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Song H, Wu Y, Dai X, Dal Corso J, Wang F, Feng Y, Chu D, Tian L, Song H, Foster WJ. Respiratory protein-driven selectivity during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100618. [PMID: 38638583 PMCID: PMC11025005 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Extinction selectivity determines the direction of macroevolution, especially during mass extinction; however, its driving mechanisms remain poorly understood. By investigating the physiological selectivity of marine animals during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, we found that marine clades with lower O2-carrying capacity hemerythrin proteins and those relying on O2 diffusion experienced significantly greater extinction intensity and body-size reduction than those with higher O2-carrying capacity hemoglobin or hemocyanin proteins. Our findings suggest that animals with high O2-carrying capacity obtained the necessary O2 even under hypoxia and compensated for the increased energy requirements caused by ocean acidification, which enabled their survival during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Thus, high O2-carrying capacity may have been crucial for the transition from the Paleozoic to the Modern Evolutionary Fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xu Dai
- Biogéosciences, UMR 6282, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jacopo Dal Corso
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Daoliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huyue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Wong W, Bravo P, Yunker PJ, Ratcliff WC, Burnetti AJ. Examining the role of oxygen-binding proteins on the early evolution of multicellularity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569647. [PMID: 38106219 PMCID: PMC10723371 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen availability is a key factor in the evolution of multicellularity, as larger and more sophisticated organisms often require mechanisms allowing efficient oxygen delivery to their tissues. One such mechanism is the presence of oxygen-binding proteins, such as globins and hemerythrins, which arose in the ancestor of bilaterian animals. Despite their importance, the precise mechanisms by which oxygen-binding proteins influenced the early stages of multicellular evolution under varying environmental oxygen levels are not yet clear. We addressed this knowledge gap by heterologously expressing the oxygen binding proteins myoglobin and myohemerythrin in snowflake yeast, a model system of simple, undifferentiated multicellularity. These proteins increased the depth and rate of oxygen diffusion, increasing the fitness of snowflake yeast growing aerobically. Experiments show that, paradoxically, oxygen-binding proteins confer a greater fitness benefit for larger organisms under high, not low, O2 conditions. We show via biophysical modeling that this is because facilitated diffusion is more efficient when oxygen is abundant, transporting a greater quantity of O2 which can be used for metabolism. By alleviating anatomical diffusion limitations to oxygen consumption, the evolution of O2-binding proteins in the oxygen-rich Neoproterozoic may have been a key breakthrough enabling the evolution of increasingly large, complex multicellular metazoan lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Pablo Bravo
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Peter J Yunker
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - William C Ratcliff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Anthony J Burnetti
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Coates CJ, Belato FA, Halanych KM, Costa-Paiva EM. Structure-Function Relationships of Oxygen Transport Proteins in Marine Invertebrates Enduring Higher Temperatures and Deoxygenation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:134-148. [PMID: 36548976 DOI: 10.1086/722472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPredictions for climate change-to lesser and greater extents-reveal a common scenario in which marine waters are characterized by a deadly trio of stressors: higher temperatures, lower oxygen levels, and acidification. Ectothermic taxa that inhabit coastal waters, such as shellfish, are vulnerable to rapid and prolonged environmental disturbances, such as heatwaves, pollution-induced eutrophication, and dysoxia. Oxygen transport capacity of the hemolymph (blood equivalent) is considered the proximal driver of thermotolerance and respiration in many invertebrates. Moreover, maintaining homeostasis under environmental duress is inextricably linked to the activities of the hemolymph-based oxygen transport or binding proteins. Several protein groups fulfill this role in marine invertebrates: copper-based extracellular hemocyanins, iron-based intracellular hemoglobins and hemerythrins, and giant extracellular hemoglobins. In this brief text, we revisit the distribution and multifunctional properties of oxygen transport proteins, notably hemocyanins, in the context of climate change, and the consequent physiological reprogramming of marine invertebrates.
