Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived mmu-miR-291a-3p Inhibits Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Through the TGF-β Receptor 2 Pathway

Revolutionizing Diabetic Foot Ulcer Care: The Senotherapeutic Approach

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a prevalent and profoundly debilitating complication that afflicts individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). These ulcers are associated with substantial morbidity, recurrence rates, disability, and mortality, imposing substantial economic, psychological, and medical burdens. Timely detection and intervention can mitigate the morbidity and disparities linked to DFU. Nevertheless, current therapeutic approaches for DFU continue to grapple with multifaceted limitations. A growing body of evidence emphasizes the crucial role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of chronic wounds. Interventions that try to delay cellular senescence, eliminate senescent cells (SnCs), or suppress the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have shown promise for helping chronic wounds to heal. In this context, targeting cellular senescence emerges as a novel therapeutic strategy for DFU. In this comprehensive review, we look at the pathology and treatment of DFU in a systematic way. We also explain the growing importance of investigating SnCs in DFU and highlight the great potential of senotherapeutics that target SnCs in DFU treatment. The development of efficacious and safe senotherapeutics represents a pioneering therapeutic approach aimed at enhancing the quality of life for individuals affected by DFU.

Exosomes in skin photoaging: biological functions and therapeutic opportunity

Exosomes are tiny extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types, which are filled with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (non-coding RNAs, mRNA, DNA), can be released by donor cells to subsequently modulate the function of recipient cells. Skin photoaging is the premature aging of the skin structures over time due to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) which is evidenced by dyspigmentation, telangiectasias, roughness, rhytides, elastosis, and precancerous changes. Exosomes are associated with aging-related processes including, oxidative stress, inflammation, and senescence. Anti-aging features of exosomes have been implicated in various in vitro and pre-clinical studies. Stem cell-derived exosomes can restore skin physiological function and regenerate or rejuvenate damaged skin tissue through various mechanisms such as decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), increased collagen and elastin production, and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways as well as, intercellular communication. All these evidences are promising for the therapeutic potential of exosomes in skin photoaging. This review aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms and the effects of exosomes in photoaging.

Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes

Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery, it nevertheless comes with inescapable drawbacks that might limit its clinical translation. Compared to stem cells, stem cell-derived exosomes possess numerous advantages, such as non-immunogenicity, non-infusion toxicity, easy access, effortless preservation, and freedom from tumorigenic potential and ethical issues. Exosomes can inherit similar therapeutic effects from their parental cells such as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells through vertical delivery of their pluripotency or multipotency. After a thorough search and meticulous dissection of relevant literature from the last five years, we present this comprehensive, up-to-date, specialty-specific and disease-oriented review to highlight the surgical application and potential of stem cell-derived exosomes. Exosomes derived from stem cells (e.g., embryonic, induced pluripotent, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, and endothelial stem cells) are capable of treating numerous diseases encountered in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, urology, head and neck surgery, ophthalmology, and obstetrics and gynecology. The diverse therapeutic effects of stem cells-derived exosomes are a hierarchical translation through tissue-specific responses, and cell-specific molecular signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight stem cell-derived exosomes as a viable and potent alternative to stem cell-based therapy in managing various surgical conditions. We recommend that future research combines wisdoms from surgeons, nanomedicine practitioners, and stem cell researchers in this relevant and intriguing research area.

Embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles rejuvenate senescent cells and antagonize aging in mice

Aging is a degenerative process that leads to tissue dysfunction and death. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have great therapeutic potential for age-related diseases due to their capacity for self-renewal and plasticity. However, the use of ESCs in clinical treatment is limited by immune rejection, tumourigenicity and ethical issues. ESC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may provide therapeutic effects that are comparable to those of ESCs while avoiding unwanted effects. Here, we fully evaluate the role of ESC-EVs in rejuvenation in vitro and in vivo. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and microRNA sequencing (miRNA-Seq) screening, we found that miR-15b-5p and miR-290a-5p were highly enriched in ESC-EVs, and induced rejuvenation by silencing the Ccn2-mediated AKT/mTOR pathway. These results demonstrate that miR-15b-5p and miR-290a-5p function as potent activators of rejuvenation mediated by ESC-EVs. The rejuvenating effect of ESC-EVs was further investigated in vivo by injection into aged mice. The results showed that ESC-EVs successfully ameliorated the pathological age-related phenotypes and rescued the transcriptome profile of aged mice. Our findings demonstrate that ESC-EVs treatment can rejuvenate senescence both in vitro and in vivo and suggest the therapeutic potential of ESC-EVs as a novel cell-free alternative to ESCs for age-related diseases.

Understanding cellular senescence: pathways involved, therapeutics and longevity aiding

A normal somatic cell undergoes cycles of finite cellular divisions. The presence of surveillance checkpoints arrests cell division in response to stress inducers: oxidative stress from excess free radicals, oncogene-induced abnormalities, genotoxic stress, and telomere attrition. When facing such stress when undergoing these damages, there is a brief pause in the cell cycle to enable repair mechanisms. Also, the nature of stress determines whether the cell goes for repair or permanent arrest. As the cells experience transient or permanent stress, they subsequently choose the quiescence or senescence stage, respectively. Quiescence is an essential stage that allows the arrested/damaged cells to go through appropriate repair mechanisms and then revert to the mainstream cell cycle. However, senescent cells are irreversible and accumulate with age, resulting in inflammation and various age-related disorders. In this review, we focus on senescence-associated pathways and therapeutics understanding cellular senescence as a cascade that leads to aging, while discussing the recent details on the molecular pathways involved in regulating senescence and the benefits of therapeutic strategies against accumulated senescent cells and their secretions.

TGF-β as A Master Regulator of Aging-Associated Tissue Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. Aging, injury, infections, and inflammation can cause different types of tissue fibrosis. Numerous clinical investigations have shown a correlation between the degree of liver and pulmonary fibrosis in patients and telomere length and mitochondrial DNA content, both of which are signs of aging. Aging involves the gradual loss of tissue function over time, which results in the loss of homeostasis and, ultimately, an organism's fitness. A major feature of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells. Senescent cells abnormally and continuously accumulate in the late stages of life, contributing to age-related fibrosis and tissue deterioration, among other aging characteristics. Furthermore, aging generates chronic inflammation, which results in fibrosis and decreases organ function. This finding suggests that fibrosis and aging are closely related. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily plays a crucial role in the physiological and pathological processes of aging, immune regulation, atherosclerosis, and tissue fibrosis. In this review, the functions of TGF-β in normal organs, aging, and fibrotic tissues is discussed: TGF-β signalling is altered with age and is an indicator of pathology associated with tissue fibrosis. In addition, this review discusses the potential targeting of noncoding.

