the drug-sensitive mc2155 strain [wild type (WT)]. In this study, we investigate whether these responses are conserved in an engineered, isogenic mutant harboring the clinically relevant S531L rifampicin resistance-conferring mutation (SL) and distinguish the responses that are specific to RNA polymerase β subunit- (RpoB-) binding activity of rifampicin from those that are dependent on the presence of rifampicin alone. We verified the drug resistance status of this strain and observed no phenotypic indications of rifampicin-induced stress upon treatment with the same concentration as used in WT (2.5 μg/ml). Thereafter, we used a cell wall-enrichment strategy to focus attention on the cell wall proteome and observed 253 proteins to be dysregulated in SL bacteria in comparison with 716 proteins in WT. We observed that decreased abundance of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and increased abundance of ribosomal machinery were conserved in the SL strain, whereas the upregulation of transcriptional machinery and the downregulation of numerous two-component systems were not. We conclude that the drug-resistant M. smegmatis strain displays some of the same proteomic responses observed in WT and suggest that this evidence supports the hypothesis that rifampicin exercises effects beyond RpoB-interaction alone and that mycobacteria recognise rifampicin as a signaling molecule in an RpoB-independent manner at sublethal doses. Taken together, our data indicates mixed RpoB-independent and RpoB-dependent proteomic remodeling in WT mycobacteria, with evidence for RpoB-independent ABC transporter downregulation, but drug activity-based transcriptional upregulation and two-component system downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Giddey
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tariq A Ganief
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naadir Ganief
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anastasia Koch
- South African Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- South African Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson C Soares
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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35
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Looking Back to Amycolatopsis: History of the Antibiotic Discovery and Future Prospects. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101254. [PMID: 34680834 PMCID: PMC8532670 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in recent decades leads us to an urgent need for the development of new antibacterial agents. The species of the genus Amycolatopsis are known as producers of secondary metabolites that are used in medicine and agriculture. The complete genome sequences of the Amycolatopsis demonstrate a wide variety of biosynthetic gene clusters, which highlights the potential ability of actinomycetes of this genus to produce new antibiotics. In this review, we summarize information about antibiotics produced by Amycolatopsis species. This knowledge demonstrates the prospects for further study of this genus as an enormous source of antibiotics.
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Rifamycins: do not throw the baby out with the bathwater. Is rifampicin still an effective anti-tuberculosis drug? Future Med Chem 2021; 13:2129-2131. [PMID: 34643442 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nazli A, He D, Xu H, Wang ZP, He Y. A Comparative Insight on the Newly Emerging Rifamycins: Rifametane, Rifalazil, TNP-2092 and TNP-2198. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2846-2862. [PMID: 34365945 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210806114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycins are considered a milestone for tuberculosis (TB) treatment because of their proficient sterilizing ability. Currently, available TB treatments are complicated and need a long duration, which ultimately leads to failure of patient compliance. Some new rifamycin derivatives, i.e., rifametane, TNP-2092 (rifamycin-quinolizinonehybrid), and TNP-2198 (rifamycin-nitromidazole hybrid) are under clinical trials, which are attempting to overcome the problems associated with TB treatment. The undertaken review is intended to compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profiles of these rifamycins, including rifalazil, another derivative terminated in phase II trials, and already approved rifamycins. The emerging resistance of microbes is an imperative consideration associated with antibiotics. Resistance development potential of microbial strains against rifamycins and an overview of chemistry, as well as structure-activity relationship (SAR) of rifamycins, are briefly described. Moreover, issues associated with rifamycins are discussed as well. We expect that newly emerging rifamycins shall appear as potential tools for TB treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - David He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Huacheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing. China
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Abstract
RNA polymerases (RNAPs) accomplish the first step of gene expression in all living organisms. However, the sequence divergence between bacterial and human RNAPs makes the bacterial RNAP a promising target for antibiotic development. The most clinically important and extensively studied class of antibiotics known to inhibit bacterial RNAP are the rifamycins. For example, rifamycins are a vital element of the current combination therapy for treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we provide an overview of the history of the discovery of rifamycins, their mechanisms of action, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance against them, and progress in their further development.