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Maria Costa-Paiva E, Mello B, Santos Bezerra B, Coates CJ, Halanych KM, Brown F, de Moraes Leme J, Trindade RIF. Molecular dating of the blood pigment hemocyanin provides new insight into the origin of animals. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:333-345. [PMID: 34766436 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Neoproterozoic included changes in oceanic redox conditions, the configuration of continents and climate, extreme ice ages (Sturtian and Marinoan), and the rise of complex life forms. A much-debated topic in geobiology concerns the influence of atmospheric oxygenation on Earth and the origin and diversification of animal lineages, with the most widely popularized hypotheses relying on causal links between oxygen levels and the rise of animals. The vast majority of extant animals use aerobic metabolism for growth and homeostasis; hence, the binding and transportation of oxygen represent a vital physiological task. Considering the blood pigment hemocyanin (Hc) is present in sponges and ctenophores, and likely to be present in the common ancestor of animals, we investigated the evolution and date of Hc emergence using bioinformatics approaches on both transcriptomic and genomic data. Bayesian molecular dating suggested that the ancestral animal Hc gene arose approximately 881 Ma during the Tonian Period (1000-720 Ma), prior to the extreme glaciation events of the Cryogenian Period (720-635 Ma). This result is corroborated by a recently discovered fossil of a putative sponge ~890 Ma and modern molecular dating for the origin of metazoans of ~1,000-650 Ma (but does contradict previous inferences regarding the origin of Hc ~700-600 Ma). Our data reveal that crown-group animals already possessed hemocyanin-like blood pigments, which may have enhanced the oxygen-carrying capacity of these animals in hypoxic environments at that time or acted in the transport of hormones, detoxification of heavy metals, and immunity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maria Costa-Paiva
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mello
- Genetics Department, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Santos Bezerra
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Kenneth M Halanych
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Federico Brown
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo I F Trindade
- Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Smith DFQ, Camacho E, Thakur R, Barron AJ, Dong Y, Dimopoulos G, Broderick NA, Casadevall A. Glyphosate inhibits melanization and increases susceptibility to infection in insects. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001182. [PMID: 33979323 PMCID: PMC8115815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin, a black-brown pigment found throughout all kingdoms of life, has diverse biological functions including UV protection, thermoregulation, oxidant scavenging, arthropod immunity, and microbial virulence. Given melanin's broad roles in the biosphere, particularly in insect immune defenses, it is important to understand how exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminants affects melanization. Glyphosate-the most widely used herbicide globally-inhibits melanin production, which could have wide-ranging implications in the health of many organisms, including insects. Here, we demonstrate that glyphosate has deleterious effects on insect health in 2 evolutionary distant species, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting a broad effect in insects. Glyphosate reduced survival of G. mellonella caterpillars following infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased the size of melanized nodules formed in hemolymph, which normally help eliminate infection. Glyphosate also increased the burden of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum in A. gambiae mosquitoes, altered uninfected mosquito survival, and perturbed the microbial composition of adult mosquito midguts. Our results show that glyphosate's mechanism of melanin inhibition involves antioxidant synergy and disruption of the reaction oxidation-reduction balance. Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosate's environmental accumulation could render insects more susceptible to microbial pathogens due to melanin inhibition, immune impairment, and perturbations in microbiota composition, potentially contributing to declines in insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Q. Smith
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emma Camacho
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raviraj Thakur
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Barron
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nichole A. Broderick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Song S, Starunov V, Bailly X, Ruta C, Kerner P, Cornelissen AJM, Balavoine G. Globins in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii shed new light on hemoglobin evolution in bilaterians. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:165. [PMID: 33371890 PMCID: PMC7771090 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How vascular systems and their respiratory pigments evolved is still debated. While many animals present a vascular system, hemoglobin exists as a blood pigment only in a few groups (vertebrates, annelids, a few arthropod and mollusk species). Hemoglobins are formed of globin sub-units, belonging to multigene families, in various multimeric assemblages. It was so far unclear whether hemoglobin families from different bilaterian groups had a common origin. RESULTS To unravel globin evolution in bilaterians, we studied the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, a species with a slow evolving genome. Platynereis exhibits a closed vascular system filled with extracellular hemoglobin. Platynereis genome and transcriptomes reveal a family of 19 globins, nine of which are predicted to be extracellular. Extracellular globins are produced by specialized cells lining the vessels of the segmental appendages of the worm, serving as gills, and thus likely participate in the assembly of a previously characterized annelid-specific giant hemoglobin. Extracellular globin mRNAs are absent in smaller juveniles, accumulate considerably in growing and more active worms and peak in swarming adults, as the need for O2 culminates. Next, we conducted a metazoan-wide phylogenetic analysis of globins using data from complete genomes. We establish that five globin genes (stem globins) were present in the last common ancestor of bilaterians. Based on these results, we propose a new nomenclature of globins, with five clades. All five ancestral stem-globin clades are retained in some spiralians, while some clades disappeared early in deuterostome and ecdysozoan evolution. All known bilaterian blood globin families are grouped in a single clade (clade I) together with intracellular globins of bilaterians devoid of red blood. CONCLUSIONS We uncover a complex "pre-blood" evolution of globins, with an early gene radiation in ancestral bilaterians. Circulating hemoglobins in various bilaterian groups evolved convergently, presumably in correlation with animal size and activity. However, all hemoglobins derive from a clade I globin, or cytoglobin, probably involved in intracellular O2 transit and regulation. The annelid Platynereis is remarkable in having a large family of extracellular blood globins, while retaining all clades of ancestral bilaterian globins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Song