A review of exosomes and their application in cutaneous medical aesthetics

BACKGROUND

Exosomes have gained recent popularity in aesthetic medicine; however, there is still a dearth of understanding on the etiology of exosomes, their physiologic function, and regenerative capabilities.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to summarize some of the physiologic functions of exosomes, their mechanistic role, and current commercial landscape in regenerative aesthetics.

METHODS

A Medline search was conducted with the keywords, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, stem cells, skin rejuvenation, and cutaneous aesthetics. MeSH term "exosomes" filtered by relevant subheadings was also utilized. Pertinent original articles encompassing animal studies, cell studies, and human studies were included. We restricted to articles published in the last 10 years.

RESULTS

Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic capabilities of exosomes in wound healing, scar modulation, alopecia, and skin rejuvenation. Exosomes primarily exert their effects in a paracrine function and modulate the interactions between keratinocytes and other cells of the skin. Exogenous exosomes can be utilized in a variety of settings to bring about desired aesthetic outcomes and to date, has only been approved for topical administration.

CONCLUSION

The safety, efficacy, potency, and dosages of exosomes remains to be determined via robust human clinical trials. Isolation and purification techniques have yet to be standardized, and this would be required for regulatory approval of all delivery modes. Overall, exosomes deliver yet another therapeutic option in regenerative aesthetics.

Exosomal miR-17-5p from human embryonic stem cells prevents pulmonary fibrosis by targeting thrombospondin-2

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible lung disease characterized by pulmonary fibrosis and lung dysfunction, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. Many preclinical studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in this disease, particularly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. However, the effects of embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes in IPF remain unclear.

METHODS

We established a bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice model and administered human embryonic stem cell exosomes (hESC-exo) from the first day after BLM treatment. The effects of hESC-exo were assessed by pulmonary function tests, biochemical analysis, histochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and western blot (WB). RNA-seq was used to screen for the potential therapeutic targets of hESC-exo in fibrotic lungs; the identified signaling axis was characterized using a luciferase assay, qPCR, and WB.

RESULTS

Results indicated hESC-exo administration notably alleviated inflammation, removed deposited collagen, and rescued alveolar architecture in the lungs of BLM-induced mice. In vivo and in vitro tests revealed that hESC-exo-derived miR-17-5p directly bound thrombospondin-2 (Thbs2) to regulate inflammation and fibrosis; thus, hESC-exo protected against BLM toxicity in the lungs via the miR-17-5p/Thbs2 axis.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest a promising new treatment for fibrosis-associated diseases.

Advancements and Insights in Exosome-Based Therapies for Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Systematic Review (2018-June 2023)

Exosomes have shown promising potential as a therapeutic approach for wound healing. Nevertheless, the translation from experimental studies to commercially available treatments is still lacking. To assess the current state of research in this field, a systematic review was performed involving studies conducted and published over the past five years. A PubMed search was performed for English-language, full-text available papers published from 2018 to June 2023, focusing on exosomes derived from mammalian sources and their application in wound healing, particularly those involving in vivo assays. Out of 531 results, 148 papers were selected for analysis. The findings revealed that exosome-based treatments improve wound healing by increasing angiogenesis, reepithelization, collagen deposition, and decreasing scar formation. Furthermore, there was significant variability in terms of cell sources and types, biomaterials, and administration routes under investigation, indicating the need for further research in this field. Additionally, a comparative examination encompassing diverse cellular origins, types, administration pathways, or biomaterials is imperative. Furthermore, the predominance of rodent-based animal models raises concerns, as there have been limited advancements towards more complex in vivo models and scale-up assays. These constraints underscore the substantial efforts that remain necessary before attaining commercially viable and extensively applicable therapeutic approaches using exosomes.

Extracellular vesicle-based biovectors in chronic wound healing: Biogenesis and delivery approaches

Chronic wounds remain an unresolved medical issue because of major social and therapeutic repercussions that require extensive focus. Recent related theragnostic focuses only on wound management and is not effectively promoting chronic wound healing. The rising number of patients with either under-healing or over-healing wounds highlights the ineffectiveness of current wound-healing treatments, and thus, there is an unmet need to focus on alternative treatments. To cover this gap, extracellular vesicles (EVs), for targeted delivery of therapeutics, are emerging as a potential therapy to treat both acute and persistent wounds. To address these issues, we explore the core biology of EVs, associated pharmacology, comprehension of immunogenic outcomes, and potential for long-term wound treatment with improved effectiveness and their nonacceptable side effects. Additionally, the therapeutic role of EVs in severe wound infections through biogenetic moderation, in combination with biomaterials (functional in nature), as well as drug carriers that can offer opportunities for the development of new treatments for this long-term condition, are also carefully elaborated, with an emphasis on biomaterial-based drug delivery systems. It is observed that exploring difficulties and potential outcomes of clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics for wound management has the potential to be adopted as a future therapy.

Embryonic stem cell extracellular vesicles reverse the senescence of retinal pigment epithelial cells by the p38MAPK pathway

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cellular senescence is regarded as an initiator for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We previously demonstrated that by the coculture way, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can reverse the senescence of RPE cells, but xenograft cells can cause a plethora of adverse effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ESCs can act as messengers to mediate nearby cell activities and have the same potential as ESCs to reverse RPE senescence. Furthermore, ESC-EVs have achieved preliminary efficacy while treating many age-related diseases. The present study aimed to test the effect of ESC-EVs on the replicative senescence model of RPE cells as well as its mechanism. The results showed that ESC-EVs enhanced the proliferative ability and cell cycle transition of senescent RPE cells, whereas reduced the senescence-associated galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining rate, as well as the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, classical markers of cellular senescence p21^WAF1/CIP1 (p21) and p16^INK4a (p16) were downregulated. The bioinformatic analysis and further study showed that the inhibition of the p38MAPK pathway by ESC-EVs played a pivotal role in RPE cellular senescence-reversing effect, which was ameliorated or even abolished when dehydrocorydaline were administrated simultaneously, demonstrating that ESC-EVs can effectively reverse RPE cellular senesence by inhibiting the p38MAPK pathway, thus highlights the potential of ESC-derived EVs as biomaterials for preventative and protective therapy in AMD.

Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A novel and potential remedy for primary ovarian insufficiency

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an essential cause of young female fertility loss. At present, there are many treatments for primary ovarian insufficiency, but due to the complexity of the pathogenesis of primary ovarian insufficiency, the efficacy still could not be satisfactory. Stem cell transplantation is a feasible intervention protocol for primary ovarian insufficiency. However, its wide application in the clinic is limited by some defects such as tumorigenic and controversial ethical issues. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mode of intercellular communication attracting increasing interest. It is well documented that stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for primary ovarian insufficiency with exciting therapeutic effects. Studies have found that stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles could improve ovarian reserve, increase the growth of follicles, reduce follicle atresia, and restore hormone levels of FSH and E2. Its mechanisms include inhibiting ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory response and promoting granulosa cells proliferation and angiogenesis. Thus, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles are a promising and potential method for primary ovarian insufficiency patients. However, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles are still a long way from clinical translation. This review will provide an overview of the role and the mechanisms of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in primary ovarian insufficiency, and further elaborate on the current challenges. It may suggest new directions for future research.

Exosomal miR-767 from senescent endothelial-derived accelerating skin fibroblasts aging via inhibiting TAB1

Skin aging is a complicated physiological process, and microRNA-mediated regulation has been shown to contribute to this process. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication through miRNAs, mRNAs and proteins, and participate in many physiological and pathological processes. Vascular endothelial cell-derived exosomes have been confirmed to be involved in the development of many diseases, however, their effects on skin aging have not been reported. In this study, senescent endothelial cells could regulate skin fibroblast functions and promote cell senescence through exosomal pathway. miR-767 was highly expressed in senescent vascular endothelial cells and their exosomes, and miR-767 is also upregulated in skin fibroblasts after treatment with exosomes derived from senescent vascular endothelial cells. In addition, transfection with miR-767 mimic promoted senescence of skin fibroblasts, while transfection with miR-767 inhibitor reversed the effect of D-galactose. Double luciferase analysis confirmed that TAB1 was a direct target gene of miR-767. Furthermore, miR-767 expression was increased and TAB1 expression was decreased in D-galactose induced aging mice. In mice that overexpressed miR-767, HE staining showed thinning of dermis and senescence appearance. In conclusion, senescent vascular endothelial cell-derived exosome mediated miR-767 regulates skin fibroblasts through the exosome pathway. Our study reveals the role of vascular endothelial cell-derived exosomes in aging in the skin microenvironment and contributes to the discovery of new targets for delaying senescence.

Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Senescence

Senescence is defined as a gradual weakening of functional features of a living organism. Cellular senescence is a process that is principally aimed to remove undesirable cells by prompting tissue remodeling. This process is also regarded as a defense mechanism induced by cellular damage. In the course of oncogenesis, senescence can limit tumor progression. However, senescence participates in the pathoetiology of several disorders such as fibrotic disorders, vascular disorders, diabetes, renal disorders and sarcopenia. Recent studies have revealed contribution of different classes of non-coding RNAs in the cellular senescence. Long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs and circular RNAs are three classes of these transcripts whose contributions in this process have been more investigated. In the current review, we summarize the available literature on the impact of these transcripts in the cellular senescence.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A novel and potential remedy for cutaneous wound healing and regeneration

Poor healing of cutaneous wounds is a common medical problem in the field of traumatology. Due to the intricate pathophysiological processes of wound healing, the use of conventional treatment methods, such as chemical molecule drugs and traditional dressings, have been unable to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Within recent years, explicit evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great therapeutic potentials on skin wound healing and regeneration. However, the direct application of MSCs still faces many challenges and difficulties. Intriguingly, exosomes as cell-secreted granular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane structure and containing specific components from the source cells may emerge to be excellent substitutes for MSCs. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exosomes) have been demonstrated to be beneficial for cutaneous wound healing and accelerate the process through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include alleviating inflammation, promoting vascularization, and promoting proliferation and migration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Therefore, the application of MSC-exosomes may be a promising alternative to cell therapy in the treatment of cutaneous wounds and could promote wound healing through multiple mechanisms simultaneously. This review will provide an overview of the role and the mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomes in cutaneous wound healing, and elaborate the potentials and future perspectives of MSC-exosomes application in clinical practice.

Synergistic Anti-Ageing through Senescent Cells Specific Reprogramming

In this review, we seek a novel strategy for establishing a rejuvenating microenvironment through senescent cells specific reprogramming. We suggest that partial reprogramming can produce a secretory phenotype that facilitates cellular rejuvenation. This strategy is desired for specific partial reprogramming under control to avoid tumour risk and organ failure due to loss of cellular identity. It also alleviates the chronic inflammatory state associated with ageing and secondary senescence in adjacent cells by improving the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. This manuscript also hopes to explore whether intervening in cellular senescence can improve ageing and promote damage repair, in general, to increase people’s healthy lifespan and reduce frailty. Feasible and safe clinical translational protocols are critical in rejuvenation by controlled reprogramming advances. This review discusses the limitations and controversies of these advances’ application (while organizing the manuscript according to potential clinical translation schemes) to explore directions and hypotheses that have translational value for subsequent research.

Therapeutic implications of exosomes in the treatment of radiation injury

Radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatments, but it may damage normal tissue and cause various side effects. At present, radioprotective agents used in clinics have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and hypotension, which limit their clinical application. It has been found that exosomes play an indispensable role in radiation injury. Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that carry various bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids and microRNA (miRNA), that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and affect tissue injury and repair. In addition, studies have shown that radiation can increase the uptake of exosomes in cells and affect the composition and secretion of exosomes. Here, we review the existing studies and discuss the effects of radiation on exosomes and the role of exosomes in radiation injury, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of radiation injury.