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Wu YJ, Meanwell NA. Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9786-9874. [PMID: 34213340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs. This opinion is largely a function of the perception that such motifs might be chemically unstable under the acidic conditions of the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. However, even simple acetals and ketals, including acyclic molecules, can be sufficiently robust under acidic conditions to be fashioned into orally bioavailable drugs, and these structural elements are embedded in many effective therapeutic agents. The chemical stability of molecules incorporating geminal diheteroatomic motifs can be modulated by physicochemical design principles that include the judicious deployment of proximal electron-withdrawing substituents and conformational restriction. In this Perspective, we exemplify geminal diheteroatomic motifs that have been utilized in the discovery of orally bioavailable drugs or drug candidates against the backdrop of understanding their potential for chemical lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery and Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Kingdon ADH, Alderwick LJ. Structure-based in silico approaches for drug discovery against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3708-3719. [PMID: 34285773 PMCID: PMC8258792 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of TB and was estimated to cause 1.4 million death in 2019, alongside 10 million new infections. Drug resistance is a growing issue, with multi-drug resistant infections representing 3.3% of all new infections, hence novel antimycobacterial drugs are urgently required to combat this growing health emergency. Alongside this, increased knowledge of gene essentiality in the pathogenic organism and larger compound databases can aid in the discovery of new drug compounds. The number of protein structures, X-ray based and modelled, is increasing and now accounts for greater than > 80% of all predicted M. tuberculosis proteins; allowing novel targets to be investigated. This review will focus on structure-based in silico approaches for drug discovery, covering a range of complexities and computational demands, with associated antimycobacterial examples. This includes molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations, ensemble docking and free energy calculations. Applications of machine learning onto each of these approaches will be discussed. The need for experimental validation of computational hits is an essential component, which is unfortunately missing from many current studies. The future outlooks of these approaches will also be discussed.
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Key Words
- CV, collective variable
- Docking
- Drug discovery
- In silico
- LIE, Linear Interaction Energy
- MD, Molecular Dynamic
- MDR, multi-drug resistant
- MMPB(GB)SA, Molecular Mechanics with Poisson Boltzmann (or generalised Born) and Surface Area solvation
- Machine learning
- Mt, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- PTC, peptidyl transferase centre
- RMSD, root-mean square-deviation
- Tuberculosis, TB
- cMD, Classical Molecular Dynamic
- cryo-EM, cryogenic electron microscopy
- ns, nanosecond
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D H Kingdon
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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The nitrosamine contamination of drugs, part 3: Quantification of 4-Methyl-1-nitrosopiperazine in rifampicin capsules by LC-MS/HRMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 203:114205. [PMID: 34130010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Upon emergence of nitrosamines in various drugs, e.g in valsartan, metformin and ranitidine, 4-methyl-1-nitrosopiperazine (MeNP) was found in rifampicin in August 2020. Rifampicin is used, amongst others, for post-exposure prophylaxis of leprosy. The occurrence of MeNP can be explained by the synthesis, because 1-amino-4-methylpiperazine is concomitantly used with the organic oxidizing reagent isoamyl nitrite. According to a method reported by the FDA, the quantification of MeNP in rifampicin capsules was performed by LC-MS/HRMS. A significant contamination with MeNP was found in all samples, ranging from 0.7 to 5.1 ppm and exceeding the acceptable intake limit proposed by the FDA up to 32-fold. However, the severity of a possible leprosy infection outweighs the risks, which are concomitant with the intake of a single dose of rifampicin for post-exposure prophylaxis. Nevertheless, the extent of contamination is alarming, and countermeasures are needed to minimize public health risks. The presence of nitrosamines in rifampicin illustrates the need for better strategies in impurity profiling and compendial testing once again.
