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Quigley RM, Kearney M, Kennedy OD, Duncan HF. Tissue engineering approaches for dental pulp regeneration: The development of novel bioactive materials using pharmacological epigenetic inhibitors. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:182-211. [PMID: 38966600 PMCID: PMC11223092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The drive for minimally invasive endodontic treatment strategies has shifted focus from technically complex and destructive root canal treatments towards more conservative vital pulp treatment. However, novel approaches to maintaining dental pulp vitality after disease or trauma will require the development of innovative, biologically-driven regenerative medicine strategies. For example, cell-homing and cell-based therapies have recently been developed in vitro and trialled in preclinical models to study dental pulp regeneration. These approaches utilise natural and synthetic scaffolds that can deliver a range of bioactive pharmacological epigenetic modulators (HDACis, DNMTis, and ncRNAs), which are cost-effective and easily applied to stimulate pulp tissue regrowth. Unfortunately, many biological factors hinder the clinical development of regenerative therapies, including a lack of blood supply and poor infection control in the necrotic root canal system. Additional challenges include a need for clinically relevant models and manufacturing challenges such as scalability, cost concerns, and regulatory issues. This review will describe the current state of bioactive-biomaterial/scaffold-based engineering strategies to stimulate dentine-pulp regeneration, explicitly focusing on epigenetic modulators and therapeutic pharmacological inhibition. It will highlight the components of dental pulp regenerative approaches, describe their current limitations, and offer suggestions for the effective translation of novel epigenetic-laden bioactive materials for innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Quigley
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michaela Kearney
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
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Grimi A, Bono BC, Lazzarin SM, Marcheselli S, Pessina F, Riva M. Gliomagenesis, Epileptogenesis, and Remodeling of Neural Circuits: Relevance for Novel Treatment Strategies in Low- and High-Grade Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8953. [PMID: 39201639 PMCID: PMC11354416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas present a complex challenge in neuro-oncology, often accompanied by the debilitating complication of epilepsy. Understanding the biological interaction and common pathways between gliomagenesis and epileptogenesis is crucial for improving the current understanding of tumorigenesis and also for developing effective management strategies. Shared genetic and molecular mechanisms, such as IDH mutations and dysregulated glutamate signaling, contribute to both tumor progression and seizure development. Targeting these pathways, such as through direct inhibition of mutant IDH enzymes or modulation of glutamate receptors, holds promise for improving patient outcomes. Additionally, advancements in surgical techniques, like supratotal resection guided by connectomics, offer opportunities for maximally safe tumor resection and enhanced seizure control. Advanced imaging modalities further aid in identifying epileptogenic foci and tailoring treatment approaches based on the tumor's metabolic characteristics. This review aims to explore the complex interplay between gliomagenesis, epileptogenesis, and neural circuit remodeling, offering insights into shared molecular pathways and innovative treatment strategies to improve outcomes for patients with gliomas and associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice C. Bono
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Federico Pessina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Riva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Kumar P, Neelamegam K, Ramasamy C, Samivel R, Xia H, Kapusta DR, Pandey KN. Epigenetic mechanisms differentially regulate blood pressure and renal dysfunction in male and female Npr1 haplotype mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23858. [PMID: 39109516 PMCID: PMC11309581 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400714r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
We determined the epigenetic mechanisms regulating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal dysfunction in guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) gene-targeted mice. The Npr1 (encoding NPRA) gene-targeted mice were treated with class 1 specific histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) mocetinostat (MGCD) to determine the epigenetic changes in a sex-specific manner. Adult male and female Npr1 haplotype (1-copy; Npr1+/-), wild-type (2-copy; Npr1+/+), and gene-duplicated heterozygous (3-copy; Npr1++/+) mice were intraperitoneally injected with MGCD (2 mg/kg) for 14 days. BP, renal function, histopathology, and epigenetic changes were measured. One-copy male mice showed significantly increased MAP, renal dysfunction, and fibrosis than 2-copy and 3-copy mice. Furthermore, HDAC1/2, collagen1alpha-2 (Col1α-2), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly increased in 1-copy mice compared with 2-copy controls. The expression of antifibrotic microRNA-133a was attenuated in 1-copy mice but to a greater extent in males than females. NF-κB was localized at significantly lower levels in cytoplasm than in the nucleus with stronger DNA binding activity in 1-copy mice. MGCD significantly lowered BP, improved creatinine clearance, and repaired renal histopathology. The inhibition of class I HDACs led to a sex-dependent distinctive stimulation of acetylated positive histone marks and inhibition of methylated repressive histone marks in Npr1 1-copy mice; however, it epigenetically lowered MAP, repaired renal fibrosis, and proteinuria and suppressed NF-kB differentially in males versus females. Our results suggest a role for epigenetic targets affecting hypertension and renal dysfunction in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kandasamy Neelamegam
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chandramohan Ramasamy
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ramachandran Samivel
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Huijing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Daniel R. Kapusta
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kailash N. Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Watson A, Shah P, Lee D, Liang S, Joshi G, Metitiri E, Chowdhury WH, Bacich D, Dube P, Xiang Y, Hanley D, Martinez-Sobrido L, Rodriguez R. Valproic acid use is associated with diminished risk of contracting COVID-19, and diminished disease severity: Epidemiologic and in vitro analysis reveal mechanistic insights. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307154. [PMID: 39093886 PMCID: PMC11296636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused unprecedented worldwide infections from persistent mutant variants with various degrees of infectivity and virulence. The elusiveness of a highly penetrant, worldwide vaccination strategy suggests that the complete eradication of SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely. Even with the advent of new antiviral agents, the disease burden worldwide continues to exceed current preventative and therapeutic strategies. Greater interest has been placed towards the development of affordable,broadly effective antiviral therapeutics. Here, we report that the small branched-chain fatty acid Valproic acid (VPA), approved for maintenance of seizure and bipolar disorder, has a novel anti- coronavirus activity that can be augmented with the addition of a long-chain, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). An EMR-based epidemiological study of patients tested for COVID-19 demonstrated a correlation exists between a reduced infection rate in patients treated withVPA of up to 25%, as well as a decreased risk of emergency room visits, hospitalization, ICU admission,and use of mechanical ventilation. In vitro studies have demonstrated that VPA modifies gene expression in MRC5 cells. Interestingly, VPA correlates with the inhibition of several SARS-CoV2 interacting genes and the greater inhibition of alpha-coronavirus HCoV-229E (a "common cold" virus) and SARS-CoV2. The VPA-DHA combination activates pre-existing intracellular antiviral mechanisms normally repressed by coronaviruses. Gene expression profiles demonstrate subtle differences in overall gene expression between VPA-treated and VPA-DHA-treated cells. HCoV-229E infection caused an intensely different response with a marked induction of multiple intracellular inflammatory genes. Changes in gene expression took at least 24 hours to manifest and most likely why prior drug screens failed to identify any antiviral VPA activity despite in silico predictions. This report demonstrates an interaction between HDAC inhibition and the potent activation of cellular antiviral responses. A foundation now exists for a low-cost, highly effective antiviral strategy when supplemented with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Watson
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pankil Shah
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Doug Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sitai Liang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Geeta Joshi
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ediri Metitiri
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wasim H. Chowdhury
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dean Bacich
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Dube
- Boehringer Ingelheim in Ames, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Education, and Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Wang F, Mehta P, Bach I. How does the Xist activator Rlim/Rnf12 regulate Xist expression? Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1099-1107. [PMID: 38747697 PMCID: PMC11346418 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Xist is crucially involved in a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI), the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals to achieve X dosage compensation between the sexes. Because Xist RNA silences the X chromosome from which it is transcribed, the activation of Xist transcription marks the initiation of the XCI process and thus, mechanisms and players that activate this gene are of central importance to the XCI process. During female mouse embryogenesis, XCI occurs in two steps. At the 2-4 cell stages imprinted XCI (iXCI) silences exclusively the paternally inherited X chromosome (Xp). While extraembryonic cells including trophoblasts keep the Xp silenced, epiblast cells that give rise to the embryo proper reactivate the Xp and undergo random XCI (rXCI) around implantation. Both iXCI and rXCI are dependent on Xist. Rlim, also known as Rnf12, is an X-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the transcriptional activation of Xist. However, while data on the crucial involvement of Rlim during iXCI appear clear, its role in rXCI has been controversial. This review discusses data leading to this disagreement and recent evidence for a regulatory switch of Xist transcription in epiblasts of implanting embryos, partially reconciling the roles of Rlim during Xist activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, U.S.A
| | - Poonam Mehta
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, U.S.A
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, U.S.A
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Piorczynski TB, Calixto J, Henry HC, England K, Cowley S, Hansen JM, Hill JT, Hansen JM. Valproic Acid Causes Redox-Regulated Post-Translational Protein Modifications That Are Dependent upon P19 Cellular Differentiation States. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:560. [PMID: 38790665 PMCID: PMC11117966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a common anti-epileptic drug and known neurodevelopmental toxicant. Although the exact mechanism of VPA toxicity remains unknown, recent findings show that VPA disrupts redox signaling in undifferentiated cells but has little effect on fully differentiated neurons. Redox imbalances often alter oxidative post-translational protein modifications and could affect embryogenesis if developmentally critical proteins are targeted. We hypothesize that VPA causes redox-sensitive post-translational protein modifications that are dependent upon cellular differentiation states. Undifferentiated P19 cells and P19-derived neurons were treated with VPA alone or pretreated with D3T, an inducer of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) antioxidant pathway, prior to VPA exposure. Undifferentiated cells treated with VPA alone exhibited an oxidized glutathione redox couple and increased overall protein oxidation, whereas differentiated neurons were protected from protein oxidation via increased S-glutathionylation. Pretreatment with D3T prevented the effects of VPA exposure in undifferentiated cells. Taken together, our findings support redox-sensitive post-translational protein alterations in undifferentiated cells as a mechanism of VPA-induced developmental toxicity and propose NRF2 activation as a means to preserve proper neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason M. Hansen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (T.B.P.); (J.C.); (H.C.H.); (K.E.); (S.C.); (J.M.H.); (J.T.H.)