3D hESC exosomes enriched with miR-6766-3p ameliorates liver fibrosis by attenuating activated stellate cells through targeting the TGFβRII-SMADS pathway

BACKGROUND

Exosomes secreted from stem cells exerted salutary effects on the fibrotic liver. Herein, the roles of exosomes derived from human embryonic stem cell (hESC) in anti-fibrosis were extensively investigated. Compared with two-dimensional (2D) culture, the clinical and biological relevance of three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids were greater because of their higher regeneration potential since they behave more like cells in vivo. In our study, exosomes derived from 3D human embryonic stem cells (hESC) spheroids and the monolayer (2D) hESCs were collected and compared the therapeutic potential for fibrotic liver in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

In vitro, PKH26 labeled-hESC-Exosomes were shown to be internalized and integrated into TGFβ-activated-LX2 cells, and reduced the expression of profibrogenic markers, thereby regulating cellular phenotypes. TPEF imaging indicated that PKH26-labeled-3D-hESC-Exsomes possessed an enhanced capacity to accumulate in the livers and exhibited more dramatic therapeutic potential in the injured livers of fibrosis mouse model. 3D-hESC-Exosomes decreased profibrogenic markers and liver injury markers, and improved the level of liver functioning proteins, eventually restoring liver function of fibrosis mice. miRNA array revealed a significant enrichment of miR-6766-3p in 3D-hESC-Exosomes, moreover, bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter assay identified and confirmed the TGFβRII gene as the target of miR-6766-3p. Furthermore, the delivery of miR-6766-3p into activated-LX2 cells decreased cell proliferation, chemotaxis and profibrotic effects, and further investigation demonstrated that the expression of target gene TGFβRII and its downstream SMADs proteins, especially phosphorylated protein p-SMAD2/3 was also notably down-regulated by miR-6766-3p. These findings unveiled that miR-6766-3p in 3D-hESC-Exosomes inactivated SMADs signaling by inhibiting TGFβRII expression, consequently attenuating stellate cell activation and suppressing liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that miR-6766-3p in the 3D-hESC-Exosomes inactivates smads signaling by restraining TGFβRII expression, attenuated LX2 cell activation and suppressed liver fibrosis, suggesting that 3D-hESC-Exosome enriched-miR-6766-3p is a novel anti-fibrotic therapeutics for treating chronic liver disease. These results also proposed a significant strategy that 3D-Exo could be used as natural nanoparticles to rescue liver injury via delivering antifibrotic miR-6766-3p.

Senotherapeutic Drugs: A New Avenue for Skincare?

SUMMARY

Skin aging is an outward manifestation of other cellular and molecular aging processes occurring elsewhere in the body. These processes are known collectively as the "hallmarks" of aging, which are a series of basic health maintenance mechanisms that fail over time. Cellular senescence is one of the most studied of the hallmarks of aging; senescent cells accumulate over time and are major drives of the aging process. Here, we discuss the impact of cellular senescence in the context of skin aging, and discuss the emerging landscape of interventions designed for their selective removal by targeted cell death (senolytics) or rejuvenation (senomorphics). We discuss the serotherapeutic strategies that are currently under investigation for systemic aging, which may bring eventual benefits for skin health. Next, we discuss a newly discovered hallmark of aging, dysregulated mRNA processing, which can be targeted for the senomorphic effect. Finally, we highlight a new modality for manipulation of disrupted mRNA processing, oligonucleotide therapeutics. The emerging field of senotherapeutics is set to revolutionize how we view and treat skin aging, and senotherapies are now poised to become a new class of skincare interventions.

Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Therapeutics in Cutaneous Lesions

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nanoscale membranous vesicles containing DNAs, RNAs, lipids and proteins, have emerged as promising diagnostic and therapeutic agents for skin diseases. Here, we summarize the basic physiology of the skin and the biological characteristic of EVs. Further, we describe the applications of EVs in the treatment of dermatological conditions such as skin infection, inflammatory skin diseases, skin repair and rejuvenation and skin cancer. In particular, plant-derived EVs and clinical trials are discussed. In addition, challenges and perspectives related to the preclinical and clinical applications of EVs are highlighted.

The impact of non-coding RNAs on normal stem cells

Self-renewal and differentiation into diverse cells are two main characteristics of stem cells. These cells have important roles in development and homeostasis of different tissues and are supposed to facilitate tissue regeneration. Function of stem cells is regulated by dynamic interactions between external signaling, epigenetic factors, and molecules that regulate expression of genes. Among the highly appreciated regulators of function of stem cells are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Impact of miR-342-5p, miR-145, miR-1297, miR-204-5p, miR-132, miR-128-3p, hsa-miR-302, miR-26b-5p and miR-10a are among miRNAs that regulate function of stem cells. Among lncRNAs, AK141205, ANCR, MEG3, Pnky, H19, TINCR, HULC, EPB41L4A-AS1 and SNHG7 have important roles in the regulation of stem cells. In the current paper, we aimed at reviewing the importance of miRNAs and lncRNAs in differentiation of stem cells both in normal and diseased conditions. For this purpose, we searched PubMed/Medline and google scholar databases using "stem cell" AND "lncRNA", or "long non-coding RNA", or "microRNA" or "miRNA".

An Insight into Aging, Senescence, and Their Impacts on Wound Healing

Cellular senescence has been found to have beneficial roles in development, tissue regeneration, and wound healing. However, in aging senescence increases, and the ability to properly repair and heal wounds significantly declines across multiple tissues. This age-related accumulation of senescent cells may cause loss of tissue homeostasis leading to dysregulation of normal and timely wound healing processes. The delays in wound healing of aging have widespread clinical and economic impacts, thus novel strategies to improve wound healing in aging are needed and targeting senescence may be a promising area.

