Gender differences in functional status in middle and older age: are there any age variations?

Life-space mobility and cognition in community-dwelling late-life women: A cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND

Life-space mobility captures the daily, enacted mobility of older adults. We determined cross-sectional associations between life-space mobility and cognitive impairment (CI) among community-dwelling women in the 9th and 10th decades of life.

METHODS

A total of 1375 (mean age 88 years; 88% White) community-dwelling women enrolled in a prospective cohort of older women. Life-space score was calculated with range 0 (daily restriction to one's bedroom) to 120 (daily trips leaving town without assistance) and categorized (0-20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80, 81-120). The primary outcome was adjudicated CI defined as mild cognitive impairment or dementia; scores on a 6-test cognitive battery were secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Compared to women with life-space scores of 81-120 and after adjustment for demographics and depressive symptoms, the odds of CI was 1.4-fold (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.91-2.03) higher for women with life-space scores of 61-80, twofold (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.33-2.94) higher for women with life-space scores of 41-60, 2.6-fold (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.71-4.01) higher for women with life-space scores of 21-40, and 2.7-fold (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.27-5.79) higher for women with life-space scores of 0-20. The association of life-space scores with adjudicated CI was primarily due to higher odds of dementia; the odds of dementia versus normal cognition was eightfold (OR 8.63, 95% CI 3.20-23.26) higher among women with life-space scores of 0-20 compared to women with life-space scores of 81-120. Lower life-space scores were associated in a graded manner with lower mean scores on tests of delayed recall (California Verbal Learning Test-II delayed recall) and language and executive function (phonemic fluency, category fluency, and Trails B). Life-space score was not associated with scores on tests of attention and working memory (forward and backward digit span).

CONCLUSIONS

Lower life-space mobility is associated in a graded manner with CI among community-dwelling White women in the 9th and 10th decades of life.

The effect of multimorbidity patterns on physical and cognitive function in diabetes patients: a longitudinal cohort of middle-aged and older adults in China

Background

The prevalence of diabetes has increased rapidly, and comorbid chronic conditions are common among diabetes patients. However, little is known about the pattern of multimorbidity in diabetes patients and the effect on physical and cognitive function. This study aimed to assess the disease clusters and patterns of multimorbidity in diabetes patients using a novel latent class analysis (LCA) approach in middle-aged and older adults and explore the association between different clusters of multimorbidity in diabetes and the effect on physical and cognitive function.

Methods

This national observational study included 1,985 diabetes patients from the four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011 to 2018. Thirteen chronic diseases were used in latent class analysis to identify the patterns of multimorbidity in diabetes, which span the cardiovascular, physical, psychological, and metabolic systems. Cognitive function is assessed via a structured questionnaire in three domains: memory, executive function, and orientation. We combined activities of daily living (ADL) with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) to measure physical function. Linear mixed models and negative binomial regression models were used to analyze the association between patterns of multimorbidity in diabetes and the effect on cognitive function and disability, respectively.

Results

A sample of 1,985 diabetic patients was identified, of which 1,889 (95.2%) had multimorbidity; their average age was 60.6 years (standard deviation (SD) = 9.5), and 53.1% were women. Three clusters were identified: "cardio-metabolic" (n = 972, 51.5%), "mental-dyslipidemia-arthritis" (n = 584, 30.9%), and "multisystem morbidity" (n = 333, 17.6%). Compared with diabetes alone, the "multisystem morbidity" class had an increased association with global cognitive decline. All patterns of multimorbidity were associated with an increased risk of memory decline and disability; however, the "multisystem morbidity" group also had the strongest association and presented a higher ADL-IADL disability (ratio = 4.22, 95% CI = 2.52, 7.08) and decline in memory Z scores (β = -0.322, 95% CI = -0.550, -0.095, p = 0.0058).

Conclusion

Significant longitudinal associations between different patterns of multimorbidity in diabetes patients and memory decline and disability were observed in this study. Future studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and common risk factors for multimorbidity in diabetes patients and to propose treatments that are more effective.

Racial/ethnic/gender-Based Differences in Health Trajectories Among American Older Adults: 10-Year Longitudinal Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

Health disparity by race/ethnicity or gender has been well-documented. However, few researchers have examined health outcomes based on the intersection of individuals' race, ethnicity, and gender or investigated various health dimensions. Guided by an intersectionality framework, this study explores racial/ethnic/gender-based differences in trajectories of multiple health outcomes over a ten-year period among American older adults. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014) were used (N = 16,654). Older adults (65+) were stratified into six mutually-exclusive groups based on their race, ethnicity, and gender: Non-Hispanic (NH) White Men, NH White Women, NH Black Men, NH Black Women, Hispanic Men, and Hispanic Women. Growth curve models examined the trajectories of three health measures, including cognitive function, physical function limitations (i.e. activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), and depressive symptoms. NH White men and women reported significantly better outcomes in cognition and physical function trajectories than racial/ethnic minority groups. Women in all racial/ethnic groups had more depressive symptoms but better cognition than men. Hispanic women reported the most depressive symptoms. Hispanic women and NH Black women had the worst physical function limitations. NH Black men/women were the most disadvantaged in cognition. Racial/ethnic/gender-based differences were stable over time in all health trajectories. Study findings highlight the utility of an intersectional framework in understanding how multiple social identities intersect to generate protective and/or risk effects on cognitive, mental, and physical health. Multilevel intervention strategies are warranted to reduce the persistent health inequity gap.

Sex differences in frailty among older adults

By definition, aging is a natural, gradual and continuous process. On the other hand, frailty reflects the increase in vulnerability to stressors and shortens the time without disease (health span) while longevity refers to the length of life (lifespan). The average life expectancy has significantly increased during the last few decades. A longer lifespan has been accompanied by an increase in frailty and decreased independence in older adults, with major differences existing between men and women. For example, women tend to live longer than men but also experience higher rates of frailty and disability. Sex differences prevent optimization of lifestyle interventions and therapies to effectively prevent frailty. Sex differences in frailty and aging are rooted in a complex interplay between uncontrollable (genetic, epigenetic, physiological), and controllable factors (psychosocial and lifestyle factors). Thus, understanding the underlying causes of sex differences in frailty and aging is essential for developing personalized interventions to promote healthy aging and improve quality of life in older men and women. In this review, we have discussed the key contributors and knowledge gaps related to sex differences in aging and frailty.

Increased extracellular water/body mass is associated with functional impairment in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND

Functional impairment, malnutrition and fluid overload are prevalent in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). The extracellular water/body cell mass ratio (ECW/BCM) is a new indicator reflecting fluid overload and malnutrition. A previous study has suggested that it performs better than other indices in assessing fluid status. This study investigates the relationship between pre-dialysis whole-body ECW/BCM and physical function in MHD patients.

METHODS

We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study in Guizhou Province in Southwest China. The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) was used to evaluate patients' functional status. Patients with KPS scores of ≤ 80 were considered to have a functional impairment. The body composition was measured using the body composition monitor (BCM), and the value of the ECW/BCM ratio was calculated. The subjects were classified into three groups according to ECW/BCM tertiles. Multiple logistic regression models and interactive analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

The final analysis included 2818 subjects. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that compared with the lowest tertile (tertile 1), the adjusted odds ratio of functional impairment were 1.95 (95% CI: 1.21-3.13, p < 0.001) and 2.10 (95% CI: 1.31-3.37, p < 0.001) in the second and the third tertiles of ECW/BCM, respectively after adjusting for age, sex, current smoking status, history of stroke, heart failure, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. Subgroup analysis showed that the association existed stably across all subgroups stratified by age, gender, cognitive impairment (CI), history of stroke, heart failure, and diabetes (all p values for interaction >0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated ECW/BCM is independently linked to an increased risk of functional impairment in patients with MHD.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Aging-Associated Functional Impairment in a National Sample of Older Community-Dwelling Adults

BACKGROUND

Prior research on the health implications of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has focused on early or midlife adults, not older adults who bear the greatest burden of health-related functional impairment.

OBJECTIVE

To examine associations between ACEs, objectively measured physical mobility and cognitive impairment, and functional disability in older community-dwelling adults.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional analysis.

PARTICIPANTS

Community-dwelling older U.S. adults ages 50 years and older.