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Liu SH, Wei YY, Xing YN, Chen Y, Wang W, Wang KB, Liang Y, Jiao RH, Zhang B, Ge HM. A BBE-like Oxidase, AsmF, Dictates the Formation of Naphthalenic Hydroxyl Groups in Ansaseomycin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2021; 23:3724-3728. [PMID: 33877854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ansaseomycins are ansamycin-type natural products produced through expression of the asm gene cluster in a heterologous host. A rare berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) like oxidase, AsmF, is encoded in the asm gene cluster. Deletion of asmF led to the accumulation of a series of structurally diverse compounds, all of which lacked the 23-hydroxyl group in naphthalenic motif. Our work demonstrated that AsmF dictated the formation of the naphthalenic hydroxyl group in ansaseomycin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Nan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Hua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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43
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Surette MD, Spanogiannopoulos P, Wright GD. The Enzymes of the Rifamycin Antibiotic Resistome. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2065-2075. [PMID: 33877820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycin antibiotics include the WHO essential medicines rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine. These are semisynthetic derivatives of the natural product rifamycins, originally isolated from the soil bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica. These antibiotics are primarily used to treat mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis. Rifamycins act by binding to the β-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting transcription, which results in cell death. These antibiotics consist of a naphthalene core spanned by a polyketide ansa bridge. This structure presents a unique 3D configuration that engages RNA polymerase through a series of hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups linked to the naphthalene core and C21 and C23 of the ansa bridge. This binding occurs not in the enzyme active site where template-directed RNA synthesis occurs but instead in the RNA exit tunnel, thereby blocking productive formation of full-length RNA. In their clinical use to treat tuberculosis, resistance to rifamycin antibiotics arises principally from point mutations in RNA polymerase that decrease the antibiotic's affinity for the binding site in the RNA exit tunnel. In contrast, the rifamycin resistome of environmental mycobacteria and actinomycetes is much richer and diverse. In these organisms, rifamycin resistance includes many different enzymatic mechanisms that modify and alter the antibiotic directly, thereby inactivating it. These enzymes include ADP ribosyltransferases, glycosyltransferases, phosphotransferases, and monooxygenases.ADP ribosyltransferases catalyze group transfer of ADP ribose from the cofactor NAD+, which is more commonly deployed for metabolic redox reactions. ADP ribose is transferred to the hydroxyl linked to C23 of the antibiotic, thereby sterically blocking productive interaction with RNA polymerase. Like ADP ribosyltransferases, rifamycin glycosyl transferases also modify the hydroxyl of position C23 of rifamycins, transferring a glucose moiety from the donor molecule UDP-glucose. Unlike other antibiotic resistance kinases that transfer the γ-phosphate of ATP to inactivate antibiotics such as aminoglycosides or macrolides, rifamycin phosphotransferases are ATP-dependent dikinases. These enzymes transfer the β-phosphate of ATP to the C21 hydroxyl of the rifamycin ansa bridge. The result is modification of a critical RNA polymerase binding group that blocks productive complex formation. On the other hand, rifamycin monooxygenases are FAD-dependent enzymes that hydroxylate the naphthoquinone core. The result of this modification is untethering of the ansa chain from the naphthyl moiety, disrupting the essential 3D shape necessary for productive RNA polymerase binding and inhibition that leads to cell death.All of these enzymes have homologues in bacterial metabolism that either are their direct precursors or share common ancestors to the resistance enzyme. The diversity of these resistance mechanisms, often redundant in individual bacterial isolates, speaks to the importance of protecting RNA polymerase from these compounds and validates this enzyme as a critical antibiotic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Surette
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 3Z5, Canada
| | - Peter Spanogiannopoulos
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 3Z5, Canada
| | - Gerard D. Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 3Z5, Canada
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Voos K, Schönauer E, Alhayek A, Haupenthal J, Andreas A, Müller R, Hartmann RW, Brandstetter H, Hirsch AKH, Ducho C. Phosphonate as a Stable Zinc-Binding Group for "Pathoblocker" Inhibitors of Clostridial Collagenase H (ColH). ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1257-1267. [PMID: 33506625 PMCID: PMC8251769 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections are a significant threat to public health, and resistance is on the rise, so new antibiotics with novel modes of action are urgently needed. The extracellular zinc metalloprotease collagenase H (ColH) from Clostridium histolyticum is a virulence factor that catalyses tissue damage, leading to improved host invasion and colonisation. Besides the major role of ColH in pathogenicity, its extracellular localisation makes it a highly attractive target for the development of new antivirulence agents. Previously, we had found that a highly selective and potent thiol prodrug (with a hydrolytically cleavable thiocarbamate unit) provided efficient ColH inhibition. We now report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a range of zinc-binding group (ZBG) variants of this thiol-derived inhibitor, with the mercapto unit being replaced by other zinc ligands. Among these, an analogue with a phosphonate motif as ZBG showed promising activity against ColH, an improved selectivity profile, and significantly higher stability than the thiol reference compound, thus making it an attractive candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Voos