Senolytics and senomorphics: Natural and synthetic therapeutics in the treatment of aging and chronic diseases

Cellular senescence is a heterogeneous process guided by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors, characterizing many types of somatic cells. It has been suggested as an aging hallmark that is believed to contribute to aging and chronic diseases. Senescent cells (SC) exhibit a specific senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), mainly characterized by the production of proinflammatory and matrix-degrading molecules. When SC accumulate, a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging, is induced. In turn, this chronic immune system activation results in reduced SC clearance thus establishing a vicious circle that fuels inflammaging. SC accumulation represents a causal factor for various age-related pathologies. Targeting of several aging hallmarks has been suggested as a strategy to ameliorate healthspan and possibly lifespan. Consequently, SC and SASP are viewed as potential therapeutic targets either through the selective killing of SC or the selective SASP blockage, through natural or synthetic compounds. These compounds are members of a family of agents called senotherapeutics divided into senolytics and senomorphics. Few of them are already in clinical trials, possibly representing a future treatment of age-related pathologies including diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic steatosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and age-related macular degeneration. In this review, we present the already identified senolytics and senomorphics focusing on their redox-sensitive properties. We describe the studies that revealed their effects on cellular senescence and enabled their nomination as novel anti-aging agents. We refer to the senolytics that are already in clinical trials and we present various adverse effects exhibited by senotherapeutics so far. Finally, we discuss aspects of the senotherapeutics that need improvement and we suggest the design of future senotherapeutics to target specific redox-regulated signaling pathways implicated either in the regulation of SASP or in the elimination of SC.

Senotherapeutics for HIV and aging

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To summarize the state of chronic, treated HIV infection and its contribution to accelerated aging, and to evaluate recent research relevant to the study and treatment of aging and senescence.

RECENT FINDINGS

Chronic treated HIV-1 infection is associated with significant risk of end-organ impairment, non-AIDS-associated malignancies, and accelerated physiologic aging. Coupled with the chronologic aging of the HIV-1-positive population, the development of therapies that target these processes is of great clinical importance. Age-related diseases are partly the result of cellular senescence. Both immune and nonimmune cell subsets are thought to mediate this senescent phenotype, a state of stable cell cycle arrest characterized by sustained release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Recent research in the field of aging has identified a number of 'senotherapeutics' to combat aging-related diseases, pharmacologic agents that act either by selectively promoting the death of senescent cells ('senolytics') or modifying senescent phenotype ('senomorphics').

SUMMARY

Senescence is a hallmark of aging-related diseases that is characterized by stable cell cycle arrest and chronic inflammation. Chronic HIV-1 infection predisposes patients to aging-related illnesses and is similarly marked by a senescence-like phenotype. A better understanding of the role of HIV-1 in aging will inform the development of therapeutics aimed at eliminating senescent cells that drive accelerated physiologic aging.

Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis

The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14^ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.

Association between miRNA signatures in serum samples from epidermal growth factor inhibitor treated patients and skin toxicity

Objective: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRI) are used as targeted cancer therapy. On average 70% of patients treated with EGFRIs suffer from skin toxicity. Studies showed a correlation between overall survival and the appearance of a skin rash, which is used as a biomarker for therapy efficacy. Micro RNAs (miRNA) as tumor or resistance biomarkers for cancer therapy are also highly investigated. In our study, we searched for associations of miRNA expression profiles in serum, with the severity of skin rash, in order to identify tentative therapy predictive biomarkers.

Materials and Methods: Five candidate miRNAs were selected, based on an earlier in vitro next-generation-sequencing-experiment and after literature search. MiR-21, miR-31, miR-17, miR-106b and miR-520e were investigated in serum samples from patients (n = 254) treated with EGFRI. The quantitative expression of miRNA was tested for association with the occurrence/severity of the rash.

Results: In our cohort of patients treated with EGFR inhibiting monoclonal antibodies, miR-21 and miR-520e serum concentrations were negatively correlated with severity of skin rash (p-value 0.000582 and 1.53e-07 linear-trend-test) whereas for miR-31, a positive correlation was observed (p-value 9.01e-06 linear-trend-test).

Conclusions: This suggests that miR-21, miR-31 and miR-520e expression might be a treatment dependent marker for EGFRI induced skin rash.

SIRT1 suppresses cellular senescence and inflammatory cytokine release in human dermal fibroblasts by promoting the deacetylation of NF-κB and activating autophagy

Skin aging is a complex process and involves extrinsic and intrinsic processes with distinct characteristics. Understanding skin aging requires knowledge of the senescence of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and the biological mechanisms involved in this process. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the aging of HDFs is still not clear. Therefore, we investigated mechanisms of autophagy, inflammation, and cellular senescence by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining in senescent HDFs. We found SRT1720 inhibited the inductions of inflammatory cytokines and cellular senescence by deacetylating acetyl-NF-κB levels and enhancing levels of autophagy-associated proteins and SIRT1 in senescent HDFs. However, the NF-κB activator prostratin attenuated signals associated with autophagy, such as those of LC3-II and Beclin-1, but increased inflammatory cytokine levels and cellular senescence. Notably, the expression levels of SIRT1 and autophagy-associated proteins were higher in aged mice administered SRT1720 than in old mice, and SRT1720 also decreased levels of acetyl-NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines, and senescence markers, which was in accord with in vitro results. These findings support that SRT1720 acts as an anti-aging agent and inhibits the inductions of inflammatory cytokines and senescence by regulating the SIRT1/acetyl-NF-κB signaling pathway and activating autophagy in senescent HDFs.

PCOS follicular fluid derived exosomal miR-424-5p induces granulosa cells senescence by targeting CDCA4 expression

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous reproductive disease, characterized by increased ovarian androgen biosynthesis, chronic anovulation and polycystic ovaries. The objective of this study was to identify the altered miRNA expression profiles in follicular fluid derived exosomes isolated from PCOS patients and to investigate the molecular functions of exosomal miR-424-5p. Herein, small RNA sequencing showed that twenty-five miRNAs were differentially expressed between control and PCOS group. The alterations in the miRNA profile were related to the endocrine resistance, cell growth and proliferation, cellular senescence and insulin signaling pathway. Among these differentially expressed miRNAs, we found that the expression of miR-424-5p was significantly decreased in PCOS exosomes and primary granulosa cells (GCs). Exosome-enriched miR-424-5p significantly promoted GCs senescence and suppressed cell proliferation. Similar to the results obtained in the cells transfected with miR-424-5p mimic, miR-424-5p mimic significantly decreased cell proliferation ability and induced senescence, but treatment with miR-424-5p inhibitor got the opposite results. In addition, cell division cycle associated 4 (CDCA4) gene displayed an inverse expression pattern to those of miR-424-5p, was identified as the direct target of miR-424-5p. Overexpression of CDCA4 reversed the effects of exosomal miR-424-5p on GCs via activation of Rb/E2F1 signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that exosomal miR-424-5p inhibits GCs proliferation and induces cellular senescence in PCOS through blocking CDCA4-mediated Rb/E2F1 signaling. Our findings provide new information on abnormal follicular development in PCOS.

