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Vaccaro F, Bettini PP, Courty PE, Mengoni A, Passeri I, Sarrocco S, Fagorzi C. Toward deciphering the molecular dialogue in the rhizomicrobiota: Transcriptomic profiling of Trichoderma in rhizobia interaction. Microbiol Res 2025; 297:128180. [PMID: 40220559 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2025.128180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Microbial interactions are of key importance for the emergent properties of microbiota and ecosystems, playing a pivotal role in plant health, growth, and productivity. This study explores the interactions between soil fungi and rhizosphere bacteria, focusing specifically on fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma and the plant symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Our aim is to provide evidence of the impact of different strains of the same bacterial species on the fungus. By analysing the effects of four S. meliloti strains on gene expression of T. velutinum, we revealed the presence of several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (from 139 to 254 genes) indicating a remodelling of its metabolism and growth. Remarkably, the majority of the DEGs (∼90 %) could not be assigned to function, indicating the presence of a large genetic "unknown space" potentially involved in fungal-bacterial interactions. Moreover, results indicated that transcriptomic profiles of T. velutinum significantly changed with respect to the four S. meliloti strains, suggesting the ability of the fungus to perceive the presence of specific bacterial strains. Our study emphasizes that strain specificity of microbial interactions could play crucial role in shaping microbiota functions, and highlights their potential impact on the success of bioinoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vaccaro
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Iacopo Passeri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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2
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Lv HW, Tang JG, Wei B, Zhu MD, Zhang HW, Zhou ZB, Fan BY, Wang H, Li XN. Bioinformatics assisted construction of the link between biosynthetic gene clusters and secondary metabolites in fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2025; 81:108547. [PMID: 40024584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/04/2025]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are considered as important resources for drug discovery. Despite various methods being employed to facilitate the discovery of new fungal secondary metabolites, the trend of identifying novel secondary metabolites from fungi is inevitably slowing down. Under laboratory conditions, the majority of biosynthetic gene clusters, which store information for secondary metabolites, remain inactive. Therefore, establishing the link between biosynthetic gene clusters and secondary metabolites would contribute to understanding the genetic logic underlying secondary metabolite biosynthesis and alleviating the current challenges in discovering novel natural products. Bioinformatics methods have garnered significant attention due to their powerful capabilities in data mining and analysis, playing a crucial role in various aspects. Thus, we have summarized successful cases since 2016 in which bioinformatics methods were utilized to establish the link between fungal biosynthetic gene clusters and secondary metabolites, focusing on their biosynthetic gene clusters and associated secondary metabolites, with the goal of aiding the field of natural product discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, PR China
| | - Jia-Gui Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China
| | - Meng-Di Zhu
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China
| | - Hua-Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China
| | - Zhong-Bo Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, PR China
| | - Bo-Yi Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China
| | - Xing-Nuo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R&D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products & Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hang Zhou, PR China.
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3
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Cripps-Guazzone N, Ridgway HJ, Condron LM, McLean KL, Stewart A, Jones EE. Isolate and plant host specificity of rhizosphere competence in Trichoderma species. Fungal Biol 2025; 129:101554. [PMID: 40222761 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025]
Abstract
Rhizosphere competence, the ability of a microorganism to colonise and proliferate in the rhizosphere of developing roots, is often studied when mechanisms of individual Trichoderma biocontrol agents are investigated. However, the extent of rhizosphere competence of Trichoderma species and isolates within species has not been widely studied. The rhizosphere competence of 22 Trichoderma isolates from a range of species was assessed using Trichoderma coated sweet corn (Zea mays) seeds grown in non-sterile soil. Results showed that 82 % of the Trichoderma isolates inoculated onto the seeds produced rhizosphere populations significantly greater than the control, indicating rhizosphere competence was widespread within the species that were tested. The least and most rhizosphere-competent isolates belonged to the same species indicating that rhizosphere competence was not species specific. The three least (T. crassum LU555, Trichoderma harzianum LU672, and T. virens LU556) and most (Trichoderma atroviride LU132, T. harzianum LU151, and LU673) rhizosphere-competent isolates were assessed on six plant species (sweet corn, ryegrass, cauliflower, carrot, onion, and white clover). Ryegrass and cauliflower were the most receptive plants to colonisation of the rhizosphere by Trichoderma species, and clover the least. Preferential rhizosphere colonisation was observed between some Trichoderma isolates and the plant species indicating that overall rhizosphere competence was dependent on specific interactions between the Trichoderma isolate and the plant species. However, some isolates were more broadly rhizosphere-competent than others and may have greater potential as plant protection agents. Since only one time point was sampled, future work is required to determine the temporal dynamics of rhizosphere colonisation as well as the spatial colonisation along the length of the root to determine whether different isolates preferentially colonise different regions of the root over different time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cripps-Guazzone
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - H J Ridgway
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - L M Condron
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - K L McLean
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - A Stewart
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - E E Jones
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
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4
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Amirhosseini K, Alizadeh M, Azarbad H. Harnessing the Ecological and Genomic Adaptability of the Bacterial Genus Massilia for Environmental and Industrial Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2025; 18:e70156. [PMID: 40325956 PMCID: PMC12053321 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.70156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Massilia was first described in 1998, and since then has attracted growing interest due to its ecological plasticity and biotechnological promise. Certain species of the genus Massilia inhabit a variety of ecosystems, from arid deserts to polar glaciers, and exhibit unique adaptations such as resistance to cold and heat. In contaminated environments, some members of Massilia contribute significantly to the detoxification of heavy metals and the degradation of organic pollutants, presenting them as promising agents for bioremediation. In addition, Massilia species improve plant resistance and facilitate pollutant absorption in phytoremediation strategies. New research also highlights their potential as bioindicators of environmental health, given their abundance in anthropogenically influenced ecosystems and airborne microbial communities. In addition to their ecological roles, some Massilia species have potential in biotechnological applications by producing biopolymers and secondary metabolites. Here, we integrate findings across various habitats to present a comprehensive overview of the ecological and biotechnological importance of the genus Massilia. We highlight critical knowledge gaps and propose future research directions to fully harness the potential of this not fully explored bacterial genus to address environmental challenges, including contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Amirhosseini
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Mehrdad Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of AgricultureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Hamed Azarbad
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology of PlantsPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
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Pfordt A, Douanla-Meli C, Schäfer BC, Schrader G, Tannen E, Chandarana MJ, von Tiedemann A. Phylogenetic analysis of plant-pathogenic and non-pathogenic Trichoderma isolates on maize from plants, soil, and commercial bio-products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2025; 91:e0193124. [PMID: 40013788 PMCID: PMC11921352 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01931-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 02/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are primarily associated with the mycobiome of dead wood but can also be occasionally found in soil and plant rhizospheres. Several Trichoderma spp. are used in crop health management to promote growth and control plant diseases. Although widely considered beneficial to plants, some members have been reported to be pathogenic to maize, causing a disease called Trichoderma ear rot. Since 2018, Trichoderma afroharzianum has caused significant infections of maize cobs in Germany, France, and Italy. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity and phylogenetic relationships among different Trichoderma strains from diverse sources and geographical origins. While previous studies primarily identified T. afroharzianum as the main species causing Trichoderma ear rot, this study found that isolates of T. asperellum, T. atroviride, and T. guizhouense may also exhibit pathogenicity on maize cobs. Additionally, Trichoderma strains from commercial biocontrol products displayed unexpected pathogenicity inducing up to 92% disease severity on maize cobs. Most T. afroharzianum strains induced high levels of disease severity, although some isolates of the same species did not cause any disease, indicating a large heterogeneity in pathogenicity within the species. Notably, phylogeny reconstruction based on the tef1-α and rpb2 genes did not result in any discernible clustering between pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates. A further novel finding is the isolation of pathogenic Trichoderma isolates from agricultural soil, demonstrating that soil can serve as a reservoir for pathogenic species. This study highlights the need for biosecurity assessment and monitoring of Trichoderma strains for agricultural use, considering their beneficial and pathogenic potential.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we explored the ability of different Trichoderma species to infect maize plants. Trichoderma is a group of fungi known for its beneficial role in agriculture, often used as a biological pesticide to control fungal plant diseases. However, some species within this genus can also act as pathogens, causing infections in crops like maize. We found that one species, T. afroharzianum, is particularly aggressive, capable of infecting maize without the plant being wounded first. This makes it a potentially serious threat to crop health. In contrast, other species, such as T. atroviride and T. asperellum, only caused infections when maize plants were injured before. Our research suggests that pathogenic Trichoderma species not only effectively infect plants but can also survive well in soil, making their control difficult. These findings highlight the need for better understanding of how these fungi operate in order to manage the risks they pose to important crops like maize, while still taking advantage of their beneficial uses in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Pfordt
- Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Clovis Douanla-Meli
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernhard C. Schäfer
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gritta Schrader
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eike Tannen
- Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Madhav Jatin Chandarana
- Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg August University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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6
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Pinotti TI, de Oliveira Sousa T, Fonseca WL, Nascimento TP, Silva HF, Brandão Costa RMP, Santos AMG. Viability of microencapsulated species of Trichoderma as a strategy to optimize use in biological control. Braz J Microbiol 2025; 56:11-21. [PMID: 39690323 PMCID: PMC11885768 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of chemical fungicides without effective control of phytopathogens has led to the development of resistance in microorganisms. As a promising alternative, products formulated with Trichoderma have emerged for their sustainable and effective potential in integrated disease management. However, the predominant formulations do not offer the necessary protection against abiotic factors. In this study, we investigated Trichoderma species encapsulated in sodium alginate through storage viability experiments and their antagonistic potential. The viability and storage conditions of the capsules were evaluated by plating at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 150 days after production, kept in dry or refrigerated environments. The antagonistic potential was determined by the culture pairing method using the phytopathogen Fusarium sp. The results demonstrated that it was possible to maintain the viability of the conidia, with no differences between storage environments. Additionally, the capsule provided UV protection to the conidia encapsulated species possess antagonistic potential, inhibiting 52.54% of Fusarium sp. growth. Consequently, encapsulation is an alternative formulation method that ensures the viability of Trichoderma conidia and optimizes its use in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago de Oliveira Sousa
- Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, PI, 64900-000, Brazil
| | - Wéverson Lima Fonseca
- Colégio Técnico de Bom Jesus, Federal University of Piauí, PI, 64900-000, Bom Jesus, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pajeú Nascimento
- Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, PI, 64900-000, Brazil
| | - Helane França Silva
- Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus, PI, 64900-000, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Martínez ES, Rios-Velasco C, Sepúlveda-Ahumada DR, Buenrostro-Figueroa JJ, Correia KC, Guigón-López C, Alvarado-González M. Trichoderma Species from Semiarid Regions and Their Antagonism Against the Microorganisms That Cause Pepper Wilt. J Fungi (Basel) 2025; 11:174. [PMID: 40137212 PMCID: PMC11942951 DOI: 10.3390/jof11030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Chili wilt is a significant challenge in producing jalapeño peppers, which has led to the implementation of strategies to help counteract or combat the microorganisms responsible for it. One of these strategies is the use of biological control microorganisms, such as Trichoderma, a fungus recognized as a natural enemy of the microorganisms that cause chili wilt. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify Trichoderma species from the soils and roots of different plants, and evaluate their antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora capsici, and Fusarium sp. Due to the complexity in identifying Trichoderma at the species level, performing a multilocus phylogenetic analysis was necessary, using the ITS, RPB2, and TEF1 regions. The species isolated were T. afroharzianum, T. lentiforme, T. rifaii, T. brevicompactum, T. arundinaceum, and T. longibrachiatum. Subsequently, they were used in three antagonism tests (dual culture, non-volatile organic compounds, and volatile organic compounds) against the phytopathogenic microorganisms. The tests demonstrated that the Trichoderma isolates could inhibit the mycelial growth of all three tested pathogens, obtaining the best results with the strains T. brevicompactum (19RCS), T. lentiforme (63DPS), T. longibrachiatum (71JES), T. rifaii (77JCR), and T. afroharzianum (24RQS, 87CCS, 88CCS and 17RCS). The strain with the best results in all three tests was 17RCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sireni Rodríguez-Martínez
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Productos Hortofrutícolas y Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Cd. Delicias 33089, Chihuahua, Mexico; (E.S.R.-M.); (J.J.B.-F.)
