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McKean EL, Grill E, Choi YJ, Mitreva M, O'Halloran DM, Hawdon JM. Altered larval activation response associated with multidrug resistance in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Parasitology 2024; 151:271-281. [PMID: 38163962 PMCID: PMC11007283 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes pose significant health risks to humans, livestock, and companion animals, and their control relies heavily on the use of anthelmintic drugs. Overuse of these drugs has led to the emergence of resistant nematode populations. Herein, a naturally occurring isolate (referred to as BCR) of the dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, that is resistant to 3 major classes of anthelmintics is characterized. Various drug assays were used to determine the resistance of BCR to thiabendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin and pyrantel pamoate. When compared to a drug-susceptible isolate of A. caninum, BCR was shown to be significantly resistant to all 4 of the drugs tested. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms have been shown to impart benzimidazole resistance, including the F167Y mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene, which was confirmed to be present in BCR through molecular analysis. The frequency of the resistant allele in BCR was 76.3% following its first passage in the lab, which represented an increase from approximately 50% in the founding hookworm population. A second, recently described mutation in codon 134 (Q134H) was also detected at lower frequency in the BCR population. Additionally, BCR exhibits an altered larval activation phenotype compared to the susceptible isolate, suggesting differences in the signalling pathways involved in the activation process which may be associated with resistance. Further characterization of this isolate will provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance to macrocyclic lactones and tetrahydropyrimidine anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise L. McKean
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emilia Grill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Damien M. O'Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John M. Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Bryant AS, Akimori D, Stoltzfus JDC, Hallem EA. A standard workflow for community-driven manual curation of Strongyloides genome annotations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220443. [PMID: 38008112 PMCID: PMC10676816 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the functional genomics and bioinformatics toolkits for Strongyloides species have positioned these species as genetically tractable model systems for gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. As community interest in mechanistic studies of Strongyloides species continues to grow, publicly accessible reference genomes and associated genome annotations are critical resources for researchers. Genome annotations for multiple Strongyloides species are broadly available via the WormBase and WormBase ParaSite online repositories. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis of the receptor-type guanylate cyclase (rGC) gene family in two Strongyloides species highlights the potential for errors in a large percentage of current Strongyloides gene models. Here, we present three examples of gene annotation updates within the Strongyloides rGC gene family; each example illustrates a type of error that may occur frequently within the annotation data for Strongyloides genomes. We also extend our analysis to 405 previously curated Strongyloides genes to confirm that gene model errors are found at high rates across gene families. Finally, we introduce a standard manual curation workflow for assessing gene annotation quality and generating corrections, and we discuss how it may be used to facilitate community-driven curation of parasitic nematode biodata. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astra S. Bryant
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damia Akimori
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Elissa A. Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Celi M, Vazzana M, Manachini B. Heat Shock Proteins as Potential Indicators of Induced Stress in Nematodes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2756:343-350. [PMID: 38427304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3638-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) in all animals studied to date constitute potential indicators of stress, under various environmental conditions. The goal of this chapter is to show, for the first time, the suitability of the approach based on evaluation of the expression levels of heat shock proteins, as good indicators of stress induced in nematodes by the cultivation of resistant plant varieties or by other potential stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Celi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Manachini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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4
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Lenuzzi M, Witte H, Riebesell M, Rödelsperger C, Hong RL, Sommer RJ. Influence of environmental temperature on mouth-form plasticity in Pristionchus pacificus acts through daf-11-dependent cGMP signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2023; 340:214-224. [PMID: 34379868 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouth-form plasticity in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus has become a powerful system to identify the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with developmental (phenotypic) plasticity. In particular, the identification of developmental switch genes that can sense environmental stimuli and reprogram developmental processes has confirmed long-standing evolutionary theory. However, how these genes are involved in the direct sensing of the environment, or if the switch genes act downstream of another, primary environmental sensing mechanism, remains currently unknown. Here, we study the influence of environmental temperature on mouth-form plasticity. We find that environmental temperature does influence mouth-form plasticity in most of the 10 wild isolates of P. pacificus tested in this study. We used one of these strains, P. pacificus RSA635, for detailed molecular analysis. Using forward and reverse genetic technology including CRISPR/Cas9, we show that mutations in the guanylyl cyclase Ppa-daf-11, the Ppa-daf-25/AnkMy2, and the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel Ppa-tax-2 eliminate the response to elevated temperatures. Together, our study indicates that DAF-11, DAF-25, and TAX-2 have been co-opted for environmental sensing during mouth-form plasticity regulation in P. pacificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Lenuzzi
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanh Witte
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Metta Riebesell
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Rödelsperger
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ray L Hong
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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van Oosten-Hawle P. Organismal Roles of Hsp90. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020251. [PMID: 36830620 PMCID: PMC9952938 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that assists in the maturation of many client proteins involved in cellular signal transduction. As a regulator of cellular signaling processes, it is vital for the maintenance of cellular proteostasis and adaptation to environmental stresses. Emerging research shows that Hsp90 function in an organism goes well beyond intracellular proteostasis. In metazoans, Hsp90, as an environmentally responsive chaperone, is involved in inter-tissue stress signaling responses that coordinate and safeguard cell nonautonomous proteostasis and organismal health. In this way, Hsp90 has the capacity to influence evolution and aging, and effect behavioral responses to facilitate tissue-defense systems that ensure organismal survival. In this review, I summarize the literature on the organismal roles of Hsp90 uncovered in multicellular organisms, from plants to invertebrates and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricija van Oosten-Hawle
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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6
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Khan M, Hartmann AH, O’Donnell MP, Piccione M, Pandey A, Chao PH, Dwyer ND, Bargmann CI, Sengupta P. Context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by inversion of the response in a single sensory neuron type. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001677. [PMID: 35696430 PMCID: PMC9232122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The valence and salience of individual odorants are modulated by an animal’s innate preferences, learned associations, and internal state, as well as by the context of odorant presentation. The mechanisms underlying context-dependent flexibility in odor valence are not fully understood. Here, we show that the behavioral response of Caenorhabditis elegans to bacterially produced medium-chain alcohols switches from attraction to avoidance when presented in the background of a subset of additional attractive chemicals. This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munzareen Khan
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna H. Hartmann
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. O’Donnell
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Madeline Piccione
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anjali Pandey
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pin-Hao Chao
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Noelle D. Dwyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Differential regulation of degradation and immune pathways underlies adaptation of the ectosymbiotic nematode Laxus oneistus to oxic-anoxic interfaces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9725. [PMID: 35697683 PMCID: PMC9192688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes may experience oxygen deprivation under both physiological and pathological conditions. Because oxygen shortage leads to a reduction in cellular energy production, all eukaryotes studied so far conserve energy by suppressing their metabolism. However, the molecular physiology of animals that naturally and repeatedly experience anoxia is underexplored. One such animal is the marine nematode Laxus oneistus. It thrives, invariably coated by its sulfur-oxidizing symbiont Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti, in anoxic sulfidic or hypoxic sand. Here, transcriptomics and proteomics showed that, whether in anoxia or not, L. oneistus mostly expressed genes involved in ubiquitination, energy generation, oxidative stress response, immune response, development, and translation. Importantly, ubiquitination genes were also highly expressed when the nematode was subjected to anoxic sulfidic conditions, together with genes involved in autophagy, detoxification and ribosome biogenesis. We hypothesize that these degradation pathways were induced to recycle damaged cellular components (mitochondria) and misfolded proteins into nutrients. Remarkably, when L. oneistus was subjected to anoxic sulfidic conditions, lectin and mucin genes were also upregulated, potentially to promote the attachment of its thiotrophic symbiont. Furthermore, the nematode appeared to survive oxygen deprivation by using an alternative electron carrier (rhodoquinone) and acceptor (fumarate), to rewire the electron transfer chain. On the other hand, under hypoxia, genes involved in costly processes (e.g., amino acid biosynthesis, development, feeding, mating) were upregulated, together with the worm's Toll-like innate immunity pathway and several immune effectors (e.g., bactericidal/permeability-increasing proteins, fungicides). In conclusion, we hypothesize that, in anoxic sulfidic sand, L. oneistus upregulates degradation processes, rewires the oxidative phosphorylation and reinforces its coat of bacterial sulfur-oxidizers. In upper sand layers, instead, it appears to produce broad-range antimicrobials and to exploit oxygen for biosynthesis and development.