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris / CNRS, UMR7592, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris / CNRS, UMR7057, Paris, France
| | - Viktor Starunov
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Morphology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaja nab. 1, 199034, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Xavier Bailly
- Laboratoire des Modèles Marins Multicellulaires, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université / CNRS, FR2424, Roscoff, France
| | - Christine Ruta
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pierre Kerner
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris / CNRS, UMR7592, Paris, France
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7
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Belato FA, Coates CJ, Halanych KM, Weber RE, Costa-Paiva EM. Evolutionary History of the Globin Gene Family in Annelids. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1719-1733. [PMID: 32597988 PMCID: PMC7549130 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals depend on the sequential oxidation of organic molecules to survive; thus, oxygen-carrying/transporting proteins play a fundamental role in aerobic metabolism. Globins are the most common and widespread group of respiratory proteins. They can be divided into three types: circulating intracellular, noncirculating intracellular, and extracellular, all of which have been reported in annelids. The diversity of oxygen transport proteins has been underestimated across metazoans. We probed 250 annelid transcriptomes in search of globin diversity in order to elucidate the evolutionary history of this gene family within this phylum. We report two new globin types in annelids, namely androglobins and cytoglobins. Although cytoglobins and myoglobins from vertebrates and from invertebrates are referred to by the same name, our data show they are not genuine orthologs. Our phylogenetic analyses show that extracellular globins from annelids are more closely related to extracellular globins from other metazoans than to the intracellular globins of annelids. Broadly, our findings indicate that multiple gene duplication and neo-functionalization events shaped the evolutionary history of the globin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia A Belato
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth M Halanych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University
| | - Roy E Weber
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The copper-containing hemocyanins are proteins responsible for the binding, transportation and storage of dioxygen within the blood (hemolymph) of many invertebrates. Several additional functions have been attributed to both arthropod and molluscan hemocyanins, including (but not limited to) enzymatic activity (namely phenoloxidase), hormone transport, homeostasis (ecdysis) and hemostasis (clot formation). An important secondary function of hemocyanin involves aspects of innate immunity-such as acting as a precursor of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides and microbial/viral agglutination. In this chapter, we present the reader with an up-to-date synthesis of the known functions of hemocyanins and the structural features that facilitate such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Recent Insights into the Diversity and Evolution of Invertebrate Hemerythrins and Extracellular Globins. Subcell Biochem 2020; 94:251-273. [PMID: 32189303 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
There are three broad groups of oxygen-transport proteins found in the haemolymph (blood) of invertebrates, namely the hemocyanins, the hemerythrins and the globins. Both hemerythrins and extracellular globins are iron-based proteins that are understudied when compared to the copper-containing hemocyanins. Recent evidence suggests that hemerythrins and (giant) extracellular globins (and their linker chains) are more widely distributed than previously thought and may have biological functions beyond oxygen transport and storage. Herein, we review contemporary literature of these often-neglected proteins with respect to their structural configurations on formation and ancestral states.
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Varney RM, Funch P, Kocot KM, Sørensen MV. A new species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USA, and insights into the kinorhynch transcriptome. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The rise of animal life is temporally related to the increased availability of oxygen in the hydrosphere and atmosphere during the Neoproterozoic. However, the earliest metazoans probably needed relatively low oxygen concentrations, suggesting additional environmental and/or biochemical developments were involved. Copper was required in the exploitation of oxygen by the evolving animals, through the development of respiratory proteins and the extracellular matrix required for structural support. We synthesize global data demonstrating a marked enrichment of copper in the Earth’s crust that coincided with the biological use of oxygen, and this new biological use of copper. The copper enrichment was likely recycled into the surface environment by weathering of basalt and other magmatic rocks, at copper liberation rates up to 300 times that of typical granitic terrain. The weathering of basalts also triggered the Sturtian glaciation, which accelerated erosion. We postulate that the coincidence of a high availability of copper, along with increased oxygen levels, for the first time during the Neoproterozoic supported the critical advances of respiration and structural support in evolving animals.