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Umeyama T, Matsuda T, Nakashima K. Lineage Reprogramming: Genetic, Chemical, and Physical Cues for Cell Fate Conversion with a Focus on Neuronal Direct Reprogramming and Pluripotency Reprogramming. Cells 2024; 13:707. [PMID: 38667322 PMCID: PMC11049106 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although lineage reprogramming from one cell type to another is becoming a breakthrough technology for cell-based therapy, several limitations remain to be overcome, including the low conversion efficiency and subtype specificity. To address these, many studies have been conducted using genetics, chemistry, physics, and cell biology to control transcriptional networks, signaling cascades, and epigenetic modifications during reprogramming. Here, we summarize recent advances in cellular reprogramming and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Umeyama
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Singh R, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Keshri PK, Gupta NK, Prakash SAS, Zahra W, Singh S, Singh SP. HAT and HDAC: Enzyme with Contradictory Action in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6. [PMID: 38587698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In view of the increasing risk of neurodegenerative diseases, epigenetics plays a fundamental role in the field of neuroscience. Several modifications have been studied including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation, etc. Histone acetylation and deacetylation regulate gene expression, and the regular activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) provides regulatory stages for gene expression and cell cycle. Imbalanced homeostasis in these enzymes causes a detrimental effect on neurophysiological function. Intriguingly, epigenetic remodelling via histone acetylation in certain brain areas has been found to play a key role in the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. It has been demonstrated that a number of HATs have a role in crucial brain processes such regulating neuronal plasticity and memory formation. The most recent therapeutic methods involve the use of small molecules known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that antagonize HDAC activity thereby increase acetylation levels in order to prevent the loss of HAT function in neurodegenerative disorders. The target specificity of the HDAC inhibitors now in use raises concerns about their applicability, despite the fact that this strategy has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the cross-linking between histone modification and its regulation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these findings also support the notion of new pharmacotherapies that target particular areas of the brain using histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Singh Ankit Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Shekhar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India.
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S A, Chakraborty A, Patnaik S. SOX4/HDAC2 Axis Enhances Cell Survivability and Reduces Apoptosis by Activating AKT/MAPK Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:835-850. [PMID: 38240850 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased SOX4 (SRY-related HMG-box) activity aids cellular transformation and metastasis. However, its specific functions and downstream targets remain to be completely elusive in colorectal cancer (CRC). AIMS To investigate the role of SOX4 in CRC progression and the underlying mechanism. METHODS In the current study, online available datasets of CRC patients were explored to check the expression status of SOX4. To investigate the further functions, SOX4 was overexpressed and knocked down in CRC cells. Colony formation assay, flowcytometry analysis, and MTT assay were used to check for proliferation and apoptosis. Acridine orange staining was done to check the role of SOX4 in autophagy induction. Furthermore, western blot, qRT-PCR, and bioinformatic analysis was done to elucidate the downstream molecular mechanism of SOX4. RESULTS GEPIA database showed enhanced expression of SOX4 mRNA in CRC tumor, and the human protein atlas (HPA) showed strong staining of SOX4 protein in tumor when compared to the normal tissue. Ectopic expression of SOX4 enhanced colony formation ability as well as rescued cells from apoptosis. SOX4 overexpressed cells showed the formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) which indicated autophagy. Further results revealed the activation of p-AKT/MAPK molecules upon overexpression of SOX4. SOX4 expression was found to be positively correlated with histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Knockdown of SOX4 or HDAC2 inhibition induced apoptosis, revealed by decrease in BCL2 and increase in BAX expression, and inactivated the p-AKT/MAPK signaling. CONCLUSION The study uncovers that SOX4/HDAC2 axis improves cell survivability and reduces apoptosis via activation of the p-AKT/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya S
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Averi Chakraborty
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Zarate-Lopez D, Torres-Chávez AL, Gálvez-Contreras AY, Gonzalez-Perez O. Three Decades of Valproate: A Current Model for Studying Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:260-289. [PMID: 37873949 PMCID: PMC10788883 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231003121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increased prevalence and incidence in recent decades. Its etiology remains largely unclear, but it seems to involve a strong genetic component and environmental factors that, in turn, induce epigenetic changes during embryonic and postnatal brain development. In recent decades, clinical studies have shown that inutero exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug, is an environmental factor associated with an increased risk of ASD. Subsequently, prenatal VPA exposure in rodents has been established as a reliable translational model to study the pathophysiology of ASD, which has helped demonstrate neurobiological changes in rodents, non-human primates, and brain organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. This evidence supports the notion that prenatal VPA exposure is a valid and current model to replicate an idiopathic ASD-like disorder in experimental animals. This review summarizes and describes the current features reported with this animal model of autism and the main neurobiological findings and correlates that help elucidate the pathophysiology of ASD. Finally, we discuss the general framework of the VPA model in comparison to other environmental and genetic ASD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zarate-Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
- Physiological Science Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Torres-Chávez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
- Physiological Science Ph.D. Program, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Alma Yadira Gálvez-Contreras
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, México
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
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Ma Y, Wang W, Liu S, Qiao X, Xing Y, Zhou Q, Zhang Z. Epigenetic Regulation of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 13:79. [PMID: 38201283 PMCID: PMC10778497 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease and clinically manifests with cognitive decline and behavioral disabilities. Over the past years, mounting studies have demonstrated that the inflammatory response plays a key role in the onset and development of AD, and neuroinflammation has been proposed as the third major pathological driving factor of AD, ranking after the two well-known core pathologies, amyloid β (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Epigenetic mechanisms, referring to heritable changes in gene expression independent of DNA sequence alterations, are crucial regulators of neuroinflammation which have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for AD. Upon regulation of transcriptional repression or activation, epigenetic modification profiles are closely involved in inflammatory gene expression and signaling pathways of neuronal differentiation and cognitive function in central nervous system disorders. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about epigenetic control mechanisms with a focus on DNA and histone modifications involved in the regulation of inflammatory genes and signaling pathways in AD, and the inhibitors under clinical assessment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ma
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China;
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Sufang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA;
| | - Xiaomeng Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (W.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China;
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China;
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Thomas L, Chutani N, R K, Nair AS, Yellapu NK, Karyala P, Pakala SB. Microrchidia 2/histone deacetylase 1 complex regulates E-cadherin gene expression and function. Biochem J 2023; 480:1675-1691. [PMID: 37815456 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Although Microrchidia 2 (MORC2) is widely overexpressed in human malignancies and linked to cancer cell proliferation, metabolism, and metastasis, the mechanism of action of MORC2 in cancer cell migration and invasion is yet undeciphered. Here, we identified for the first time that MORC2, a chromatin remodeler, regulates E-cadherin expression and, subsequently regulates breast cancer cell migration and invasion. We observed a negative correlation between the expression levels of MORC2 and E-cadherin in breast cancer. Furthermore, the overexpression of MORC2 resulted in decreased expression levels of E-cadherin. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MORC2 interacts with HDAC1 and gets recruited onto the E-cadherin promoter to inhibit its transcription, thereby suppress its expression. Consequently, knockdown of HDAC1 in MORC2-overexpressing cells led to reduced cancer cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, we noticed that MORC2-regulated glucose metabolism via c-Myc, and LDHA, also modulates the expression of E-cadherin. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time a mechanistic role for MORC2 as an upstream regulator of E-cadherin expression and its associated functions in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Thomas
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Mangalam, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Namita Chutani
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Mangalam, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Krishna R
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Asha S Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Centre, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Prashanthi Karyala
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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13
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Kiweler N, Schwarz H, Nguyen A, Matschos S, Mullins C, Piée-Staffa A, Brachetti C, Roos WP, Schneider G, Linnebacher M, Brenner W, Krämer OH. The epigenetic modifier HDAC2 and the checkpoint kinase ATM determine the responses of microsatellite instable colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2401-2419. [PMID: 35608750 PMCID: PMC10547618 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The epigenetic modifier histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) is frequently dysregulated in colon cancer cells. Microsatellite instability (MSI), an unfaithful replication of DNA at nucleotide repeats, occurs in about 15% of human colon tumors. MSI promotes a genetic frameshift and consequently a loss of HDAC2 in up to 43% of these tumors. We show that long-term and short-term cultures of colorectal cancers with MSI contain subpopulations of cells lacking HDAC2. These can be isolated as single cell-derived, proliferating populations. Xenografted patient-derived colon cancer tissues with MSI also show variable patterns of HDAC2 expression in mice. HDAC2-positive and HDAC2-negative RKO cells respond similarly to pharmacological inhibitors of the class I HDACs HDAC1/HDAC2/HDAC3. In contrast to this similarity, HDAC2-negative and HDAC2-positive RKO cells undergo differential cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in response to the frequently used chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil, which becomes incorporated into and damages RNA and DNA. 5-fluorouracil causes an enrichment of HDAC2-negative RKO cells in vitro and in a subset of primary colorectal tumors in mice. 5-fluorouracil induces the phosphorylation of KAP1, a target of the checkpoint kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), stronger in HDAC2-negative cells than in their HDAC2-positive counterparts. Pharmacological inhibition of ATM sensitizes RKO cells to cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil. These findings demonstrate that HDAC2 and ATM modulate the responses of colorectal cancer cells towards 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kiweler