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8
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Genome Characterization and Development of Real-Time PCR Assays for Ditylenchus Dipsaci and D. Weischeri. J Nematol 2022; 54:20220058. [PMID: 36879952 PMCID: PMC9984805 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2022-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci is a destructive nematode pest on many crops and is internationally quarantined in many countries, whereas Ditylenchus weischeri, only known to infect a weed plant (Cirsium arvense), is an unregulated nematode species with no known economic importance. In this study, we used comparative genomics to identify multiple gene regions and developed novel real-time PCR assays for the detection of D. dipsaci and D. weischeri. We sequenced the genomes of two mixed-stage nematode populations of D. dipsaci and two mixed-stage nematode populations of D. weischeri. The assembled genomes of D. dipsaci were 228.2 Mb and 239.5 Mb, and the genomes of D. weischeri were 177.0 Mb and 196.3 Mb. Depending on the species, 21,403-27,365 gene models were predicted. Using orthologous group analysis, single-copy and species-specific genes were identified. Primers and probes were designed targeting two species-specific genes in each species. The assays detected as low as 12 pg of DNA from the target species, or as few as five nematodes, with a Cq of 31 cycles or less. Our study provides genome data for two additional D. dipsaci isolates and two D. weischeri isolates, and four new and validated molecular assays to be used for rapid detection and identification of the two species.
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9
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Vlaar LE, Bertran A, Rahimi M, Dong L, Kammenga JE, Helder J, Goverse A, Bouwmeester HJ. On the role of dauer in the adaptation of nematodes to a parasitic lifestyle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:554. [PMID: 34706780 PMCID: PMC8555053 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are presumably the most abundant Metazoa on Earth, and can even be found in some of the most hostile environments of our planet. Various types of hypobiosis evolved to adapt their life cycles to such harsh environmental conditions. The five most distal major clades of the phylum Nematoda (Clades 8-12), formerly referred to as the Secernentea, contain many economically relevant parasitic nematodes. In this group, a special type of hypobiosis, dauer, has evolved. The dauer signalling pathway, which culminates in the biosynthesis of dafachronic acid (DA), is intensively studied in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and it has been hypothesized that the dauer stage may have been a prerequisite for the evolution of a wide range of parasitic lifestyles among other nematode species. Biosynthesis of DA is not specific for hypobiosis, but if it results in exit of the hypobiotic state, it is one of the main criteria to define certain behaviour as dauer. Within Clades 9 and 10, the involvement of DA has been validated experimentally, and dauer is therefore generally accepted to occur in those clades. However, for other clades, such as Clade 12, this has hardly been explored. In this review, we provide clarity on the nomenclature associated with hypobiosis and dauer across different nematological subfields. We discuss evidence for dauer-like stages in Clades 8 to 12 and support this with a meta-analysis of available genomic data. Furthermore, we discuss indications for a simplified dauer signalling pathway in parasitic nematodes. Finally, we zoom in on the host cues that induce exit from the hypobiotic stage and introduce two hypotheses on how these signals might feed into the dauer signalling pathway for plant-parasitic nematodes. With this work, we contribute to the deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypobiosis in parasitic nematodes. Based on this, novel strategies for the control of parasitic nematodes can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke E Vlaar
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bertran
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mehran Rahimi
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E Kammenga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Perez MF, Shamalnasab M, Mata-Cabana A, Della Valle S, Olmedo M, Francesconi M, Lehner B. Neuronal perception of the social environment generates an inherited memory that controls the development and generation time of C. elegans. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4256-4268.e7. [PMID: 34358445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An old and controversial question in biology is whether information perceived by the nervous system of an animal can "cross the Weismann barrier" to alter the phenotypes and fitness of their progeny. Here, we show that such intergenerational transmission of sensory information occurs in the model organism, C. elegans, with a major effect on fitness. Specifically, that perception of social pheromones by chemosensory neurons controls the post-embryonic timing of the development of one tissue, the germline, relative to others in the progeny of an animal. Neuronal perception of the social environment thus intergenerationally controls the generation time of this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Francisco Perez
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Mehrnaz Shamalnasab
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université de Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alejandro Mata-Cabana
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Simona Della Valle
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - María Olmedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mirko Francesconi
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université de Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Ben Lehner
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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11
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Shi H, Huang X, Chen X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Yang Y, Wu F, Zhou J, Yao C, Ma G, Du A. Acyl-CoA oxidase ACOX-1 interacts with a peroxin PEX-5 to play roles in larval development of Haemonchus contortus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009767. [PMID: 34270617 PMCID: PMC8354476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypobiosis (facultative developmental arrest) is the most important life-cycle adaptation ensuring survival of parasitic nematodes under adverse conditions. Little is known about such survival mechanisms, although ascarosides (ascarylose with fatty acid-derived side chains) have been reported to mediate the formation of dauer larvae in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we investigated the role of a key gene acox-1, in the larval development of Haemonchus contortus, one of the most important parasitic nematodes that employ hypobiosis as a routine survival mechanism. In this parasite, acox-1 encodes three proteins (ACOXs) that all show a fatty acid oxidation activity in vitro and in vivo, and interact with a peroxin PEX-5 in peroxisomes. In particular, a peroxisomal targeting signal type1 (PTS1) sequence is required for ACOX-1 to be recognised by PEX-5. Analyses on developmental transcription and tissue expression show that acox-1 is predominantly expressed in the intestine and hypodermis of H. contortus, particularly in the early larval stages in the environment and the arrested fourth larval stage within host animals. Knockdown of acox-1 and pex-5 in parasitic H. contortus shows that these genes play essential roles in the post-embryonic larval development and likely in the facultative arrest of this species. A comprehensive understanding of these genes and the associated β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids should provide novel insights into the developmental regulation of parasitic nematodes, and into the discovery of novel interventions for species of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhi Shi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocui Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts & Nevis
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (GM); (AD)
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (GM); (AD)
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12
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Topalidou I. Background mutation in strain RB2126 affects the locomotion behavior of flp-1 mutants. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33981966 PMCID: PMC8107829 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The FLP-1 neuropeptide is involved in locomotion, mechanosensation, and reproduction. Strain RB2126 is reported to contain the flp-1(ok2811) mutation, a prospective null allele. Here we report that strain RB2126, in addition to flp-1(ok2811), also contains two additional background mutations. One of the mutations gives the animals a constitutive dauer phenotype (Daf-c), and complementation testing confirms that it is in the Daf-c gene daf-11. The second mutation is isolated based on the fact that it partially suppresses the elevated body curvature of flp-1(ok2811) mutants, but it remains uncloned. The updated genotype of RB2126 strain is flp-1(ok2811); daf-11(yak155); yak156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Topalidou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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13
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Specchia V, Bozzetti MP. The Role of HSP90 in Preserving the Integrity of Genomes Against Transposons Is Evolutionarily Conserved. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051096. [PMID: 34064379 PMCID: PMC8147803 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HSP90 protein is a molecular chaperone intensively studied for its role in numerous cellular processes both under physiological and stress conditions. This protein acts on a wide range of substrates with a well-established role in cancer and neurological disorders. In this review, we focused on the involvement of HSP90 in the silencing of transposable elements and in the genomic integrity maintenance. The common feature of transposable elements is the potential jumping in new genomic positions, causing chromosome structure rearrangements, gene mutations, and influencing gene expression levels. The role of HSP90 in the control of these elements is evolutionarily conserved and opens new perspectives in the HSP90-related mechanisms underlying human disorders. Here, we discuss the hypothesis that its role in the piRNA pathway regulating transposons may be implicated in the onset of neurological diseases.