MAIN MEASURES

Participants completed structured questionnaires assessing history of ACEs (childhood experience of violence/abuse, witnessing of violence, financial insecurity, parental separation, or serious illness), underwent standardized physical performance testing (tandem balance, 3-m walk, chair stand test) and cognitive testing (survey adaptation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), and reported functional disability (difficulty with activities of daily living).

KEY RESULTS

Among the 3387 participants (aged 50 to 97 years; 54% female), 44% reported a history of one or more types of ACEs. Thirty-five percent met criteria for physical mobility impairment, 24% for cognitive impairment, and 24% for functional disability. After adjusting for age, gender, race, and ethnicity, participants reporting any ACE history were more likely to demonstrate physical mobility impairment (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.11-1.52) and cognitive impairment (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.54) and report functional disability (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.38-2.07), compared to those with no ACE history. Childhood experience of violence was associated with greater physical mobility impairment (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.11-1.71) and functional disability (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.49-2.33).

CONCLUSIONS

Older adults with a history of ACEs are more likely to experience physical and cognitive functional impairment, suggesting that efforts to mitigate ACEs may have implications for aging-associated functional decline. Findings support the need for trauma-informed approaches to geriatric care that consider the potential role of early life traumatic experiences in shaping or complicating late-life functional challenges.

A Joint Model for Disability, Self-Rated Health, and Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries-Differences by Chronic Disease and Race/Ethnicity

OBJECTIVES

Quantifying interdependence in multiple patient-centered outcomes is important for understanding health declines among older adults.

METHODS

Medicare-linked National Health and Aging Trends Study data (2011-2015) were used to estimate a joint longitudinal logistic regression model of disability in activities of daily living (ADL), fair/poor self-rated health (SRH), and mortality. We calculated personalized concurrent risk (PCR) and typical concurrent risk (TCR) using regression coefficients.

RESULTS

For fair/poor SRH, highest odds were associated with COPD. For mortality, highest odds were associated with dementia, hip fracture, and kidney disease. Dementia and hip fracture were associated with highest odds of ADL disability. Hispanic respondents had highest odds of ADL disability. Hispanic and NH Black respondents had higher odds of fair/poor SRH, ADL disability, and mortality. PCRs/TCRs demonstrated wide variability for respondents with similar sociodemographic-multimorbidity profiles.

DISCUSSION

These findings highlight the variability of personalized risk in examining interdependent outcomes among older adults.

Understanding the Association of Older Adult Fall Risk Factors by Age and Sex Through Factor Analysis

Our aim was to identify latent factors underlying multiple observed risk factors for older adult falls and to examine their effects on falls by age and sex. We performed exploratory factor analysis on 13 risk factors in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used log-linear regression models to measure the association between the identified factors and older adults reporting falls. We identified two underlying factors: physical and mental health limitations. These shared a 50% correlation. Physical health limitations were more strongly associated with falls among men (prevalence ratio = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.65-1.71) than women (prevalence ratio = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.49-1.54). As physical health limitations increased, men aged 65-74 had a greater association with falls compared with other age-sex subgroups. Our findings highlight the composite relationship between age, sex, and physical and mental health limitations in association with older adult falls, and support the evidence for individually tailored, multifactorial interventions.

Dyadic Associations Between Grandparent-Grandchild Familial Values and Successful Aging: Mediating Role of Quality of Life

The current study aimed to determine the reciprocal associations between the familial values and successful aging of grandparents and grandchildren and the extent to which quality of life accounts for these reciprocal associations. Data was collected from 270 grandparent-grandchild pairs living together. Actor-Partner Independence Model indicated that familial values of both grandparents and grandchildren showed significant associations with their own successful aging (actor effects), whereas familial values of grandchildren showed significant associations with the successful aging of grandparents (partner effects). Grandchildren's quality of life mediated the actor and partner effects of familial values on the successful aging of grandchildren; whereas grandparents' quality of life only mediated the actor effect of familial values on the successful aging of grandparents. These findings showed the interdependence of grandparents and grandchildren while emphasizing the importance of grandparents-grandchildren familial values and quality of life in enhancing successful aging.

Association of Regional Atrophy With Naming Decline in Primary Progressive Aphasia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative condition that predominantly impairs language. Most investigations of how focal atrophy affects language consider 1 time point compared with healthy controls. However, true atrophy quantification requires comparing individual brains over time. In this observational cohort study, we identified areas where focal atrophy was associated with contemporaneous decline in naming in the same individuals.

METHODS

Cross-sectional analyses-related Boston Naming Test (BNT) performance and volume in 22 regions of interests (ROIs) at each time point using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. Longitudinal analysis evaluated changes in BNT performance and change in volume in the same ROIs.

RESULTS

Participants (N = 62; 50% female; mean age = 66.8 ± 7.4 years) with PPA completed the BNT and MRI twice (mean = 343.9 ± 209.0 days apart). In cross-sectional left inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis, superior temporal pole, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus were identified as critical for naming at all time points. Longitudinal analysis revealed that increasing atrophy in the left supramarginal gyrus and middle temporal pole predicted greater naming decline, as did female sex and longer intervals between time points.

DISCUSSION

Although cross-sectional analyses identified classic language areas that were consistently related to poor performance at multiple time points, it was not increasing atrophy in these areas that lead to further decline: longitudinal analysis of each person's atrophy over time instead identified nearby but distinct regions where increased atrophy was related to decreasing performance. The results demonstrate that directly examining atrophy (in each individual) over time furthers understanding of decline in PPA and reveal the importance of left supramarginal gyrus and middle temporal pole in maintaining naming when areas normally critical for language degenerate. The novel results provide insight into how the underlying disease progresses to result in the clinical decline in naming, the deficit most common among all 3 PPA variants.

Depressive Multimorbidity and Trajectories of Functional Status among Older Americans: Differences by Racial/Ethnic Group

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to evaluate the impact of depressive multimorbidity (ie, including depressive symptoms) on the long-term development of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) limitations according to racial/ethnic group in a representative sample of US older adults.

DESIGN

Prospective, observational, population-based 16-year follow-up study of nationally representative sample.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Sample of older non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and nonHispanic White Americans from the Health and Retirement Study (2000‒2016, N = 16,364, community-dwelling adults ≥65 years of age).

METHODS

Data from 9 biennial assessments were used to evaluate the accumulation of ADL-IADL limitations (range 0‒11) among participants with depressive (8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score≥4) vs somatic (ie, physical conditions only) multimorbidity vs those without multimorbidity (no or 1 condition). Generalized estimating equations included race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White), baseline age, sex, body mass index, education, partnered, and net worth.

RESULTS

Depressive and somatic multimorbidity were associated with 5.18 and 2.95 times greater accumulation of functional limitations, respectively, relative to no disease [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 5.18, 95% confidence interval, CI (4.38,6.13), IRR = 2.95, 95% CI (2.51,3.48)]. Hispanic and Black respondents experienced greater accumulation of ADL-IADL limitations than White respondents [IRR = 1.27, 95% CI (1.14, 1.41), IRR = 1.31, 95% CI (1.20, 1.43), respectively].

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Combinations of somatic diseases and high depressive symptoms are associated with greatest accumulation of functional limitations over time in adults ages 65 and older. There is a more rapid growth in functional limitations among individuals from racial/ethnic minority groups. Given the high prevalence of multimorbidity and depressive symptomatology among older adults and the availability of treatment options for depression, these results highlight the importance of screening/treatment for depression, particularly among older adults with socioeconomic vulnerabilities, to slow the progression of functional decline in later life.

Are Women More Vulnerable to Flooding Than Men in an Aging Japanese Society?

It is a well-accepted notion that women are more vulnerable to natural disasters than men, especially in developing countries. However, in developed countries, how women's empowerment by economic and social development has reduced the gender gap in vulnerability remains insufficiently answered. As Japan passed its golden age, moving into an aging society, a study on how the gender difference in flood vulnerability has evolved can contribute to a better understanding of the types and causes of vulnerability, leading to better flood risk management in a new social context. Following this thinking, the present study conducted a longitudinal analysis using representative flooding cases in Japan over a period of forty years. It found that the women's fatality rate increased with age much faster than men's in the 1980s but reversed in a recent major flood disaster. It also revealed that most flood disaster victims were elderly in recent years. These findings suggest that the flood vulnerability at present is more driven by age-related physical ability decline, much less relevant to gender. Based on the results, it proposed a new framework for assessing flood vulnerability in an aging society. Such outcomes can help with the better formulation of flood management policies and probing into solutions.