| | - Claudio Rios-Velasco
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de la Zona Templada, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Avenida Río Conchos s/n, Parque Industrial, Cd. Cuauhtémoc 31570, Chihuahua, Mexico; (C.R.-V.); (D.R.S.-A.)
| | - David Roberto Sepúlveda-Ahumada
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de la Zona Templada, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Avenida Río Conchos s/n, Parque Industrial, Cd. Cuauhtémoc 31570, Chihuahua, Mexico; (C.R.-V.); (D.R.S.-A.)
| | - José Juan Buenrostro-Figueroa
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Productos Hortofrutícolas y Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Cd. Delicias 33089, Chihuahua, Mexico; (E.S.R.-M.); (J.J.B.-F.)
| | - Kamila C. Correia
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato 63133-610, CE, Brazil;
| | - César Guigón-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Km. 2.5 Carretera a Rosales, Poniente, Delicias 33000, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Mónica Alvarado-González
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Productos Hortofrutícolas y Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Cd. Delicias 33089, Chihuahua, Mexico; (E.S.R.-M.); (J.J.B.-F.)
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8
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Nagasawa KK, Yost KM, Sun Z, Tang Y. d-Galactose-Esterification of a Fungal Polyketide Catalyzed by a Carnitine Acyltransferase Domain. Chembiochem 2025; 26:e202400846. [PMID: 39714375 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
While sugar-containing natural products are commonly biosynthesized via glycosyltranferases using sugar-UDP as the electrophile, nature has evolved alternative strategies of glyco-modification to expand the diversity of natural products. Hydroxyl groups on sugars can serve as nucleophiles in the release of polyketide products from polyketide synthases. Herein, we demonstrate a highly reducing polyketide synthase (HRPKS) from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, which is terminated with a carnitine acyltransferase (cAT) domain, catalyzes the biosynthesis of a d-galactose esterified polyketide named as trichogalactin. Structure-guided enzymatic assays showed that the sugar nucleophile in the esterification reaction catalyzed by cAT is α-d-galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) instead of free d-galactose. The released product, trichogalactin phosphate, is subsequently dephosphorylated by a host alkaline phosphatase to complete the biosynthesis of trichogalactin. The cAT domain is highly specific for Gal-1-P and does not accept α-d-glucose-1-phosphate or α-d-mannose-1-phosphate. Our study expands the inventory of natural products from an agriculturally important fungus and demonstrates the potential of mining cAT-containing HRPKSs to discover new glyco-esterified natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Karl M Yost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02188, United States
| | - Zuodong Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
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9
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Mishra DN, Prasad L, Suyal U. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Trichoderma harzianum and its bio-efficacy on Alternaria brassicae. Front Microbiol 2025; 16:1506695. [PMID: 40018670 PMCID: PMC11864937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1506695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Increasing concerns about chemical fungicides require sustainable alternatives for crop protection. Microbe-mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles offers a sustainable, eco-friendly and highly effective strategy for plant disease management. This study investigates the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the culture filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum and their antifungal activity against Alternaria brassicae. Nanoparticles were synthesized under optimized conditions of cell-free culture filtrate (CFCF) concentration, substrate concentration, pH and temperature. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy confirmed an absorption peak between 200 and 400 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the hexagonal crystal structure with an average size of 29 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis revealed a hydrodynamic size of 50.79 nm and a surface charge of -17.49 mV, indicating good stability. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis identified functional groups (C=O, N-O, and O-H) that are crucial for nanoparticles stabilization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis revealed spherical, rod-shaped and hexagonal nanoparticles with sizes between 12 and 41 nm. Mycogenic-zinc oxide nanoparticles (M-ZnO NPs) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. brassicae by 91.48% at 200 μg/mL, compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NPs at 200 μg/mL (79.62%) and mancozeb 0.2% (82.96%). SEM-EDX analysis revealed deformations and absorption of M-ZnO NPs in fungal hyphae, while confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and impaired membrane integrity in treated fungal cells. Stress enzyme analysis confirmed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity by 44.2 U/mol and 39.6 U/mol at 200 μg/mL M-ZnO NPs. Our studies suggest that the M-ZnO NPs synthesized with T. harzianum culture filtrate have increased antifungal activity even at lower doses and can be used as an alternative to traditional fungicides without affecting environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Narayan Mishra
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshman Prasad
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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10
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Tronson E, Enders L. Root microbes can improve plant tolerance to insect damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecology 2025; 106:e4502. [PMID: 39837772 PMCID: PMC11750633 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
To limit damage from insect herbivores, plants rely on a blend of defensive mechanisms that includes partnerships with beneficial microbes, particularly those inhabiting roots. While ample evidence exists for microbially mediated resistance responses that directly target insects through changing phytotoxin and volatile profiles, we know surprisingly little about the microbial underpinnings of plant tolerance. Tolerance defenses counteract insect damage via shifts in plant physiology that reallocate resources to fuel compensatory growth, improve photosynthetic efficiency, and reduce oxidative stress. Despite being a powerful mitigator of insect damage, tolerance remains an understudied realm of plant defenses. Here, we propose a novel conceptual framework that can be broadly applied across study systems to characterize microbial impacts on expression of tolerance defenses. We conducted a systematic review of studies quantifying the impact of rhizosphere microbial inoculants on plant tolerance to herbivory based on several measures-biomass, oxidative stress mitigation, or photosynthesis. We identified 40 studies, most of which focused on chewing herbivores (n = 31) and plant growth parameters (e.g., biomass). Next, we performed a meta-analysis investigating the impact of microbial inoculants on plant tolerance to herbivory, which was measured via differences in plant biomass, and compared across key microbe, insect, and plant traits. Thirty-five papers comprising 113 observations were included in this meta-analysis, with effect sizes (Hedges' d) ranging from -4.67 (susceptible) to 18.38 (overcompensation). Overall, microbial inoculants significantly reduce the cost of herbivory via plant growth promotion, with overcompensation and compensation comprising 25% of observations of microbial-mediated tolerance. The grand mean effect size 0.99 [0.49; 1.49] indicates that the addition of a microbial inoculant increased plant biomass by ~1 SD under herbivore stress, thus improving tolerance. This effect was influenced most by microbial attributes, including functional guild and total soil community diversity. Overall, results highlight the need for additional investigation of microbially mediated plant tolerance, particularly in sap-feeding insects and across a more comprehensive range of tolerance mechanisms. Such attention would round out our current understanding of anti-herbivore plant defenses, offer insight into the underlying mechanisms that promote resilience to insect stress, and inform the application of microbial biotechnology to support sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Tronson
- Entomology DepartmentPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Laramy Enders
- Entomology DepartmentPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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11
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Pašakinskienė I, Stakelienė V, Matijošiūtė S, Martūnas J, Rimkevičius M, Būdienė J, Aučina A, Skridaila A. Growth-Promoting Effects of Grass Root-Derived Fungi Cadophora fastigiata, Paraphoma fimeti and Plectosphaerella cucumerina on Spring Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) and Italian Ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum). Microorganisms 2024; 13:25. [PMID: 39858793 PMCID: PMC11767314 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2024] [Revised: 12/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Many endophytic fungi are approved as plant growth stimulants, and several commercial biostimulants have already been introduced in agricultural practice. However, there are still many species of fungi whose plant growth-promoting properties have been understudied or not studied at all. We examined the growth-promoting effect in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) induced by three endophytic fungi previously obtained from the roots of Festuca/Lolium grasses. Surface-sterilized seeds were inoculated with a spore suspension of Cadophora fastigiata (isolate BSG003), Paraphoma fimeti (BSG010), Plectosphaerella cucumerina (BSG006), and their spore mixture. Before harvesting, the inoculated plants were grown in a greenhouse, with the barley being in multi-cavity trays for 30 days and ryegrass being placed in an original cylindric element system for 63 days. All three newly tested fungi had a positive effect on the growth of the barley and ryegrass plants, with the most pronounced impact observed in their root size. The fungal inoculations increased the dry shoot biomass between 11% and 26% in Italian ryegrass, but no such impact was observed in barley. The highest root increment was observed in barley. Herein, P. cucumerina and C. fastigiata inoculations were superior to other treatments, showing an increase in root dry weight of 50% compared to 20%, respectively. All fungal inoculations significantly promoted root growth in Italian ryegrass, resulting in a 20-30% increase in dry weight compared to non-inoculated plants. Moreover, a strong stimulatory effect of the fungi-emitted VOCs on the root development was observed in plate-in-plate arrays. In the presence of C. fastigiata and P. cucumerina cultures, the number of roots and root hairs in barley seedlings doubled compared to control plants. Thus, in our study, we demonstrated the potential of the grass root-derived endophytes C. fastigiata, P. fimeti, and P. cucumerina as growth promoters for spring barley and Italian ryegrass. These studies can be extended to other major crops and grasses by evaluating different fungal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izolda Pašakinskienė
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Stakelienė
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulė Matijošiūtė
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, 10221 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justas Martūnas
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marius Rimkevičius
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Būdienė
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algis Aučina
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Skridaila
- Botanical Garden, Vilnius University, Kairėnų 43, 10239 Vilnius, Lithuania
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12
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Singh S, Singh AK, Pradhan B, Tripathi S, Kumar KS, Chand S, Rout PR, Shahid MK. Harnessing Trichoderma Mycoparasitism as a Tool in the Management of Soil Dwelling Plant Pathogens. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:158. [PMID: 39708106 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/30/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining and enhancing agricultural productivity for food security while preserving the ecology and environment from the harmful effects of toxicants is the main challenge in modern monoculture farming systems. Microbial biological agents can be a promising substitute for traditional synthetic pesticides to manage plant diseases. Trichoderma spp. are soil-dwelling ascomycete fungi and are common biocontrol agents against diverse phytopathogens. Trichoderma-based biocontrol techniques can regulate and control soil-borne plant diseases through mechanisms such as mycoparasitism, the production of antibiotics and hydrolytic enzymes, rhizo-sphere competence, the effective competition for available resources, induction of plant resistance and facilitation of plant growth. Numerous secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. are reported to prevent the development of soil-borne plant disease. Thus, Trichoderma spp. may have direct and indirect biological impacts on the targeted plant pathogens. Furthermore, this review discusses the convenient implications and challenges of applying Trichoderma-based strategies in agricultural settings. Overall, the assessment underscores the potential of Trichoderma as a sustainable and effective tool for mitigating soil-borne pathogens, highlighting avenues for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Singh
- Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Bhubaneswar Pradhan