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14
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Khanna A, Sellegounder D, Kumar J, Chamoli M, Vargas M, Chinta SJ, Rane A, Nelson C, Peiris TH, Brem R, Andersen J, Lithgow G, Kapahi P. Trimethylamine modulates dauer formation, neurodegeneration, and lifespan through tyra-3/daf-11 signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13351. [PMID: 33819374 PMCID: PMC8135002 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, signals derived from bacteria in the diet, the animal's major nutrient source, can modulate both behavior and healthspan. Here we describe a dual role for trimethylamine (TMA), a human gut flora metabolite, which acts as a nutrient signal and a neurotoxin. TMA and its associated metabolites are produced by the human gut microbiome and have been suggested to serve as risk biomarkers for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We demonstrate that the tyramine receptor TYRA-3, a conserved G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is required to sense TMA and mediate its responses. TMA activates guanylyl cyclase DAF-11 signaling through TYRA-3 in amphid neurons (ASK) and ciliated neurons (BAG) to mediate food-sensing behavior. Bacterial mutants deficient in TMA production enhance dauer formation, extend lifespan, and are less preferred as a food source. Increased levels of TMA lead to neural damage in models of Parkinson's disease and shorten lifespan. Our results reveal conserved signaling pathways modulated by TMA in C. elegans that are likely to be relevant for its effects in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khanna
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato CA USA
- Dovetail Genomics LLC Scotts Valley CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Shankar J. Chinta
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato CA USA
- Touro University California Vallejo CA USA
| | - Anand Rane
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato CA USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato CA USA
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15
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Ferkey DM, Sengupta P, L’Etoile ND. Chemosensory signal transduction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2021; 217:iyab004. [PMID: 33693646 PMCID: PMC8045692 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory neurons translate perception of external chemical cues, including odorants, tastants, and pheromones, into information that drives attraction or avoidance motor programs. In the laboratory, robust behavioral assays, coupled with powerful genetic, molecular and optical tools, have made Caenorhabditis elegans an ideal experimental system in which to dissect the contributions of individual genes and neurons to ethologically relevant chemosensory behaviors. Here, we review current knowledge of the neurons, signal transduction molecules and regulatory mechanisms that underlie the response of C. elegans to chemicals, including pheromones. The majority of identified molecules and pathways share remarkable homology with sensory mechanisms in other organisms. With the development of new tools and technologies, we anticipate that continued study of chemosensory signal transduction and processing in C. elegans will yield additional new insights into the mechanisms by which this animal is able to detect and discriminate among thousands of chemical cues with a limited sensory neuron repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Noelle D L’Etoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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16
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Henß T, Nagpal J, Gao S, Scheib U, Pieragnolo A, Hirschhäuser A, Schneider-Warme F, Hegemann P, Nagel G, Gottschalk A. Optogenetic tools for manipulation of cyclic nucleotides functionally coupled to cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2519-2537. [PMID: 33733470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers regulating numerous biological processes. Malfunctional cNMP signalling is linked to diseases and thus is an important target in pharmaceutical research. The existing optogenetic toolbox in Caenorhabditis elegans is restricted to soluble adenylyl cyclases, the membrane-bound Blastocladiella emersonii CyclOp and hyperpolarizing rhodopsins; yet missing are membrane-bound photoactivatable adenylyl cyclases and hyperpolarizers based on K+ currents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For the characterization of photoactivatable nucleotidyl cyclases, we expressed the proteins alone or in combination with cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in muscle cells and cholinergic motor neurons. To investigate the extent of optogenetic cNMP production and the ability of the systems to depolarize or hyperpolarize cells, we performed behavioural analyses, measured cNMP content in vitro, and compared in vivo expression levels. KEY RESULTS We implemented Catenaria CyclOp as a new tool for cGMP production, allowing fine-control of cGMP levels. We established photoactivatable membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases, based on mutated versions ("A-2x") of Blastocladiella and Catenaria ("Be," "Ca") CyclOp, as N-terminal YFP fusions, enabling more efficient and specific cAMP signalling compared to soluble bPAC, despite lower overall cAMP production. For hyperpolarization of excitable cells by two-component optogenetics, we introduced the cAMP-gated K+ -channel SthK from Spirochaeta thermophila and combined it with bPAC, BeCyclOp(A-2x), or YFP-BeCyclOp(A-2x). As an alternative, we implemented the B. emersonii cGMP-gated K+ -channel BeCNG1 together with BeCyclOp. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We established a comprehensive suite of optogenetic tools for cNMP manipulation, applicable in many cell types, including sensory neurons, and for potent hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Henß
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jatin Nagpal
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Scheib
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Lead Discovery, Protein Technology, NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hirschhäuser
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- University Heart Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocentre, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Fanelli E, Troccoli A, Tarasco E, De Luca F. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of the Hb-hsp90-1 Gene in Relation to Temperature Changes in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Front Physiol 2021; 12:615653. [PMID: 33732162 PMCID: PMC7959791 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.615653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how entomopathogenic nematodes respond to temperature changes and have adapted to the local environment is crucial to improve their potential as biocontrol agents. In order to improve understanding of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora's potential adaptability to future climate changes, full-length cDNA and the corresponding gene of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) were isolated and fully characterized. The reproductive potential of the Apulian strain of H. bacteriophora increased when the temperature rose from 23 to 30°C, but no reproduction was found at 12°C. Expression analyses revealed that Hb-hsp90-1 was differentially expressed in Infective Juveniles (IJs) and adults (hermaphrodites, females and males). Up-regulation of Hb-hsp90-1 was higher during the recovery process in Galleria mellonella larvae than adults, thus confirming the protective role of Hb-hsp90-1 in coping with the host environment. Silencing of Hb-hsp90-1 resulted in a significant reduction (76%) in the expression level. Silenced IJs took longer than untreated nematodes to infect G. mellonella, showing that Hb-hsp90-1 could be also involved in chemosensation. Furthermore, the number of adults and IJs recovered from G. mellonella infected with silenced nematodes and incubated at 30°C was higher than that obtained from G. mellonella infected with untreated nematodes. These data confirm the crucial role of Hb-hsp90-1 allowing acclimation to increased temperatures and modulation of the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fanelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Eustachio Tarasco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-CNR, Bari, Italy
- Section of Entomology and Zoology, Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Bari, Italy
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18
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Developmental plasticity and the response to nutrient stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2021; 475:265-276. [PMID: 33549550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity refers the ability of an organism to adapt to various environmental stressors, one of which is nutritional stress. Caenorhabditis elegans require various nutrients to successfully progress through all the larval stages to become a reproductive adult. If nutritional criteria are not satisfied, development can slow or completely arrest. In poor growth conditions, the animal can enter various diapause stages, depending on its developmental progress. In C. elegans, there are three well-characterized diapauses: the L1 arrest, the dauer diapause, and adult reproductive diapause, each associated with drastic changes in metabolism and germline development. At the centre of these changes is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a metabolic regulator that maintains energy homeostasis, particularly during times of nutrient stress. Without AMPK, metabolism is disrupted during dauer, leading to the rapid consumption of lipid stores as well as misregulation of metabolic enzymes, leading to reduced survival. During the L1 arrest and dauer diapause, AMPK is responsible for ensuring germline quiescence by modifying the germline chromatin landscape to maintain germ cell integrity until conditions improve. Similar to classic hormonal signalling, small RNAs also play a critical role in regulating development and behaviour in a cell non-autonomous fashion. Thus, during the challenges associated with developmental plasticity, AMPK summons an army of signalling pathways to work collectively to preserve reproductive fitness during these periods of unprecedented uncertainty.