Sex-Related Differences in Functional Fitness Outcomes in Older Adults

Sex-related differences in changes in functional fitness over time were longitudinally assessed in older adults participating in a group-based multimodal exercise program. From a database, functional fitness scores were obtained for 89 older adults (71.6 ± 6.5 years old) who had completed two assessments, 5-8 years apart. Lower body strength, upper body strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, and change of direction performances were compared over time and with normative values. Females (p = .02), but not males, had an improvement in upper body strength over time. Females were also more flexible than males at both assessments (p ≤ .02). Of those who had five consecutive assessments, females were more flexible than males (p ≤ .05) and had a faster change of direction ability (p < .001). When compared with normative values, our results indicate that typical time-related functional fitness loss can be attenuated with group exercise. Our results further support the need to tailor exercise prescription according to the individual.

Cluster analysis of functional independence in community-dwelling older people

BACKGROUND

The concept of Functional Independence (FI), defined as 'functioning physically safe and independent from other persons, within one's context", plays an important role in maintaining the functional ability to enable well-being in older age. FI is a dynamic and complex concept covering four clinical outcomes: physical capacity, empowerment, coping flexibility, and health literacy. As the level of FI differs widely between older adults, healthcare professionals must gain insight into how to best support older people in maintaining their level of FI in a personalized manner. Insight into subgroups of FI could be a first step in providing personalized support This study aims to identify clinically relevant, distinct subgroups of FI in Dutch community-dwelling older people and subsequently describe them according to individual characteristics.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty-three community-dwelling older persons were included for participation. Cluster analysis identified four distinctive clusters: (1) Performers - Well-informed; this subgroup is physically strong, well-informed and educated, independent, non-falling, with limited reflective coping style. (2) Performers - Achievers: physically strong people with a limited coping style and health literacy level. (3) The reliant- Good Coper representing physically somewhat limited people with sufficient coping styles who receive professional help. (4) The reliant - Receivers: physically limited people with insufficient coping styles who receive professional help. These subgroups showed significant differences in demographic characteristics and clinical FI outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Community-dwelling older persons can be allocated to four distinct and clinically relevant subgroups based on their level of FI. This subgrouping provides insight into the complex holistic concept of FI by pointing out for each subgroup which FI domain is affected. This way, it helps to better target interventions to prevent the decline of FI in the community-dwelling older population.

Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Impact of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Plus Vitamin D3 on Skeletal Muscle Health in Middle Aged Women

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, can increase skeletal muscle size and function. However, HMB may be less effective at improving muscle function in people with insufficient Vitamin D3 (25-OH-D < 30 ng/mL) which is common in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that combining HMB plus Vitamin D3 (HMB + D) supplementation would improve skeletal muscle size, composition, and function in middle-aged women. In a double-blinded fashion, women (53 ± 1 yrs, 26 ± 1 kg/m2, n = 43) were randomized to take placebo or HMB + D (3 g Calcium HMB + 2000 IU D per day) during 12 weeks of sedentary behavior (SED) or resistance exercise training (RET). On average, participants entered the study Vitamin D3 insufficient while HMB + D increased 25-OH-D to sufficient levels after 8 and 12 weeks. In SED, HMB + D prevented the loss of arm lean mass observed with placebo. HMB + D increased muscle volume and decreased intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) volume in the thigh compared to placebo but did not change muscle function. In RET, 12-weeks of HMB + D decreased IMAT compared to placebo but did not influence the increase in skeletal muscle volume or function. In summary, HMB + D decreased IMAT independent of exercise status and may prevent the loss or increase muscle size in a small cohort of sedentary middle-aged women. These results lend support to conduct a longer duration study with greater sample size to determine the validity of the observed positive effects of HMB + D on IMAT and skeletal muscle in a small cohort of middle-aged women.

Differences in functioning between young adults with cancer and older age groups: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore whether young adults with cancer have different functioning compared to older age groups with cancer.

METHODS

This study is a cross-sectional study including 654 adults (≥18 years) with cancer. Exposure was age groups categorised as (1) young adults (n = 121) = 18-39 years; (2) middle-aged adults (n = 406) = 40-64 years; and (3) older people (n = 127) = ≥65 years. Outcomes were physical, role, social and cognitive functioning. Analyses consisted of linear regression models.

RESULTS

Middle-aged adults had a statistically significant worse physical functioning compared to young adults (-3.90: [95% CI: -6.84; -0.95]). The older age group also had a statistically significant worse physical functioning compared to young adults (-7.63: [95% CI: -11.29; -3.96]). Young adults had statistically significant lower role functioning (-7.11: [95% CI: -1.13; -13.08]) and cognitive functioning (-13.82: [95% CI: -7.35; -20.29]) compared to the older age group. There was no statistically significant difference in social functioning between the age groups.

CONCLUSION

Young adults with cancer seem to have other functioning problems compared with higher age groups. These findings support current research regarding the need to develop age-specific and appropriate rehabilitation services for young adults with cancer.

The association between global cognitive function and walking capacity in individuals with broad ranges of cognitive and physical function: Are there sex differences?

Introduction

Cognitive function is known to be associated with physical function, where greater walking capacity has been shown to have moderate to strong correlations with global cognitive function and other various domains of cognition in older adults with and without chronic conditions. Biological sex may moderate the relationship between cognitive and physical function, but whether sex differences exist in this association has not been examined in an aging population. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between global cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MoCA), walking capacity (6-Minute Walk Test distance; 6 MWT) and sex in an aging population with broad ranges of cognitive and physical function.

Methods

Participants were assessed for global cognitive function (MoCA) and walking capacity (6 MWT). Multivariable regression analyses were performed to examine the interaction of sex in the association between MoCA and 6 MWT. First, we presented the unadjusted model (Model 1), then the model adjusted for age, history of stroke, and height (Model 2). To determine if there were sex-based differences in the association between global cognitive function and walking capacity, we included sex and an interaction term between sex*6 MWT distance in Models 3 and 4.

Results

Twenty-three females and 36 males were included in the multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Our sample represented broad ranges of cognitive and physical function levels, where MoCA scores ranged from 13 to 30, and 6 MWT distances from 203 to 750 m. 6 MWT distance was associated with MoCA in models unadjusted (R2 = 0.17; F(1,56) = 11.4; p &lt; 0.01) and adjusted for age, stroke history, and height (R2 = 0.20; F(4,53) = 3.2; p = 0.02). No interaction with sex was found, but a main effect of sex was observed (R2 = 0.26; F(5,21) = 3.72; p = 0.03). When adjusting for age, height and history of stroke, males MoCA scores were 2.9 ± 1.3 less than the mean MoCA scores for females.

Discussion

Our findings confirm the positive relationship between cognitive and physical function in older adults. Notably, we also observed superior performance in global cognition among females that was consistent across a broad spectrum of walking capacity.

Examining Older Adults' Home Functioning Using the American Housing Survey

Identifying individuals at risk of experiencing functional difficulty at home would support timely home safety assessment and modification services, which could lead to reducing home incidents such as falls. The objective of this study was to calculate older adults’ functional difficulty at home scores using the 12 physical function items in the American Housing Survey National and Metropolitan Data (AHS). Among the 28,474 older adults selected for this study, we used 19,932 for measurement model development and 8542 for model testing. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed an adequate fit of the one-dimensional model with all AHS 12 items loading on one latent construct (functional difficulty at home) (RMSEA: 0.034, CFI: 0.990, and TLI: 0.988). Based on our model selection process, we determined that the Graded Response Model was an optimal model for our analysis and separated two detected differential functioning items for each sex. Using the testing dataset, we validated that the estimated functional difficulty scores showed an expected item hierarchy and statistically significant differences in their association with housing and demographic conditions (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrated the process of using the 12 AHS physical function at home items to produce validated scores of older adults’ functional difficulty at home.