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Helena Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nguyen
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Matschos
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina Mullins
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Brachetti
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand P. Roos
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women’s Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Yan G, Rose J, Ellison C, Mudd AM, Zhang X, Wu S. Refine and Strengthen SAR-Based Read-Across by Considering Bioactivation and Modes of Action. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1532-1548. [PMID: 37594911 PMCID: PMC10523590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR)-based read-across is an important and effective method to establish the safety of a data-poor target chemical (structure of interest (SOI)) using hazard data from structurally similar source chemicals (analogues). Many methods use quantitative similarity scores to evaluate the structural similarity for searching and selecting analogues as well as for evaluating analogue suitability. However, studies suggest that read-across based purely on structural similarity cannot accurately predict the toxicity of an SOI. As mechanistic data become available, we gain a greater understanding of the mode of action (MOA), the relationship between structures and metabolism/bioactivation pathways, and the existence of "activity cliffs" in chemical chain length, which can improve the analogue rating process. For this purpose, the current work identifies a series of classes of chemicals where a small change at a key position can result in a significant change in metabolism and bioactivation pathways and may eventually result in significant changes in chemical toxicity that have a big impact on the suitability of analogues for read-across. Additionally, a series of SAR-based read-across case studies are presented, which cover a variety of chemical classes that commonly link to different toxic endpoints. The case study results indicate that SAR-based read-across can be refined and strengthened by considering MOAs or proposed reactive metabolite formation pathways, which can improve the overall accuracy, consistency, transparency, and confidence in evaluating analogue suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yan
- Global Product
Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd., Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Jane Rose
- Global Product
Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd., Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Corie Ellison
- Global Product
Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd., Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Ashley M. Mudd
- Global Product
Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd., Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Global Product
Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd., Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Shengde Wu
- Global Product
Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd., Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
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15
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Björnson Y, Huang CY, Rollins JL, Castañeda G, Kaur N, Yamamoto E, Johnston JM. The effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101513. [PMID: 37521376 PMCID: PMC10372373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a prominent genome-editing tool capable of producing a double-strand break in the genome. However, the modification of hematopoietic stem cells via the homology-directed repair pathway is still inefficient. Therefore, we hypothesize that histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as valproic acid (VPA) and sodium butyrate (NaB), could enhance HDR efficiency by increasing the accessibility of the genome-editing machinery. To address the potential utilization of HDAC inhibitors therapeutically, we began by assessing the effect of VPA and NaB on two cell lines representative of the two hematopoietic stem cell lineages. No statistically significant effect on cell growth or viability was observed at concentrations as high as 5 mM. At a concentration as low as 0.005 mM NaB, an enhancement in CRISPR cutting efficiency was evidenced in both cell lines. This enhancement did not appear to be locus-specific. However, an enhancement in cutting efficiency following VPA treatment does appear to be. HDR efficiency was enhanced greater than two-fold with the use of 0.005 mM VPA. These results are promising and suggest the consideration of treatment with an HDAC inhibitor in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing protocols.
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16
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Makhwitine JP, Kumalo HM, Ndlovu SI, Mkhwanazi NP. Epigenetic Induction of Secondary Metabolites Production in Endophytic Fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and GC-MS Analysis of Crude Metabolites with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1404. [PMID: 37374906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous burden of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Sub-Saharan Africa, coupled with the inability of antiretroviral agents to eradicate HIV-1 from viral reservoirs, the potential risks of drug resistance development, and the development of adverse effects, emphasizes the need to develop a new class of HIV-1 inhibitors. Here, we cultivated four endophytic fungal isolates from a medicinal plant, Albizia adianthifolia with the addition of small epigenetic modifiers, sodium butyrate, and valproic acid, to induce the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding active secondary metabolites with probable anti-HIV activities. We identified a non-toxic crude extract of the endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum treated with sodium butyrate to possess significantly greater anti-HIV activity than the untreated extracts. Penicillium chrysogenum P03MB2 showed anti-HIV activity with an IC50 of 0.6024 µg/mL compared to untreated fungal crude extract (IC50 5.053 µg/mL) when treated with sodium butyrate. The profile of secondary metabolite compounds from the bioactive, partially purified extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and more bioactive compounds were detected in treated P. chrysogenum P03MB2 fractions than in untreated fractions. Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro (13.64%), cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl (8.18%), cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl (7.23%), cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl (6.36%), quinoline, 1,2-dihydro-2,24-trimethyl (5.45%), propanenitrile (4.55%), deca-6,9-diene (4.55%), dibutyl phthalate (4.55%), and silane[1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)oxy]dimethyl (2.73%) were the most abundant compounds. These results indicate that treatment of endophytic fungi with small epigenetic modifiers enhances the secretion of secondary metabolites with stronger anti-HIV-1 properties, acknowledging the feasibility of epigenetic modification as an innovative approach for the discovery of cryptic fungal metabolites which can be developed into therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Makhwitine
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Unit, Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I Ndlovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo P Mkhwanazi
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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17
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Leung CS, Rosenzweig SJ, Yoon B, Marinelli NA, Hollingsworth EW, Maguire AM, Cowen MH, Schmidt M, Imitola J, Gamsiz Uzun ED, Lizarraga SB. Dysregulation of the chromatin environment leads to differential alternative splicing as a mechanism of disease in a human model of autism spectrum disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1634-1646. [PMID: 36621967 PMCID: PMC10162432 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 44 children. Chromatin regulatory proteins are overrepresented among genes that contain high risk variants in ASD. Disruption of the chromatin environment leads to widespread dysregulation of gene expression, which is traditionally thought of as a mechanism of disease pathogenesis associated with ASD. Alternatively, alterations in chromatin dynamics could also lead to dysregulation of alternative splicing, which is understudied as a mechanism of ASD pathogenesis. The anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) is a well-known environmental risk factor for ASD that acts as a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying defects in human neuronal development associated with exposure to VPA are understudied. To dissect how VPA exposure and subsequent chromatin hyperacetylation influence molecular signatures involved in ASD pathogenesis, we conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in human cortical neurons that were treated with VPA. We observed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched for mRNA splicing, mRNA processing, histone modification and metabolism related gene sets. Furthermore, we observed widespread increases in the number and the type of alternative splicing events. Analysis of differential transcript usage (DTU) showed that exposure to VPA induces extensive alterations in transcript isoform usage across neurodevelopmentally important genes. Finally, we find that DEGs and genes that display DTU overlap with known ASD-risk genes. Altogether, these findings suggest that, in addition to differential gene expression, changes in alternative splicing correlated with alterations in the chromatin environment could act as an additional mechanism of disease in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin S Leung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science (BITS), Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Shoshana J Rosenzweig
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Brian Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nicholas A Marinelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ethan W Hollingsworth
- UCONN Health Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Abbie M Maguire
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science (BITS), Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mara H Cowen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science (BITS), Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- UCONN Health Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ece D Gamsiz Uzun
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Sofia B Lizarraga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science (BITS), Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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18
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Nam YS, Choi YM, Lee S, Cho HH. Valproic Acid Inhibits Progressive Hereditary Hearing Loss in a KCNQ4 Variant Model through HDAC1 Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065695. [PMID: 36982769 PMCID: PMC10058529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic or congenital hearing loss still has no definitive cure. Among genes related to genetic hearing loss, the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4 (KCNQ4) is known to play an essential role in maintaining ion homeostasis and regulating hair cell membrane potential. Variants of the KCNQ4 show reductions in the potassium channel activity and were responsible for non-syndromic progressive hearing loss. KCNQ4 has been known to possess a diverse variant. Among those variants, the KCNQ4 p.W276S variant produced greater hair cell loss related to an absence of potassium recycling. Valproic acid (VPA) is an important and commonly used histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor for class I (HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8) and class IIa (HDAC4, 5, 7, and 9). In the current study, systemic injections of VPA attenuated hearing loss and protected the cochlear hair cells from cell death in the KCNQ4 p.W276S mouse model. VPA activated its known downstream target, the survival motor neuron gene, and increased acetylation of histone H4 in the cochlea, demonstrating that VPA treatment directly affects the cochlea. In addition, treatment with VPA increased the KCNQ4 binding with HSP90β by inhibiting HDAC1 activation in HEI-OC1 in an in vitro study. VPA is a candidate drug for inhibiting late-onset progressive hereditary hearing loss from the KCNQ4 p.W276S variant.