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19
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Baugh LR, Hu PJ. Starvation Responses Throughout the Caenorhabditiselegans Life Cycle. Genetics 2020; 216:837-878. [PMID: 33268389 PMCID: PMC7768255 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans survives on ephemeral food sources in the wild, and the species has a variety of adaptive responses to starvation. These features of its life history make the worm a powerful model for studying developmental, behavioral, and metabolic starvation responses. Starvation resistance is fundamental to life in the wild, and it is relevant to aging and common diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Worms respond to acute starvation at different times in the life cycle by arresting development and altering gene expression and metabolism. They also anticipate starvation during early larval development, engaging an alternative developmental program resulting in dauer diapause. By arresting development, these responses postpone growth and reproduction until feeding resumes. A common set of signaling pathways mediates systemic regulation of development in each context but with important distinctions. Several aspects of behavior, including feeding, foraging, taxis, egg laying, sleep, and associative learning, are also affected by starvation. A variety of conserved signaling, gene regulatory, and metabolic mechanisms support adaptation to starvation. Early life starvation can have persistent effects on adults and their descendants. With its short generation time, C. elegans is an ideal model for studying maternal provisioning, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and developmental origins of adult health and disease in humans. This review provides a comprehensive overview of starvation responses throughout the C. elegans life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ryan Baugh
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 and
| | - Patrick J Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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20
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van der Burght SN, Rademakers S, Johnson JL, Li C, Kremers GJ, Houtsmuller AB, Leroux MR, Jansen G. Ciliary Tip Signaling Compartment Is Formed and Maintained by Intraflagellar Transport. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4299-4306.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Baiocchi T, Anesko K, Mercado N, Park H, Kin K, Strickhouser-Monzon B, Robles P, Bowman C, Wang H, Sternberg PW, Dillman AR. Signaling by AWC Olfactory Neurons Is Necessary for Caenorhabditis elegans' Response to Prenol, an Odor Associated with Nematode-Infected Insects. Genetics 2020; 216:145-157. [PMID: 32680884 PMCID: PMC7463287 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensation plays a role in the behaviors and life cycles of numerous organisms, including nematodes. Many guilds of nematodes exist, ranging from the free-living Caenorhabditis elegans to various parasitic species such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which are parasites of insects. Despite ecological differences, previous research has shown that both EPNs and C. elegans respond to prenol (3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol), an odor associated with EPN infections. However, it is unclear how C. elegans responds to prenol. By utilizing natural variation and genetic neuron ablation to investigate the response of C. elegans to prenol, we found that the AWC neurons are involved in the detection of prenol and that several genes (including dcap-1, dcap-2, and clec-39) influence response to this odorant. Furthermore, we identified that the response to prenol is mediated by the canonically proposed pathway required for other AWC-sensed attractants. However, upon testing genetically diverse isolates, we found that the response of some strains to prenol differed from their response to isoamyl alcohol, suggesting that the pathways mediating response to these two odorants may be genetically distinct. Further, evaluations leveraging natural variation and genome wide association revealed specific genes that influence nematode behavior and provide a foundation for future studies to better understand the role of prenol in nematode behavioral ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Baiocchi
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Nathan Mercado
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Heenam Park
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Kassandra Kin
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | | | - Priscila Robles
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Christian Bowman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Han Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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22
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Transcriptomics-Based Screening Identifies Pharmacological Inhibition of Hsp90 as a Means to Defer Aging. Cell Rep 2020; 27:467-480.e6. [PMID: 30970250 PMCID: PMC6459000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging strongly influences human morbidity and mortality. Thus, aging-preventive compounds could greatly improve our health and lifespan. Here we screened for such compounds, known as geroprotectors, employing the power of transcriptomics to predict biological age. Using age-stratified human tissue transcriptomes and machine learning, we generated age classifiers and applied these to transcriptomic changes induced by 1,309 different compounds in human cells, ranking these compounds by their ability to induce a “youthful” transcriptional state. Testing the top candidates in C. elegans, we identified two Hsp90 inhibitors, monorden and tanespimycin, which extended the animals’ lifespan and improved their health. Hsp90 inhibition induces expression of heat shock proteins known to improve protein homeostasis. Consistently, monorden treatment improved the survival of C. elegans under proteotoxic stress, and its benefits depended on the cytosolic unfolded protein response-inducing transcription factor HSF-1. Taken together, our method represents an innovative geroprotector screening approach and was able to identify a class that acts by improving protein homeostasis. Transcriptome-based age classifiers can distinguish young versus old tissues Application of age classifiers to drug-induced transcriptomes finds geroprotectors Validation of geroprotectors in C. elegans highlights Hsp90 inhibitors Hsp90 inhibitors act through HSF-1 to improve health and extend lifespan
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23
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Mutlu AS, Gao SM, Zhang H, Wang MC. Olfactory specificity regulates lipid metabolism through neuroendocrine signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32193370 PMCID: PMC7081233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory and metabolic dysfunctions are intertwined phenomena associated with obesity and neurodegenerative diseases; yet how mechanistically olfaction regulates metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. Specificity of olfactory perception integrates diverse environmental odors and olfactory neurons expressing different receptors. Here, we report that specific but not all olfactory neurons actively regulate fat metabolism without affecting eating behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans, and identified specific odors that reduce fat mobilization via inhibiting these neurons. Optogenetic activation or inhibition of the responsible olfactory neural circuit promotes the loss or gain of fat storage, respectively. Furthermore, we discovered that FLP-1 neuropeptide released from this olfactory neural circuit signals through peripheral NPR-4/neuropeptide receptor, SGK-1/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and specific isoforms of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor to regulate fat storage. Our work reveals molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory regulation of fat metabolism, and suggests the association between olfactory perception specificity of each individual and his/her susceptibility to the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sena Mutlu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shihong Max Gao
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haining Zhang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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24
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Haag A, Walser M, Henggeler A, Hajnal A. The CHORD protein CHP-1 regulates EGF receptor trafficking and signaling in C. elegans and in human cells. eLife 2020; 9:e50986. [PMID: 32053105 PMCID: PMC7062474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular trafficking of growth factor receptors determines the activity of their downstream signaling pathways. Here, we show that the putative HSP-90 co-chaperone CHP-1 acts as a regulator of EGFR trafficking in C. elegans. Loss of chp-1 causes the retention of the EGFR in the ER and decreases MAPK signaling. CHP-1 is specifically required for EGFR trafficking, as the localization of other transmembrane receptors is unaltered in chp-1(lf) mutants, and the inhibition of hsp-90 or other co-chaperones does not affect EGFR localization. The role of the CHP-1 homolog CHORDC1 during EGFR trafficking is conserved in human cells. Analogous to C. elegans, the response of CHORDC1-deficient A431 cells to EGF stimulation is attenuated, the EGFR accumulates in the ER and ERK2 activity decreases. Although CHP-1 has been proposed to act as a co-chaperone for HSP90, our data indicate that CHP-1 plays an HSP90-independent function in controlling EGFR trafficking through the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Haag
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasseSwitzerland
- Molecular Life Science Zürich PhD ProgramZürichSwitzerland
| | - Michael Walser
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasseSwitzerland
| | - Adrian Henggeler
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasseSwitzerland
| | - Alex Hajnal
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasseSwitzerland
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25
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Rashid S, Pho KB, Mesbahi H, MacNeil LT. Nutrient Sensing and Response Drive Developmental Progression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900194. [PMID: 32003906 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to nutrient limitation, many animals, including Caenorhabditis elegans, slow or arrest their development. This process requires mechanisms that sense essential nutrients and induce appropriate responses. When faced with nutrient limitation, C. elegans can induce both short and long-term survival strategies, including larval arrest, decreased developmental rate, and dauer formation. To select the most advantageous strategy, information from many different sensors must be integrated into signaling pathways, including target of rapamycin (TOR) and insulin, that regulate developmental progression. Here, how nutrient information is sensed and integrated into developmental decisions that determine developmental rate and progression in C. elegans is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabih Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim B Pho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiva Mesbahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley T MacNeil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Jia R, Zhang J, Jia K. Neuroendocrine regulation of fat metabolism by autophagy gene atg-18 in C. elegans dauer larvae. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1623-1631. [PMID: 31368651 PMCID: PMC6722879 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In environments with limited food and high population density, Caenorhabditis elegans larvae may enter the dauer stage, in which metabolism is shifted to fat accumulation to allow larvae to survive for months without food. Mutations in the insulin‐like receptor gene daf‐2 force C. elegans to constitutively form dauer larva at higher temperature. It has been reported that autophagy is required for fat accumulation in daf‐2 dauer larva. However, the mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. Here, we report that autophagy gene atg‐18 acts in a cell nonautonomous manner in neurons and intestinal cells to mediate the influence of daf‐2 signaling on fat metabolism. Moreover, ATG‐18 in chemosensory neurons plays a vital role in this metabolic process. Finally, we report that neuronal ATG‐18 functions through neurotransmitters to control fat storage in daf‐2 dauers, which suggests an essential role of autophagy in the neuroendocrine regulation of fat metabolism by insulin‐like signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jiuli Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kailiang Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