Gender disparity in disability among Chinese oldest-old: Age and cohort trends

This study aimed at exploring gender disparity in disability and identifying related disablement process factors among Chinese oldest-old. Data came from eight waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS). A hierarchical logistic Age-Period-Cohort (A-P-C) model was used to estimate the trend of gender disparity, and related disablement process factors were further decomposed by the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Our results found that women had higher disabilities than men. The age-based trend of gender disparity in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) continued to decline; that in Functional Limitation (FL) increased at first and then declined. The cohort-based trend of gender disparity in IADL showed a decreasing trend with each subsequent cohort; that in FL showed an increasing trend. Among the disablement process factors, health behaviors and social supports were the most important contributors to gender disparity in disability. The disability was higher for women than men, and the gender differences were attenuated at very old ages. To reduce gender disparities in disability, more attention should be paid to relevant factors of gender disparity in disability.

Three-year trajectories in functional limitations and cognitive decline among Dutch 75+ year olds, using nine-month intervals

Background

Using longitudinal panel data, we aimed to identify three-year trajectories in cognitive and physical functioning among Dutch older adults, and the characteristics associated with these trajectories.

Methods

We used Group-based Trajectory Modelling with mortality jointly estimated to identify trajectories, using a scale composed of 6 Activities of Daily Living (ADL) as a measure of physical functioning, and the short mini mental status examination (sMMSE) or the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a measure of cognitive functioning. Data came from 574 Dutch adults aged 75+, collected in five nine-month measurement waves (2015–2018) for the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.

Results

For physical functioning five trajectories were identified: ‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘steeply declining’, ‘gradually declining’, and ‘continuously low’; and for cognitive functioning: ‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘declining’, and ‘low’. Living in an institution, and being lower educated increased the probability of the two continuously low functioning trajectories, whereas old age and multimorbidity increased the probability of low physical functioning, but multimorbidity decreased the probability of low cognitive functioning. Associations for steeply declining physical functioning were absent. Being older and having multimorbidity increased the probability of gradually declining physical functioning and declining cognitive functioning. A higher prevalence of lung- and heart disease, cancer, and rheumatic disease was found in the gradually declining physical functioning group; and a higher prevalence of diabetes, cerebrovascular accidents, and cancer was found in the declining cognitive functioning group. High and moderate physical functioning and high cognitive functioning were characterized by being younger, community-dwelling, and higher educated. Having multimorbidity negatively predicted high and moderate physical functioning, but was not associated with high and moderate cognitive functioning.

Conclusions

This study identified trajectories comparable to studies that used longer time intervals, showing the consistent presence of heterogeneity in both physical and cognitive trajectories. Co-modelling mortality resulted in bigger group sizes for the more adverse trajectories. The favourable trajectories, containing most of the participants, were mostly characterized by absence of disease. The prevalence of chronic diseases differed between the declining trajectories, suggesting that certain diseases tend to induce cognitive decline rather than physical decline, and vice versa.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02720-x.

Differing determinants of disability trends among men and women aged 50 years and older

Background

Researchers have emphasized the importance of examining how different factors affect men’s and women’s functional status over time. To date, the literature is unclear about whether sex affects the rate of change in disability in middle to older age. Researchers have further emphasized the importance of examining how different factors affect men’s and women’s functional status over time. We examined (a) sex differences in disability trends and (b) the determinants of the rate of change in disability for men and women 50 years and older.

Methods

This study utilized the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging Survey, a nationally representative database (four waves of survey data 1996–2007, N = 3429). We modeled and compared the differences in disability trends and the influences of determinants on trends among men and women using multiple-indicator and multiple-group latent growth curves modeling (LGCM). Equality constraints were imposed on 10 determinants across groups.

Results

Once disability began, women progressed toward greater disability 18% faster than men. Greater age added about 1.2 times the burden to the rate of change in disability for women than men (p < 0.001). More comorbidities also added significantly more burden to baseline disability and rate of change in disability among women than men (p < 0.001), but women benefited more from higher education levels in lower baseline disability and slower rate of change. Having a better social network was associated with lower baseline disability among women only (p < 0.05). For both men and women, physically active leisure-time activities were beneficial in lower baseline disability (p_{men and women} < 0.001) and rate of change in disability (p_men < 0.01; p_women < 0.05), with no significant differences between groups.

Conclusions

Age may widen the sex gap in the rate of change in disability. However, both sexes benefit from participating in leisure-time activities. Promoting health literacy improves health outcomes and physical function among women.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02574-3.

Longitudinal impact of metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms on subsequent functional disability among middle-aged and older adults in China

BACKGROUND

Few studies examining the impact of metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms on subsequent functional disability are available.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the impact of baseline metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms on subsequent functional disability.

METHODS

This study used data from the 2011 baseline and 2013, 2015 and 2018 follow-up waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Functional status was assessed by activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs). Analyses were restricted to middle-aged and older adults (≥50 years) free of functional disability at baseline. Metabolic syndrome, depressive symptoms, and covariates were measured at baseline. New-onset ADL and IADL disability were obtained in follow-up measurements. Competitive risks based on survival analysis were conducted to examine the impact of baseline metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms on subsequent functional disability after covariates were controlled.

RESULTS

Baseline depressive symptoms significantly predicted functional disability over a 7-year follow-up after adjusting for covariates (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.54, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.40-1.70 for ADL disability; HR=1.36, 95% CI=1.25-1.48 for IADL disability). Metabolic syndrome significantly predicted ADL disability (HR=1.25, 95% CI=1.14-1.38) but not IADL disability (HR=1.02, 95% CI=0.94-1.10). No significant additive interaction between metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms on functional disability was found.

CONCLUSION

The current study found that baseline depressive symptoms were significantly associated with both ADL and IADL disabilities, while metabolic syndrome significantly predicted ADL disability. In addition, some indications showed that the effect in those with both conditions was greater than the sum of the effects separately.

Sex differences in functional limitations and the role of socioeconomic factors: a multi-cohort analysis

BACKGROUND

Women are more likely to have functional limitations than are men, partly because of greater socioeconomic disadvantage. However, how sex differences vary by severity of functional limitations remains unclear. We examined sex differences in functional limitations, with attention to socioeconomic factors and severity of limitations.

METHODS

Longitudinal data on limitations in basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and mobility activities were drawn from 62 375 participants from 14 countries. For ADL, IADL, and mobility, participants were categorised based on number of limited activities (0, 1, 2, or ≥3). Sex differences in limitations in four birth cohorts (1895-1929, 1930-38, 1939-45, and 1946-60) were analysed before and after adjustment for socioeconomic factors (education and labour force status).

FINDINGS

The prevalence of IADL and ADL limitations was higher in women than in men. After adjustment for socioeconomic factors, this sex difference was attenuated. The sex difference in IADL limitations at age 75 years (in the 1895-1929 cohort) was 3·7% before adjustment for socioeconomic factors (95% CI 2·6-4·7) and 1·7% (1·1-2·2) after adjustment. For ADL, the sex difference in limitations at age 75 years (in the 1895-1929 cohort) was 3·2% (2·3-4·1) before adjustment for socioeconomic factors and 1·4% (0·9-1·8) after adjustment. Sex differences in mobility limitations (16·1%, 95% CI 14·4-17·7) remained after adjustment for socioeconomic factors (14·3%, 12·7-15·9). After age 85 years, women were more likely to have three or more IADL or mobility limitations and men were more likely to have one or two limitations.

INTERPRETATION

Socioeconomic factors largely explain sex differences in IADL and ADL limitations but not mobility. Sex differences in mobility limitations in midlife are important targets for future research and interventions.

FUNDING

National Institute on Aging, UK National Institute for Health Research, European Commission, and US Social Security Administration.

Changes in the Hierarchy of Functional Impairment from Middle Age to Older Age

BACKGROUND

Understanding the hierarchy of functional impairment in older adults has helped illuminate mechanisms of impairment and inform interventions, but little is known about whether hierarchies vary by age. We compared the pattern of new-onset impairments in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) from middle age through older age.

METHODS

We conducted a cohort study using nationally representative data from 32486 individuals enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study. The outcomes were new-onset impairment in each ADL and IADL, defined as self-reported difficulty performing each task, assessed yearly for 9 years. We used multi-state models and competing risks survival analysis to estimate the cumulative incidence of impairment in each task by age group (ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 or older).