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Wu S, Ellison C, Naciff J, Karb M, Obringer C, Yan G, Shan Y, Smith A, Wang X, Daston GP. Structure-activity relationship read-across and transcriptomics for branched carboxylic acids. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:343-356. [PMID: 36583546 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use chemical similarity evaluations, transcriptional profiling, in vitro toxicokinetic data, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to support read-across for a series of branched carboxylic acids using valproic acid (VPA), a known developmental toxicant, as a comparator. The chemicals included 2-propylpentanoic acid (VPA), 2-ethylbutanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHA), 2-methylnonanoic acid, 2-hexyldecanoic acid, 2-propylnonanoic acid (PNA), dipentyl acetic acid or 2-pentylheptanoic acid, octanoic acid (a straight chain alkyl acid), and 2-ethylhexanol. Transcriptomics was evaluated in 4 cell types (A549, HepG2, MCF7, and iCell cardiomyocytes) 6 h after exposure to 3 concentrations of the compounds, using the L1000 platform. The transcriptional profiling data indicate that 2- or 3-carbon alkyl substituents at the alpha position of the carboxylic acid (EHA and PNA) elicit a transcriptional profile similar to the one elicited by VPA. The transcriptional profile is different for the other chemicals tested, which provides support for limiting read-across from VPA to much shorter and longer acids. Molecular docking models for histone deacetylases, the putative target of VPA, provide a possible mechanistic explanation for the activity cliff elucidated by transcriptomics. In vitro toxicokinetic data were utilized in a PBPK model to estimate internal dosimetry. The PBPK modeling data show that as the branched chain increases, predicted plasma Cmax decreases. This work demonstrates how transcriptomics and other mode of action-based methods can improve read-across.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengde Wu
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Corie Ellison
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Jorge Naciff
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Michael Karb
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Cindy Obringer
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Gang Yan
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Yuqing Shan
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Alex Smith
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - George P Daston
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
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20
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Sullivan JK, Fahey PP, Agho KE, Hurley SP, Feng Z, Day RO, Lim D. Valproic acid as a radio-sensitizer in glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurooncol Pract 2023; 10:13-23. [PMID: 36659976 PMCID: PMC9837785 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) including valproic acid (VPA) have the potential to improve radiotherapy (RT) efficacy and reduce treatment adverse events (AE) via epigenetic modification and radio-sensitization of neoplastic cells. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and AE associated with HDACi used as radio-sensitizers in adult solid organ malignancy patients. Methods A systematic review utilized electronic searches of MEDLINE(Ovid), Embase(Ovid), The Cochrane Library, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to identify studies examining the efficacy and AEs associated with HDACi treatment in solid organ malignancy patients undergoing RT. Meta-analysis was performed with overall survival (OS) reported as hazard ratios (HR) as the primary outcome measure. OS reported as median survival difference, and AEs were secondary outcome measures. Results Ten studies reporting on the efficacy and/or AEs of HDACi in RT-treated solid organ malignancy patients met inclusion criteria. All included studies focused on HDACi valproic acid (VPA) in high-grade glioma patients, of which 9 studies (n = 6138) evaluated OS and 5 studies (n = 1055) examined AEs. The addition of VPA to RT treatment protocols resulted in improved OS (HR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.67-0.96). No studies focusing on non-glioma solid organ malignancy patients, or non-VPA HDACi met the inclusion criteria for this review. Conclusions This review suggests that glioma patients undergoing RT may experience prolonged survival due to HDACi VPA administration. Further randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings. Additionally, more research into the use of HDACi radio-adjuvant treatment in non-glioma solid organ malignancies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul P Fahey
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kinglsey E Agho
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon P Hurley
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zhihui Feng
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Richard O Day
- St Vincent’s Clinical Campus, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Lim
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Remote Health: A JBI Affiliated Centre, Alice Springs, Australia
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21
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Fontes-Dutra M, Righes Marafiga J, Santos-Terra J, Deckmann I, Brum Schwingel G, Rabelo B, Kazmierzak de Moraes R, Rockenbach M, Vendramin Pasquetti M, Gottfried C, Calcagnotto ME. GABAergic synaptic transmission and cortical oscillation patterns in the primary somatosensory area of a valproic acid rat model of autism spectrum disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:527-546. [PMID: 36504470 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication and interaction associated with repetitive or stereotyped behaviour. Prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure in rodents is a commonly used model of ASD. Resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to prevent interneuronal and behavioural impairments in the VPA model. We investigated the effects of prenatal VPA exposure and RSV on the GABAergic synaptic transmission, brain oscillations and on the genic expression of interneuron-associated transcription factor LHX6 in the primary somatosensory area (PSSA). Prenatal VPA exposure decreased the sIPSC and mIPSC frequencies and the sIPSC decay kinetics onto layers 4/5 pyramidal cells of PSSA. About 40% of VPA animals exhibited absence-like spike-wave discharge (SWD) events associated with behaviour arrest and increased power spectrum density of delta, beta and gamma cortical oscillations. VPA animals had reduced LHX6 expression in PSSA, but VPA animals treated with RSV had no changes on synaptic inhibition or LHX6 expression in the PSSA. SWD events associated with behaviour arrest and the abnormal increment of cortical oscillations were also absent in VPA animals treated with RSV. These findings provide new venues to investigate the role of both RSV and VPA in the pathophysiology of ASD and highlight the VPA animal model as an interesting tool to investigate pathways related to the aetiology and possible future therapies to this neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellanie Fontes-Dutra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Júlio Santos-Terra
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iohanna Deckmann
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Brum Schwingel
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rabelo
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Kazmierzak de Moraes
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marília Rockenbach
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayara Vendramin Pasquetti
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorders (GETTEA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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22
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Targeting emerging cancer hallmarks by transition metal complexes: Epigenetic reprogramming and epitherapies. Part II. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Dwivedi Y, Shelton RC. Genomics in Treatment Development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:363-385. [PMID: 36928858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project mapped the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome, which ushered in a new generation of genomically focused treatment development. While this has been very successful in other areas, neuroscience has been largely devoid of such developments. This is in large part because there are very few neurological or mental health conditions that are related to single-gene variants. While developments in pharmacogenomics have been somewhat successful, the use of genetic information in practice has to do with drug metabolism and adverse reactions. Studies of drug metabolism related to genetic variations are an important part of drug development. However, outside of cancer biology, the actual translation of genomic information into novel therapies has been limited. Epigenetics, which relates in part to the effects of the environment on DNA, is a promising newer area of relevance to CNS disorders. The environment can induce chemical modifications of DNA (e.g., cytosine methylation), which can be induced by the environment and may represent either shorter- or longer-term changes. Given the importance of environmental influences on CNS disorders, epigenetics may identify important treatment targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard C Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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24
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Analysis of HDACi-Coupled Nanoparticles: Opportunities and Challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2589:129-144. [PMID: 36255622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2788-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), like valproic acid (VPA), is often associated with rapid drug metabolization and untargeted tissue distribution. This requires high-dose application that can lead to unintended side effects. Hence, drug carrier systems such as nanoparticles (NPs) are developed to circumvent these disadvantages by enhancing serum half-life as well as organ specificity.This chapter gives a summary of the biological characterization of HDACi-coupled NPs in vitro, including investigation of cellular uptake, biocompatibility, as well as intracellular drug release and activity. Suitable methods, opportunities, and challenges will be discussed to provide general guidelines for the analysis of HDACi drug carrier systems with a special focus on recently developed cellulose-based VPA-coupled NPs.