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Belato FA, Schrago CG, Coates CJ, Halanych KM, Costa-Paiva EM. Newly Discovered Occurrences and Gene Tree of the Extracellular Globins and Linker Chains from the Giant Hexagonal Bilayer Hemoglobin in Metazoans. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:597-612. [PMID: 30668717 PMCID: PMC6400237 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms depend on oxygen-carrying proteins to transport oxygen throughout the body; therefore, proteins such as hemoglobins (Hbs), hemocyanins, and hemerythrins are essential for maintenance of tissues and cellular respiration. Vertebrate Hbs are among the most extensively studied proteins; however, much less is known about invertebrate Hbs. Recent studies of hemocyanins and hemerythrins have demonstrated that they have much wider distributions than previously thought, suggesting that oxygen-binding protein diversity is underestimated across metazoans. Hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin (HBL-Hb), a blood pigment found exclusively in annelids, is a polymer comprised up to 144 extracellular globins and 36 linker chains. To further understand the evolutionary history of this protein complex, we explored the diversity of linkers and extracellular globins from HBL-Hbs using in silico approaches on 319 metazoan and one choanoflagellate transcriptomes. We found 559 extracellular globin and 414 linker genes transcribed in 171 species from ten animal phyla with new records in Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Nemertea, Bryozoa, Phoronida, Platyhelminthes, and Priapulida. Contrary to previous suggestions that linkers and extracellular globins emerged in the annelid ancestor, our findings indicate that they have putatively emerged before the protostome-deuterostome split. For the first time, we unveiled the comprehensive evolutionary history of metazoan HBL-Hb components, which consists of multiple episodes of gene gains and losses. Moreover, because our study design surveyed linkers and extracellular globins independently, we were able to cross-validate our results, significantly reducing the rate of false positives. We confirmed that the distribution of HBL-Hb components has until now been underestimated among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia A Belato
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Schrago
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth M Halanych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University
| | - Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Costa-Paiva EM, Schrago CG, Coates CJ, Halanych KM. Discovery of Novel Hemocyanin-Like Genes in Metazoans. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:134-151. [PMID: 30624121 DOI: 10.1086/700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among animals, two major groups of oxygen-binding proteins are found: proteins that use iron to bind oxygen (hemoglobins and hemerythrins) and two non-homologous hemocyanins that use copper. Although arthropod and mollusc hemocyanins bind oxygen in the same manner, they are distinct in their molecular structures. In order to better understand the range of natural variation in hemocyanins, we searched for them in a diverse array of metazoan transcriptomes by using bioinformatics tools to examine hemocyanin evolutionary history and to consequently revive the discussion about whether all metazoan hemocyanins shared a common origin with frequent losses or whether they originated separately after the divergence of Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. We confirm that the distribution of hemocyanin-like genes is more widespread than previously reported, including five putative novel mollusc hemocyanin genes in two annelid species from Chaetopteridae. For arthropod hemocyanins, 16 putative novel genes were retained, and the presence of arthropod hemocyanins in 11 annelid species represents a novel observation. Interestingly, Annelida is the lineage that presents the greatest repertoire of oxygen transport proteins reported to date, possessing all the main superfamily proteins, which could be explained partially by the immense variability of lifestyles and habitats. Work presented here contradicts the canonical view that hemocyanins are restricted to molluscs and arthropods, suggesting that the occurrence of copper-based blood pigments in metazoans has been underestimated. Our results also support the idea of the presence of oxygen carrier hemocyanins being widespread across metazoans with an evolutionary history characterized by frequent losses.