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Narendrapur Campus, Kolkata, 700103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- School of Environment and Disaster Management, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Narendrapur Campus Kolkata, Kolkata, 700103, West Bengal, India
| | - Kewat Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Sasmita Chand
- Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Prangya Ranjan Rout
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr B Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Muhammad Kashif Shahid
- Faculty of Civil and Architecture, National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia (NPIC), Phnom Penh, 12409, Cambodia
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13
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Reid TE, Gifford ML. Trichoderma gets by with a little help from Streptomyces: fungal-bacterial symbiosis in plant growth promotion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:6893-6897. [PMID: 39656674 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Kabir AH, Thapa A, Hasan R, Parvej R. 2024. Local signal from Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 induces host transcriptome and endophytic microbiome leading to growth promotion in sorghum. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erae340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa E Reid
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences and The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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14
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Du W, Dai P, Zhang M, Yang G, Huang W, Liang K, Li B, Cao K, Hu T, Wang Y, Meng X, Wang S. Effects of Two Trichoderma Strains on Apple Replant Disease Suppression and Plant Growth Stimulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:804. [PMID: 39590723 PMCID: PMC11595690 DOI: 10.3390/jof10110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen responsible for apple replant disease (ARD), is seriously threatening the apple industry globally. We investigated the antagonistic properties of Trichoderma strains against F. oxysporum HS2, aiming to find a biological control solution to minimize the dependence on chemical pesticides. Two of the thirty-one Trichoderma strains assessed through plate confrontation assays, L7 (Trichoderma atroviride) and M19 (T. longibrachiatum), markedly inhibited = F. oxysporum, with inhibition rates of 86.02% and 86.72%, respectively. Applying 1 × 106 spores/mL suspensions of these strains notably increased the disease resistance in embryonic mung bean roots. Strains L7 and M19 substantially protected Malus robusta Rehd apple rootstock from ARD; the plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and defense enzyme activity were higher in the treated plants than in the controls in both greenhouse and field trials. The results of fluorescent labeling confirmed the effective colonization of these strains of the root soil, with the number of spores stabilizing over time. At 56 days after inoculation, the M19 and L7 spore counts in various soils confirmed their persistence. These results underscore the biocontrol potential of L7 and M19 against HS2, offering valuable insights into developing sustainable ARD management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Du
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Pengbo Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guangzhu Yang
- Horticultural Research Institute Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (G.Y.); (W.H.)
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Horticultural Research Institute Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (G.Y.); (W.H.)
| | - Kuijing Liang
- College of Life Science, Hengshui University, Hengshui 053000, China;
| | - Bo Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Keqiang Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Tongle Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xianglong Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shutong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (W.D.); (P.D.); (M.Z.); (B.L.); (K.C.); (T.H.); (Y.W.); (X.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Baoding 071001, China
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15
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El-Shafei SMA, El-Rahman AAA, Abuelsaad ASA, Al-Khalaf AA, Shehab GMG, Abdel-Aziz AM. Assessment of the potential protective effects of culture filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum to ameliorate the damaged histoarchitecture of brain in epileptic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:1363-1385. [PMID: 39115642 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous hyperexcitability of the neural network is the most well-known manifestation of epilepsy that causes recurrent seizures. The current study was aimed to examine any potential safety benefits of the culture filtrate of Trichoderma harzianum (ThCF) to ameliorate damaged histoarchitecture of the brain in epileptic rats by assessing seizure intensity scale and behavioral impairments and follow up the spontaneous motor seizures during status epilepticus phases in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups; control (C), epileptic (EP) valproic acid-treated epileptic (EP-VPA), and epileptic treated with T. harzianum cultured filtrate (ThCF). In addition to a seizure intensity score and behavioral tests, routine H&E and Golgi-Copsch histopathology, were used to examine the cell somas, dendrites, axons, and neural spines. ThCF treatment increased activity and recorded movements during grooming, rearing, and ambulation frequency. Brain tissues of epileptic rats exhibited detached meninges, hypercellularity, mild edema in the cortex and markedly degenerated neurons, degenerated glial cells, and microcyst formation in the hippocampus. Moreover, brains of EP-ThCF were noticed with average blood vessels, and increased dendritogenesis. The current data revealed some of negative effects of epileptogenesis brought on by seizure intensity score and retarded histopathological alterations in the hippocampus. Therefore, the study is forecasting to identify novel active components from the metabolites of T. harzianum with a crucial therapeutic role in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M A El-Shafei
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, 61517, El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Atef A Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, 61517, El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz S A Abuelsaad
- Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Areej A Al-Khalaf
- Plant Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber M G Shehab
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Abdel-Aziz
- Cell Biology, Histology and Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt.
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16
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Wang X, Li W, Cui S, Wu Y, Wei Y, Li J, Hu J. Impact of tps1 Deletion and Overexpression on Terpene Metabolites in Trichoderma atroviride. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:485. [PMID: 39057372 PMCID: PMC11278490 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are structurally diverse natural products that have been widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Research has shown that fungi produce a variety of terpenoids, yet fungal terpene synthases remain not thoroughly explored. In this study, the tps1 gene, a crucial component of the terpene synthetic pathway, was isolated from Trichoderma atroviride HB20111 through genome mining. The function of this gene in the terpene synthetic pathway was investigated by constructing tps1-gene-deletion- and overexpression-engineered strains and evaluating the expression differences in the tps1 gene at the transcript level. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis revealed significant variations in terpene metabolites among wild-type, tps1-deleted (Δtps1), and tps1-overexpressed (Otps1) strains; for instance, most sesquiterpene volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were notably reduced or absent in the Δtps1 strain, while nerolidol, β-acorenol, and guaiene were particularly produced by the Otps1 strain. However, both the Δtps1 and Otps1 strains produced new terpene metabolites compared to the wild-type, which indicated that the tps1 gene played an important role in terpene synthesis but was not the only gene involved in T. atroviride HB20111. The TPS1 protein encoded by the tps1 gene could function as a sesquiterpene cyclase through biological information and evolutionary tree analysis. Additionally, fungal inhibition assay and wheat growth promotion assay results suggested that the deletion or overexpression of the tps1 gene had a minimal impact on fungal inhibitory activity, plant growth promotion, and development, as well as stress response. This implies that these activities of T. atroviride HB20111 might result from a combination of multiple metabolites rather than being solely dependent on one specific metabolite. This study offers theoretical guidance for future investigations into the mechanism of terpenoid synthesis and serves as a foundation for related studies on terpenoid metabolic pathways in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jindong Hu
- Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (X.W.)
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Zheng F, Fu Y, Yu P, Qin C, Guo T, Xu H, Chen J, Ahammed GJ, Liu A, Chen S. Flavonoid synthesis is crucial for Trichoderma asperellum-induced systemic resistance to root-knot nematodes in tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108706. [PMID: 38776824 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. can enhance plant resistance against a wide range of biotic stressors. However, the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma enhances plant resistance against Meloidogyne incognita, known as root-knot nematodes (RKNs), are still unclear. Here, we identified a strain of Trichoderma asperellum (T141) that could effectively suppress RKN infestation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Nematode infestation led to an increase in the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in roots but pre-inoculation with T141 significantly decreased oxidative stress. The reduction in ROS and MDA was accompanied by an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of flavonoids and phenols. Moreover, split root test-based analysis showed that T141 inoculation in local roots before RKN inoculation increased the concentration of phytohormone jasmonate (JA) and the transcripts of JA synthesis and signaling-related genes in distant roots. UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics analysis identified 1051 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) across 4 pairwise comparisons in root division test, including 81 flavonoids. Notably, 180 DAMs were found in comparison between RKN and T141-RKN, whereas KEGG annotation and enrichment analysis showed that the secondary metabolic pathways, especially the flavonoid biosynthesis, played a key role in the T141-induced systemic resistance to RKNs. The role of up-regulated flavonoids in RKN mortality was further verified by in vitro experiments with the exogenous treatment of kaempferol, hesperidin and rutin on J2-stage RKNs. Our results revealed a critical mechanism by which T141 induced resistance of tomato plants against the RKNs by systemically promoting secondary metabolism in distant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangying Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Yalun Fu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Congrui Qin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Tianmeng Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Huihang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Jingying Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Airong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Shuangchen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
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18
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Akbari SI, Prismantoro D, Permadi N, Rossiana N, Miranti M, Mispan MS, Mohamed Z, Doni F. Bioprospecting the roles of Trichoderma in alleviating plants' drought tolerance: Principles, mechanisms of action, and prospects. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127665. [PMID: 38452552 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Drought-induced stress represents a significant challenge to agricultural production, exerting adverse effects on both plant growth and overall productivity. Therefore, the exploration of innovative long-term approaches for addressing drought stress within agriculture constitutes a crucial objective, given its vital role in enhancing food security. This article explores the potential use of Trichoderma, a well-known genus of plant growth-promoting fungi, to enhance plant tolerance to drought stress. Trichoderma species have shown remarkable potential for enhancing plant growth, inducing systemic resistance, and ameliorating the adverse impacts of drought stress on plants through the modulation of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. In conclusion, the exploitation of Trichoderma's potential as a sustainable solution to enhance plant drought tolerance is a promising avenue for addressing the challenges posed by the changing climate. The manifold advantages of Trichoderma in promoting plant growth and alleviating the effects of drought stress underscore their pivotal role in fostering sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulistya Ika Akbari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Dedat Prismantoro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nandang Permadi
- Doctorate Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 40132, Indonesia
| | - Nia Rossiana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Mia Miranti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Shakirin Mispan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zulqarnain Mohamed
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Febri Doni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia.