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25
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Bustos F, Mathur S, Espejo-Serrano C, Toth R, Hastie CJ, Virdee S, Findlay GM. Activity-based probe profiling of RNF12 E3 ubiquitin ligase function in Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101248. [PMID: 35764390 PMCID: PMC9240097 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation enzymes are involved in all aspects of eukaryotic biology and are frequently disrupted in disease. One example is the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12/RLIM, which is mutated in the developmental disorder Tønne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS). RNF12 TOKAS variants largely disrupt catalytic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which presents a pressing need to develop approaches to assess the impact of variants on RNF12 activity in patients. Here, we use photocrosslinking activity-based probes (photoABPs) to monitor RNF12 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in normal and pathogenic contexts. We demonstrate that photoABPs undergo UV-induced labelling of RNF12 that is consistent with its RING E3 ligase activity. Furthermore, photoABPs robustly report the impact of RNF12 TOKAS variants on E3 activity, including variants within the RING domain and distal non-RING regulatory elements. Finally, we show that this technology can be rapidly deployed in human pluripotent stem cells. In summary, photoABPs are versatile tools that can directly identify disruptions to RING E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in human disease, thereby providing new insight into pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sunil Mathur
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - C James Hastie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Satpal Virdee
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Greg M Findlay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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26
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Teafatiller T, Subramanian S, Marquez FE, Kitazawa M, Subramanian VS. Valproic acid upregulates sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 functional expression in neuronal cells. Life Sci 2022; 308:120944. [PMID: 36096242 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal uptake of ascorbic acid (AA) in humans occurs via the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (hSVCT2). Recent studies show that a significantly lower level of vitamin C is present in the blood of epileptic patients. Consequently, focused studies investigating the involved molecular mechanisms for hSVCT2 regulation are vital to enhance vitamin C body homeostasis. Currently, little is known about the role of valproic acid (VPA), a drug utilized to treat epilepsy and a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), on AA uptake in neuronal systems. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect of VPA on hSVCT2 functional expression in neuronal cells. VPA treatment upregulated the AA uptake and this increased AA uptake was associated with a significant increase in hSVCT2 expression and SLC23A2 promoter activity in SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of HDAC2, a predominant isoform in neuronal systems, significantly increased hSVCT2 functional expression. VPA treatment in mice displayed increased mouse (m)SVCT2 protein, mRNA and heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) expression in the brain. In addition, Yin Yang-1 (YY1), a transcription factor that drives the SLC23A2 promoter activity, protein and mRNA expression levels were markedly upregulated in VPA-treated SH-SY5Y cells and mice brain. Together, our findings suggest that VPA upregulates the functional expression of SVCT2 via HDAC2 and transcriptional mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Teafatiller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Sreya Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Felerico E Marquez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Veedamali S Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
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27
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Glycosphingolipid GM3 prevents albuminuria and podocytopathy induced by anti-nephrin antibody. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16058. [PMID: 36163359 PMCID: PMC9513075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathy, which is characterized by injury to podocytes, frequently causes proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome. There is currently a paucity of effective therapeutic drugs to treat proteinuric kidney disease. Recent research suggests the possibility that glycosphingolipid GM3 maintains podocyte function by acting on various molecules including nephrin, but its mechanism of action remains unknown. Here, various analyses were performed to examine the potential relationship between GM3 and nephrin, and the function of GM3 in podocytes using podocytopathy mice, GM3 synthase gene knockout mice, and nephrin injury cells. Reduced amounts of GM3 and nephrin were observed in podocytopathy mice. Intriguingly, this reduction of GM3 and nephrin, as well as albuminuria, were inhibited by administration of valproic acid. However, when the same experiment was performed using GM3 synthase gene knockout mice, valproic acid administration did not inhibit albuminuria. Equivalent results were obtained in model cells. These findings indicate that GM3 acts with nephrin in a collaborative manner in the cell membrane. Taken together, elevated levels of GM3 stabilize nephrin, which is a key molecule of the slit diaphragm, by enhancing the environment of the cell membrane and preventing albuminuria. This study provides novel insight into new drug discovery, which may offer a new therapy for kidney disease with albuminuria.
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28
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mTOR and HDAC2 are simultaneously activated during electrically induced kindling of seizures. Epilepsy Res 2022; 185:106991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Moreno-Torres M, Guzmán C, Petrov PD, Jover R. Valproate and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Activate Transcription of the Human Vitamin D Receptor Gene through a Proximal GC-Rich DNA Region Containing Two Putative Sp1 Binding Sites. Nutrients 2022; 14:2673. [PMID: 35807853 PMCID: PMC9268083 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 pleiotropic biological actions through transcription regulation of target genes. The expression levels of this ligand-activated nuclear receptor are regulated by multiple mechanisms both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Vitamin D3 is the natural VDR activator, but other molecules and signaling pathways have also been reported to regulate VDR expression and activity. In this study, we identify valproic acid (VPA) and natural short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as novel transcriptional activators of the human VDR (hVDR) gene. We further report a comprehensive characterization of VPA/SCFA-responsive elements in the 5' regulatory region of the hVDR gene. Two alternative promoter DNA regions (of 2.4 and 3.8 kb), as well as subsequent deletion fragments, were cloned in pGL4-LUC reporter vector. Transfection of these constructs in HepG2 and human Upcyte hepatocytes followed by reporter assays demonstrated that a region of 107 bp (from -107 to -1) upstream of the transcription start site in exon 1a is responsible for most of the increase in transcriptional activity in response to VPA/SCFAs. This short DNA region is GC-rich, does not contain an apparent TATA box, and includes two bona fide binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. Our results substantiate the hypothesis that VPA and SCFAs facilitate the activity of Sp1 on novel Sp1 responsive elements in the hVDR gene, thus promoting VDR upregulation and signaling. Elevated hepatic VDR levels have been associated with liver steatosis and, therefore, our results may have clinical relevance in epileptic pediatric patients on VPA therapy. Our results could also be suggestive of VDR upregulation by SCFAs produced by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Torres
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Petar D. Petrov
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.G.); (P.D.P.)
- CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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30
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Histone deacetylase 2 inhibitor valproic acid attenuates bisphenol A-induced liver pathology in male mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10258. [PMID: 35715448 PMCID: PMC9205966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates the role of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) in many pathological conditions. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has potential for the treatment of many diseases/abnormalities. Using a mouse BPA exposure model, this study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the Food and Drug Administration–approved HDAC2 inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) against BPA-induced liver pathology. We randomly divided 30 adult male Swiss albino mice (8 weeks old; N = 6) into five groups: group 1, no treatment (sham control (SC)); group 2, only oral sterile corn oil (vehicle control (VC)); group 3, 4 mg/kg/day of oral BPA (single dose (BPA group)); group 4, 0.4% oral VPA (VPA group); and group 5, oral BPA + VPA (BPA + VPA group). At the age of 10 weeks, the mice were euthanized for biochemical and histological examinations. BPA promoted a significant decrease in the body weight (BW), an increase in the liver weight, and a significant increase in the levels of liver damage markers aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the BPA group compared to SC, as well as pathological changes in liver tissue. We also found an increase in the rate of apoptosis among hepatocytes. In addition, BPA significantly increased the levels of oxidative stress indices, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonylation but decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the BPA group compared to SC. In contrast, treatment with the HDAC2 inhibitor VPA significantly attenuated liver pathology, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and also enhanced GSH levels in VPA group and BPA + VPA group. The HDAC2 inhibitor VPA protects mice against BPA-induced liver pathology, likely by inhibiting oxidative stress and enhancing the levels of antioxidant-reduced GSH.
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31
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Korfei M, Mahavadi P, Guenther A. Targeting Histone Deacetylases in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Future Therapeutic Option. Cells 2022; 11:1626. [PMID: 35626663 PMCID: PMC9139813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with limited therapeutic options, and there is a huge unmet need for new therapies. A growing body of evidence suggests that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of transcriptional corepressors has emerged as crucial mediators of IPF pathogenesis. HDACs deacetylate histones and result in chromatin condensation and epigenetic repression of gene transcription. HDACs also catalyse the deacetylation of many non-histone proteins, including transcription factors, thus also leading to changes in the transcriptome and cellular signalling. Increased HDAC expression is associated with cell proliferation, cell growth and anti-apoptosis and is, thus, a salient feature of many cancers. In IPF, induction and abnormal upregulation of Class I and Class II HDAC enzymes in myofibroblast foci, as well as aberrant bronchiolar epithelium, is an eminent observation, whereas type-II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) of IPF lungs indicate a significant depletion of many HDACs. We thus suggest that the significant imbalance of HDAC activity in IPF lungs, with a "cancer-like" increase in fibroblastic and bronchial cells versus a lack in AECII, promotes and perpetuates fibrosis. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which Class I and Class II HDACs mediate fibrogenesis and on the mechanisms by which various HDAC inhibitors reverse the deregulated epigenetic responses in IPF, supporting HDAC inhibition as promising IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Korfei
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Lung Clinic, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, D-35398 Giessen, Germany
- European IPF Registry and Biobank, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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32
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Stakišaitis D, Kapočius L, Valančiūtė A, Balnytė I, Tamošuitis T, Vaitkevičius A, Sužiedėlis K, Urbonienė D, Tatarūnas V, Kilimaitė E, Gečys D, Lesauskaitė V. SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Sex-Related Differences, and a Possible Personalized Treatment Approach with Valproic Acid: A Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050962. [PMID: 35625699 PMCID: PMC9138665 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences identified in the COVID-19 pandemic are necessary to study. It is essential to investigate the efficacy of the drugs in clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19, and to analyse the sex-related beneficial and adverse effects. The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) is a potential drug that could be adapted to prevent the progression and complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. VPA has a history of research in the treatment of various viral infections. This article reviews the preclinical data, showing that the pharmacological impact of VPA may apply to COVID-19 pathogenetic mechanisms. VPA inhibits SARS-CoV-2 virus entry, suppresses the pro-inflammatory immune cell and cytokine response to infection, and reduces inflammatory tissue and organ damage by mechanisms that may appear to be sex-related. The antithrombotic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, glucose- and testosterone-lowering in blood serum effects of VPA suggest that the drug could be promising for therapy of COVID-19. Sex-related differences in the efficacy of VPA treatment may be significant in developing a personalised treatment strategy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatas Stakišaitis
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, 08660 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (A.V.); (I.B.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Linas Kapočius
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (A.V.); (I.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (A.V.); (I.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (A.V.); (I.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Tomas Tamošuitis
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Arūnas Vaitkevičius
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius University, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Kęstutis Sužiedėlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, 08660 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Daiva Urbonienė
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vacis Tatarūnas
- Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave., 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Evelina Kilimaitė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.K.); (A.V.); (I.B.); (E.K.)
| | - Dovydas Gečys
- Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave., 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (D.G.)
| | - Vaiva Lesauskaitė
- Institute of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Ave., 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; (V.T.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (V.L.)