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27
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Huang X, Xu CL, Yang SH, Li JY, Wang HL, Zhang ZX, Chen C, Xie H. Life-stage specific transcriptomes of a migratory endoparasitic plant nematode, Radopholus similis elucidate a different parasitic and life strategy of plant parasitic nematodes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6277. [PMID: 31000750 PMCID: PMC6472380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Radopholus similis is an important migratory endoparasitic nematode, severely harms banana, citrus and many other commercial crops. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of infection and pathogenesis of R. similis. In this study, 64761 unigenes were generated from eggs, juveniles, females and males of R. similis. 11443 unigenes showed significant expression difference among these four life stages. Genes involved in host parasitism, anti-host defense and other biological processes were predicted. There were 86 and 102 putative genes coding for cell wall degrading enzymes and antioxidase respectively. The amount and type of putative parasitic-related genes reported in sedentary endoparasitic plant nematodes are variable from those of migratory parasitic nematodes on plant aerial portion. There were no sequences annotated to effectors in R. similis, involved in feeding site formation of sedentary endoparasites nematodes. This transcriptome data provides a new insight into the parasitic and pathogenic molecular mechanisms of the migratory endoparasitic nematodes. It also provides a broad idea for further research on R. similis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Xu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Hua Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yi Li
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Le Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xie
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology and Research Center of Nematodes of Plant Quarantine, Department of Plant Pathology Pathology/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Wan X, Zhou Y, Chan CM, Yang H, Yeung C, Chow KL. SRD-1 in AWA neurons is the receptor for female volatile sex pheromones in C. elegans males. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846288. [PMID: 30792215 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheromones are critical cues for attracting mating partners for successful reproduction. Sexually mature Caenorhabditis remanei virgin females and self-sperm-depleted Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites produce volatile sex pheromones to attract adult males of both species from afar. The chemoresponsive receptor in males has remained unknown. Here, we show that the male chemotactic behavior requires amphid sensory neurons (AWA neurons) and the G-protein-coupled receptor SRD-1. SRD-1 expression in AWA neurons is sexually dimorphic, with the levels being high in males but undetectable in hermaphrodites. Notably, srd-1 mutant males lack the chemotactic response and pheromone-induced excitation of AWA neurons, both of which can be restored in males and hermaphrodites by AWA-specific srd-1 expression, and ectopic expression of srd-1 in AWB neurons in srd-1 mutants results in a repulsive behavioral response in both sexes. Furthermore, we show that the C-terminal region of SRD-1 confers species-specific differences in the ability to perceive sex pheromones between C. elegans and C. remanei These findings offer an excellent model for dissecting how a single G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in a dimorphic neural system contributes to sex-specific behaviors in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Man Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hainan Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christine Yeung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - King L Chow
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Interdisciplinary Programs Office, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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29
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Nguyen MT, Somogyvári M, Sőti C. Hsp90 Stabilizes SIRT1 Orthologs in Mammalian Cells and C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113661. [PMID: 30463299 PMCID: PMC6274930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) othologs are ubiquitous NAD+-dependent deacetylases that act as nutrient sensors and modulate metabolism and stress responses in diverse organisms. Both mammalian SIRT1 and Caenorhabditis elegans SIR-2.1 have been implicated in dietary restriction, longevity, and healthspan. Hsp90 is an evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperone that stabilizes a plethora of signaling ’client’ proteins and regulates fundamental biological processes. Here we report that Hsp90 is required for conformational stabilization of SIRT1 and SIR-2.1. We find that inhibition of Hsp90 by geldanamycin (GA) induces the depletion of mammalian SIRT1 protein in a concentration and time dependent manner in COS-7 and HepG2 cells. In contrast to SIRT1, SIRT2 level remains unchanged by GA treatment, reflecting a specific Hsp90 SIRT1 interaction. Hsp90 inhibition leads to the destabilization and proteasomal degradation of SIRT1. Moreover, we observe a GA-sensitive physical interaction between SIRT1 and Hsp90 by immunoprecipitation. We also demonstrate that hsp-90 gene silencing also induces SIR-2.1 protein depletion and proteasomal degradation in C. elegans. Our findings identify metazoan SIRT1 orthologs as Hsp90 clients and reveal a novel crosstalk between the proteostasis and nutrient signaling networks, which may have implications in various age related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tu Nguyen
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Milán Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
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30
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Koubkova-Yu TCT, Chao JC, Leu JY. Heterologous Hsp90 promotes phenotypic diversity through network evolution. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006450. [PMID: 30439936 PMCID: PMC6264905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological processes in living cells are often carried out by gene networks in which signals and reactions are integrated through network hubs. Despite their functional importance, it remains unclear to what extent network hubs are evolvable and how alterations impact long-term evolution. We investigated these issues using heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a central hub of proteostasis networks. When native Hsp90 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was replaced by the ortholog from hypersaline-tolerant Yarrowia lipolytica that diverged from S. cerevisiae about 270 million years ago, the cells exhibited improved growth in hypersaline environments but compromised growth in others, indicating functional divergence in Hsp90 between the two yeasts. Laboratory evolution shows that evolved Y. lipolytica-HSP90–carrying S. cerevisiae cells exhibit a wider range of phenotypic variation than cells carrying native Hsp90. Identified beneficial mutations are involved in multiple pathways and are often pleiotropic. Our results show that cells adapt to a heterologous Hsp90 by modifying different subnetworks, facilitating the evolution of phenotypic diversity inaccessible to wild-type cells. Biological processes in living cells are often carried out by gene networks. Hubs are highly connected network components important for integrating signal inputs and generating responsive functional outputs. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a versatile hub in the protein homeostasis network, is a molecular chaperone essential for cell viability in all tested eukaryotic cells. In yeast, about a quarter of the expressed proteins are profoundly influenced when Hsp90 activity is reduced. Despite its pivotal role, we found that the function of Hsp90 has diverged between two yeast species, Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which split about 270 million years ago. To understand the impacts and adaptive strategies in cells with an altered network hub, we conducted laboratory evolution experiments using a S. cerevisiae strain in which native Hsp90 is replaced by its counterpart in Y. lipolytica. We observed different fitness gain or loss under various stress conditions in individual evolved clones, suggesting that cells adapted via different evolutionary paths. Genome sequencing and mutation reconstitution experiments show that beneficial mutations occurred in multiple Hsp90-related pathways that interact with each other. Our results show that a perturbed network allows cells to evolve a broader range of phenotypic diversity unavailable to wild-type cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Chih-Ting Koubkova-Yu
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chi Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Leu
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Somogyvári M, Gecse E, Sőti C. DAF-21/Hsp90 is required for C. elegans longevity by ensuring DAF-16/FOXO isoform A function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12048. [PMID: 30104664 PMCID: PMC6089956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The FOXO transcription factor family is a conserved regulator of longevity and the downstream target of insulin/insulin-like signaling. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the FOXO ortholog DAF-16A and D/F isoforms extend lifespan in daf-2 insulin-like receptor mutants. Here we identify the DAF-21/Hsp90 chaperone as a longevity regulator. We find that reducing DAF-21 capacity by daf-21(RNAi) initiated either at the beginning or at the end of larval development shortens wild-type lifespan. daf-21 knockdown employed from the beginning of larval development also decreases longevity of daf-2 mutant and daf-2 silenced nematodes. daf-16 loss-of-function mitigates the lifespan shortening effect of daf-21 silencing. We demonstrate that DAF-21 specifically promotes daf-2 and heat-shock induced nuclear translocation of DAF-16A as well as the induction of DAF-16A-specific mRNAs, without affecting DAF-16D/F localization and transcriptional function. DAF-21 is dispensable for the stability and nuclear import of DAF-16A, excluding a chaperone-client interaction and suggesting that DAF-21 regulates DAF-16A activation upstream of its cellular traffic. Finally, we show a selective requirement for DAF-21 to extend lifespan of DAF-16A, but not DAF-16D/F, transgenic daf-2 mutant strains. Our findings indicate a spatiotemporal determination of multiple DAF-21 roles in fertility, development and longevity and reveal an isoform-specific regulation of DAF-16 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milán Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Gecse