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Key Words
- GO, Gene Ontology
- Hbs, hemoglobins
- Hc, hemocyanin
- HcA, arthropod hemocyanin
- HcM, mollusc hemocyanin
- Hrs, hemerythrins
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PE, paired end
- p.p., posterior probability
- tyr, tyrosinase domain
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Scherbaum S, Hellmann N, Fernández R, Pick C, Burmester T. Diversity, evolution, and function of myriapod hemocyanins. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:107. [PMID: 29976142 PMCID: PMC6034248 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemocyanin transports O2 in the hemolymph of many arthropod species. Such respiratory proteins have long been considered unnecessary in Myriapoda. As a result, the presence of hemocyanin in Myriapoda has long been overlooked. We analyzed transcriptome and genome sequences from all major myriapod taxa – Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda – with the aim of identifying hemocyanin-like proteins. Results We investigated the genomes and transcriptomes of 56 myriapod species and identified 46 novel full-length hemocyanin subunit sequences in 20 species of Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Symphyla, but not Pauropoda. We found in Cleidogona sp. (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida) a hemocyanin-like sequence with mutated copper-binding centers, which cannot bind O2. An RNA-seq approach showed markedly different hemocyanin mRNA levels from ~ 6 to 25,000 reads per kilobase per million reads. To evaluate the contribution of hemocyanin to O2 transport, we specifically studied the hemocyanin of the centipede Scolopendra dehaani. This species harbors two distinct hemocyanin subunits with low expression levels. We showed cooperative O2 binding in the S. dehaani hemolymph, indicating that hemocyanin supports O2 transport even at low concentration. Further, we demonstrated that hemocyanin is > 1500-fold more highly expressed in the fertilized egg than in the adult. Conclusion Hemocyanin was most likely the respiratory protein in the myriapod stem-lineage, but multiple taxa may have independently lost hemocyanin and thus the ability of efficient O2 transport. In myriapods, hemocyanin is much more widespread than initially appreciated. Some myriapods express hemocyanin only at low levels, which are, nevertheless, sufficient for O2 supply. Notably, also in myriapods, a non-respiratory protein similar to insect storage hexamerins evolved from the hemocyanin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1221-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Hellmann
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Bioinformatics & Genomics Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, 08004, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Pick
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Alvarez‐Carreño C, Alva V, Becerra A, Lazcano A. Structure, function and evolution of the hemerythrin-like domain superfamily. Protein Sci 2018; 27:848-860. [PMID: 29330894 PMCID: PMC5866928 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hemerythrin-like proteins have generally been studied for their ability to reversibly bind oxygen through their binuclear nonheme iron centers. However, in recent years, it has become increasingly evident that some members of the hemerythrin-like superfamily also participate in many other biological processes. For instance, the binuclear nonheme iron site of YtfE, a hemerythrin-like protein involved in the repair of iron centers in Escherichia coli, catalyzes the reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide, and the human F-box/LRR-repeat protein 5, which contains a hemerythrin-like domain, is involved in intracellular iron homeostasis. Furthermore, structural data on hemerythrin-like domains from two proteins of unknown function, PF0695 from Pyrococcus furiosus and NMB1532 from Neisseria meningitidis, show that the cation-binding sites, typical of hemerythrin, can be absent or be occupied by metal ions other than iron. To systematically investigate this functional and structural diversity of the hemerythrin-like superfamily, we have collected hemerythrin-like sequences from a database comprising fully sequenced proteomes and generated a cluster map based on their all-against-all pairwise sequence similarity. Our results show that the hemerythrin-like superfamily comprises a large number of protein families which can be classified into three broad groups on the basis of their cation-coordinating residues: (a) signal-transduction and oxygen-carrier hemerythrins (H-HxxxE-HxxxH-HxxxxD); (b) hemerythrin-like (H-HxxxE-H-HxxxE); and, (c) metazoan F-box proteins (H-HExxE-H-HxxxE). Interestingly, all but two hemerythrin-like families exhibit internal sequence and structural symmetry, suggesting that a duplication event may have led to the origin of the hemerythrin domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alvarez‐Carreño
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70‐407, Cd. UniversitariaMexico City04510Mexico
| | - Vikram Alva
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingen72076Germany
| | - Arturo Becerra
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70‐407, Cd. UniversitariaMexico City04510Mexico
| | - Antonio Lazcano
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70‐407, Cd. UniversitariaMexico City04510Mexico
- Miembro de El Colegio NacionalMexico
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16