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33
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Petry SF, Kandula ND, Günther S, Helker C, Schagdarsurengin U, Linn T. Valproic Acid Initiates Transdifferentiation of the Human Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell-line Panc-1 Into α-Like Cells. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:638-651. [PMID: 35451037 DOI: 10.1055/a-1750-9190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-mesenchymal pancreatic cells are a potential source for cell replacement. Their transdifferentiation can be achieved by triggering epigenetic remodeling through e. g. post-translational modification of histones. Valproic acid, a branched-chain saturated fatty acid with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity, was linked to the expression of key transcription factors of pancreatic lineage in epithelial cells and insulin transcription. However, the potential of valproic acid to cause cellular reprogramming is not fully understood. To shed further light on it we employed next-generation RNA sequencing, real-time PCR, and protein analyses by ELISA and western blot, to assess the impact of valproic acid on transcriptome and function of Panc-1-cells. Our results indicate that valproic acid has a significant impact on the cell cycle, cell adhesion, histone H3 acetylation, and metabolic pathways as well as the initiation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through acetylation of histone H3 resulting in α-cell-like characteristics. We conclude that human epithelial pancreatic cells can be transdifferentiated into cells with endocrine properties through epigenetic regulation by valproic acid favoring an α-cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Naga Deepa Kandula
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Bioinformatics and deep sequencing platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Helker
- Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Undraga Schagdarsurengin
- Epigenetics of Urogenital System, Clinic and Polyclinic of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Center of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic III, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Wang T, Xu J, Xu Y, Xiao J, Bi N, Gu X, Wang HL. Gut microbiota shapes social dominance through modulating HDAC2 in the medial prefrontal cortex. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110478. [PMID: 35263606 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social dominance is a ubiquitous phenomenon among social animals, including humans. To date, individual attributes leading to dominance (after a contest) remain largely elusive. Here, we report that socially dominant rats can be distinguished from subordinates based on their intestinal microbiota. When dysbiosis is induced, rats are predisposed to a subordinate state, while dysbiotic rats reclaim social dominance following microbiota transplantation. Winning hosts are characterized by core microbes, a majority of which are associated with butyrate production, and the sole colonization of Clostridium butyricum is sufficient to restore dominance. Regarding molecular aspects, a histone deacetylase, HDAC2, is responsive to microbial status and mediates competition outcome; however, this occurs only in a restricted population of cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, HDAC2 acts by modulating synaptic activity in mPFC. Together, these findings uncover a link between commensals and host dominance, providing insight into the gut-brain mechanisms underlying dominance determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jinchun Xu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Jie Xiao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Nanxi Bi
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaozhen Gu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China.
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35
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The Class I HDAC Inhibitor Valproic Acid Strongly Potentiates Gemcitabine Efficacy in Pancreatic Cancer by Immune System Activation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030517. [PMID: 35327319 PMCID: PMC8945828 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic cancer is often impaired due to limited intracellular uptake and metabolic activation. Epi-drugs target gene expression patterns and represent a promising approach to reverse chemoresistance. In this study, we investigate the chemosensitizing effect of different epi-drugs when combined with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Methods: Mouse KPC3 cells were used for all experiments. Five different epi-drugs were selected for combination therapy: 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, hydralazine, mocetinostat, panobinostat, and valproic acid (VPA). Treatment effects were determined by cell proliferation and colony forming assays. Expression of genes were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. The most promising epi-drug for combination therapy was studied in immune competent mice. Intratumor changes were defined using NanoString PanCancer panel IO360. Results: All epi-drugs, except hydralazine, potentiated the gemcitabine response in KPC3 cells (range decrease IC50 value 1.7−2-fold; p < 0.001). On colony formation, the cytotoxic effect of 0.5 ng/mL gemcitabine was 1.4 to 6.3 times stronger (p < 0.01). Two out of three drug-transporter genes were strongly upregulated following epi-drug treatment (a range fold increase of 17−124 and 9−60 for Slc28a1 and Slc28a3, respectively; all p < 0.001). VPA combined with gemcitabine significantly reduced tumor size with 74% compared to vehicle-treated mice and upregulated expression of immune-related pathways (range pathway score 0.86−1.3). Conclusions: These results provide a strong rationale for combining gemcitabine with VPA treatment. For the first time, we present intratumor changes and show activation of the immune system. Clinical trials are warranted to assess efficacy and safety of this novel combination in pancreatic cancer patients.
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36
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Pillay LC, Nekati L, Makhwitine PJ, Ndlovu SI. Epigenetic Activation of Silent Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Endophytic Fungi Using Small Molecular Modifiers. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:815008. [PMID: 35237247 PMCID: PMC8882859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.815008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in fungi provides unlimited prospects to harness the secondary metabolites encoded by gene clusters for various applications, including pharmaceuticals. Amplifying these prospects is the new interest in exploring fungi living in the extremes, such as those associated with plants (fungal endophytes). Fungal species in endosymbiosis relationship with plants are recognized as the future factories of clinically relevant agents since discovering that they can produce similar metabolites as their plant host. The endophytes produce these compounds in natural environments as a defense mechanism against pathogens that infect the plant host or as a strategy for mitigating competitors. The signaling cascades leading to the expression of silent biosynthetic gene clusters in the natural environment remain unknown. Lack of knowledge on regulatory circuits of biosynthetic gene clusters limits the ability to exploit them in the laboratory. They are often silent and require tailor-designed strategies for activation. Epigenetic modification using small molecular compounds that alter the chromatin network, leading to the changes in secondary metabolites profile, has achieved considerable success. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the secondary metabolite profiles expressed after treatment with various epigenetic modifiers. We first describe the regulatory circuits governing the expression of secondary metabolites in fungi. Following this, we provide a detailed review of the small molecular modifiers, their mechanism(s) of action, and the diverse chemistries resulting from epigenetic modification. We further show that genetic deletion or epigenetic inhibition of histone deacetylases does not always lead to the overexpression or induction of silent secondary metabolites. Instead, the response is more complex and often leads to differential expression of secondary metabolites. Finally, we propose using this strategy as an initial screening tool to dereplicate promising fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sizwe I. Ndlovu
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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37
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Marx N, Eisenhut P, Weinguny M, Klanert G, Borth N. How to train your cell - Towards controlling phenotypes by harnessing the epigenome of Chinese hamster ovary production cell lines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107924. [PMID: 35149147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technologies and the broad availability of big datasets have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese hamster ovary cells in their role as the most prevalent host for production of complex biopharmaceuticals. In consequence, our perception of this "workhorse of the biopharmaceutical industry" has successively shifted from that of a nicely working, but unknown recombinant protein producing black box to a biological system governed by multiple complex regulatory layers that might possibly be harnessed and manipulated at will. Despite the tremendous progress that has been made to characterize CHO cells on various omics levels, our understanding is still far from complete. The well-known inherent genetic plasticity of any immortalized and rapidly dividing cell line also characterizes CHO cells and can lead to problematic instability of recombinant protein production. While the high mutational frequency has been a focus of CHO cell research for decades, the impact of epigenetics and its role in differential gene expression has only recently been addressed. In this review we provide an overview about the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in CHO cells and discuss its significance for shaping the cell's phenotype. We also look into current state-of-the-art technology that can be applied to harness and manipulate the epigenetic network so as to nudge CHO cells towards a specific phenotype. Here, we revise current strategies on site-directed integration and random as well as targeted epigenome modifications. Finally, we address open questions that need to be investigated to exploit the full repertoire of fine-tuned control of multiplexed gene expression using epigenetic and systems biology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marx
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Weinguny
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Changes in chromatin accessibility landscape and histone H3 core acetylation during valproic acid-induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:58. [PMID: 34955095 PMCID: PMC8711205 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides powerful models to dissect the molecular mechanisms leading to the formation of specific cell lineages. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors can significantly enhance the efficiency of directed differentiation. However, the mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we use CUT&RUN in combination with ATAC-seq to determine changes in both histone modifications and genome-wide chromatin accessibility following valproic acid (VPA) exposure. VPA induced a significant increase in global histone H3 acetylation (H3K56ac), a core histone modification affecting nucleosome stability, as well as enrichment at loci associated with cytoskeletal organization and cellular morphogenesis. In addition, VPA altered the levels of linker histone H1 subtypes and the total histone H1/nucleosome ratio indicative of initial differentiation events. Notably, ATAC-seq analysis revealed changes in chromatin accessibility of genes involved in regulation of CDK serine/threonine kinase activity and DNA duplex unwinding. Importantly, changes in chromatin accessibility were evident at several key genomic loci, such as the pluripotency factor Lefty, cardiac muscle troponin Tnnt2, and the homeodomain factor Hopx, which play critical roles in cardiomyocyte differentiation. Massive parallel transcription factor (TF) footprinting also indicates an increased occupancy of TFs involved in differentiation toward mesoderm and endoderm lineages and a loss of footprints of POU5F1/SOX2 pluripotency factors following VPA treatment. Our results provide the first genome-wide analysis of the chromatin landscape following VPA-induced differentiation in mESCs and provide new mechanistic insight into the intricate molecular processes that govern departure from pluripotency and early lineage commitment.