The effect of Q-switched 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser on skin barrier and collagen synthesis via miR-663a to regulate TGFβ1/smad3/p38MAPK pathway

BACKGROUND

Our previous research found that Q-switched 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser (1064-QSNYL) induces skin collagen synthesis by activating TGFβ1/Smad3/p38MAPKs pathway. Moreover, a lot of studies shown that MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to regulate collagen synthesis and skin barrier. Therefore, we intend to explore the mechanism of 1064-QSNYL on collagen synthesis and skin barrier through miRNAs.

METHODS

We predicted the upstream miRNAs of TGFβ1 by bioinformatics databases, and verified them through dual-luciferase reporter genes and Western blotting. The expression of collagen, skin barrier-related protein K10 and filaggrin, TIMP-1, and MMP-2 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Moreover, we detected moisture content, elasticity value, TEWL value, SOD vitality, and hydroxyproline content to evaluate skin barrier of mice. H&E staining to observe the change of dermis thickness and inflammation and infiltration of mice skin.

RESULTS

The results shown that TGFβ1 was target gene of miR-663a. Moreover, we found that 1064-QSNYL activated TGFβ1/smad3/p38MAPK pathway by down-regulating the expression of miR-663a in HaCaT, HDF cells, and mice, thereby promoting expression of Collagen I, Collagen IV, TIMP-1, K10, and filaggrin and inhibiting MMP-2. Furthermore, 1064-QSNYL contributed to moisture content, elasticity, SOD vitality, and hydroxyproline content via miR-663a to activate TGFβ1/smad3/p38MAPK pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, this study found for the first time that 1064-QSNYL contributed to collagen synthesis and skin repair via miR-663a to regulate TGFβ1/smad3/p38MAPK pathway, thereby achieving skin rejuvenation.

The novel mechanisms and applications of exosomes in dermatology and cutaneous medical aesthetics

Exposure to the external environment may lead to instability and dysfunction of the skin, resulting in refractory wound, skin aging, pigmented dermatosis, hair loss, some immune-mediated dermatoses, and connective tissue diseases. Nowadays, many skin treatments have not achieved a commendable balance between medical recovery and cosmetic needs. Exosomes are cell-derived nanoscale vesicles carrying various biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, with the capability to communicate with adjacent or distant cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that endogenic multiple kinds of exosomes are crucial orchestrators in shaping physiological and pathological development of the skin. Besides, exogenous exosomes, such as stem cell exosomes, can serve as novel treatment options to repair, regenerate, and rejuvenate skin tissue. Herein, we review new insights into the role of endogenic and exogenous exosomes in the skin microenvironment and recent advances in applications of exosomes related to dermatology and cutaneous medical aesthetics. The deep understanding of the mechanisms by which exosomes perform biological functions in skin is of great potential to establish attractive therapeutic methods for the skin.

ESC-sEVs Rejuvenate Aging Hippocampal NSCs by Transferring SMADs to Regulate the MYT1-Egln3-Sirt1 Axis

Tissue stem cell senescence leads to stem cell exhaustion, which results in tissue homeostasis imbalance and a decline in regeneration capacity. However, whether neural stem cell (NSC) senescence occurs and causes neurogenesis reduction during aging is unknown. In this study, mice at different ages were used to detect age-related hippocampal NSC (H-NSC) senescence, as well as the function and mechanism of embryonic stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (ESC-sEVs) in rejuvenating H-NSC senescence. We found a progressive cognitive impairment, as well as age-related H-NSC senescence, in mice. ESC-sEV treatment significantly alleviated H-NSC senescence, recovered compromised self-renewal and neurogenesis capacities, and reversed cognitive impairment. Transcriptome analysis revealed that myelin transcription factor 1 (MYT1) is downregulated in senescent H-NSCs but upregulated by ESC-sEV treatment. In addition, knockdown of MYT1 in young H-NSCs accelerated age-related phenotypes and impaired proliferation and differentiation capacities. Mechanistically, ESC-sEVs rejuvenated senescent H-NSCs partly by transferring SMAD family members 4 (SMAD4) and 5 (SMAD5) to activate MYT1, which downregulated egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 3 (Egln3), followed by activation of hypoxia inducible factor 2 subunit α (HIF-2α), nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) successively. Taken together, our results indicated that H-NSC senescence caused cellular exhaustion, neurogenesis reduction, and cognitive impairment during aging, which can be reversed by ESC-sEVs. Thus, ESC-sEVs may be promising therapeutic candidates for age-related diseases.

Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of cellular senescence in osteoarthritis

The development of osteoarthritis (OA) correlates with a rise in the number of senescent cells in joint tissues, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) has been implicated in cartilage degradation and OA. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and associated oxidative stress might induce senescence in joint tissue cells. However, senescence is not the only driver of OA, and the mechanisms by which senescent cells contribute to disease progression are not fully understood. Furthermore, it remains uncertain which joint cells and SASP-factors contribute to the OA phenotype. Research in the field has looked at developing therapeutics (namely senolytics and senomorphics) that eliminate or alter senescent cells to stop disease progression and pathogenesis. A better understanding of how senescence contributes to joint dysfunction may enhance the effectiveness of these approaches and provide relief for patients with OA.

Report From the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consultation Conference on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancers: IV: Current and Future Utilization of Molecular-Genetic Tests for Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) organized a Consultation Conference in March 2019 dealing with applications of molecular pathology in Urogenital Pathology, including testicular tumors (with a focus on germ cell tumors [GCTs]), preceded by a survey among its members to get insight into current practices in testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) diagnostics and adoption of the ISUP immunohistochemical guidelines published in 2014. On the basis of the premeeting survey, the most commonly used immunomarker panel includes OCT3/4, placental alkaline phosphate, D2-40, SALL4, CD117, and CD30 for GCTs and the documentation of germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). Molecular testing, specifically 12p copy gain, is informative to distinguish non-GCNIS versus GCNIS related GCTs, and establishing germ cell origin of tumors both in the context of primary and metastatic lesions. Other molecular methodologies currently available but not widely utilized for TGCTs include genome-wide and targeted approaches for specific genetic anomalies, P53 mutations, genomic MDM2 amplification, and detection of the p53 inactivating miR-371a-3p. The latter also holds promise as a serum marker for malignant TGCTs. This manuscript provides an update on the classification of TGCTs, and describes the current and future role of molecular-genetic testing. The following recommendations are made: (1) Presence of GCNIS should be documented in all cases along with extent of spermatogenesis; (2) Immunohistochemical staining is optional in the following scenarios: identification of GCNIS, distinguishing embryonal carcinoma from seminoma, confirming presence of yolk sac tumor and/or choriocarcinoma, and differentiating spermatocytic tumor from potential mimics; (3) Detection of gain of the short arm of chromosome 12 is diagnostic to differentiate between non-GCNIS versus GCNIS related GCTs and supportive to the germ cell origin of both primary and metastatic tumors.