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Thepbandit W, Papathoti NK, Hoang NH, Siriwong S, Sangpueak R, Saengchan C, Laemchiab K, Kiddeejing D, Tonpho K, Buensanteai K. Bio-synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Trichoderma species against cassava root rot disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12535. [PMID: 38821999 PMCID: PMC11143289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cassava root rot disease caused by the fungal pathogens Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae produces severe damages on cassava production. This research was conducted to produce and assess silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by Trichoderma harzianum for reducing root rot disease. The results revealed that using the supernatants of T. harzianum on a silver nitrate solution changed it to reddish color at 48 h, indicating the formation of AgNPs. Further characterization was identified using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). DLS supported that the Z-average size is at 39.79 nm and the mean zeta potential is at - 36.5 mV. SEM revealed the formation of monodispersed spherical shape with a diameter between 60-75 nm. The antibacterial action of AgNPs as an antifungal agent was demonstrated by an observed decrease in the size of the fungal colonies using an increasing concentration of AgNPs until the complete inhibition growth of L. theobromae and F. solani at > 58 µg mL-1 and at ≥ 50 µg mL-1, respectively. At in vitro conditions, the applied AgNPs caused a decrease in the percentage of healthy aerial hyphae of L. theobromae (32.5%) and of F. solani (70.0%) compared to control (100%). The SR-FTIR spectra showed the highest peaks in the first region (3000-2800 cm-1) associated with lipids and fatty acids located at 2962, 2927, and 2854 cm-1 in the AgNPs treated samples. The second region (1700-1450 cm-1) consisting of proteins and peptides revealed the highest peaks at 1658, 1641, and 1548 cm-1 in the AgNPs treated samples. The third region (1300-900 cm-1), which involves nucleic acid, phospholipids, polysaccharides, and carbohydrates, revealed the highest peaks at 1155, 1079, and 1027 cm-1 in the readings from the untreated samples. Finally, the observed root rot severity on cassava roots treated with AgNPs (1.75 ± 0.50) was significantly lower than the control samples (5.00 ± 0.00).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannaporn Thepbandit
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Narendra Kumar Papathoti
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | | | - Rungthip Sangpueak
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chanon Saengchan
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kansinee Laemchiab
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Dusadee Kiddeejing
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kodchaphon Tonpho
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kumrai Buensanteai
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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20
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Vukelić I, Radić D, Pećinar I, Lević S, Djikanović D, Radotić K, Panković D. Spectroscopic Investigation of Tomato Seed Germination Stimulated by Trichoderma spp. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:340. [PMID: 38785822 PMCID: PMC11118608 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Seed germination is a complex process that can be negatively affected by numerous stresses. Trichoderma spp. are known as effective biocontrol agents as well as plant growth and germination stimulators. However, understanding of the early interactions between seeds and Trichoderma spp. remains limited. In the present paper, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to reveal the nature of tomato seed germination as stimulated by Trichoderma. A rapid response of tomato seeds to Trichoderma spp. was observed within 48 h on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) substrate, preceding any physical contact. Raman analysis indicated that both Trichoderma species stimulated phenolic compound synthesis by triggering plant-specific responses in seed radicles. The impact of T. harzianum and T. brevicompactum on two tomato cultivars resulted in alterations to the middle lamella pectin, cellulose, and xyloglucan in the primary cell wall. The Raman spectra indicated increased xylan content in NA with T9 treatment as well as increased hemicelluloses in GZ with T4 treatment. Moreover, T4 treatment resulted in elevated conjugated aldehydes in lignin in GZ, whereas the trend was reversed in NA. Additionally, FTIR analysis revealed significant changes in total protein levels in Trichoderma spp.-treated tomato seed radicles, with simultaneous decreases in pectin and/or xyloglucan. Our results indicate that two complementary spectroscopic methods, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, can give valuable information on rapid changes in the plant cell wall structure of tomato radicles during germination stimulated by Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vukelić
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
| | - Danka Radić
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ilinka Pećinar
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Steva Lević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Daniela Djikanović
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Ksenija Radotić
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Dejana Panković
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
- Julius Kuehn Institute, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin Baur Strasse 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
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21
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Liu B, Han J, Zhang H, Li Y, An Y, Ji S, Liu Z. The regulatory pathway of transcription factor MYB36 from Trichoderma asperellum Tas653 resistant to poplar leaf blight pathogen Alternaria alternata Aal004. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127637. [PMID: 38382286 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In fungi, MYB transcription factors (TFs) mainly regulate growth, development, and resistance to stress. However, as major disease-resistance TFs, they have rarely been studied in biocontrol fungi. In this study, MYB36 of Trichoderma asperellum Tas653 (Ta) was shown to respond strongly to the stress caused by Alternaria alternata Aa1004. Compared with wild-type Ta (Ta-Wt), the inhibition rate of the MYB36 knockout strain (Ta-Kn) on Aa1004 decreased by 11.06%; the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities decreased by 82.15 U/g, 0.19 OD470/min/g, and 1631.2 μmol/min/g, respectively. The MYB36 overexpression strain (Ta-Oe) not only enhanced hyperparasitism on Aa1004, caused its hyphae to swell, deform, or even rupture, but also reduced the incidence rate of poplar leaf blight. MYB36 regulates downstream (TFs, detoxification genes, defense genes, and other antifungal-related genes by binding to the cis-acting elements "ACAT" and "ATCG". Zinc finger TFs, as the main antifungal TFs, account for 90% of the total TFs, and Zn37.5 (23.24-) and Zn83.7 (23.18-fold) showed the greatest expression difference when regulated directly by MYB36. The detoxification genes mainly comprised 11 major major facilitator superfamily (MFS) genes, among which MYB36 directly increased the expression levels of three genes by more than 2-3.44-fold. The defense genes mainly encoded cytochrome P450 (P450) and hydrolases. e.g., P45061.3 (2-10.95-), P45060.2 (2-7.07-), and Hyd44.6 (2-2.30-fold). This study revealed the molecular mechanism of MYB36 regulation of the resistance of T. asperellum to A. alternata and provides theoretical guidance for the biocontrol of poplar leaf blight and the anti-disease mechanism of biocontrol fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Modern Agricultural Industry Research Institute of Henan Zhoukou National Agricultural High-tech Industry Demonstration Zone, Zhoukou Normal University, Henan 466000, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yibo An
- National Forestry and Grassland National Reserve Forest Engineering Technology Research Center, Chongqing Forestry Investment and Development Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Shida Ji
- Horticultural College of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Christinaki AC, Myridakis AI, Kouvelis VN. Genomic insights into the evolution and adaptation of secondary metabolite gene clusters in fungicolous species Cladobotryum mycophilum ATHUM6906. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae006. [PMID: 38214578 PMCID: PMC10989895 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycophilic or fungicolous fungi can be found wherever fungi exist since they are able to colonize other fungi, which occupy a diverse range of habitats. Some fungicolous species cause important diseases on Basidiomycetes, and thus, they are the main reason for the destruction of mushroom cultivations. Nonetheless, despite their ecological significance, their genomic data remain limited. Cladobotryum mycophilum is one of the most aggressive species of the genus, destroying the economically important Agaricus bisporus cultivations. The 40.7 Mb whole genome of the Greek isolate ATHUM6906 is assembled in 16 fragments, including the mitochondrial genome and 2 small circular mitochondrial plasmids, in this study. This genome includes a comprehensive set of 12,282 protein coding, 56 rRNA, and 273 tRNA genes. Transposable elements, CAZymes, and pathogenicity related genes were also examined. The genome of C. mycophilum contained a diverse arsenal of genes involved in secondary metabolism, forming 106 biosynthetic gene clusters, which renders this genome as one of the most BGC abundant among fungicolous species. Comparative analyses were performed for genomes of species of the family Hypocreaceae. Some BGCs identified in C. mycophilum genome exhibited similarities to clusters found in the family Hypocreaceae, suggesting vertical heritage. In contrast, certain BGCs showed a scattered distribution among Hypocreaceae species or were solely found in Cladobotryum genomes. This work provides evidence of extensive BGC losses, horizontal gene transfer events, and formation of novel BGCs during evolution, potentially driven by neutral or even positive selection pressures. These events may increase Cladobotryum fitness under various environmental conditions and potentially during host-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia C Christinaki
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Antonis I Myridakis
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
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23
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Schmoll M, Esquivel-Ayala BA, González-Esquivel CE, Rocha-Ramírez V, Larsen J. Mechanisms for plant growth promotion activated by Trichoderma in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127621. [PMID: 38295679 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are free-living fungi present in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems. These soil fungi can stimulate plant growth and increase plant nutrient acquisition of macro- and micronutrients and water uptake. Generally, plant growth promotion by Trichoderma is a consequence of the activity of potent fungal signaling metabolites diffused in soil with hormone-like activity, including indolic compounds as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) produced at concentrations ranging from 14 to 234 μg l-1, and volatile organic compounds such as sesquiterpene isoprenoids (C15), 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP) and ethylene (ET) produced at levels from 10 to 120 ng over a period of six days, which in turn, might impact plant endogenous signaling mechanisms orchestrated by plant hormones. Plant growth stimulation occurs without the need of physical contact between both organisms and/or during root colonization. When associated with plants Trichoderma may cause significant biochemical changes in plant content of carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids and lipids, as detected in Arabidopsis thaliana, maize (Zea mays), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which may improve the plant health status during the complete life cycle. Trichoderma-induced plant beneficial effects such as mechanisms of defense and growth are likely to be inherited to the next generations. Depending on the environmental conditions perceived by the fungus during its interaction with plants, Trichoderma can reprogram and/or activate molecular mechanisms commonly modulated by IAA, ET and abscisic acid (ABA) to induce an adaptative physiological response to abiotic stress, including drought, salinity, or environmental pollution. This review, provides a state of the art overview focused on the canonical mechanisms of these beneficial fungi involved in plant growth promotion traits under different environmental scenarios and shows new insights on Trichoderma metabolites from different chemical classes that can modulate specific plant growth aspects. Also, we suggest new research directions on Trichoderma spp. and their secondary metabolites with biological activity on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre of Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Blanca Alicia Esquivel-Ayala
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Facultad de Biología, Edificio B4, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Múgica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Carlos E González-Esquivel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Victor Rocha-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - John Larsen
- Laboratorio Nacional de Innovación Ecotecnológica para la Sustentabilidad (LANIES), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), UNAM, Mexico; IIES-UNAM, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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24
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Song YP, Ji NY. Chemistry and biology of marine-derived Trichoderma metabolites. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:14. [PMID: 38302800 PMCID: PMC10834931 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ping Song
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Afridi MS, Kumar A, Javed MA, Dubey A, de Medeiros FHV, Santoyo G. Harnessing root exudates for plant microbiome engineering and stress resistance in plants. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127564. [PMID: 38071833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect plant's growth and production. Under stress, one of the main responses of plants is the modulation of exudates excreted in the rhizosphere, which consequently leads to alterations in the resident microbiota. Thus, the exudates discharged into the rhizospheric environment play a preponderant role in the association and formation of plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we aimed to provide a synthesis of the latest and most pertinent literature on the diverse biochemical and structural compositions of plant root exudates. Also, this work investigates into their multifaceted role in microbial nutrition and intricate signaling processes within the rhizosphere, which includes quorum-sensing molecules. Specifically, it explores the contributions of low molecular weight compounds, such as carbohydrates, phenolics, organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites, as well as the significance of high molecular weight compounds, including proteins and polysaccharides. It also discusses the state-of-the-art omics strategies that unveil the vital role of root exudates in plant-microbiome interactions, including defense against pathogens like nematodes and fungi. We propose multiple challenges and perspectives, including exploiting plant root exudates for host-mediated microbiome engineering. In this discourse, root exudates and their derived interactions with the rhizospheric microbiota should receive greater attention due to their positive influence on plant health and stress mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, CP3037, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Muhammad Ammar Javed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | | | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030 Morelia, Mexico.