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C2 366123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Esther Schönauer
- Department of Biosciences andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar CharacterizationDivision of Structural BiologyUniversity of SalzburgBillrothstrasse 115020SalzburgAustria
| | - Alaa Alhayek
- Department of Drug Design and OptimizationHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of PharmacySaarland UniversityCampus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Department of Drug Design and OptimizationHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Anastasia Andreas
- Department of Microbial Natural ProductsHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of PharmacySaarland UniversityCampus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural ProductsHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of PharmacySaarland UniversityCampus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Department of Drug Design and OptimizationHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of PharmacySaarland UniversityCampus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar CharacterizationDivision of Structural BiologyUniversity of SalzburgBillrothstrasse 115020SalzburgAustria
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Department of Drug Design and OptimizationHelmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI)Campus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
- Department of PharmacySaarland UniversityCampus E8 166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C2 366123SaarbrückenGermany
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Gagandeep, Singh M, Kidawi S, Das US, Velpandian T, Singh R, Rawat DS. Monocarbonyl curcuminoids as antituberculosis agents with their moderate in-vitro metabolic stability on human liver microsomes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-10. [PMID: 33751730 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an airborne infectious disease, results in a high morbidity and mortality rate. The continuous emergence of TB resistance strains including MDR (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis), XDR (extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis), and especially TDR (totally drug-resistant tuberculosis) is a major public health threat and has intensified the need to develop new antitubercular agents. A natural product, curcumin, possesses diverse biological activities but suffers due to a lack of water solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, a series of 17 water-soluble monocarbonyl curcuminoids was synthesized and evaluated for antimycobacterial activity. All compounds exhibited good to moderate anti-TB activity with MIC99 in the range of 3.12-25.0 µM, out of which 7c and 7p were found the most potent compounds with MIC99 in the range of 3.12-6.25 µM. Furthermore, these compounds were observed to be nonhaemolytic, nontoxic, and stable under both physiological as well as reducing conditions. In-vitro metabolic stability data of the representative compound 7p with the human liver microsome revealed that these compounds possess a moderate metabolism with a half-life of 1.2 h and an intrinsic clearance of 1.12 ml/h/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Saqib Kidawi
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Ujjalkumar S Das
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Weerasuriya CK, Harris RC, McQuaid CF, Bozzani F, Ruan Y, Li R, Li T, Rade K, Rao R, Ginsberg AM, Gomez GB, White RG. The epidemiologic impact and cost-effectiveness of new tuberculosis vaccines on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India and China. BMC Med 2021; 19:60. [PMID: 33632218 PMCID: PMC7908776 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-01932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances through the development pipeline, how novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines might affect rifampicin-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB) is unknown. We investigated the epidemiologic impact, cost-effectiveness, and budget impact of hypothetical novel prophylactic prevention of disease TB vaccines on RR/MDR-TB in China and India. METHODS We constructed a deterministic, compartmental, age-, drug-resistance- and treatment history-stratified dynamic transmission model of tuberculosis. We introduced novel vaccines from 2027, with post- (PSI) or both pre- and post-infection (P&PI) efficacy, conferring 10 years of protection, with 50% efficacy. We measured vaccine cost-effectiveness over 2027-2050 as USD/DALY averted-against 1-times GDP/capita, and two healthcare opportunity cost-based (HCOC), thresholds. We carried out scenario analyses. RESULTS By 2050, the P&PI vaccine reduced RR/MDR-TB incidence rate by 71% (UI: 69-72) and 72% (UI: 70-74), and the PSI vaccine by 31% (UI: 30-32) and 44% (UI: 42-47) in China and India, respectively. In India, we found both USD 10 P&PI and PSI vaccines cost-effective at the 1-times GDP and upper HCOC thresholds and P&PI vaccines cost-effective at the lower HCOC threshold. In China, both vaccines were cost-effective at the 1-times GDP threshold. P&PI vaccine remained cost-effective at the lower HCOC threshold with 49% probability and PSI vaccines at the upper HCOC threshold with 21% probability. The P&PI vaccine was predicted to avert 0.9 million (UI: 0.8-1.1) and 1.1 million (UI: 0.9-1.4) second-line therapy regimens in China and India between 2027 and 2050, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Novel TB vaccination is likely to substantially reduce the future burden of RR/MDR-TB, while averting the need for second-line therapy. Vaccination may be cost-effective depending on vaccine characteristics and setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathika K Weerasuriya
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca C Harris
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Currently employed at Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Finn McQuaid
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiammetta Bozzani
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yunzhou Ruan