RESULTS

The pattern of incident ADL impairments differed by age group. Among individuals ages 50-64 and 65-74 who were independent at baseline, over 9 years' follow-up, difficulties dressing and transferring were the most common impairments to develop. In individuals ages 75-84 and 85 or older who were independent at baseline, difficulties bathing, dressing, and walking were most common. For IADLs, the pattern of impairments was similar across age groups; difficulty shopping was most common followed by difficulty managing money and preparing meals. Complementary analyses demonstrated a similar pattern.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the hierarchy of ADL impairment differs by age. These findings have implications for the development of age-specific interventions to prevent or delay functional impairment.

Testing the effectiveness of community-engaged citizen science to promote physical activity, foster healthier neighborhood environments, and advance health equity in vulnerable communities: The Steps for Change randomized controlled trial design and methods

While low-income midlife and older adults are disproportionately affected by non-communicable diseases that can be alleviated by regular physical activity, few physical activity programs have been developed specifically with their needs in mind. Those programs that are available typically do not address the recognized local environmental factors that can impact physical activity. The specific aim of the Steps for Change cluster-randomized controlled trial is to compare systematically the initial (one-year) and sustained (two-year) multi-level impacts of an evidence-based person-level physical activity intervention (Active Living Every Day [ALED] and age-relevant health education information), versus the ALED program in combination with a novel neighborhood-level citizen science intervention called Our Voice. The study sample (N = 300) consists of insufficiently active adults ages 40 years and over living in or around affordable senior public housing settings. Major study assessments occur at baseline, 12, and 24 months. The primary outcome is 12-month change in walking, and secondary outcomes include other forms of physical activity, assessed via validated self-report measures supported by accelerometry, and physical function and well-being variables. Additional intervention impacts are assessed at 24 months. Potential mediators and moderators of intervention success will be explored to better determine which subgroups do best with which type of intervention. Here we present the study design and methods, including recruitment strategies and yields. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrial.gov Identifier = NCT03041415.

Assessment of Daily Routine Uniformity in a Smart Home Environment Using Hierarchical Clustering

The gradual decline in routine patterns is a major symptom of early-stage dementia, therefore an unobtrusive real-life assessment of the elder's routine can potentially be of significant clinical importance. This article focuses on the assessment of changes in a person's daily routine using longitudinal data recorded from a network of nonintrusive motion sensors in a smart home environment. In this article, we propose to identify repeating patterns in a person's daily routine over the span of multiple days using hierarchical clustering algorithms, which provide an effective way to mitigate noise artifacts and confounding factors that contribute to the momentary variability of the sensor data. We have evaluated our proposed algorithm on both synthetic and real-world data recorded in the span of 50-100 days from four elderly adults. Our results indicate that the proposed hierarchical clustering approach can more reliably capture the gradual change in the degree of routineness compared to baseline approaches that measure the similarity between two consecutive days or capture variations in the occurrence of recognized activities.

Effects of peri-traumatic stress experienced during Hurricane Sandy on functional limitation trajectories for older men and women

BACKGROUND AND METHODS

Although the short-term effects of disasters on the physical health of mid-life and older people have been documented, little is understood about the long-term effects that disasters have on the physical health of these people. Based on the environmental docility hypothesis and research regarding gender effects on functional limitations and disaster, our analyses examined the effects of peri-traumatic stress experienced during Hurricane Sandy using longitudinal data from 5688 people aged 50 and older collected over six waves (2006-2019).

RESULTS

We found that functional limitations follow three trajectories, with people in each group having a significant linear increase over time and all but the highest functioning people also having a significant quadratic effect, indicating that the linear increase peaked post-Hurricane and then slowed in later waves.

CONCLUSION

Consistent with the environmental docility hypothesis, peri-traumatic stress had its greatest impact on people with more functional limitations before the hurricane. Men experiencing peri-traumatic stress during Hurricane Sandy were more likely to experience an increase in functional limitations than women. These findings, which identify people most likely to experience long-term health effects following a disaster, can be used to inform health policies before, during, and after disaster strikes.

Advance Directives Completion among Older American Couples: A Dyadic Perspective on the Role of Cognitive Function and Other Factors

OBJECTIVE

Dyadic perspective is scarce in existing advance directive (AD) literature. Particularly, the significance of one's own and/or one's partner's cognitive function on AD remains unknown. This study investigates the relationship of cognitive function and other factors with AD completion within the spousal context.

METHODS

Data from the Health and Retirement Study (2014-2015) were used. Older heterosexual couples (age ≥65) married for 10+ years were asked if they had a living will and/or appointed a durable power of attorney for healthcare (DPAHC). Structural Equation Models examined the actor and partner effects of sociodemographic, health, and couple-level characteristics on wife's and husband's AD, respectively.

RESULTS

Moderate spousal interdependence was observed in living will (Kappa coefficient, k =0.60) and DPAHC (k=0.53). Older age and higher education were related to both spouses having AD. Less household wealth and being racial/ethnic minority were associated with a lower probability of having AD. Notable gender contrasts in actor and partner effects were found. Wife's higher level of cognitive function was associated with husband's AD completion. Contrarily, husband's lower level of cognitive function was associated with wife's AD completion. Retirement status had primarily actor effects for both husbands and wives. More chronic conditions were linked to husband's AD completion.

DISCUSSION

The spousal interdependence of AD warrants practitioner efforts to facilitate family-oriented end-of-life planning. Wives and husbands may have different thoughts regarding their spouse's cognitive capacity to surrogate. Facilitating couple-based discussions may be a feasible approach to promote engagement with AD among older adults.

Nativity, Family, Disability: Results from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly

Objectives

ativity and family support may influence attitudes and behaviors that delay or accelerate the disability process in older adults. The objectives of this study were twofold: 1) to evaluate nativity and migration cohort differences in trajectories of disability (assessed by activities of daily living [ADL]) among older Mexican Americans; and 2) to determine the role of objectively measured family support in the association between nativity, migration cohort, and disability changes over time.

Methods

This is a longitudinal study with up to 18 years follow-up (1993-2011) using data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (N=2,785, mean age =72.4 years). Disability was assessed using self-reported limitations in activities of daily living (ADL). Nativity and migration cohort were self-reported. Family support was assessed by marital status and the number of their children participants saw each month. Linear growth curve models evaluated the trajectory of ADL disability over 18 years and assessed variations by nativity status, migration cohort and family support.

Results

Foreign-born respondents who migrated before age 20 had more starting ADL limitations (β= .36, P<.001) and accumulated disability faster (β=.04, P<.01) compared with their US-born counterparts. In contrast, foreign-born respondents who migrated at later ages showed disability trajectories similar to US-born respondents. Married respondents had a lower level of disability (β= -.14, P<.01) and a lower rate of accumulation over time (β= -.02, P=.001) compared with participants who were not married.

Discussion

Mexican Americans who migrate at younger ages may experience greater disability over time; however, family support may help mitigate the accumulation of disability among older Mexican Americans.

Inter-Individual Variability in Trajectories of Functional Limitations by Race/Gender

OBJECTIVE

Several theories emphasize that systematic interindividual divergence is a key feature of cohort aging and evidence for accumulative social inequality over the life course. While many have documented widening health gaps with age between subgroups, such divergence is only one aspect of the broader social inequality based on race and gender. This article examines patterns of interindividual variability in trajectories of functional limitations within each race/gender.

METHODS

Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)'s HRS cohort (born 1931-1941), I estimate growth curves of functional limitations with Level 2 heteroscedasticity, allowing interindividual variability to differ across 4 groups: white men, black men, white women, and black women. I examine race/gender differences in the age-based pattern of interindividual variability using an interquartile range of estimated individual trajectories.

RESULTS

Black men, white women, and black women have greater interindividual variability in functional limitations than do white men. Interindividual variability increases systematically with age at similar rates for all groups but black women.

DISCUSSION

Functional limitations become more heterogeneous with age for the entire cohort and for white men, white women, and black men. Future research should identify life-course processes that generate the race and gender patterning of interindividual variability in late-life health.

Disability prevalence in midlife (aged 55-65 years): Cross-Country comparisons of gender differences and time trends

Background

Prior literature on disability has centered on disability prevalence among older adults ages 65 and older, providing only limited insight to potential gender differences in disability prevalence in mid-life. Midlife is, however, a critical time to be examined, as it is typically the time in the life course when large inequalities in physical health first emerge.