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26
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Ferreira NCDF, Ramos MLG, Gatto A. Use of Trichoderma in the Production of Forest Seedlings. Microorganisms 2024; 12:237. [PMID: 38399641 PMCID: PMC10893047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Forest production has great relevance in the Brazilian economy, characterized by several production sectors, including the production of seedlings. With the focus on maximizing the capacity of survival, development, and adaptation of seedlings, Trichoderma is highlighted as a potentially useful genus of microorganisms for promoting growth and higher product quality. In this sense, this review aims to describe the main mechanisms of fungi action in forest seedlings' production. The different species of the genus Trichoderma have specific mechanisms of action, and the current scenario points to more advances in the number of species. The interaction process mediated by different mechanisms of action begins in the communication with plants, from the colonization process. After the interaction, chemical dialogues allow the plant to develop better because, from colonization, the forest seedlings can maximize height and increase shoot and root development. Fungi promote solubilization and availability of nutrients to seedlings, which show numerous benefits to the development. The use of beneficial microorganisms, such as fungi of the genus Trichoderma, has become a sustainable strategy to enhance seedling development, reducing the use of agrochemicals and industrial fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alcides Gatto
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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27
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Zhao Z, Liu L, Sun Y, Xie L, Liu S, Li M, Yu Q. Combined microbe-plant remediation of cadmium in saline-alkali soil assisted by fungal mycelium-derived biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117424. [PMID: 37866531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium contamination in saline-alkali soil is becoming a great concern. Combined microbe-plant remediation is an economic way to treat this contamination, but is compromised by its low cadmium-removing capacity. In this study, the novel fungus-derived biochar was prepared to enhance the salt-tolerant bacterium-plant remediation of cadmium-contaminated saline-alkali soil. This biochar was prepared by pre-incubation of living Trichoderma atroviride hyphae with imidazole and further heating at 500 °C for 1 h. The obtained fungus-derived nitrogen-doped biochar (FBioCN) exhibited the high affinity to bacterial cells, leading to efficient colonization of exogenous salt-tolerant bacteria (e.g., Rhizobacter sp. and Sphingomonas sp.) on Amaranthus hypochondriacus roots. During culturing of the plants in the cadmium-contaminated saline-alkali soil, FBioCN drastically remodeled the rhizosphere microbiome, leading to enhance colonization of the exogeneous salt-tolerant bacteria, and increase bacterial diversity. The combination of FBioCN and the exogeneous bacteria further improved the activity of rhizosphere functional enzymes, protected the plants from the multiple stress, and promoted cadmium transport from the soil to the plants. Consequently, FBioCN together with the salt-tolerant bacteria drastically improved cadmium removal from the saline-alkali soil, with the percent of cadmium removal at the rhizosphere region increasing from 35.1% to 95.1%. This study sheds a light on the application of fungus-derived biochar in combined microbe-plant remediation in saline-alkali soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liling Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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28
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Dautt-Castro M, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Estrada-Rivera M, Islas-Osuna MA, Jijón-Moreno S, Casas-Flores S. Trichoderma virens Big Ras GTPase-1, a molecular switch for transforming a mutualistic fungus to plants in a deleterious microbe. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127508. [PMID: 37864916 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are ascomycete filamentous fungi widely distributed worldwide that establish mutualistic relationships with plants by antagonizing phytopathogens in the rhizosphere and colonizing the plant roots, hence, promoting plant growth and triggering the systemic resistance against phytopathogens. During the first stages of root colonization by Trichoderma, plants recognize the fungus as an invader by inducing the plant defense system, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some members of the small Ras GTPases regulate NADPH oxidases and, therefore, ROS production. However, their role in mutualistic microorganisms that colonize plant roots is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that Trichoderma virens strains lacking TBRG-1, a member of a new family of the Ras GTPases, impair their biocontrol capability and behave like a pathogen on tomato seeds and seedlings. Here, we found that TBRG-1 is essential in T. virens to maintain the mutualistic relationship with plants because a mutant-lacking tbrg-1 gen could not induce plant growth in Arabidopsis and tomatoes. Furthermore, treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with Δtbrg-1 induced strongly PR-1a, the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) marker gene at early times of the interaction, which correlated with enhanced foliar damage by Botrytis cinerea, resembling the behavior of a biotrophic phytopathogen. Additionally, leaves of plants treated with either T. virens wild-type (wt) or Δtbrg-1 and challenged or not with Botrytis showed ROS production to a different extent, as well as differential expression of cell detoxification-related genes, CAT1, and APX1. Root colonization assays of sid-2 and jar1 mutant lines affected in SAR and induced systemic resistance (ISR) by Δtbrg-1 and the wt strain, suggest an important role of both pathways in the recognition of the fungus and that TBRG-1 plays a pivotal role in root colonization. Furthermore, we found that TBRG-1 is a negative regulator of NoxR expression, which may impact the mutualistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzuko Dautt-Castro
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Oscar G Rebolledo-Prudencio
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Magnolia Estrada-Rivera
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - María A Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Saúl Jijón-Moreno
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico.
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Huang Y, Hu H, Yue E, Ying W, Niu T, Yan J, Lu Q, Ruan S. Role of plant metabolites in the formation of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1292896. [PMID: 38163074 PMCID: PMC10754964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1292896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, commonly known as Sanyeqing (SYQ), is an important traditional Chinese medicine. The content of bioactive constituents varies in different cultivars of SYQ. In the plant growth related researches, rhizosphere microbiome has gained significant attention. However, the role of bacterial communities in the accumulation of metabolites in plants have not been investigated. Herein, the composition of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soils and the metabolites profile of different SYQ cultivars' roots were analyzed. It was found that the composition of microbial communities varied in the rhizosphere soils of different SYQ cultivars. The high abundance of Actinomadura, Streptomyces and other bacteria was found to be associated with the metabolites profile of SYQ roots. The findings suggest that the upregulation of rutin and hesperetin may contribute to the high bioactive constituent in SYQ roots. These results provide better understanding of the metabolite accumulation pattern in SYQ, and also provide a solution for enhancing the quality of SYQ by application of suitable microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erkui Yue
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wu Ying
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianxin Niu
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiujun Lu
- Hangzhou Agricultural and Rural Affairs Guarantee Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songlin Ruan
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Lang B, Chen J. Trichoderma harzianum Cellulase Gene thph2 Affects Trichoderma Root Colonization and Induces Resistance to Southern Leaf Blight in Maize. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1168. [PMID: 38132769 PMCID: PMC10744625 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma, widely distributed all over the world, is commonly found in soil and root ecosystems. It is a group comprising beneficial fungi that improve plant disease resistance and promote plant growth. Studies have shown that Trichoderma cellulases can also improve plant disease resistance. Based on previous studies, we reported that a C6 zinc finger protein (Thc6) regulates two cellulase genes, thph1 and thph2, to induce ISR responses in plants. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the role of thph2 in the colonization of maize roots by T. harzianum and the induction of systemic resistance against southern leaf blight. The results showed that thph2 had a positive regulatory effect on the Trichoderma colonization of maize roots. After the root was treated with Trichoderma, the leaf defense genes AOS, LOX5, HPL, and OPR1 were expressed to resist the attack of Cochliobolus heterostrophus. The pure Thph2 protein also resulted in a similar induction activity of the AOS, LOX5, HPL, and OPR1 expression in maize roots, further demonstrating that thph2 can induce plant defense responses and that signal transduction occurs mainly through the JA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Khan A, Haris M, Hussain T, Khan AA, Laasli SE, Lahlali R, Mokrini F. Counter-attack of biocontrol agents: Environmentally benign Approaches against Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Agricultural crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21653. [PMID: 37954375 PMCID: PMC10632526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices viz., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes viz., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA-Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
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Khan RAA, Najeeb S, Chen J, Wang R, Zhang J, Hou J, Liu T. Insights into the molecular mechanism of Trichoderma stimulating plant growth and immunity against phytopathogens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14133. [PMID: 38148197 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species have received significant interest as beneficial fungi for boosting plant growth and immunity against phytopathogens. By establishing a mutualistic relationship with plants, Trichoderma causes a series of intricate signaling events that eventually promote plant growth and improve disease resistance. The mechanisms contain the indirect or direct involvement of Trichoderma in enhancing plant growth by modulating phytohormones signaling pathways, improving uptake and accumulation of nutrients, and increasing soil bioavailability of nutrients. They contribute to plant resistance by stimulating systemic acquired resistance through salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling. A cascade of signal transduction processes initiated by the interaction of Trichoderma and plants regulate the expression of defense-related genes, resulting in the synthesis of defense hormones and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs), which collectively improve plant resistance. Additionally, advancements in omics technologies has led to the identification of key pathways, their regulating genes, and molecular interactions in the plant defense and growth promotion responses induced by Trichoderma. Deciphering the molecular mechanism behind Trichoderma's induction of plant defense and immunity is essential for harnessing the full plant beneficial potential of Trichoderma. This review article sheds light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the positive effects of Trichoderma-induced plant immunity and growth and opens new opportunities for developing environmentally friendly and innovative approaches to improve plant immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Saba Najeeb
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
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Ramatsitsi MN, Khosa MC, Mashamaite CV, Ramachela K. In Vitro Assessment of Eight Selected Indigenous Fungal Isolates Tolerance to Various Abiotic Stresses and their Effects on Seed Germination. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:386. [PMID: 37875629 PMCID: PMC10598106 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal bio-control agents (BCA) can minimize use of agro-chemicals while increasing plant productivity and tolerance to biotic-abiotic stressors. Ideally, BCA should tolerate varying environmental conditions they are introduced into, to successfully dominate and protect plants from stressors. However, BCA are living micro-organisms, their survival and efficacy can be impeded by extreme conditions. The current study aimed at evaluating whether indigenous fungal isolates, viz, Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, Penicillium sp. AL-38 IRH-2012b, Talaromyces minioluteus, T. purpureogenus, T. sayulitensis, Trichoderma ghanense and T. viride can tolerate different levels of salinity, pH, nutrient and temperature. Certain fungal species are pests with potential of destroying many crops; the pathogenic effects of the aforementioned fungal isolates were further assessed on different crops' seeds. The results showed that, although being indigenous, Aspergillus, T. sayulitensis and T. ghanense failed to thrive in high salinity and pH. While Penicillium sp. AL-38 IRH-2012b failed to thrive under reduced nutrient level and all fungal isolates failed to grow at 10-20 °C. Furthermore, it was noted species within the same genus could affect crops in both favorable and unfavorable ways. The study demonstrated that the selected indigenous fungal isolates can tolerate different abiotic conditions and have potential to improve seed germination and seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukondeleli N Ramatsitsi
- School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mahikeng, 2745, South Africa.