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Costa-Paiva EM, Schrago CG, Halanych KM. Broad Phylogenetic Occurrence of the Oxygen-Binding Hemerythrins in Bilaterians. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2580-2591. [PMID: 29016798 PMCID: PMC5629950 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal tissues need to be properly oxygenated for carrying out catabolic respiration and, as such, natural selection has presumably favored special molecules that can reversibly bind and transport oxygen. Hemoglobins, hemocyanins, and hemerythrins (Hrs) fulfill this role, with Hrs being the least studied. Knowledge of oxygen-binding proteins is crucial for understanding animal physiology. Hr genes are present in the three domains of life, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota; however, within Animalia, Hrs has been reported only in marine species in six phyla (Annelida, Brachiopoda, Priapulida, Bryozoa, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda). Given this observed Hr distribution, whether all metazoan Hrs share a common origin is circumspect. We investigated Hr diversity and evolution in metazoans, by employing in silico approaches to survey for Hrs from of 120 metazoan transcriptomes and genomes. We found 58 candidate Hr genes actively transcribed in 36 species distributed in 11 animal phyla, with new records in Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Mollusca, Nemertea, Phoronida, and Platyhelminthes. Moreover, we found that “Hrs” reported from Cnidaria and Arthropoda were not consistent with that of other metazoan Hrs. Contrary to previous suggestions that Hr genes were absent in deuterostomes, we find Hr genes present in deuterostomes and were likely present in early bilaterians, but not in nonbilaterian animal lineages. As expected, the Hr gene tree did not mirror metazoan phylogeny, suggesting that Hrs evolutionary history was complex and besides the oxygen carrying capacity, the drivers of Hr evolution may also consist of secondary functional specializations of the proteins, like immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University
| | - Carlos G Schrago
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kenneth M Halanych
- Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University
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17
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Costa-Paiva EM, Whelan NV, Waits DS, Santos SR, Schrago CG, Halanych KM. Discovery and evolution of novel hemerythrin genes in annelid worms. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:85. [PMID: 28330441 PMCID: PMC5363010 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive study on hemoglobins and hemocyanins, little is known about hemerythrin (Hr) evolutionary history. Four subgroups of Hrs have been documented, including: circulating Hr (cHr), myohemerythrin (myoHr), ovohemerythrin (ovoHr), and neurohemerythrin (nHr). Annelids have the greatest diversity of oxygen carrying proteins among animals and are the only phylum in which all Hr subgroups have been documented. To examine Hr diversity in annelids and to further understand evolution of Hrs, we employed approaches to survey annelid transcriptomes in silico. RESULTS Sequences of 214 putative Hr genes were identified from 44 annelid species in 40 different families and Bayesian inference revealed two major clades with strong statistical support. Notably, the topology of the Hr gene tree did not mirror the phylogeny of Annelida as presently understood, and we found evidence of extensive Hr gene duplication and loss in annelids. Gene tree topology supported monophyly of cHrs and a myoHr clade that included nHrs sequences, indicating these designations are functional rather than evolutionary. CONCLUSIONS The presence of several cHrs in early branching taxa suggests that a variety of Hrs were present in the common ancestor of extant annelids. Although our analysis was limited to expressed-coding regions, our findings demonstrate a greater diversity of Hrs among annelids than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Nathan V Whelan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.,Warm Springs Fish Technology Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5308 Spring ST, Warm Springs, GA, 31830, USA
| | - Damien S Waits
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Scott R Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Carlos G Schrago
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kenneth M Halanych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Molette Biology Laboratory for Environmental and Climate Change Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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18
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Gaona-López C, Julián-Sánchez A, Riveros-Rosas H. Diversity and Evolutionary Analysis of Iron-Containing (Type-III) Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Eukaryotes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166851. [PMID: 27893862 PMCID: PMC5125639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity is widely distributed in the three domains of life. Currently, there are three non-homologous NAD(P)+-dependent ADH families reported: Type I ADH comprises Zn-dependent ADHs; type II ADH comprises short-chain ADHs described first in Drosophila; and, type III ADH comprises iron-containing ADHs (FeADHs). These three families arose independently throughout evolution and possess different structures and mechanisms of reaction. While types I and II ADHs have been extensively studied, analyses about the evolution and diversity of (type III) FeADHs have not been published yet. Therefore in this work, a phylogenetic analysis of FeADHs was performed to get insights into the evolution of this protein family, as well as explore the diversity of FeADHs in eukaryotes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Results