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhong Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Raghuram Rao
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme, New Delhi, India
| | - Ann M Ginsberg
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, USA.,Current Affiliation: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gabriela B Gomez
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Currently employed at Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Richard G White
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre and Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Swain SS, Sharma D, Hussain T, Pati S. Molecular mechanisms of underlying genetic factors and associated mutations for drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1651-1663. [PMID: 32573374 PMCID: PMC7473167 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1785334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and co-infected tuberculosis (CI-TB) strains are the leading cause for the enhancement of long-term morbidity and unpredicted mortality rates from this ghoulish acid fast-bacterium infection, globally. Unfortunately, the lack of/ample lethargic towards the development of compelling anti-TB regimens with a large-scale prevalence rate is a great challenge towards control of the pandemic situation. Indeed, the recent improvement in genomic studies for early diagnosis and understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance, as well as the identification of newer drug targets is quite remarkable and promising. Mainly, identification of such genetic factors, chromosomal mutations and associated pathways gives new ray of hope in current anti-TB drug discovery. This focused review provides molecular insights into the updated drug resistance mechanisms with encoded bacilli genetic factors as a novel target and potential source of development with screened-out newer anti-TB agents towards the control of MDR-TB soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- CRF, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences (KSBS), Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi (IIT-D), Delhi, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Division of Public Health and Research, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
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48
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Kumar M, Sarma DK, Shubham S, Kumawat M, Verma V, Nina PB, JP D, Kumar S, Singh B, Tiwari RR. Futuristic Non-antibiotic Therapies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:609459. [PMID: 33574807 PMCID: PMC7870489 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The looming problem of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms is a global health concern. The drug-resistant microorganisms originating from anthropogenic sources and commercial livestock farming have posed serious environmental and health challenges. Antibiotic-resistant genes constituting the environmental "resistome" get transferred to human and veterinary pathogens. Hence, deciphering the origin, mechanism and extreme of transfer of these genetic factors into pathogens is extremely important to develop not only the therapeutic interventions to curtail the infections, but also the strategies to avert the menace of microbial drug-resistance. Clinicians, researchers and policymakers should jointly come up to develop the strategies to prevent superfluous exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical settings. This article highlights the present scenario of increasing antimicrobial-resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the clinical importance of unconventional or non-antibiotic therapies to thwart the infectious pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Swasti Shubham
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Devraj JP
- ICMR- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- ICMR- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
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49
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Calaquian LL, De A. Rifampin-Associated Flu-Like Syndrome in a Patient Undergoing Treatment for a Device-Related Infection. Cureus 2020; 12:e12336. [PMID: 33520532 PMCID: PMC7837647 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampin (or rifampicin) has found extensive use for the treatment of a variety of infectious illnesses, particularly tuberculosis and device-related infections. We describe the development of a flu-like syndrome in a patient undergoing extended antimicrobial therapy with rifampin for discitis and an associated device-related infection, which promptly resolved with discontinuation of rifampin. While the flu-like syndrome has been documented in prior literature covering the treatment of tuberculosis (where the dose regimen tends to be intermittent) there is less evidence for its occurrence in the treatment of device-related infections (which tend to be dosed daily).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asha De
- Internal Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, USA
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50
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Recent developments in pharmaceutical salts: FDA approvals from 2015 to 2019. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:384-398. [PMID: 33221522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Around half of the new molecular entities approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are pharmaceutical salts. The pharmaceutical salts have been on a continuous growth trajectory since the approval of the first salt form in 1939. This review aims to provide updates on pharmaceutical salts approved by the FDA between 2015 and 2019. The five-year drug-approval database contains 61 pharmaceutical salts, featuring a diverse range of counterions; however, hydrochlorides are the most abundant. The chemical structures of all pharmaceutical salts in each class are presented here, along with their therapeutic indications and date of approval. The reason behind the selection of a particular counterion and the technical superiority achieved by the salt form over the free active pharmaceutical ingredient base are also discussed.
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