Methods

Using the Harmonized data files provided by the Gateway to Global Aging Data, we estimate disability prevalence of nationally representative adults ages 55–65 from 23 countries (N = 79,465). We examine gender differences in two disability indicators, limitations in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and activities of daily living (ADLs) in two time periods, 2004/05 and 2014/15.

Results

There are substantial cross-country variations in IADL and ADL disability prevalence in midlife. Within countries, we find that women have higher IADL prevalence than men in only one out of five countries. Similarly, for ADL prevalence, women have higher ADL prevalence than men in only one out of ten countries. Further, comparing disability prevalence in two time periods, we observe different country-specific time trends.

Conclusions

In the majority of mid and high-income countries, there is no significant gender difference in IADL and ADL prevalence, but there are few countries where women show higher prevalence of disability than men in mid-life. This finding calls for future research into what contributes to cross-country variations.

Age Takes Hold of Us by Surprise: Conceptualizing Vulnerabilities in Aging as the Timing of Adverse Events

OBJECTIVES

Aging in the public eye can be distilled to a limited number of adverse events, such as loss of health, partnership and wealth. While these events are a constitutive part of "normal aging," they do not occur uniformly at the same time point in the life course. This study investigates to what extent bereavement, functional health loss, and onset of poverty are adequate markers of aging, and illustrates inequalities in their timing according to cohort, gender, class, education, and ethnicity.

METHODS

The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), collected over seven waves (2002-2016) (n = 7,890) is examined in an event history framework. Cox proportional hazard models are used with the Andersen Gill extension in case of multiple failures per respondent.

RESULTS

Persistent associations of lower occupational class, lower education, and having a black or minority ethnic background are found with increased hazards of functional health loss and wealth loss. Earlier born cohorts have lower hazards for functional health loss, wealth loss, and bereavement. Women have higher hazards for bereavement, and lower hazards for wealth loss.

DISCUSSION

The timing of adverse events is a crucial gateway through which existing social inequalities are transferred into unequal aging pathways.

Longitudinal Implications of Social Integration for Age and Gender Differences in Late-Life Physical Functioning

Social integration has documented benefits for late-life health; yet, little is known about its impacts on trajectories of physical functioning. This study examines age and gender differences in the longitudinal associations between social integration and activities of daily living (ADLs) using a hierarchical linear model with three waves of survey data collected over 4 years from the Social Integration and Aging Study (N = 400; baseline mean age = 80.3). Findings indicated some interaction effects of age, gender, and/or social integration on ADL trajectories. Among those of more advanced age, women showed greater increases in ADL limitations than men, and individuals with lower social integration experienced greater increases in ADL limitations than those with higher social integration. Neither of these patterns were found among younger older adults. This study highlights the benefits of longitudinal research on social integration and the need to explore practical interventions for promoting social integration particularly among the oldest older adults.

Factors related with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity among low- and middle-income settings: the 10/66 DRG study

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity research in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) is limited. We investigated sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity prevalence and sociodemographic, bio-clinical and lifestyle factors in LMICs settings. For the purposes of this study, the 10/66 Dementia Research Group follow-up wave information from individuals aged 65 and over in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Peru, Mexico, Puerto Rico, China, was employed and analysed (n = 8.694). Based on indirect population formulas, we calculated body fat percentage (%BF) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 12.4% (Dominican Republic) to 24.6% (rural Peru); sarcopenic obesity prevalence ranged from 3.0% (rural China) to 10.2% (rural Peru). Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for sarcopenia were higher for men 2.82 (2.22-3.57) and those with higher %BF 1.08 (1.07-1.09), whereas higher number of assets was associated with a decreased likelihood 0.93 (0.87-1.00). OR of sarcopenic obesity were higher for men 2.17 (1.70-2.76), those reporting moderate alcohol drinking 1.76 (1.21-2.57), and those with increased number of limiting impairments 1.54 (1.11-2.14). We observed heterogeneity in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the 10/66 settings. We also found a variety of factors to be associated with those. Our results reveal the need for more research among the older population of LMICs.

Diabetes multimorbidity combinations and disability in the Mexican Health and Aging Study, 2012-2015

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific combinations of chronic conditions and disability in Mexican older adults with diabetes.

METHODS

This was a prospective cohort study of Mexican adults (n = 2558) with diabetes and aged 51 or older that used data from the 2012 and 2015 waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study. The main outcome was an index that measured ability to perform activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. The main independent variables were diabetes multimorbidity combinations, defined as diabetes and at least one other chronic condition. The authors calculated the prevalence of each multimorbidity combination present in the sample in 2012 and used negative binomial regression models to estimate the association of the most prevalent of these combinations with disability incidence in 2015.

RESULTS

The three most prevalent combinations were: 1) diabetes-hypertension (n = 637, 31.9%) 2) diabetes-hypertension-depression (n = 388, 19.4%) and 3) diabetes-depression (n = 211, 10.6%). In fully adjusted models comparing participants with specific multimorbidity combinations to participants with diabetes alone, the combinations that had an increased association with disability were diabetes-hypertension-depression, diabetes-depression and diabetes-hypertension-arthritis-depression. In nested models, the addition of arthritis to combinations including depression increased this association.

CONCLUSIONS

Consistent with prior studies, multimorbidity combinations including depression were associated with increased risk of disability. However, the effect size of this relationship was lower than what had been previously been reported internationally. This highlights the need for globally oriented multimorbidity research.

Self-perceived general health among community-dwelling Portuguese older adults: do men and women differ?

Evidence on how gender intersects with relevant social constructs in later phases of life is scarce. This investigation examined gender inequalities in perceived health status (self-perceived general health; SPGH) by Portuguese elderly community-dwellers while considering psycho-social and socio-demographic determinants. This study used data from a representative sample of community-dwellers aged ≥65 years (N = 920), who were enrolled in the Portuguese Elderly Nutritional Status Surveillance System (PEN-3S) project. Associations between SPGH and socio-demographic and psycho-social variables, functionality and self-reported morbidity were tested; indirect effects of relevant predictors on SPGH were also tested using a bootstrap method. Gender inequalities in health were found: women significantly rated their health worse than men; overall, participants rated their health as fair. Education, functional status, depression symptoms and self-reported morbidity significantly predicted SPGH among women, whereas only the latter two were associated with SPGH among men. For both genders, depression was the strongest predictor of SPGH. Mediation analyses detected indirect effects of cognitive function and loneliness feelings on SPGH among older adults. Results herein provide insights on the predictive role of psycho-social variables on SPGH and support the need for considering the context when addressing the correlates of SPGH among Portuguese older adults. Altogether, these findings might support cost-effective interventions targeting the most vulnerable groups of the population to inequalities in health and its predictors.

Socioeconomic Differences in Trajectories of Functional Capacity Among Older Japanese: A 25-Year Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVES

There is limited research on long-term changes in functional capacity among older Japanese, who differ significantly from their counterparts in Western, developed nations. This study aimed to identify distinct trajectories of functional capacity over a 25-year period and to explore socioeconomic differences in trajectory-group membership probabilities, using a national sample of older Japanese.

DESIGN

Longitudinal panel study with 8 observation points from 1987 to 2012.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

The data came from the National Survey of the Japanese Elderly, which consisted of 6193 samples of community-dwelling Japanese aged 60 years and older at baseline.

METHODS

Functional capacity measure included basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Group-based mixture models were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

Among participants aged 60 to 74 years at baseline, 4 trajectories were identified: minimal disability (80.3%), late-onset disability (11.6%), early-onset disability (6.2%), and moderate disability (1.9%). Those aged ≥75 years at baseline experienced higher levels of disability but somewhat parallel trajectories, including minimal disability (73.3%), early-onset disability (11.2%), moderate disability (11.3%), and severe and worsening disability (4.2%). Lower socioeconomic status, including education and household income, was associated with a higher risk of experiencing trajectories of poorer functional capacity among those aged 60 to 74 years, but no such association existed among those aged ≥75 years.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

We found that approximately 70% to 80% of older Japanese maintained healthy functional capacity over time. Although we could not follow those who dropped out during the observation period, this study provided useful evidence that socioeconomic disparities in functional health converge with age. Our findings inform the design of health policies and interventions aiming to maintain functional health among older adults with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. In particular, public policies aiming to reduce socioeconomic disparities should be emphasized to promote healthy aging.