showed that FeADHs from eukaryotes are distributed in thirteen protein subfamilies, eight of them possessing protein sequences distributed in the three domains of life. Interestingly, none of these protein subfamilies possess protein sequences found simultaneously in animals, plants and fungi. Many FeADHs are activated by or contain Fe2+, but many others bind to a variety of metals, or even lack of metal cofactor. Animal FeADHs are found in just one protein subfamily, the hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT) subfamily, which includes protein sequences widely distributed in fungi, but not in plants), and in several taxa from lower eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. Fungi FeADHs are found mainly in two subfamilies: HOT and maleylacetate reductase (MAR), but some can be found also in other three different protein subfamilies. Plant FeADHs are found only in chlorophyta but not in higher plants, and are distributed in three different protein subfamilies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE FeADHs are a diverse and ancient protein family that shares a common 3D scaffold with a patchy distribution in eukaryotes. The majority of sequenced FeADHs from eukaryotes are distributed in just two subfamilies, HOT and MAR (found mainly in animals and fungi). These two subfamilies comprise almost 85% of all sequenced FeADHs in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gaona-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Julián-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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19
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Molecular Evolution of the Oxygen-Binding Hemerythrin Domain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157904. [PMID: 27336621 PMCID: PMC4919030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis during Precambrian times entailed the diversification of strategies minimizing reactive oxygen species-associated damage. Four families of oxygen-carrier proteins (hemoglobin, hemerythrin and the two non-homologous families of arthropodan and molluscan hemocyanins) are known to have evolved independently the capacity to bind oxygen reversibly, providing cells with strategies to cope with the evolutionary pressure of oxygen accumulation. Oxygen-binding hemerythrin was first studied in marine invertebrates but further research has made it clear that it is present in the three domains of life, strongly suggesting that its origin predated the emergence of eukaryotes. Results Oxygen-binding hemerythrins are a monophyletic sub-group of the hemerythrin/HHE (histidine, histidine, glutamic acid) cation-binding domain. Oxygen-binding hemerythrin homologs were unambiguously identified in 367/2236 bacterial, 21/150 archaeal and 4/135 eukaryotic genomes. Overall, oxygen-binding hemerythrin homologues were found in the same proportion as single-domain and as long protein sequences. The associated functions of protein domains in long hemerythrin sequences can be classified in three major groups: signal transduction, phosphorelay response regulation, and protein binding. This suggests that in many organisms the reversible oxygen-binding capacity was incorporated in signaling pathways. A maximum-likelihood tree of oxygen-binding hemerythrin homologues revealed a complex evolutionary history in which lateral gene transfer, duplications and gene losses appear to have played an important role. Conclusions Hemerythrin is an ancient protein domain with a complex evolutionary history. The distinctive iron-binding coordination site of oxygen-binding hemerythrins evolved first in prokaryotes, very likely prior to the divergence of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and spread into many bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic species. The later evolution of the oxygen-binding hemerythrin domain in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes led to a wide variety of functions, ranging from protection against oxidative damage in anaerobic and microaerophilic organisms, to oxygen supplying to particular enzymes and pathways in aerobic and facultative species.
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20
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Differential roles of the hemerythrin-like proteins of Mycobacterium smegmatis in hydrogen peroxide and erythromycin susceptibility. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16130. [PMID: 26607739 PMCID: PMC4660385 DOI: 10.1038/srep16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemerythrin-like proteins are oxygen-carrying non-heme di-iron binding proteins and their functions have effect on oxidation-reduction regulation and antibiotic resistance. Recent studies using bioinformatic analyses suggest that multiple hemerythrin-like protein coding sequences might have been acquired by lateral gene transfer and the number of hemerythrin-like proteins varies amongst different species. Mycobacterium smegmatis contains three hemerythrin-like proteins, MSMEG_3312, MSMEG_2415 and MSMEG_6212. In this study, we have systematically analyzed all three hemerythrin-like proteins in M. smegmatis and our results identified and characterized two functional classes: MSMEG_2415 plays an important role in H2O2 susceptibility, and MSMEG_3312 and MSMEG_6212 are associated with erythromycin susceptibility. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these three proteins have different evolutionary origins, possibly explaining their different physiological functions. Here, combined with biological and phylogenetic analyses, our results provide new insights into the evolutionary divergence of the hemerythrin-like proteins in M. smegmatis.