| | - Mbokota C Khosa
- Agricultural Research Council-Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
| | - Chuene V Mashamaite
- Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X 1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Khosi Ramachela
- School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mahikeng, 2745, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Crop Science Department, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mahikeng, 2745, South Africa
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Bjørk PK, Johansen NT, Havshøi NW, Rasmussen SA, Ipsen JØ, Isbrandt T, Larsen TO, Fuglsang AT. Trichoderma harzianum Peptaibols Stimulate Plant Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Activity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34928-34937. [PMID: 37779967 PMCID: PMC10536087 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of their ability to promote growth, act as biopesticides, and improve abiotic stress tolerance, Trichoderma spp. have been used for plant seed coating. However, the mechanism for the promotion of plant growth remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the effect of fungal extracts on the plant plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, which is essential for plant growth and often a target of plant-associated microbes. We show that Trichoderma harzianum extract increases H+-ATPase activity, and by fractionation and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), we identify the activating components trichorzin PA (tPA) II and tPA VI that belong to the class of peptaibols. Peptaibols are nonribosomal peptides that can integrate into membranes and form indiscriminate ion channels, which causes pesticidal activity. To further investigate peptaibol-mediated H+-ATPase activation, we compare the effect of tPA II and VI to that of the model peptaibol alamethicin (AlaM). We show that AlaM increases H+-ATPase turnover rates in a concentration-dependent manner, with a peak in activity measured at 31.25 μM, above which activity decreases. Using fluorescent probes and light scattering, we find that the AlaM-mediated increase in activity is not correlated to increased membrane fluidity or vesicle integrity, whereas the activity decrease at high AlaM concentrations is likely due to PM overloading of AlaM pores. Overall, our results suggest that the symbiosis of fungi and plants, specifically related to peptaibols, is a concentration-dependent balance, where peptaibols do not act only as biocontrol agents but also as plant growth stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klemmed Bjørk
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Tidemand Johansen
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nanna Weise Havshøi
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Silas Anselm Rasmussen
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johan Ørskov Ipsen
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Isbrandt
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical
University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Thoe Fuglsang
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ayaz M, Li CH, Ali Q, Zhao W, Chi YK, Shafiq M, Ali F, Yu XY, Yu Q, Zhao JT, Yu JW, Qi RD, Huang WK. Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease Protection: Journey from Lab to Field, Current Status, Challenges, and Global Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:6735. [PMID: 37764510 PMCID: PMC10537577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to various phytopathogens such as fungi, Oomycetes, nematodes, bacteria, and viruses. These pathogens can significantly reduce the productivity of important crops worldwide, with annual crop yield losses ranging from 20% to 40% caused by various pathogenic diseases. While the use of chemical pesticides has been effective at controlling multiple diseases in major crops, excessive use of synthetic chemicals has detrimental effects on the environment and human health, which discourages pesticide application in the agriculture sector. As a result, researchers worldwide have shifted their focus towards alternative eco-friendly strategies to prevent plant diseases. Biocontrol of phytopathogens is a less toxic and safer method that reduces the severity of various crop diseases. A variety of biological control agents (BCAs) are available for use, but further research is needed to identify potential microbes and their natural products with a broad-spectrum antagonistic activity to control crop diseases. This review aims to highlight the importance of biocontrol strategies for managing crop diseases. Furthermore, the role of beneficial microbes in controlling plant diseases and the current status of their biocontrol mechanisms will be summarized. The review will also cover the challenges and the need for the future development of biocontrol methods to ensure efficient crop disease management for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230041, China; (M.A.); (W.Z.); (Y.-K.C.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (Q.Y.); (J.-T.Z.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Cai-Hong Li
- Cotton Sciences Research Institute of Hunan, Changde 415101, China;
| | - Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230041, China; (M.A.); (W.Z.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yuan-Kai Chi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230041, China; (M.A.); (W.Z.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Biology Department and Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Xi-Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (Q.Y.); (J.-T.Z.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (Q.Y.); (J.-T.Z.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Jing-Tian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (Q.Y.); (J.-T.Z.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Jing-Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (Q.Y.); (J.-T.Z.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Ren-De Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230041, China; (M.A.); (W.Z.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.Y.); (Q.Y.); (J.-T.Z.); (J.-W.Y.)
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Guo Q, Shi L, Wang X, Li D, Yin Z, Zhang J, Ding G, Chen L. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018-2022). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13612-13632. [PMID: 37684097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma, a genus with more than 400 species, has a long history of use as an industrial bioreactor, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. It is considered a significant source of secondary metabolites (SMs) that possess unique structural features and a wide range of bioactivities. In recent years, numerous secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, including terpenoids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids, have been identified. Most of these SMs displayed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifungal effects. This review focuses on the structural diversity, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the SMs isolated from Trichoderma covered from 2018 to 2022. This study provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds from Trichoderma species in the agriculture or pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Guo
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
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Wei Y, Yang H, Hu J, Li H, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Yang K, Yang H. Trichoderma harzianum inoculation promotes sweet sorghum growth in the saline soil by modulating rhizosphere available nutrients and bacterial community. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1258131. [PMID: 37771481 PMCID: PMC10523306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1258131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major abiotic stresses, salinity can affect crop growth and plant productivity worldwide. The inoculation of rhizosphere or endophytic microorganisms can enhance plant tolerance to salt stresses, but the potential mechanism is not clear. In this study, Trichoderma harzianum ST02 was applied on sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in a field trial to investigate the effects on microbiome community and physiochemical properties in the rhizosphere soil. Compared with the non-inoculated control, Trichoderma inoculation significantly increased the stem yield, plant height, stem diameter, and total sugar content in stem by 35.52%, 32.68%, 32.09%, and 36.82%, respectively. In addition, Trichoderma inoculation improved the nutrient availability (e.g., N, P, and K) and organic matter in the rhizosphere soil and changed the bacterial community structure and function in both bulk and rhizosphere soil by particularly increasing the relative abundance of Actinobacter and N-cycling genes (nifH, archaeal and bacterial amoA). We proposed that T. harzianum ST02 could promote sweet sorghum growth under saline conditions by regulating available nutrients and the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wei
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Han Yang
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jindong Hu
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Zhongjuan Zhao
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yuanzheng Wu
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jishun Li
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Kai Yang
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hetong Yang
- Ecology Institute of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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Yuan W, Ma L, Chen X, Song J, Chen Q. Identification of a pathogen causing fruiting body rot of Sanghuangporus vaninii. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15983. [PMID: 37692123 PMCID: PMC10484203 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanghuangporus vaninii is a medicinal macrofungus that is increasingly cultivated in China. During cultivation, it was found that the fruiting body of S. vaninii was susceptible to pathogenic fungi, resulting in significant economic losses to the industry. The symptoms of the disease occur in the initial stage of fruiting body development. The isolate YZB-1 was obtained from the junction of the diseased and healthy areas of the fruiting body. In order to verify the pathogenicity of YZB-1, its purified spore suspension was inoculated into the exposed area nearby the developing fruiting body of S. vaninii. After 10 days, the same disease symptoms appeared in the inoculated area. Morphological identification and molecular analysis of rDNA ITS region confirmed that the isolate YZB-1 was identified as Trichoderma virens. The temperature stability assay revealed that the mycelia of YZB-1 grew the fastest at 25 °C, with growth slowing down gradually as the temperature increased or decreased. Dual-culture tests of T. virens and S. vaninii showed that the inhibition rate of T. virens on S. vaninii mycelium was the highest (79.01 ± 2.79%) at 25 °C, and more green spores were produced at the intersection of T. virens and S. vaninii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yuan
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingkun Chen
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jiling Song
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Al-Salihi SAA, Alberti F. Genomic Based Analysis of the Biocontrol Species Trichoderma harzianum: A Model Resource of Structurally Diverse Pharmaceuticals and Biopesticides. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:895. [PMID: 37755004 PMCID: PMC10532697 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi represents a rich repository of taxonomically restricted, yet chemically diverse, secondary metabolites that are synthesised via specific metabolic pathways. An enzyme's specificity and biosynthetic gene clustering are the bottleneck of secondary metabolite evolution. Trichoderma harzianum M10 v1.0 produces many pharmaceutically important molecules; however, their specific biosynthetic pathways remain uncharacterised. Our genomic-based analysis of this species reveals the biosynthetic diversity of its specialised secondary metabolites, where over 50 BGCs were predicted, most of which were listed as polyketide-like compounds associated clusters. Gene annotation of the biosynthetic candidate genes predicted the production of many medically/industrially important compounds including enterobactin, gramicidin, lovastatin, HC-toxin, tyrocidine, equisetin, erythronolide, strobilurin, asperfuranone, cirtinine, protoilludene, germacrene, and epi-isozizaene. Revealing the biogenetic background of these natural molecules is a step forward towards the expansion of their chemical diversification via engineering their biosynthetic genes heterologously, and the identification of their role in the interaction between this fungus and its biotic/abiotic conditions as well as its role as bio-fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Alberti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Zhou L, Wu S, Ma M. First insights into diversity and potential metabolic pathways of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of Argemonemexicana L. (Papaveraceae) from the water-level-fluctuation zone of Wudongde Reservoir of the upper Yangtze river, China. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e101950. [PMID: 38327346 PMCID: PMC10848652 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The water-level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of Wudongde reservoir of the upper Yangtze river is a completely new aquatic-terrestrial transitional zone, and its plant degenerate issue is attracting global concerns. Uncovering the unknown rhizosphere microbiome of dominant plants of this zone is helpful in understanding the plant-microbe interactions and their growth under the largely varying environment. Here, a first exploration of the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities of wilted (JB) and unwilted (JA) Argemonemexicana L. individuals from the WLFZ of Wudongde reservoir was carried out using high-throughput sequencing and MetaCyc metabolic pathway analyses. The results showed that rhizosphere of wilted A.mexicana L individuals exhibited a higher microbial richness and diversity than the unwilted ones, irrespective of the bacterial and fungal communities. It was noted that 837 common bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASV) and 92 common fungal ASV were presented in both JA and JB with 3108 bacteria and 212 fungi unique to JA, and 3569 bacteria and 693 fungi unique to JB. Linear discriminant analysis effect Size (LEfSe) analyses indicated that the taxa that had the most contribution to observed differences between both JA and JB was Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Ascomycota for JA, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota for JB. Organic compound conversion pathway (degradation/reduction/oxidation) was consistently highly represented in the rhizosphere microbiomes of both JA and JB. Overall, this study provides insights into the rhizosphere microbiome composition, diversity and metabolic pathways of both wilted and unwilted A.mexicana L. individuals in the WLFZ of Wudongde reservoir, and the results give valuable clues for manipulating microbes to support plant growth in such a recently-formed WLFZ under a dry-hot valley environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Zhou