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Subramanian VS, Teafatiller T, Moradi H, Marchant JS. Histone deacetylase inhibitors regulate vitamin C transporter functional expression in intestinal epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108838. [PMID: 34403723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of vitamin C in humans is mediated via the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (hSVCT1 and hSVCT2). hSVCT1 and hSVCT2 are localized at the apical and basolateral membranes, respectively, of polarized intestinal epithelia. Studies have identified low plasma levels of vitamin C and decreased expression of hSVCT1 in patients with several inflammatory conditions including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Investigating the underlying mechanisms responsible for regulating hSVCT1 expression are critical for understanding vitamin C homeostasis, particularly in conditions where suboptimal vitamin C levels detrimentally affect human health. Previous research has shown that hSVCT1 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level, however, little is known about epigenetic regulatory pathways that modulate hSVCT1 expression in the intestine. In this study, we found that hSVCT1 expression and function were significantly decreased in intestinal epithelial cells by the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), valproic acid (VPA), and sodium butyrate (NaB). Further, expression of transcription factor HNF1α, which is critical for SLC23A1 promoter activity, was significantly down regulated in VPA-treated cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed significantly increased enrichment of tetra-acetylated histone H3 and H4 within the SLC23A1 promoter following VPA treatment. In addition, knockdown of HDAC isoforms two, and three significantly decreased hSVCT1 functional expression. Following VPA administration to mice, functional expression of SVCT1 in the jejunum was significantly decreased. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate epigenetic regulation of SVCT1 expression in intestinal epithelia partly mediated through HDAC isoforms two and three.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor Teafatiller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hamid Moradi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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40
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Aminpour M, Delgado WEM, Wacker S, Noskov S, Houghton M, Tyrrell DLJ, Tuszynski JA. Computational determination of toxicity risks associated with a selection of approved drugs having demonstrated activity against COVID-19. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:61. [PMID: 34674775 PMCID: PMC8529228 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in thelate 2019 has caused a devastating global pandemic of the severe pneumonia-like disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although vaccines have been and are being developed, they are not accessible to everyone and not everyone can receive these vaccines. Also, it typically takes more than 10 years until a new therapeutic agent is approved for usage. Therefore, repurposing of known drugs can lend itself well as a key approach for significantly expediting the development of new therapies for COVID-19. METHODS We have incorporated machine learning-based computational tools and in silico models into the drug discovery process to predict Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) profiles of 90 potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment identified from two independent studies mainly with the purpose of mitigating late-phase failures because of inferior pharmacokinetics and toxicity. RESULTS Here, we summarize the cardiotoxicity and general toxicity profiles of 90 potential drugs for COVID-19 treatment and outline the risks of repurposing and propose a stratification of patients accordingly. We shortlist a total of five compounds based on their non-toxic properties. CONCLUSION In summary, this manuscript aims to provide a potentially useful source of essential knowledge on toxicity assessment of 90 compounds for healthcare practitioners and researchers to find off-label alternatives for the treatment for COVID-19. The majority of the molecules discussed in this manuscript have already moved into clinical trials and thus their known pharmacological and human safety profiles are expected to facilitate a fast track preclinical and clinical assessment for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Aminpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Williams Ernesto Miranda Delgado
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Soren Wacker
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Sergey Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - D. Lorne J. Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 6-010 Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Health Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2 Canada
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Tsai HC, Wei KC, Chen PY, Huang CY, Chen KT, Lin YJ, Cheng HW, Chen YR, Wang HT. Valproic Acid Enhanced Temozolomide-Induced Anticancer Activity in Human Glioma Through the p53-PUMA Apoptosis Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722754. [PMID: 34660288 PMCID: PMC8518553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most lethal type of brain tumor in adults, has considerable cellular heterogeneity. The standard adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for GBM, temozolomide (TMZ), has a modest response rate due to the development of drug resistance. Multiple studies have shown that valproic acid (VPA) can enhance GBM tumor control and prolong survival when given in conjunction with TMZ. However, the beneficial effect is variable. In this study, we analyzed the impact of VPA on GBM patient survival and its possible correlation with TMZ treatment and p53 gene mutation. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of TMZ in combination with VPA were examined using both p53 wild-type and p53 mutant human GBM cell lines. Our analysis of clinical data indicates that the survival benefit of a combined TMZ and VPA treatment in GBM patients is dependent on their p53 gene status. In cellular experiments, our results show that VPA enhanced the antineoplastic effect of TMZ by enhancing p53 activation and promoting the expression of its downstream pro-apoptotic protein, PUMA. Our study indicates that GBM patients with wild-type p53 may benefit from a combined TMZ+VPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jui Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rou Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Doctor Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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42
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Nguyen A, Dzulko M, Murr J, Yen Y, Schneider G, Krämer OH. Class 1 Histone Deacetylases and Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Control the Survival of Murine Pancreatic Cancer Cells upon dNTP Depletion. Cells 2021; 10:2520. [PMID: 34685500 PMCID: PMC8534202 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with a dismal prognosis. Here, we show how an inhibition of de novo dNTP synthesis by the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) inhibitor hydroxyurea and an inhibition of epigenetic modifiers of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family affect short-term cultured primary murine PDAC cells. We used clinically relevant doses of hydroxyurea and the class 1 HDAC inhibitor entinostat. We analyzed the cells by flow cytometry and immunoblot. Regarding the induction of apoptosis and DNA replication stress, hydroxyurea and the novel RNR inhibitor COH29 are superior to the topoisomerase-1 inhibitor irinotecan which is used to treat PDAC. Entinostat promotes the induction of DNA replication stress by hydroxyurea. This is associated with an increase in the PP2A subunit PR130/PPP2R3A and a reduction of the ribonucleotide reductase subunit RRM2 and the DNA repair protein RAD51. We further show that class 1 HDAC activity promotes the hydroxyurea-induced activation of the checkpoint kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Unlike in other cell systems, ATM is pro-apoptotic in hydroxyurea-treated murine PDAC cells. These data reveal novel insights into a cytotoxic, ATM-regulated, and HDAC-dependent replication stress program in PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nguyen
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Melanie Dzulko
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.N.); (M.D.)
| | - Janine Murr
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 München, Germany; (J.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Yun Yen
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Günter Schneider
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 München, Germany; (J.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.N.); (M.D.)
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Márquez-Cantudo L, Ramos A, Coderch C, de Pascual-Teresa B. Proteasomal Degradation of Zn-Dependent Hdacs: The E3-Ligases Implicated and the Designed Protacs That Enable Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185606. [PMID: 34577077 PMCID: PMC8467390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is one of the main mechanisms of the regulation of cellular proteostasis, and the E3 ligases are the key effectors for the protein recognition and degradation. Many E3 ligases have key roles in cell cycle regulation, acting as checkpoints and checkpoint regulators. One of the many important proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are the members of the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) family. The importance of zinc dependent HDACs in the regulation of chromatin packing and, therefore, gene expression, has made them targets for the design and synthesis of HDAC inhibitors. However, achieving potency and selectivity has proven to be a challenge due to the homology between the zinc dependent HDACs. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaera (PROTAC) design has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to inhibit and selectively degrade protein targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the E3 ligases that naturally ubiquitinate HDACs, analyze their structure, and list the known ligands that can bind to these E3 ligases and be used for PROTAC design, as well as the already described HDAC-targeted PROTACs.