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21
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Burmester T. Evolution of Respiratory Proteins across the Pancrustacea. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:792-801. [PMID: 26130703 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory proteins enhance the capacity of the blood for oxygen transport and support intracellular storage and delivery of oxygen. Hemocyanin and hemoglobin are the respiratory proteins that occur in the Pancrustacea. The copper-containing hemocyanins evolved from phenoloxidases in the stem lineage of arthropods. For a long time, hemocyanins had only been known from the malacostracan crustaceans but recent studies identified hemocyanin also in Remipedia, Ostracoda, and Branchiura. Hemoglobins are common in the Branchiopoda but have also been sporadically found in other crustacean classes (Malacostraca, Copepoda, Thecostraca). Respiratory proteins had long been considered unnecessary in the hexapods because of the tracheal system. Only chironomids, some backswimmers, and the horse botfly, which all live under hypoxic conditions, were known exceptions and possess hemoglobins. However, recent data suggest that hemocyanins occur in most ametabolous and hemimetabolous insects. Phylogenetic analysis showed the hemocyanins of insects and Remipedia to be similar, suggesting a close relationship of these taxa. Hemocyanin has been lost in dragonflies, mayflies, and Eumetabola (Hemiptera + Holometabola). In cockroaches and grasshoppers, hemocyanin expression is restricted to the developing embryo while in adults oxygen is supplied solely by the tracheal system. This pattern suggests that hemocyanin was the oxygen-transport protein in the hemolymph of the last common ancestor of the pancrustaceans. The loss was probably associated with miniaturization, a period of restricted availability of oxygen, a change in life-style, or morphological changes. Once lost, hemocyanin was not regained. Some pancrustaceans also possess cellular globin genes with uncertain functions, which are expressed at low levels. When a respiratory protein was again required, hemoglobins evolved several times independently from cellular globins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Li X, Tao J, Hu X, Chan J, Xiao J, Mi K. A bacterial hemerythrin-like protein MsmHr inhibits the SigF-dependent hydrogen peroxide response in mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:800. [PMID: 25642228 PMCID: PMC4295536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by aerobic organisms. Host production of toxic H2O2 in response to pathogen infection is an important classical innate defense mechanism against invading microbes. Understanding the mechanisms by which pathogens, in response to oxidative stress, mediate defense against toxic ROS, can reveal anti-microbial targets and shed light on pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we provide evidence that a Mycobacterium smegmatis hemerythrin-like protein MSMEG_2415, designated MsmHr, is a H2O2-modulated repressor of the SigF-mediated response to H2O2. Circular dichroism and spectrophotometric analysis of MsmHr revealed properties characteristic of a typical hemerythrin-like protein. An msmHr knockout strain of M. smegmatis mc2155 (ΔmsmHr) was more resistant to H2O2 than its parental strain, and overexpression of MsmHr increased mycobacterial susceptibility to H2O2. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the hemerythrin domain of MsmHr is required for the regulation of the H2O2 response observed in the overexpression study. We show that MsmHr inhibits the expression of SigF (MSMEG_1804), an alternative sigma factor that plays an important role in bacterial oxidative stress responses, including those elicited by H2O2, thus providing a mechanistic link between ΔmsmHr and its enhanced resistance to H2O2. Together, these results strongly suggest that MsmHr is involved in the response of mycobacteria to H2O2 by negatively regulating a sigma factor, a function not previously described for hemerythrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xinling Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - John Chan
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jing Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Kaixia Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome Beijing, China
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23
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Kremer N, Schwartzman J, Augustin R, Zhou L, Ruby EG, Hourdez S, McFall-Ngai MJ. The dual nature of haemocyanin in the establishment and persistence of the squid-vibrio symbiosis. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140504. [PMID: 24807261 PMCID: PMC4024306 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified and sequenced from the squid Euprymna scolopes two isoforms of haemocyanin that share the common structural/physiological characteristics of haemocyanin from a closely related cephalopod, Sepia officinalis, including a pronounced Bohr effect. We examined the potential roles for haemocyanin in the animal's symbiosis with the luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Our data demonstrate that, as in other cephalopods, the haemocyanin is primarily synthesized in the gills. It transits through the general circulation into other tissues and is exported into crypt spaces that support the bacterial partner, which requires oxygen for its bioluminescence. We showed that the gradient of pH between the circulating haemolymph and the matrix of the crypt spaces in adult squid favours offloading of oxygen from the haemocyanin to the symbionts. Haemocyanin is also localized to the apical surfaces and associated mucus of a juvenile-specific epithelium on which the symbionts gather, and where their specificity is determined during the recruitment into the association. The haemocyanin has an antimicrobial activity, which may be involved in this enrichment of V. fischeri during symbiont initiation. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the haemocyanin plays a role in shaping two stages of the squid-vibrio partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Kremer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julia Schwartzman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - René Augustin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lawrence Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Edward G. Ruby
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stéphane Hourdez
- CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Roscoff, France
| | - Margaret J. McFall-Ngai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Pick C, Scherbaum S, Hegedüs E, Meyer A, Saur M, Neumann R, Markl J, Burmester T. Structure, diversity and evolution of myriapod hemocyanins. FEBS J 2014; 281:1818-33. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pick
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Samantha Scherbaum
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Elöd Hegedüs
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Michael Saur
- Institute of Zoology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Germany
| | - Ruben Neumann
- Institute of Zoology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Germany
| | - Jürgen Markl
- Institute of Zoology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
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