Overestimated functional dependency in older patients: Can we blame gender difference, unneeded assistance or assessment tools?

INTRODUCTION

The population is aging in Egypt and hence functional limitation is increasing. Thus finding the best measures for its detection is mandated.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to assess whether Katz ADL (activities of daily living) and Lawton IADL (instrumental activities of daily living) were suitable measures to represent the functional abilities of older Egyptians of both genders during hospital admission and to determine the dimensionality of both tools.

METHODS

Functional status was assessed during hospital admission as a part of the comprehensive geriatric assessment for 786 older patients (aged 60 years and older). 150 of them were randomly interviewed to collect data regarding the difficulty during each task of Katz ADL and Lawton IADL performance, unnecessary and unmet needed assistance, barriers to get needed assistance and the type of care providers.

RESULTS

The prevalence of ADL and IADL dependency was 61.80 % and 85.87 %, respectively. Functional limitation in both scales was found to be significantly associated with increasing age, marital status other than married, cognitive impairment. Both scales showed a bi-dimensional factor structure, removing continence from Katz ADL resulted in a uni-dimensional scale. Females were more dependent than males in all tasks except household tasks of IADL.

CONCLUSIONS

Katz ADL and Lawton IADL did not capture the actual dependency level among older Egyptians. The household tasks in Lawton IADL and continence in Katz ADL mislabeled dependency in the studied sample.

Trajectories of Work Disability and Economic Insecurity Approaching Retirement

OBJECTIVES

In this article, we examine the connection between trajectories of work disability and economic precarity in late midlife. We conceptualize work disability as a possible mechanism linking early and later life economic disadvantage.

METHODS

We model trajectories of work disability characterized by timing and stability for a cohort of Baby Boomers (22-32 in 1981) using 32 years of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and latent class analysis. Measures of childhood disadvantage are included as predictors of work disability trajectories, which are subsequently included in logistic regression models predicting four economic outcomes (poverty, asset poverty, home ownership, and pension ownership) at ages 54-64.

RESULTS

Childhood disadvantage selected individuals into five distinct classes of work disability that differed in timing and stability. All of the disability trajectories were associated with an increased risk of economic insecurity in late midlife compared to the never work disabled.

DISCUSSION

This study contributes to the aging literature through its incorporation of the early life origins of pathways of disability and their links to economic outcomes approaching retirement. Findings suggest work disability is anchored in early life disadvantage and is associated with economic insecurity later in life.

High prevalence of disability and HIV risk among low socioeconomic status urban adults, 17 U.S. cities

BACKGROUND

In the United States, approximately 10% of adults 18-64 years are disabled. However, there is scarce literature on the associations between disability and HIV risk.

OBJECTIVE

To assess disability prevalence and its associations to health and HIV risk factors among low socioeconomic status (SES) (≤high school education or ≤ poverty guidelines) urban adults.

METHODS

We assessed disability prevalence from a cross-sectional sample of low SES urban heterosexually active adults at risk for HIV participating in the 2016 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) and calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals of disability for health and HIV risk behaviors.

RESULTS

In the NHBS sample, 39.6% of participants reported any disability. Disability was associated with health care utilization and risk behaviors, even when adjusting for demographics. Participants with disabilities were more likely to have condomless sex with a casual partner and engage in exchange sex.

CONCLUSIONS

Low SES urban heterosexually active adults reported high prevalence of disabilities and differences in health, health care utilization, and risk factors. Disability might contribute to sexual risk behaviors that increase the likelihood of HIV infection. Further investigations into the intersection of disability and HIV risk are needed, especially in poor communities often excluded from national assessments.

Diabetes-Multimorbidity Combinations and Disability Among Middle-aged and Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Older adults with diabetes rarely have only one chronic disease. As a result, there is a need to re-conceptualize research and clinical practice to address the growing number of older Americans with diabetes and concurrent chronic diseases (diabetes-multimorbidity).

OBJECTIVE

To identify prevalent multimorbidity combinations and examine their association with poor functional status among a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults with diabetes.

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study of the 2012-2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data. We identified the most prevalent diabetes-multimorbidity combinations and estimated negative binomial models of diabetes-multimorbidity on prospective disability.

PARTICIPANTS

Analytic sample included 3841 HRS participants with diabetes, aged 51 years and older.

MAIN MEASURES

The main outcome measure was the combined activities of daily living (ADL)-instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) index (range 0-11; higher index denotes higher disability). The main independent variables were diabetes-multimorbidity combination groups, defined as the co-occurrence of diabetes and at least one of six somatic chronic diseases (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, cancer, arthritis, and stroke) and/or two mental chronic conditions (cognitive impairment and high depressive symptoms (CESD score ≥ 4).

KEY RESULTS

The three most prevalent multimorbidity combinations were, in rank-order diabetes-arthritis-hypertension (n = 694, 18.1%); diabetes-hypertension (n = 481, 12.5%); and diabetes-arthritis-hypertension-heart disease (n = 383, 10%). Diabetes-multimorbidity combinations that included high depressive symptoms or stroke had significantly higher counts of ADL-IADL limitations compared with diabetes-only. In head-to-head comparisons of diabetes-multimorbidity combinations, high depressive symptoms or stroke added to somatic multimorbidity combinations was associated with a higher count of ADL-IADL limitations (diabetes-arthritis-hypertension-high depressive symptoms vs. diabetes-arthritis-hypertension: IRR = 1.95 [1.13, 3.38]; diabetes-arthritis-hypertension-stroke vs. diabetes-arthritis-hypertension: IRR = 2.09 [1.15, 3.82]) even after adjusting for age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, BMI, baseline ADL-IADL, and diabetes duration. Coefficients were robust to further adjustment for diabetes treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Depressive symptoms or stroke added onto other multimorbidity combinations may pose a substantial functional burden for middle-aged and older adults with diabetes.

Intersectional cohort change: Disparities in mobility limitations among older Singaporeans

Mobility is fundamental to independent living, but past research on physical function and mobility in older adults has not considered both intersectional social identities and cohort change in tandem. This paper utilizes data on mobility limitations from older adults in multi-ethnic Singapore to test whether cohort change varies simultaneously by gender and ethnicity. Panel data (n = 9334 person-years) collected over six years (2009-2015) were used to estimate aging vector models. Findings show that after adjusting for all covariates, Malay and Indian males in later-born cohorts have an increased number of mobility limitations compared to earlier-born cohorts. While a similar trend was also found for Chinese males and females in unconditional models, these were fully mediated by sociodemographic and health variables. These results highlight the importance of considering cohort change at the intersection of gender and ethnicity, bringing attention to possible inequities between ethnic groups.

Patterns of Decline in Naming and Semantic Knowledge in Primary Progressive Aphasia

BACKGROUND

Individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and their caregivers want to know what to expect so that they can plan support appropriately. The ability to predict decline in naming and semantic knowledge, and advise individuals with PPA and their caregivers regarding future planning, would be invaluable clinically.

AIMS

The aims of this study were to investigate patterns of decline in naming and semantic knowledge in each of the clinical variants of PPA (logopenic variant PPA, lvPPA; nonfluent agrammatic PPA, nfaPPA; and semantic variant PPA, svPPA) and to examine the effects of other variables on rate of decline. We hypothesized that speech-language rehabilitation, higher education, and higher baseline test scores would be associated with slower decline, and older age with faster decline.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

A total of ninety-four participants with PPA underwent language testing, including thirty six participants with lvPPA, thirty-one participants with nfaPPA, and twenty-seven participants with svPPA. All participant groups were similar in age and education. We focused on decline on three tests: the short form of the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the Hopkins Assessment of Naming Actions (HANA), and the short form of the Pyramids and Palm Trees Test (PPTT).

OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Across language tests, the most precipitous rates of decline (loss of points per month) occurred in nfaPPA, followed by svPPA, then lvPPA. Female sex, longer symptom duration, higher baseline test score, and speech-language rehabilitation were associated with slower decline.