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44
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Bicker F, Nardi L, Maier J, Vasic V, Schmeisser MJ. Criss-crossing autism spectrum disorder and adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2021; 159:452-478. [PMID: 34478569 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders primarily characterized by deficits in social interaction and repetitive behavior. Although the onset is typically in early childhood, ASD poses a lifelong challenge for both patients and caretakers. Adult neurogenesis (AN) is the process by which new functional neurons are created from neural stem cells existing in the post-natal brain. The entire event is based on a sequence of cellular processes, such as proliferation, specification of cell fate, maturation, and ultimately, synaptic integration into the existing neural circuits. Hence, AN is implicated in structural and functional brain plasticity throughout life. Accumulating evidence shows that impaired AN may underlie some of the abnormal behavioral phenotypes seen in ASD. In this review, we approach the interconnections between the molecular pathways related to AN and ASD. We also discuss existing therapeutic approaches targeting such pathways both in preclinical and clinical studies. A deeper understanding of how ASD and AN reciprocally affect one another could reveal important converging pathways leading to the emergence of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bicker
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonardo Nardi
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jannik Maier
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verica Vasic
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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45
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Logan RW, Ozburn AR, Arey RN, Ketchesin KD, Winquist A, Crain A, Tobe BTD, Becker-Krail D, Jarpe MB, Xue X, Zong W, Huo Z, Parekh PK, Zhu X, Fitzgerald E, Zhang H, Oliver-Smith J, DePoy LM, Hildebrand MA, Snyder EY, Tseng GC, McClung CA. Valproate reverses mania-like behaviors in mice via preferential targeting of HDAC2. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4066-4084. [PMID: 33235333 PMCID: PMC8141541 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Valproate (VPA) has been used in the treatment of bipolar disorder since the 1990s. However, the therapeutic targets of VPA have remained elusive. Here we employ a preclinical model to identify the therapeutic targets of VPA. We find compounds that inhibit histone deacetylase proteins (HDACs) are effective in normalizing manic-like behavior, and that class I HDACs (e.g., HDAC1 and HDAC2) are most important in this response. Using an RNAi approach, we find that HDAC2, but not HDAC1, inhibition in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is sufficient to normalize behavior. Furthermore, HDAC2 overexpression in the VTA prevents the actions of VPA. We used RNA sequencing in both mice and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from bipolar patients to further identify important molecular targets. Together, these studies identify HDAC2 and downstream targets for the development of novel therapeutics for bipolar mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W. Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Angela R. Ozburn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rachel N. Arey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alicia Winquist
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Crain
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian T. D. Tobe
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darius Becker-Krail
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Matthew B. Jarpe
- Regenacy Pharmaceuticals, 303 Wyman St, Suite 300, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Xiangning Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Wei Zong
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Puja K. Parekh
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xiyu Zhu
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ethan Fitzgerald
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China 100730
| | - Jeffrey Oliver-Smith
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Lauren M. DePoy
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mariah A. Hildebrand
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - George C. Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Colleen A. McClung
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Corresponding Author: Colleen A. McClung, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 223, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, , 412-624-5547
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Kringel D, Malkusch S, Lötsch J. Drugs and Epigenetic Molecular Functions. A Pharmacological Data Scientometric Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7250. [PMID: 34298869 PMCID: PMC8311652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of drugs with the classical epigenetic mechanism of DNA methylation or histone modification are increasingly being elucidated mechanistically and used to develop novel classes of epigenetic therapeutics. A data science approach is used to synthesize current knowledge on the pharmacological implications of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Computer-aided knowledge discovery for epigenetic implications of current approved or investigational drugs was performed by querying information from multiple publicly available gold-standard sources to (i) identify enzymes involved in classical epigenetic processes, (ii) screen original biomedical scientific publications including bibliometric analyses, (iii) identify drugs that interact with epigenetic enzymes, including their additional non-epigenetic targets, and (iv) analyze computational functional genomics of drugs with epigenetic interactions. PubMed database search yielded 3051 hits on epigenetics and drugs, starting in 1992 and peaking in 2016. Annual citations increased to a plateau in 2000 and show a downward trend since 2008. Approved and investigational drugs in the DrugBank database included 122 compounds that interacted with 68 unique epigenetic enzymes. Additional molecular functions modulated by these drugs included other enzyme interactions, whereas modulation of ion channels or G-protein-coupled receptors were underrepresented. Epigenetic interactions included (i) drug-induced modulation of DNA methylation, (ii) drug-induced modulation of histone conformations, and (iii) epigenetic modulation of drug effects by interference with pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Interactions of epigenetic molecular functions and drugs are mutual. Recent research activities on the discovery and development of novel epigenetic therapeutics have passed successfully, whereas epigenetic effects of non-epigenetic drugs or epigenetically induced changes in the targets of common drugs have not yet received the necessary systematic attention in the context of pharmacological plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Kringel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Malkusch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.K.); (S.M.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Castillo-Juárez P, Sanchez SC, Chávez-Blanco AD, Mendoza-Figueroa HL, Correa-Basurto J. Apoptotic Effects of N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Propylpentanamide on U87-MG and U-2 OS Cells and Antiangiogenic Properties. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1451-1459. [PMID: 32723256 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200728125356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) are important therapeutic targets for many types of human cancers. A derivative of valproic acid, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HOAAVPA), has antiproliferative properties on some cancer cell lines and inhibits the HDAC1 isoform. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, HO-AAVPA was tested as an antiproliferative agent in U87-MG (human glioblastoma) and U-2 OS cells (human osteosarcoma), which are types of cancer that are difficult to treat, and its antiangiogenic properties were explored. RESULTS HO-AAVPA had antiproliferative effects at 48h with an IC50=0.655mM in U87-MG cells and an IC50=0.453mM in U-2 OS cells. Additionally, in the colony formation assay, HO-AAVPA decreased the number of colonies by approximately 99% in both cell lines and induced apoptosis by 31.3% in the U-2 OS cell line and by 78.2% in the U87-MG cell line. Additionally, HO-AAVPA reduced the number of vessels in Chorioallantoic Membranes (CAMs) by approximately 67.74% and IL-6 levels in both cell lines suggesting that the biochemical mechanism on cancer cell of HO-AAVPA is different compared to VPA. CONCLUSION HO-AAVPA has antiproliferative effects on glioblastoma and osteosarcoma and antiangiogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Castillo-Juárez
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico, CDMX. 11340, Mexico
| | - Sebastián C Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico, CDMX. 11340, Mexico
| | - Alma D Chávez-Blanco
- Subdireccion de Investigacion Basica, Intituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Humberto L Mendoza-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Diseno y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovacion Biotecnologica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseno y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovacion Biotecnologica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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48
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Liu YR, Wang JQ, Huang ZG, Chen RN, Cao X, Zhu DC, Yu HX, Wang XR, Zhou HY, Xia Q, Li J. Histone deacetylase‑2: A potential regulator and therapeutic target in liver disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:131. [PMID: 34013366 PMCID: PMC8136123 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases are responsible for histone acetylation, while histone deacetylases (HDACs) counteract histone acetylation. An unbalanced dynamic between histone acetylation and deacetylation may lead to aberrant chromatin landscape and chromosomal function. HDAC2, a member of class I HDAC family, serves a crucial role in the modulation of cell signaling, immune response and gene expression. HDAC2 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for liver disease by regulating gene transcription, chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and nuclear reprogramming, thus receiving attention from researchers and clinicians. The present review introduces biological information of HDAC2 and its physiological and biochemical functions. Secondly, the functional roles of HDAC2 in liver disease are discussed in terms of hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation, liver regeneration, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, abnormal expression of HDAC2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver disease, and its expression levels and pharmacological activity may represent potential biomarkers of liver disease. Finally, research on selective HDAC2 inhibitors and non-coding RNAs relevant to HDAC2 expression in liver disease is also reviewed. The aim of the present review was to improve understanding of the multifunctional role and potential regulatory mechanism of HDAC2 in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Gang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Nan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Chun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Quan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Anti‑inflammatory Immune Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Brief review on repurposed drugs and vaccines for possible treatment of COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173977. [PMID: 33639193 PMCID: PMC7905377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has claimed more than a million lives. Various in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies are being conducted to understand the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the cellular metabolism of humans and the various drugs and drug-targets that may be used. In this review, we discuss protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between viral and human proteins as well as viral targets like proteases. We try to understand the molecular mechanism of various repurposed antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, their combination therapies, drug dosage regimens, and their adverse effects along with possible alternatives like non-toxic antiviral phytochemicals. Ultimately, randomized controlled trials are needed to identify which of these compounds has the required balance of efficacy and safety. We also focus on the recent advancements in diagnostic methods and vaccine candidates developed around the world to fight against Covid-19.
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50
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Ramaiah MJ, Tangutur AD, Manyam RR. Epigenetic modulation and understanding of HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapy. Life Sci 2021; 277:119504. [PMID: 33872660 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetic and epigenetic factors in tumor initiation and progression is well documented. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone methyl transferases (HMTs), and DNA methyl transferases. (DNMTs) are the main proteins that are involved in regulating the chromatin conformation. Among these, histone deacetylases (HDAC) deacetylate the histone and induce gene repression thereby leading to cancer. In contrast, histone acetyl transferases (HATs) that include GCN5, p300/CBP, PCAF, Tip 60 acetylate the histones. HDAC inhibitors are potent drug molecules that can induce acetylation of histones at lysine residues and induce open chromatin conformation at tumor suppressor gene loci and thus resulting in tumor suppression. The key processes regulated by HDAC inhibitors include cell-cycle arrest, chemo-sensitization, apoptosis induction, upregulation of tumor suppressors. Even though FDA approved drugs are confined mainly to haematological malignancies, the research on HDAC inhibitors in glioblastoma multiforme and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are providing positive results. Thus, several combinations of HDAC inhibitors along with DNA methyl transferase inhibitors and histone methyl transferase inhibitors are in clinical trials. This review focuses on how HDAC inhibitors regulate the expression of coding and non-coding genes with specific emphasis on their anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janaki Ramaiah
- Laboratory of Functional genomics and Disease Biology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Anjana Devi Tangutur
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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