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Hao Y, Yang W, Ren J, Hall Q, Zhang Y, Kaplan JM. Thioredoxin shapes the C. elegans sensory response to Pseudomonas produced nitric oxide. eLife 2018; 7:36833. [PMID: 30014846 PMCID: PMC6066330 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is released into the air by NO-producing organisms; however, it is unclear if animals utilize NO as a sensory cue. We show that C. elegans avoids Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14) in part by detecting PA14-produced NO. PA14 mutants deficient for NO production fail to elicit avoidance and NO donors repel worms. PA14 and NO avoidance are mediated by a chemosensory neuron (ASJ) and these responses require receptor guanylate cyclases and cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels. ASJ exhibits calcium increases at both the onset and removal of NO. These NO-evoked ON and OFF calcium transients are affected by a redox sensing protein, TRX-1/thioredoxin. TRX-1’s trans-nitrosylation activity inhibits the ON transient whereas TRX-1’s de-nitrosylation activity promotes the OFF transient. Thus, C. elegans exploits bacterially produced NO as a cue to mediate avoidance and TRX-1 endows ASJ with a bi-phasic response to NO exposure. Nitric oxide is a colorless gas that contains one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. Found at very low levels in the air, this gas is produced by the intense heat of lightning strikes and by combustion engines. Almost all living organisms also produce nitric oxide. In animals, for example, nitric oxide regulates blood pressure and signaling between neurons. However, it was not known if animals could detect nitric oxide in their environment and respond to it. Caenorhabditis elegans is a worm that has been intensively studied in many fields of biology. Unlike most animals, it cannot make nitric oxide. Yet, living in the soil, C. elegans does come into contact with many microbes that can, including the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria can infect and kill C. elegans, and so the worm typically avoids them. Hao, Yang et al. asked whether C. elegans does so by detecting the nitric oxide that these harmful bacteria release into their environment. First, worms were added to a petri dish where a small patch of P. aeruginosa was growing. Consistent with previous results, the worms had all moved away from the bacteria after a few hours. The experiments were then repeated with mutant bacteria that cannot produce nitric oxide. The worms were less likely to avoid these mutant bacteria, suggesting that C. elegans does indeed avoid infection by detecting bacterially produced nitric oxide. Next, using a range of techniques, Hao, Yang et al. showed that C. elegans avoids nitric oxide released into its environment by detecting the gas via a pair of sensory neurons. These neurons require several specific proteins to be able to detect nitric oxide and respond to it. In particular, a protein called Thioredoxin was found to determine the beginning and end of the worm’s sensory response to nitric oxide. All of these proteins are also found in many other animals, and so it is possible that these findings may be relevant to other species too. Further studies are now needed to confirm whether other organisms can sense nitric oxide from their environment and, if so, how their nervous systems equip them to do this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsong Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Qi Hall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Joshua M Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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33
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Choi JI, Lee HK, Kim HS, Park SY, Lee TY, Yoon KH, Lee JI. Odor-dependent temporal dynamics in Caenorhabitis elegans adaptation and aversive learning behavior. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4956. [PMID: 29910981 PMCID: PMC6003392 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals sense an enormous number of cues in their environments, and, over time, can form learned associations and memories with some of these. The nervous system remarkably maintains the specificity of learning and memory to each of the cues. Here we asked whether the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans adjusts the temporal dynamics of adaptation and aversive learning depending on the specific odor sensed. C. elegans senses a multitude of odors, and adaptation and learned associations to many of these odors requires activity of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 in the AWC sensory neuron. We identified a panel of 17 attractive odors, some of which have not been tested before, and determined that the majority of these odors require the AWC primary sensory neuron for sensation. We then devised a novel assay to assess odor behavior over time for a single population of animals. We used this assay to evaluate the temporal dynamics of adaptation and aversive learning to 13 odors and find that behavior change occurs early in some odors and later in others. We then examined EGL-4 localization in early-trending and late-trending odors over time. We found that the timing of these behavior changes correlated with the timing of nuclear accumulation of EGL-4 in the AWC neuron suggesting that temporal changes in behavior may be mediated by aversive learning mechanisms. We demonstrate that temporal dynamics of adaptation and aversive learning in C. elegans can be used as a model to study the timing of memory formation to different sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Im Choi
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea.,Mitohormesis Research Center, Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Hae Su Kim
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Tong Young Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hye Yoon
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea.,Mitohormesis Research Center, Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
| | - Jin I Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwondo, South Korea
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34
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Lissemore JL, Connors E, Liu Y, Qiao L, Yang B, Edgley ML, Flibotte S, Taylor J, Au V, Moerman DG, Maine EM. The Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Promotes Notch Signaling in the Germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1535-1544. [PMID: 29507057 PMCID: PMC5940146 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a genetic screen to identify genes that promote GLP-1/Notch signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells, we found a single mutation, om40, defining a gene called ego-3. ego-3(om40) causes several defects in the soma and the germline, including paralysis during larval development, sterility, delayed proliferation of germline stem cells, and ectopic germline stem cell proliferation. Whole genome sequencing identified om40 as an allele of hsp-90, previously known as daf-21, which encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the cytosolic form of HSP90. This protein is a molecular chaperone with a central position in the protein homeostasis network, which is responsible for proper folding, structural maintenance, and degradation of proteins. In addition to its essential role in cellular function, HSP90 plays an important role in stem cell maintenance and renewal. Complementation analysis using a deletion allele of hsp-90 confirmed that ego-3 is the same gene. hsp-90(om40) is an I→N conservative missense mutation of a highly conserved residue in the middle domain of HSP-90 RNA interference-mediated knockdown of hsp-90 expression partially phenocopied hsp-90(om40), confirming the loss-of-function nature of hsp-90(om40) Furthermore, reduced HSP-90 activity enhanced the effect of reduced function of both the GLP-1 receptor and the downstream LAG-1 transcription factor. Taken together, our results provide the first experimental evidence of an essential role for HSP90 in Notch signaling in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Lissemore
- Biology Department, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118
| | - Elyse Connors
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Li Qiao
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | - Mark L Edgley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jon Taylor
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Vinci Au
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Donald G Moerman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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35
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Abstract
Separase is a highly conserved protease required for chromosome segregation. Although observations that separase also regulates membrane trafficking events have been made, it is still not clear how separase achieves this function. Here, we present an extensive ENU mutagenesis suppressor screen aimed at identifying suppressors of sep-1(e2406), a temperature-sensitive maternal effect embryonic lethal separase mutant that primarily attenuates membrane trafficking rather than chromosome segregation. We screened nearly a million haploid genomes and isolated 68 suppressed lines. We identified 14 independent intragenic sep-1(e2406) suppressed lines. These intragenic alleles map to seven SEP-1 residues within the N-terminus, compensating for the original mutation within the poorly conserved N-terminal domain. Interestingly, 47 of the suppressed lines have novel mutations throughout the entire coding region of the pph-5 phosphatase, indicating that this is an important regulator of separase. We also found that a mutation near the MEEVD motif of HSP-90, which binds and activates PPH-5, also rescues sep-1(e2406) mutants. Finally, we identified six potentially novel suppressor lines that fall into five complementation groups. These new alleles provide the opportunity to more exhaustively investigate the regulation and function of separase.
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36
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Cao J, Packer JS, Ramani V, Cusanovich DA, Huynh C, Daza R, Qiu X, Lee C, Furlan SN, Steemers FJ, Adey A, Waterston RH, Trapnell C, Shendure J. Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism. Science 2017; 357:661-667. [PMID: 28818938 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To resolve cellular heterogeneity, we developed a combinatorial indexing strategy to profile the transcriptomes of single cells or nuclei, termed sci-RNA-seq (single-cell combinatorial indexing RNA sequencing). We applied sci-RNA-seq to profile nearly 50,000 cells from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at the L2 larval stage, which provided >50-fold "shotgun" cellular coverage of its somatic cell composition. From these data, we defined consensus expression profiles for 27 cell types and recovered rare neuronal cell types corresponding to as few as one or two cells in the L2 worm. We integrated these profiles with whole-animal chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data to deconvolve the cell type-specific effects of transcription factors. The data generated by sci-RNA-seq constitute a powerful resource for nematode biology and foreshadow similar atlases for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Cao
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Chau Huynh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riza Daza
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Choli Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott N Furlan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Adey
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert H Waterston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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37
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Wang B, Ma L, Wang F, Wang B, Hao X, Xu J, Ma Y. Low Temperature Extends the Lifespan of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus through the cGMP Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2320. [PMID: 29099744 PMCID: PMC5713289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal agent of pine wilt disease, pine wood nematode (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), revealed extended lifespan at low temperature. To discover the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon, we attempted to study the molecular characterization, transcript abundance, and functions of three genes of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway from B. xylophilus. Three cGMP pathway genes were identified from B. xylophilus. Bioinformatic software was utilized to analyze the characteristics of the three putative proteins. Function of the three genes in cold tolerance was studied with RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the deduced protein of Bx-DAF-11 has an adenylate and guanylate cyclase catalytic domain, indicating an ability to bind to extracellular ligands and synthesizing cGMP. Both Bx-TAX-2 and Bx-TAX-4 have cyclic nucleotide-binding domains and ion transport protein domains, illustrating that they are cGMP-gated ion channels. The transcript level of Bx-daf-11, Bx-tax-2, and Bx-tax-4 increased at low temperature. The survival rates of three gene silenced B. xylophilus revealed a significant decrease at low temperature. This study illustrated that the cGMP pathway plays a key role in low-temperature-induced lifespan extension in B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Buyong Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jiayao Xu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Management, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China.