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, ChinaSchool of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, ChinaChongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Maohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
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Rahman KU, Ali K, Rauf M, Arif M. Aspergillus nomiae and fumigatus Ameliorating the Hypoxic Stress Induced by Waterlogging through Ethylene Metabolism in Zea mays L. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2025. [PMID: 37630585 PMCID: PMC10459883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient and prolonged waterlogging stress (WS) stimulates ethylene (ET) generation in plants, but their reprogramming is critical in determining the plants' fate under WS, which can be combated by the application of symbiotically associated beneficial microbes that induce resistance to WS. The present research was rationalized to explore the potential of the newly isolated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase-producing fungal endophytic consortium of Aspergillus nomiae (MA1) and Aspergillus fumigatus (MA4) on maize growth promotion under WS. MA1 and MA4 were isolated from the seeds of Moringa oleifera L., which ably produced a sufficient amount of IAA, proline, phenols, and flavonoids. MA1 and MA4 proficiently colonized the root zone of maize (Zea mays L.). The symbiotic association of MA1 and MA4 promoted the growth response of maize compared with the non-inoculated plants under WS stress. Moreover, MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants enhanced the production of total soluble protein, sugar, lipids, phenolics, and flavonoids, with a reduction in proline content and H2O2 production. MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants showed an increase in the DPPH activity and antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and POD, along with an increased level of hormonal content (GA3 and IAA) and decreased ABA and ACC contents. Optimal stomatal activity in leaf tissue and adventitious root formation at the root/stem junction was increased in MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants, with reduced lysigenous aerenchyma formation, ratio of cortex-to-stele, water-filled cells, and cell gaps within roots; increased tight and round cells; and intact cortical cells without damage. MA1 and MA4 induced a reduction in deformed mesophyll cells, and deteriorated epidermal and vascular bundle cells, as well as swollen metaxylem, phloem, pith, and cortical area, in maize plants under WS compared with control. Moreover, the transcript abundance of ethylene-responsive gene ZmEREB180, responsible for the induction of the WS tolerance in maize, showed optimally reduced expression sufficient for induction in WS tolerance, in MA1- and MA4-inoculated maize plants under WS compared with the non-inoculated control. The existing research supported the use of MA1 and MA4 isolates for establishing the bipartite mutualistic symbiosis in maize to assuage the adverse effects of WS by optimizing ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Kashmala Ali
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Mamoona Rauf
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
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Missbach K, Flatschacher D, Bueschl C, Samson JM, Leibetseder S, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Zeilinger S, Schuhmacher R. Light-Induced Changes in Secondary Metabolite Production of Trichoderma atroviride. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:785. [PMID: 37623556 PMCID: PMC10456024 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies aim at maximizing fungal secondary metabolite production but the influence of light during cultivation has often been neglected. Here, we combined an untargeted isotope-assisted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach with standardized cultivation of Trichoderma atroviride under three defined light regimes (darkness (PD), reduced light (RL) exposure, and 12/12 h light/dark cycle (LD)) to systematically determine the effect of light on secondary metabolite production. Comparative analyses revealed a similar metabolite profile upon cultivation in PD and RL, whereas LD treatment had an inhibiting effect on both the number and abundance of metabolites. Additionally, the spatial distribution of the detected metabolites for PD and RL was analyzed. From the more than 500 detected metabolites, only 25 were exclusively produced upon fungal growth in darkness and 85 were significantly more abundant in darkness. The majority were detected under both cultivation conditions and annotation revealed a cluster of substances whose production followed the pattern observed for the well-known T. atroviride metabolite 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone. We conclude that cultivation of T. atroviride under RL can be used to maximize secondary metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Missbach
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Bueschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.)
| | - Jonathan Matthew Samson
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.)
| | - Stefan Leibetseder
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.L.)
| | | | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.)
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Han W, Wu Z, Zhong Z, Williams J, Jacobsen SE, Sun Z, Tang Y. Assessing the Biosynthetic Inventory of the Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum T22. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37471583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural products biosynthesized from biocontrol fungi in the rhizosphere can have both beneficial and deleterious effects on plants. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from the widely used biocontrol fungus Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 (ThT22). This fungus encodes at least 64 BGCs, yet only seven compounds and four BGCs were previously characterized or mined. We correlated 21 BGCs of ThT22 with known primary and secondary metabolites through homologous BGC comparison and characterized one unknown BGC involved in the biosynthesis of eujavanicol A using heterologous expression. In addition, we performed untargeted transcriptomics and metabolic analysis to demonstrate the activation of silent ThT22 BGCs via the "one strain many compound" (OSMAC) approach. Collectively, our analysis showcases the biosynthetic capacity of ThT22 and paves the way for fully exploring the roles of natural products of ThT22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jason Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zuodong Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Xie P, Yang S, Liu X, Zhang T, Zhao X, Wen T, Zhang J, Xue C, Shen Q, Yuan J. Learning from Seed Microbes: Trichoderma Coating Intervenes in Rhizosphere Microbiome Assembly. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0309722. [PMID: 37195176 PMCID: PMC10269462 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03097-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed-associated microbiomes can impact the later colonization of a plant rhizosphere microbiome. However, there remains little insight into the underlying mechanisms concerning how alterations in the composition of the seed microbiome may intervene in the assembly of a rhizosphere microbiome. In this study, the fungus Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 was introduced to both maize and watermelon seed microbiomes by seed coating. Application was found to significantly promote seed germination and improve plant growth and rhizosphere soil quality. The activities of acid phosphatase, cellulase, peroxidase, sucrase, and α-glucosidase increased significantly in two crops. The introduction of Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 also led to a decrease in the occurrence of disease. Coating with T. guizhouense NJAU4742 did not alter the alpha diversities of the bacterial and fungal communities but formed a key network module that contained both Trichoderma and Mortierella. This key network module comprised of these potentially beneficial microorganisms was positively linked with the belowground biomass and activities of rhizosphere soil enzymes but negatively correlated with disease incidence. Overall, this study provides insights into plant growth promotion and plant health maintenance via seed coating in order to influence the rhizosphere microbiome. IMPORTANCE Seed-associated microbiomes can impact the rhizosphere microbiome assembly and function display. However, there remains little insight into the underlying mechanisms concerning how alterations in the composition of the seed microbiome with the beneficial microbes may intervene in the assembly of a rhizosphere microbiome. Here, we introduced T. guizhouense NJAU4742 to the seed microbiome by seed coating. This introduction led to a decrease in the occurrence of disease and an increase in plant growth; furthermore, it formed a key network module that contained both Trichoderma and Mortierella. Our study provides insights into plant growth promotion and plant health maintenance via seed coating in order to influence the rhizosphere microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengdie Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Green Intelligent Fertilizer Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ghoneem KM, Al-Askar AA, Saber WIA. A Simple Formula of the Endophytic Trichoderma viride, a Case Study for the Management of Rhizoctonia solani on the Common Bean. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1358. [PMID: 37374140 DOI: 10.3390/life13061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of beneficial endophytic microorganisms presents a promising and innovative strategy for attaining environmental sustainability and fostering development. The majority of microbial bioagents are unsuitable for preparation in a suitable granular formula, and few are prepared in complicated formulas. In this work, Trichoderma viride was simply prepared in a marketable granular formula to manage Rhizoctonia solani and improve common bean growth. The GC-MS analysis showed several antimicrobial compounds in the fungal filtrate. T. viride was able to suppress the phytopathogenic R. solani in the laboratory. The formula had up to 6 months of shelf-life viability. Under greenhouse conditions, the formula improved plant resistance against R. solani. Moreover, the vegetative plant growth and physiological performance (peroxidase, polyphenol, total phenols, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and photosynthetic pigments) of the common bean showed obvious promotion. The formula reduced the disease incidence by 82.68% and increased the yield by 69.28%. This work may be considered a step in the right direction for producing simple bioactive products on a large scale. Moreover, the study's findings suggest that this method can be considered a novel approach to enhancing plant growth and protection, in addition to reducing costs, improving handling and application, and maintaining fungal viability for enhancing plant growth and protecting against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Ghoneem
- Seed Pathology Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Askar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - WesamEldin I A Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
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46