CONCLUSIONS

PPA variants were distinguishable by rapidity of decline, with nfaPPA having the most precipitous decline. As hypothesized, higher baseline test scores and speech-language rehabilitation were associated with slower decline. Surprisingly, age and education were not important prognostically for individuals in this study. Further study of prognostically-relevant variables in PPA is indicated in this population.

Social participation and health over the adult life course: Does the association strengthen with age?

RATIONALE

Studies have consistently found positive associations between social participation and health, but it is unclear if they vary across the life course. Younger individuals are likely to initiate and benefit from social participation in different ways from older individuals, which may in turn alter its overall influence on health outcomes. Age-varying associations, if present, may then attenuate or amplify the health consequences stemming from changes in social participation over the adult life course.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the strength of the association between social participation and health across the life course, and whether it increases with age.

METHODS

I use five waves of panel data (N = 11202 person-year observations) from the Americans' Changing Lives Survey, collected over 25 years (1986-2011), to examine the association of formal and informal social participation with (1) the number of chronic health conditions and (2) depressive symptoms, focusing on whether these associations become stronger with age. Growth curve models (stratified by gender) with an accelerated longitudinal design were used to construct age trajectories of the dependent variables. An interaction term was then included to test for age-varying effects for each health outcome.

RESULTS

Results show that the association between formal social participation and depressive symptoms grew stronger with age, but only for men. For women, positive associations between social participation and health were found, but seemed to remain consistent over the life course.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest that the social participation and health association over the life course is likely to be contingent on gender, the type of social participation, and the specific health outcome being considered.

Predictors of a Change and Correlation in Activities of Daily Living after Hip Fracture in Elderly Patients in a Community Hospital in Poland: A Six-Month Prospective Cohort Study

Objectives: The consequences of hip fractures (HFs) in elderly persons include a deterioration in functional capacity to perform activities that enable independent living. Since prior research into this issue in Central Europe is rather scant, this study sought to assess the change in activities and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL/IADL) after HF surgery among Polish patients, to study predictors of regaining pre-fracture functional status three and six months later, and to evaluate the correlation between ADL and IADL limitations over time. Methods: A prospective study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 in a tertiary hospital in Western Poland. ADL/IADL were evaluated using the Katz index and Lawton scale, respectively. Results: About half (50.8%) of 120 patients (mean age 80.1 ± SD 7.59) had cognitive impairment (CI). Patients with CI were older (p = 0.002) and had lower scores for pre-fracture ADL/IADL (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Six months after HF, 33.3% of patients failed to return to their pre-fracture ADL and 62.5% failed to return to pre-fracture IADL; 20% of those who could walk before HF were unable to walk after six months. The pre-fracture Spearman correlation coefficient between ADL and IADL summary scores was 0.46; it increased to 0.70 at three months after HF surgery and 0.77 at six months (p < 0.0001). Regaining ADL after six months was more likely in patients with pre-fracture intact intellectual function and independence in pre-fracture ADL; regaining IADL, in younger patients and those with higher pre-fracture IADL scores. Conclusions: Impairment in functional performance is common after HF surgery. ADL and IADL were strongly correlated in these patients, with this increasing over time. Functional outcomes after HF were more dependent on patient characteristics than treatment-related factors. Therefore, more emphasis should be directed towards the pre-fracture period and, in particular, maintaining cognitive function and preserving functional capacity in older persons at high risk of HF.

Association of Family History of Exceptional Longevity With Decline in Physical Function in Aging

Background

Although many genetic and nongenetic factors interact to determine an individual's physical phenotype, there has been limited examination of the contribution of family history of exceptional parental longevity on decline in physical function in aging.

Methods

The LonGenity study recruited a relatively genetically homogenous cohort of Ashkenazi Jewish adults age 65 and older, who were defined as either offspring of parents with exceptional longevity ([OPEL]: having at least one parent who lived to age 95 or older) or offspring of parents with usual survival ([OPUS]: neither parent survived to age 95). Decline in performance on objective measures of strength (grip strength), balance (unipedal stance), and mobility (gait speed) as well as a composite physical function measure, the Short physical performance battery (SPPB), were compared between the two groups over a median follow-up of 3.2 years, accounting for age, sex, education, and comorbidities.

Results

Of the 984 LonGenity participants (mean age 76, 55% women), 448 were OPEL and 536 were OPUS. Compared to OPUS, OPEL had slower decline on measures of unipedal stance (-0.03 log-units/year, p = .026), repeated chair rise (0.13 s/year, p = .020) and SPPB (-0.11 points/year, p = .002). OPEL women had slower decline on chair rise and SPPB scores compared to OPUS women, although OPEL men had slower decline on unipedal stance compared to OPUS men.

Conclusion

Our findings provide evidence that variation in late-life decline in physical function is associated with familial longevity, and may vary for men and women.

Sexual orientation differences in functional limitations, disability, and mental health services use: Results from the 2013-2014 National Health Interview Survey

OBJECTIVES

The authors investigated sexual orientation differences in risk for mental health morbidity, functional limitations/disability, and mental health services use among adults interviewed in the nationally representative 2013-2014 National Health Interview Survey.

METHOD

Respondents were 68,816 adults (67,152 heterosexual and 1,664 lesbian, gay, and bisexual [LGB] individuals), age 18 and older. Fully structured interviews assessed sexual orientation identity, health status, and services use. Using sex-stratified analyses while adjusting for demographic confounding, the authors compared LGB and heterosexual individuals for evidence of mental health-related impairments and use of mental health services.

RESULTS

LGB adults, as compared to heterosexual adults, demonstrated higher prevalence of mental health morbidity and functional limitations. However, this varied by gender with LGB women evidencing elevated risk for both mental health and substance abuse (MHSA) and non-MHSA limitations. Among men, sexual orientation differences clustered among MHSA-related limitations. Overall, LGB adults were more likely than heterosexual adults to use services, with the source of functional limitations moderating these effects among men.

CONCLUSION

MHSA-related morbidity is a significant concern among LGB individuals and is associated with higher levels of functional limitations/disability. The findings highlight that LGB persons use MHSA-related treatment at higher rates than heterosexuals do, and, among men, are more likely to do so absent MHSA or non-MHSA-related functional limitations. This presents a unique set of concerns within the integrated care setting, including the need to deliver culturally competent care sensitive to the context of probable sex differences among LGB individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record

Heterogeneous Trajectories of Physical and Mental Health in Late Middle Age: Importance of Life-Course Socioeconomic Positions

Drawing on life course and cumulative disadvantage theory, this study examines heterogeneous trajectories of functional limitations and depressive symptoms among late middle-aged individuals. This study used prospective data from 6010 adults, 51 to 64 years old, collected over a 12-year-period from the Health and Retirement Study. Considering the empirical proposition that several physical and mental trajectories may exist, Latent Class Growth Modeling was used. Five heterogeneous patterns of joint trajectories (Relatively healthy, Moderately improving, Steadily deteriorating, Steeply deteriorating, and Persistently high comorbid) were identified. Early life adversity was related to an increasing risk of declines in physical and mental health. The Persistently high comorbid class was characterized by a concentration of disadvantages over the life course. The development of public health interventions could help reduce co-existing physical and mental health problems, especially during late middle-age.

Foundations of Activity of Daily Living Trajectories of Older Americans

OBJECTIVES

The disablement process can be viewed conceptually as a progression from disease to impairment to functional limitation and finally disability (frequently operationalized as activity limitation). This article assesses the extent to which early phases of the process are associated with individual-level disability trajectories by age.

METHOD

We use data from seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study, 1998 to 2010, to investigate for individuals aged 65-84 years how baseline sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported disease, pain, and functional limitation (physical, cognitive, or sensory) are related to the dynamics of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs). Our modeling approach jointly estimates multiperiod trajectories of ADL limitation and mortality and yields estimates of the number of, shapes of, and factors associated with the most common trajectories.

RESULTS

Individual probability of ADL limitation can best be described by three common trajectories. In comparison with disease, pain, and functional limitation, sociodemographic characteristics have weak associations with trajectory group membership. Notably, neither sex nor education is strongly associated with group membership in multivariate models.

DISCUSSION

The analysis confirms the importance of the early phases of the disablement process and their relationships with subsequent trajectories of activity limitation.