Pulmonary Silicosis Alters MicroRNA Expression in Rat Lung and miR-411-3p Exerts Anti-fibrotic Effects by Inhibiting MRTF-A/SRF Signaling

To identify potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis induced by silica, we studied the effects of this disease on the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the lung. Rattus norvegicus pulmonary silicosis models were used in conjunction with high-throughput screening of lung specimens to compare the expression of miRNAs in control and pulmonary silicosis tissues. A total of 70 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between control and pulmonary silicosis tissues. This included 41 miRNAs that were upregulated and 29 that were downregulated relative to controls. Among them, miR-292-5p, miR-155-3p, miR-1193-3p, miR-411-3p, miR-370-3p, and miR-409a-5p were found to be similarly altered in rat lung and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced cultured fibroblasts. Using miRNA mimics and inhibitors, we found that miR-1193-3p, miR-411-3p, and miR-370-3p exhibited potent anti-fibrotic effects, while miR-292-5p demonstrated pro-fibrotic effects in TGF-β1-stimulated lung fibroblasts. Moreover, we also found that miR-411-3p effectively reduced pulmonary silicosis in the mouse lung by regulating Mrtfa expression, as demonstrated using biochemical and histological assays. In conclusion, our findings indicate that miRNA expression is perturbed in pulmonary silicosis and suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting specific miRNAs might be effective in the treatment of this occupational disease.

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Exosomes for Immunomodulatory Therapeutics and Skin Regeneration

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for cell-to-cell communication. With their unique nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids cargo compositions that reflect the characteristics of producer cells, exosomes can be utilized as cell-free therapeutics. Among exosomes derived from various cellular origins, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) have gained great attention due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative functions. Indeed, many studies have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and wound healing effects of MSC-exosomes in various in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, recent advances in the field of exosome biology have enabled development of specific guidelines and quality control methods, which will ultimately lead to clinical application of exosomes. This review highlights recent studies that investigate therapeutic potential of MSC-exosomes and relevant mode of actions for skin diseases, as well as quality control measures required for development of exosome-derived therapeutics.

ESC-sEVs Rejuvenate Senescent Hippocampal NSCs by Activating Lysosomes to Improve Cognitive Dysfunction in Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia (VD) is one of the most common types of dementia, however, the intrinsic mechanism is unclear and there is still lack of effective medications. In this study, the VD rats exhibit a progressive cognitive impairment, as well as a time-related increasing in hippocampal neural stem cells (H-NSCs) senescence, lost and neurogenesis decline. Then, embryonic stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (ESC-sEVs) are intravenously injected into VD rats. ESC-sEVs treatment significantly alleviates H-NSCs senescence, recovers compromised proliferation and neuron differentiation capacity, and reverses cognitive impairment. By microarray analysis and RT-qPCR it is identified that several miRNAs including miR-17-5p, miR-18a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-29a-3p, and let-7a-5p, that can inhibit mTORC1 activation, exist in ESC-sEVs. ESC-sEVs rejuvenate H-NSCs senescence partly by transferring these miRNAs to inhibit mTORC1 activation, promote transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation and lysosome resumption. Taken together, these data indicate that H-NSCs senescence cause cell depletion, neurogenesis reduction, and cognitive impairment in VD. ESC-sEVs treatment ameliorates H-NSCs senescence by inhibiting mTORC1 activation, and promoting TFEB nuclear translocation and lysosome resumption, thereby reversing senescence-related neurogenesis dysfunction and cognitive impairment in VD. The application of ESC-sEVs may be a novel cell-free therapeutic tool for patients with VD, as well as other aging-related diseases.

Stem cell therapy: old challenges and new solutions

Stem cell therapy (SCT), born as therapeutic revolution to replace pharmacological treatments, remains a hope and not yet an effective solution. Accordingly, stem cells cannot be conceivable as a "canonical" drug, because of their unique biological properties. A new reorientation in this field is emerging, based on a better understanding of stem cell biology and use of cutting-edge technologies and innovative disciplines. This will permit to solve the gaps, failures, and long-term needs, such as the retention, survival and integration of stem cells, by employing pharmacology, genetic manipulation, biological or material incorporation. Consequently, the clinical applicability of SCT for chronic human diseases will be extended, as well as its effectiveness and success, leading to long-awaited medical revolution. Here, some of these aspects are summarized, reviewing and discussing recent advances in this rapidly developing research field.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in Regenerative Medicine: Applications in Skin Wound Healing

The cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EV) that may have an endosomal origin, or from evaginations of the plasma membrane. The former are usually called exosomes, with sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm. These EV contain a lipid bilayer associated to membrane proteins. Molecules such as nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, etc.) and proteins may be stored inside. The EV composition depends on the producer cell type and its physiological conditions. Through them, the cells modify their microenvironment and the behavior of neighboring cells. That is accomplished by transferring factors that modulate different metabolic and signaling pathways. Due to their properties, EV can be applied as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in medicine. The mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have immunomodulatory properties and a high regenerative capacity. These features are linked to their paracrine activity and EV secretion. Therefore, research on exosomes produced by MSC has been intensified for use in cell-free regenerative medicine. In this area, the use of EV for the treatment of chronic skin ulcers (CSU) has been proposed. Such sores occur when normal healing does not resolve properly. That is usually due to excessive prolongation of the inflammatory phase. These ulcers are associated with aging and diseases, such as diabetes, so their prevalence is increasing with the one of such latter disease, mainly in developed countries. This has very important socio-economic repercussions. In this review, we show that the application of MSC-derived EV for the treatment of CSU has positive effects, including accelerating healing and decreasing scar formation. This is because the EV have immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties. Likewise, they have the ability to activate the angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the main cell types involved in skin regeneration. They include endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. Most of the studies carried out so far are preclinical. Therefore, there is a need to advance more in the knowledge about the conditions of production, isolation, and action mechanisms of EV. Interestingly, their potential application in the treatment of CSU opens the door for the design of new highly effective therapeutic strategies.