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Turkan S, Mierek-Adamska A, Kulasek M, Konieczna WB, Dąbrowska GB. New seed coating containing Trichoderma viride with anti-pathogenic properties. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15392. [PMID: 37283892 PMCID: PMC10239620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To ensure food security in the face of climate change and the growing world population, multi-pronged measures should be taken. One promising approach uses plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF), such as Trichoderma, to reduce the usage of agrochemicals and increase plant yield, stress tolerance, and nutritional value. However, large-scale applications of PGPF have been hampered by several constraints, and, consequently, usage on a large scale is still limited. Seed coating, a process that consists of covering seeds with low quantities of exogenous materials, is gaining attention as an efficient and feasible delivery system for PGPF. Methods We have designed a new seed coating composed of chitin, methylcellulose, and Trichoderma viride spores and assessed its effect on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth and development. For this purpose, we analyzed the antifungal activity of T. viride against common canola pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, and Colletotrichum sp.). Moreover, the effect of seed coating on germination ratio and seedling growth was evaluated. To verify the effect of seed coating on plant metabolism, we determined superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of the stress-related RSH (RelA/SpoT homologs). Results Our results showed that the T. viride strains used for seed coating significantly restricted the growth of all three pathogens, especially F. culmorum, for which the growth was inhibited by over 40%. Additionally, the new seed coating did not negatively affect the ability of the seeds to complete germination, increased seedling growth, and did not induce the plant stress response. To summarize, we have successfully developed a cost-effective and environmentally responsible seed coating, which will also be easy to exploit on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Turkan
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Wiktoria B. Konieczna
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Grażyna B. Dąbrowska
- Department of Genetics/Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Nascimento Brito V, Lana Alves J, Sírio Araújo K, de Souza Leite T, Borges de Queiroz C, Liparini Pereira O, de Queiroz MV. Endophytic Trichoderma species from rubber trees native to the Brazilian Amazon, including four new species. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1095199. [PMID: 37143529 PMCID: PMC10151590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1095199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma have been widely recognized as efficient controllers of plant diseases. Although the majority of isolates currently deployed, thus far, have been isolated from soil, endophytic Trichoderma spp. is considered to be a promising option for application in biocontrol. In this study, 30 endophytic Trichoderma isolates-obtained from the leaves, stems, and roots of wild Hevea spp. in the Brazilian Amazon-were analyzed using specific DNA barcodes: sequences of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of rDNA (ITS region), genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) concept was used for species delimitation. A phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma species, such as T. erinaceum, T. ovalisporum, T. koningiopsis, T. sparsum, T. lentiforme, T. virens, and T. spirale. Molecular and morphological features resulted in the discovery of four new species, such as T. acreanum sp. nov., T. ararianum sp. nov., T. heveae sp. nov., and T. brasiliensis sp. nov. The BI and ML analyses shared a similar topology, providing high support to the final trees. The phylograms show three distinct subclades, namely, T. acreanum and T. ararianum being paraphyletic with T. koningiopsis; T. heveae with T. subviride; and T. brasiliensis with T. brevicompactum. This study adds to our knowledge of the diversity of endophytic Trichoderma species in Neotropical forests and reveals new potential biocontrol agents for the management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janaina Lana Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kaliane Sírio Araújo
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago de Souza Leite
- Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais—Campus Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Casley Borges de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Microbiologia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sehim AE, Hewedy OA, Altammar KA, Alhumaidi MS, Abd Elghaffar RY. Trichoderma asperellum empowers tomato plants and suppresses Fusarium oxysporum through priming responses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140378. [PMID: 36998401 PMCID: PMC10043483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes play crucial roles in plant health and promote growth under stress. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the strategic crops grown throughout Egypt and is a widely grown vegetable worldwide. However, plant disease severely affects tomato production. The post-harvest disease (Fusarium wilt disease) affects food security globally, especially in the tomato fields. Thus, an alternative effective and economical biological treatment to the disease was recently established using Trichoderma asperellum. However, the role of rhizosphere microbiota in the resistance of tomato plants against soil-borne Fusarium wilt disease (FWD) remains unclear. In the current study, a dual culture assay of T. asperellum against various phytopathogens (e.g., Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, and F. graminerarum) was performed in vitro. Interestingly, T. asperellum exhibited the highest mycelial inhibition rate (53.24%) against F. oxysporum. In addition, 30% free cell filtrate of T. asperellum inhibited F. oxysporum by 59.39%. Various underlying mechanisms were studied to explore the antifungal activity against F. oxysporum, such as chitinase activity, analysis of bioactive compounds by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and assessment of fungal secondary metabolites against F. oxysporum mycotoxins in tomato fruits. Additionally, the plant growth-promoting traits of T. asperellum were studied (e.g., IAA production, Phosphate solubilization), and the impact on tomato seeds germination. Scanning electron microscopy, plant root sections, and confocal microscopy were used to show the mobility of the fungal endophyte activity to promote tomato root growth compared with untreated tomato root. T. asperellum enhanced the growth of tomato seeds and controlled the wilt disease caused by the phytopathogen F. oxysporum by enhancing the number of leaves as well as shoot and root length (cm) and fresh and dry weights (g). Furthermore, Trichoderma extract protects tomato fruits from post-harvest infection by F. oxysporum. Taking together, T. asperellum represents a safe and effective controlling agent against Fusarium infection of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira E. Sehim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Omar A. Hewedy,
| | - Khadijah A. Altammar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam S. Alhumaidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Mushtaq S, Bareen FE, Tayyeb A, Nazir A. Autochthonous strains of Trichoderma isolated from tannery solid waste improve phytoextraction potential of heavy metals by sunflower. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1435-1454. [PMID: 36591641 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2161995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research work was aimed at isolating and demonstrating the significant potential of autochthonous fungi for phytoextraction of hazardous metals in metal polluted soil using Helianthus annuus. Four multi-metal resistant strains of Trichoderma were selected from a total of 21 strains isolated from tannery polluted soil and tannery solid waste. Autochthonous Trichoderma strains were used singly and in the form of consortium (TC). Sunflower was grown in pots for 90 days having eight different amendments of tannery polluted soil with and without Trichoderma inoculation. Growth and biochemical attributes of the plants were observed along with metal content extract by different plant parts. The results revealed that TC enhanced shoot length, shoot dry weight, and metal uptake as compared to single specie inoculation. Similarly, BCF (72.8-118.23%) and TF were significantly pronounced in shoots of H. annuus grown with TC at 40% amended soil. The biochemical analysis of the plants showed that Trichoderma strains boosted the enzymatic (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) antioxidants in the plants. The use of indigenous fungi with metal accumulating plants like sunflower can help to alleviate metal contamination from industrial sites and can make the soil cultivable for energy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Mushtaq
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Firdaus E Bareen
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Nazir
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Rai S, Omar AF, Rehan M, Al-Turki A, Sagar A, Ilyas N, Sayyed RZ, Hasanuzzaman M. Crop microbiome: their role and advances in molecular and omic techniques for the sustenance of agriculture. PLANTA 2022; 257:27. [PMID: 36583789 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is an effort to provide in-depth knowledge of microbe's interaction and its role in crop microbiome using combination of advanced molecular and OMICS technology to translate this information for the sustenance of agriculture. Increasing population, climate change and exhaustive agricultural practices either influenced nutrient inputs of soil or generating biological and physico-chemical deterioration of the soils and affecting the agricultural productivity and agro-ecosystems. Alarming concerns toward food security and crop production claim for renewed attention in microbe-based farming practices. Microbes are omnipresent (soil, water, and air) and their close association with plants would help to accomplish sustainable agriculture goals. In the last few decades, the search for beneficial microbes in crop production, soil fertilization, disease management, and plant growth promotion is the thirst for eco-friendly agriculture. The crop microbiome opens new paths to utilize beneficial microbes and manage pathogenic microbes through integrated advanced biotechnology. The crop microbiome helps plants acquire nutrients, growth, resilience against phytopathogens, and tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity. Despite the emergent functionality of the crop microbiome as a complicated constituent of the plant fitness, our understanding of how the functionality of microbiome influenced by numerous factors including genotype of host, climatic conditions, mobilization of minerals, soil composition, nutrient availability, interaction between nexus of microbes, and interactions with other external microbiomes is partially understood. However, the structure, composition, dynamics, and functional contribution of such cultured and uncultured crop microbiome are least explored. The advanced biotechnological approaches are efficient tools for acquiring the information required to investigate the microbiome and extract data to develop high yield producing and resistant variety crops. This knowledge fills the fundamental gap between the theoretical concepts and the operational use of these advanced tools in crop microbiome studies. Here, we review (1) structure and composition of crop microbiome, (2) microbiome-mediated role associated with crops fitness, (3) Molecular and -omics techniques for exploration of crop microbiome, and (4) current approaches and future prospectives of crop microbiome and its exploitation for sustainable agriculture. Recent -omic approaches are influential tool for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management of crops microbiome. Identification of crop microbiome, using system biology and rhizho-engineering, can help to develop future bioformulations for disease management, reclamation of stressed agro-ecosystems, and improved productivity of crops. Nano-system approaches combined with triggering molecules of crop microbiome can help in designing of nano-biofertilizers and nano-biopesticides. This combination has numerous merits over the traditional bioinoculants. They stimulate various defense mechanisms in plants facing stress conditions; provide bioavailability of nutrients in the soil, helps mitigate stress conditions; and enhance chances of crops establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, SHEPA, Varanasi, India.
| | - Ayman F Omar
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory and EPCRS Excellence Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Medhat Rehan
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, College of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Al-Turki
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alka Sagar
- Department of Microbiology, MIET, Meerut, India
| | - Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - R Z Sayyed
- Asian PGPR Society, Auburn Venture, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
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