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Hsp90-downregulation influences the heat-shock response, innate immune response and onset of oocyte development in nematodes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186386. [PMID: 29078207 PMCID: PMC5659845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone involved in the regulation and maturation of kinases and transcription factors. In Caenorhabditis elegans, it contributes to the development of fertility, maintenance of muscle structure, the regulation of heat-shock response and dauer state. To understand the consequences of Hsp90-depletion, we studied Hsp90 RNAi-treated nematodes by DNA microarrays and mass spectrometry. We find that upon development of phenotypes the levels of chaperones and Hsp90 cofactors are increased, while specific proteins related to the innate immune response are depleted. In microarrays, we further find many differentially expressed genes related to gonad and larval development. These genes form an expression cluster that is regulated independently from the immune response implying separate pathways of Hsp90-involvement. Using fluorescent reporter strains for the differentially expressed immune response genes skr-5, dod-24 and clec-60 we observe that their activity in intestinal tissues is influenced by Hsp90-depletion. Instead, effects on the development are evident in both gonad arms. After Hsp90-depletion, changes can be observed in early embryos and adults containing fluorescence-tagged versions of SEPA-1, CAV-1 or PUD-1, all of which are downregulated after Hsp90-depletion. Our observations identify molecular events for Hsp90-RNAi induced phenotypes during development and immune responses, which may help to separately investigate independent Hsp90-influenced processes that are relevant during the nematode’s life and development.
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Cao J, Packer JS, Ramani V, Cusanovich DA, Huynh C, Daza R, Qiu X, Lee C, Furlan SN, Steemers FJ, Adey A, Waterston RH, Trapnell C, Shendure J. Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism. Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8940 order by 10746--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Cao
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vijay Ramani
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Chau Huynh
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riza Daza
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Choli Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott N. Furlan
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Adey
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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40
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Sieriebriennikov B, Markov GV, Witte H, Sommer RJ. The Role of DAF-21/Hsp90 in Mouth-Form Plasticity in Pristionchus pacificus. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1644-1653. [PMID: 28333289 PMCID: PMC5455966 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is increasingly recognized to facilitate adaptive change in plants and animals, including insects, nematodes, and vertebrates. Plasticity can occur as continuous or discrete (polyphenisms) variation. In social insects, for example, in ants, some species have workers of distinct size classes while in other closely related species variation in size may be continuous. Despite the abundance of examples in nature, how discrete morphs are specified remains currently unknown. In theory, polyphenisms might require robustness, whereby the distribution of morphologies would be limited by the same mechanisms that execute buffering from stochastic perturbations, a function attributed to heat-shock proteins of the Hsp90 family. However, this possibility has never been directly tested because plasticity and robustness are considered to represent opposite evolutionary principles. Here, we used a polyphenism of feeding structures in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus to test the relationship between robustness and plasticity using geometric morphometrics of 20 mouth-form landmarks. We show that reducing heat-shock protein activity, which reduces developmental robustness, increases the range of mouth-form morphologies. Specifically, elevated temperature led to a shift within morphospace, pharmacological inhibition of all Hsp90 genes using radicicol treatment increased shape variability in both mouth-forms, and CRISPR/Cas9-induced Ppa-daf-21/Hsp90 knockout had a combined effect. Thus, Hsp90 canalizes the morphologies of plastic traits resulting in discrete polyphenism of mouth-forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Sieriebriennikov
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel V. Markov
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Roscoff, France
| | - Hanh Witte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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Zhou Y, Loeza-Cabrera M, Liu Z, Aleman-Meza B, Nguyen JK, Jung SK, Choi Y, Shou Q, Butcher RA, Zhong W. Potential Nematode Alarm Pheromone Induces Acute Avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 206:1469-1478. [PMID: 28495959 PMCID: PMC5500144 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.197293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is crucial for animal survival to detect dangers such as predators. A good indicator of dangers is injury of conspecifics. Here we show that fluids released from injured conspecifics invoke acute avoidance in both free-living and parasitic nematodes. Caenorhabditis elegans avoids extracts from closely related nematode species but not fruit fly larvae. The worm extracts have no impact on animal lifespan, suggesting that the worm extract may function as an alarm instead of inflicting physical harm. Avoidance of the worm extract requires the function of a cGMP signaling pathway that includes the cGMP-gated channel TAX-2/TAX-4 in the amphid sensory neurons ASI and ASK. Genetic evidence indicates that the avoidance behavior is modulated by the neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin, two common targets of anxiolytic drugs. Together, these data support a model that nematodes use a nematode-specific alarm pheromone to detect conspecific injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Zheng Liu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | | | - Julie K Nguyen
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Sang-Kyu Jung
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Yuna Choi
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Qingyao Shou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Rebecca A Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Weiwei Zhong
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
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Stroehlein AJ, Young ND, Korhonen PK, Chang BCH, Nejsum P, Pozio E, La Rosa G, Sternberg PW, Gasser RB. Whipworm kinomes reflect a unique biology and adaptation to the host animal. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:857-866. [PMID: 28606697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Roundworms belong to a diverse phylum (Nematoda) which is comprised of many parasitic species including whipworms (genus Trichuris). These worms have adapted to a biological niche within the host and exhibit unique morphological characteristics compared with other nematodes. Although these adaptations are known, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The availability of genomes and transcriptomes of some whipworms now enables detailed studies of their molecular biology. Here, we defined and curated the full complement of an important class of enzymes, the protein kinases (kinomes) of two species of Trichuris, using an advanced and integrated bioinformatic pipeline. We investigated the transcription of Trichuris suis kinase genes across developmental stages, sexes and tissues, and reveal that selectively transcribed genes can be linked to central roles in developmental and reproductive processes. We also classified and functionally annotated the curated kinomes by integrating evidence from structural modelling and pathway analyses, and compared them with other curated kinomes of phylogenetically diverse nematode species. Our findings suggest unique adaptations in signalling processes governing worm morphology and biology, and provide an important resource that should facilitate experimental investigations of kinases and the biology of signalling pathways in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Stroehlein
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Yourgene Bioscience, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related ligands have potent effects on an enormous diversity of biological functions in all animals examined. Because of the strong conservation of TGF-β family ligand functions and signaling mechanisms, studies from multiple animal systems have yielded complementary and synergistic insights. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, early studies were instrumental in the elucidation of TGF-β family signaling mechanisms. Current studies in C. elegans continue to identify new functions for the TGF-β family in this organism as well as new conserved mechanisms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, and the Graduate Center, New York, New York 11367
| | - Richard W Padgett
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
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Minnerly J, Zhang J, Parker T, Kaul T, Jia K. The cell non-autonomous function of ATG-18 is essential for neuroendocrine regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006764. [PMID: 28557996 PMCID: PMC5469504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) and reduced insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans and other eukaryotic organisms. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has emerged as a central pathway regulated by various longevity signals including DR and IGF signaling in promoting longevity in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that the autophagy protein ATG-18 acts cell non-autonomously in neuronal and intestinal tissues to maintain C. elegans wildtype lifespan and to respond to DR and IGF-mediated longevity signaling. Moreover, ATG-18 activity in chemosensory neurons that are involved in food detection sufficiently mediates the effect of these longevity pathways. Additionally, ATG-18-mediated cell non-autonomous signaling depends on the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Interestingly, our data suggest that neuronal and intestinal ATG-18 acts in parallel and converges on unidentified neurons that secrete neuropeptides to regulate C. elegans lifespan through the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO in response to reduced IGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Minnerly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Jiuli Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Thomas Parker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Kaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Kailiang Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Jensen VL, Leroux MR. Gates for soluble and membrane proteins, and two trafficking systems (IFT and LIFT), establish a dynamic ciliary signaling compartment. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 47:83-91. [PMID: 28432921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found on most mammalian cell surfaces. They possess a soluble matrix and membrane contiguous with the cell body cytosol and plasma membrane, and yet, have distinct compositions that can be modulated to enable dynamic signal transduction. Here, we discuss how specialized ciliary compartments are established using a coordinated network of gating, trafficking and targeting activities. Cilium homeostasis is maintained by a size-selective molecular mesh that limits soluble protein entry, and by a membrane diffusion barrier localized at the transition zone. Bidirectional protein shuttling between the cell body and cilium uses IntraFlagellar Transport (IFT), and prenylated ciliary protein delivery is achieved through Lipidated protein IntraFlagellar Targeting (LIFT). Elucidating how these gates and transport systems function will help reveal the roles that cilia play in ciliary signaling and the growing spectrum of disorders termed ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