Predicting Gonadal Germ Cell Cancer in People with Disorders of Sex Development; Insights from Developmental Biology

The risk of gonadal germ cell cancer (GGCC) is increased in selective subgroups, amongst others, defined patients with disorders of sex development (DSD). The increased risk is due to the presence of part of the Y chromosome, i.e., GonadoBlastoma on Y chromosome GBY region, as well as anatomical localization and degree of testicularization and maturation of the gonad. The latter specifically relates to the germ cells present being at risk when blocked in an embryonic stage of development. GGCC originates from either germ cell neoplasia in situ (testicular environment) or gonadoblastoma (ovarian-like environment). These precursors are characterized by presence of the markers OCT3/4 (POU5F1), SOX17, NANOG, as well as TSPY, and cKIT and its ligand KITLG. One of the aims is to stratify individuals with an increased risk based on other parameters than histological investigation of a gonadal biopsy. These might include evaluation of defined susceptibility alleles, as identified by Genome Wide Association Studies, and detailed evaluation of the molecular mechanism underlying the DSD in the individual patient, combined with DNA, mRNA, and microRNA profiling of liquid biopsies. This review will discuss the current opportunities as well as limitations of available knowledge in the context of predicting the risk of GGCC in individual patients.

Embryonic stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles enhance the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells

Background: Embryonic stem cells (ES) have a great potential for cell-based therapies in a regenerative medicine. However, the ethical and safety issues limit its clinical application. ES-derived extracellular vesicles (ES-EVs) have been reported suppress cellular senescence. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used for clinical cell therapy. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of ES-EVs on aging MSCs to further enhancing their therapeutic effects. Methods: In vitro, we explored the rejuvenating effects of ES-EVs on senescent MSCs by senescence-associated β-gal (SA-β-gal) staining, immunostaining, and DNA damage foci analysis. The therapeutic effect of senescent MSC pre-treated with ES-EVs was also evaluated by using mouse cutaneous wound model. Results: We found that ES-EVs significantly rejuvenated the senescent MSCs in vitro and improve the therapeutic effects of MSCs in a mouse cutaneous wound model. In addition, we also identified that the IGF1/PI3K/AKT pathway mediated the antisenescence effects of ES-EVs on MSCs. Conclusions: Our results suggested that ES cells derived-extracellular vesicles possess the antisenescence properties, which significantly rejuvenate the senescent MSCs and enhance the therapeutic effects of MSCs. This strategy might emerge as a novel therapeutic strategy for MSCs clinical application.

Human germ cell tumours from a developmental perspective

Human germ cell tumours (GCTs) are derived from stem cells of the early embryo and the germ line. They occur in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and also in extragonadal sites, where migrating primordial germ cells are located during embryogenesis. This group of heterogeneous neoplasms is unique in that their developmental potential is in effect determined by the latent potency state of their cells of origin, which are reprogrammed to omnipotent, totipotent or pluripotent stem cells. Seven GCT types, defined according to their developmental potential, have been identified, each with distinct epidemiological and (epi)genomic features. Heritable predisposition factors affecting the cells of origin and their niches likely explain bilateral, multiple and familial occurrences of the different types of GCTs. Unlike most other tumour types, GCTs are rarely caused by somatic driver mutations, but arise through failure to control the latent developmental potential of their cells of origin, resulting in their reprogramming. Consistent with their non-mutational origin, even the malignant tumours of the group are characterized by wild-type TP53 and high sensitivity for DNA damage. However, tumour progression and the rare occurrence of treatment resistance are driven by embryonic epigenetic state, specific (sub)chromosomal imbalances and somatic mutations. Thus, recent progress in understanding GCT biology supports a comprehensive developmental pathogenetic model for the origin of all GCTs, and provides new biomarkers, as well as potential targets for treatment of resistant disease.

ssc-miR-204 regulates porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis by targeting TGFBR1 and TGFBR2

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) take part in a variety of biological processes by regulating target genes. Transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and TGFBR2 are crucial members of the TGF-β family and are serine/threonine kinase receptors. The aim of this study was to explore the functions of ssc-miR-204 in porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis with regard to the TGFβ/Smad pathway. We identified miRNAs predicted to target TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 using a database and selected ssc-miR-204 as a candidate miRNA. ssc-miR-204 overexpression dramatically reduced the levels of TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. However, after transfection with ssc-miR-204 inhibitor, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 levels were dramatically increased. ssc-miR-204 overexpression dramatically promoted porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis. After transfection with ssc-miR-204 inhibitor, porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis were dramatically inhibited. After transfection with ssc-miR-204 mimics, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 protein levels significantly decreased, and adipogenesis was regulated by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results verified that ssc-miR-204 regulates porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis by targeting TGFBR1 and TGFBR2.

Senotherapeutics: emerging strategy for healthy aging and age-related disease

Cellular senescence (CS) is one of hallmarks of aging and accumulation of senescent cells (SCs) with age contributes to tissue or organismal aging, as well as the pathophysiologies of diverse age-related diseases (ARDs). Genetic ablation of SCs in tissues lengthened health span and reduced the risk of age-related pathologies in a mouse model, suggesting a direct link between SCs, longevity, and ARDs. Therefore, senotherapeutics, medicines targeting SCs, might be an emerging strategy for the extension of health span, and prevention or treatment of ARDs. Senotherapeutics are classified as senolytics which kills SCs selectively; senomorphics which modulate functions and morphology of SCs to those of young cells, or delays the progression of young cells to SCs in tissues; and immune-system mediators of the clearance of SCs. Some senolytics and senomorphics have been proven to markedly prevent or treat ARDs in animal models. This review will present the current status of the development of senotherapeutics, in relation to aging itself and ARDs. Finally, future directions and opportunities for senotherapeutics use will discussed. This knowledge will provide information that can be used to develop novel senotherapeutics for health span and ARDs. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(1): 47-55].