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46
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Gillet FX, Bournaud C, Antonino de Souza Júnior JD, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Plant-parasitic nematodes: towards understanding molecular players in stress responses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:775-789. [PMID: 28087659 PMCID: PMC5378187 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematode interactions occur within a vast molecular plant immunity network. Following initial contact with the host plant roots, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) activate basal immune responses. Defence priming involves the release in the apoplast of toxic molecules derived from reactive species or secondary metabolism. In turn, PPNs must overcome the poisonous and stressful environment at the plant-nematode interface. The ability of PPNs to escape this first line of plant immunity is crucial and will determine its virulence. SCOPE Nematodes trigger crucial regulatory cytoprotective mechanisms, including antioxidant and detoxification pathways. Knowledge of the upstream regulatory components that contribute to both of these pathways in PPNs remains elusive. In this review, we discuss how PPNs probably orchestrate cytoprotection to resist plant immune responses, postulating that it may be derived from ancient molecular mechanisms. The review focuses on two transcription factors, DAF-16 and SKN-1 , which are conserved in the animal kingdom and are central regulators of cell homeostasis and immune function. Both regulate the unfolding protein response and the antioxidant and detoxification pathways. DAF-16 and SKN-1 target a broad spectrum of Caenorhabditis elegans genes coding for numerous protein families present in the secretome of PPNs. Moreover, some regulatory elements of DAF-16 and SKN-1 from C. elegans have already been identified as important genes for PPN infection. CONCLUSION DAF-16 and SKN-1 genes may play a pivotal role in PPNs during parasitism. In the context of their hub status and mode of regulation, we suggest alternative strategies for control of PPNs through RNAi approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Gillet
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Yang D, Chen C, Liu Q, Jian H. Comparative analysis of pre- and post-parasitic transcriptomes and mining pioneer effectors of Heterodera avenae. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:11. [PMID: 28289537 PMCID: PMC5309974 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae) is a devastating pathogen of wheat and barley crops in many countries. We aimed to prioritize genetic and molecular targets for H. avenae control via the powerful and integrative bioinformatics platform. RESULTS Here, we sequenced mRNA isolated from Chinese H. avenae at pre-parasitic (consisting of egg, J1 and hatched-J2) stages and post-parasitic (consisting of parasitic-J2, J3, J4 and adults) stages. Total 1,066,719 reads of whole life cycle transcriptomes were assembled into 10,811 contigs with N50 length of 1754 bp and 71,401 singletons. Comparative analyses of orthologous among H. avenae and 7 other nematodes with various life-styles revealed the significance and peculiarity of neurological system for sedentary phytonematode. KEGG pathway enrichment demonstrated active crosstalk events of nervous system at pre-parasitic stages, and 6 FMRFamide-like neuropeptides were verified to display an expression peak at the hatched-J2 stage in H. avenae. Furthermore, multiple approaches were undertaken to mine putative effectors and parasitism-specific genes. Notably, H. avenae might represent the first phytonematode reported to possess the pioneer effectors with RxLR motif and potential effectors with homologies to Ant-5/Ant-34. CONCLUSION Our work provides valuable resources for in-depth understanding the parasitism and pathogenicity of H. avenae, as well as developing new targets-oriented strategies on effective managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Changlong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Institute of Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Alleva B, Balukoff N, Peiper A, Smolikove S. Regulating chromosomal movement by the cochaperone FKB-6 ensures timely pairing and synapsis. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:393-408. [PMID: 28077446 PMCID: PMC5294783 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynein-mediated movement of microtubules is required for chromosome movement; its absence leads to aberrant segregation. Alleva et al. show that FKB-6, a cochaperone of Hsp-90, is required for proper chromosome movement through down-regulation of resting time between movements. In meiotic prophase I, homologous chromosome pairing is promoted through chromosome movement mediated by nuclear envelope proteins, microtubules, and dynein. After proper homologue pairing has been established, the synaptonemal complex (SC) assembles along the paired homologues, stabilizing their interaction and allowing for crossing over to occur. Previous studies have shown that perturbing chromosome movement leads to pairing defects and SC polycomplex formation. We show that FKB-6 plays a role in SC assembly and is required for timely pairing and proper double-strand break repair kinetics. FKB-6 localizes outside the nucleus, and in its absence, the microtubule network is altered. FKB-6 is required for proper movement of dynein, increasing resting time between movements. Attenuating chromosomal movement in fkb-6 mutants partially restores the defects in synapsis, in agreement with FKB-6 acting by decreasing chromosomal movement. Therefore, we suggest that FKB-6 plays a role in regulating dynein movement by preventing excess chromosome movement, which is essential for proper SC assembly and homologous chromosome pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Alleva
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nathan Balukoff
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Amy Peiper
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sarit Smolikove
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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49
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Khanna A, Kumar J, Vargas MA, Barrett L, Katewa S, Li P, McCloskey T, Sharma A, Naudé N, Nelson C, Brem R, Killilea DW, Mooney SD, Gill M, Kapahi P. A genome-wide screen of bacterial mutants that enhance dauer formation in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38764. [PMID: 27958277 PMCID: PMC5153853 DOI: 10.1038/srep38764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pathways involved in dauer formation, an alternate larval stage that allows Caenorhabditis elegans to survive adverse environmental conditions during development, also modulate longevity and metabolism. The decision to proceed with reproductive development or undergo diapause depends on food abundance, population density, and temperature. In recent years, the chemical identities of pheromone signals that modulate dauer entry have been characterized. However, signals derived from bacteria, the major source of nutrients for C. elegans, remain poorly characterized. To systematically identify bacterial components that influence dauer formation and aging in C. elegans, we utilized the individual gene deletion mutants in E. coli (K12). We identified 56 diverse E. coli deletion mutants that enhance dauer formation in an insulin-like receptor mutant (daf-2) background. We describe the mechanism of action of a bacterial mutant cyaA, that is defective in the production of cyclic AMP, which extends lifespan and enhances dauer formation through the modulation of TGF-β (daf-7) signaling in C. elegans. Our results demonstrate the importance of bacterial components in influencing developmental decisions and lifespan in C. elegans. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C. elegans is a useful model to study bacterial-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khanna
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Misha A Vargas
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - LaKisha Barrett
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Subhash Katewa
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Patrick Li
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Tom McCloskey
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Amit Sharma
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - Nicole Naudé
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | | | - Rachel Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
| | - David W Killilea
- Nutrition &Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Mooney
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matthew Gill
- Department of Metabolism &Aging, The Scripps Research Institute- Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, USA
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Cornils A, Maurya AK, Tereshko L, Kennedy J, Brear AG, Prahlad V, Blacque OE, Sengupta P. Structural and Functional Recovery of Sensory Cilia in C. elegans IFT Mutants upon Aging. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006325. [PMID: 27906968 PMCID: PMC5131903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cilia are formed and maintained by the highly conserved process of intraflagellar transport (IFT). Mutations in IFT genes lead to ciliary structural defects and systemic disorders termed ciliopathies. Here we show that the severely truncated sensory cilia of hypomorphic IFT mutants in C. elegans transiently elongate during a discrete period of adult aging leading to markedly improved sensory behaviors. Age-dependent restoration of cilia morphology occurs in structurally diverse cilia types and requires IFT. We demonstrate that while DAF-16/FOXO is dispensable, the age-dependent suppression of cilia phenotypes in IFT mutants requires cell-autonomous functions of the HSF1 heat shock factor and the Hsp90 chaperone. Our results describe an unexpected role of early aging and protein quality control mechanisms in suppressing ciliary phenotypes of IFT mutants, and suggest possible strategies for targeting subsets of ciliopathies. Cilia are ‘antenna-like’ structures that are present on nearly all cell types in animals. These structures are important for sensing and signaling external cues to the cell. Most cilia are formed by a protein transport process called ‘intraflagellar transport’ or IFT. Mutations in IFT genes result in severe cilia defects, and are causal to a large number of diverse human disorders called ciliopathies. Since the genes and processes by which cilia are formed are similar across species, studies in experimental models such as the nematode C. elegans can greatly inform our overall understanding of cilia formation and function. Here we report the surprising observation that the structures and functions of severely defective cilia in nematodes with disrupted IFT genes markedly improve upon aging. We find that protein quality control mechanisms that normally decline in aging are required for this age-dependent recovery of cilia structure. Our results raise the possibility that the effects of some mutations in IFT genes can be bypassed under specific conditions, thereby restoring cilia functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Cornils
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Ashish K. Maurya
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Tereshko
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea G. Brear
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Oliver E. Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
- * E-mail:
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