1
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Stewart EL, Counoupas C, Steain M, Ashley C, Alca S, Hartley-Tassell L, von Itzstein M, Britton WJ, Petrovsky N, Triccas JA. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a cellular receptor for delta inulin adjuvant. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38757764 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Delta inulin, or Advax, is a polysaccharide vaccine adjuvant that significantly enhances vaccine-mediated immune responses against multiple pathogens and was recently licensed for use in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine SpikoGen. Although Advax has proven effective as an immune adjuvant, its specific binding targets have not been characterized. In this report, we identify a cellular receptor for Advax recognition. In vitro uptake of Advax particles by macrophage cell lines was substantially greater than that of latex beads of comparable size, suggesting an active uptake mechanism by phagocytic cells. Using a lectin array, Advax particles were recognized by lectins specific for various carbohydrate structures including mannosyl, N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose moieties. Expression in nonphagocytic cells of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin receptor, resulted in enhanced uptake of fluorescent Advax particles compared with mock-transfected cells. Advax uptake was reduced with the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and mannan to cells, which are known inhibitors of DC-SIGN function. Finally, a specific blockade of DC-SIGN using a neutralizing antibody abrogated Advax uptake in DC-SIGN-expressing cells. Together, these results identify DC-SIGN as a putative receptor for Advax. Given the known immunomodulatory role of DC-SIGN, the findings described here have implications for the use of Advax adjuvants in humans and inform future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Stewart
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Ashley
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sibel Alca
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - James A Triccas
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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2
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Zagorski K, Pandey K, Rajaiah R, Olwenyi OA, Bade AN, Acharya A, Johnston M, Filliaux S, Lyubchenko YL, Byrareddy SN. Modular nanoarray vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102604. [PMID: 36113829 PMCID: PMC9468299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current vaccine development strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic utilize whole inactive or attenuated viruses, virus-like particles, recombinant proteins, and antigen-coding DNA and mRNA with various delivery strategies. While highly effective, these vaccine development strategies are time-consuming and often do not provide reliable protection for immunocompromised individuals, young children, and pregnant women. Here, we propose a novel modular vaccine platform to address these shortcomings using chemically synthesized peptides identified based on the validated bioinformatic data about the target. The vaccine is based on the rational design of an immunogen containing two defined B-cell epitopes from the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and the universal T-helper epitope PADRE. The epitopes were conjugated to short DNA probes and combined with a complementary scaffold strand, resulting in sequence-specific self-assembly. The immunogens were then formulated by conjugation to gold nanoparticles by three methods or by co-crystallization with epsilon inulin. BALB/C mice were immunized with each formulation, and the IgG immune responses and virus neutralizing titers were compared. The results demonstrate that this assembly is immunogenic and generates neutralizing antibodies against wildtype SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zagorski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, United States.
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Omalla A Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Morgan Johnston
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Shaun Filliaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, United States.
| | - Yuri L Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, United States.
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Honda-Okubo Y, Cartee RT, Thanawastien A, Seung Yang J, Killeen KP, Petrovsky N. A typhoid fever protein capsular matrix vaccine candidate formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant induces a robust and durable anti-typhoid Vi polysaccharide antibody response in mice, rabbits and nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2022; 40:4625-4634. [PMID: 35750538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Typhax is an investigational typhoid fever vaccine candidate that is comprised of Vi polysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. Typhi) non-covalently entrapped in a glutaraldehyde catalyzed, cross-linked α-poly-L-lysine and CRM197 protein matrix. A previous Phase 1 trial of an aluminum phosphate adjuvanted Typhax formulation showed it induced Vi IgG after a single dose but that subsequent doses failed to further boost Vi IgG levels. The current study asked whether Advax-CpG adjuvant might instead be able to overcome polysaccharide-induced immune inhibition and improve Typhax immunogenicity. Advax-CpG adjuvanted Typhax elicited high and sustained Vi IgG responses in mice, rabbits and non-human primates (NHP) with levels being boosted by repeated immunization. High Vi antibody responses were lost in CD4 + T cell depleted mice confirming that despite the lack of conjugation of the polysaccharide to the carrier protein, Typhax nevertheless acts in a T cell dependent manner, explaining its ability to induce long-term B cell memory responses to Vi capable of being boosted. In NHP, Advax-CpG adjuvanted Typhax induced up to 100-fold higher Vi IgG levels than the commercial Typhim Vi polysaccharide vaccine. Typhax induced high and sustained serum bactericidal activity against S. Typhi and stimulated robust Vi IgG responses even in animals previously primed with a pure polysaccharide vaccine. Hence Advax-CpG adjuvanted Typhax vaccine is a highly promising candidate to provide robust and durable protection against typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert T Cartee
- Matrivax Research & Development Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jae Seung Yang
- Clinical Immunology, International Vaccine Institute (IVI), South Korea
| | - Kevin P Killeen
- Matrivax Research & Development Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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4
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Afinjuomo F, Abdella S, Youssef SH, Song Y, Garg S. Inulin and Its Application in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090855. [PMID: 34577554 PMCID: PMC8468356 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inulin’s unique and flexible structure, stabilization/protective effects, and organ targeting ability make it an excellent drug delivery carrier compared to other biodegradable polysaccharides. The three hydroxyl groups attached to each fructose unit serve as an anchor for chemical modification. This, in turn, helps in increasing bioavailability, improving cellular uptake, and achieving targeted, sustained, and controlled release of drugs and biomolecules. This review focuses on the various types of inulin drug delivery systems such as hydrogel, conjugates, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, liposomes, complexes, prodrugs, and solid dispersion. The preparation and applications of the different inulin drug delivery systems are further discussed. This work highlights the fact that modification of inulin allows the use of this polymer as multifunctional scaffolds for different drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sanjay Garg
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-88-302-1575; Fax: +61-88-302-2389
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5
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Akram W, Garud N. Design expert as a statistical tool for optimization of 5-ASA-loaded biopolymer-based nanoparticles using Box Behnken factorial design. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The overall objective was to prepare a highly accurate nanocarrier system of mesalamine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis with increased therapeutic efficacy and targeting. In the formulation of nanocarrier systems, optimization is a critical process for understanding nanoformulation variables and quality aspects. The goal of the present work was to determine the effect of independent variables, i.e., the concentrations of chitosan, carboxymethyl inulin (CMI), and the drug on the response variables, i.e., particle size and percent entrapment efficiency of the mesalamine-loaded nanoparticle using the Box Behnken design (BBD). The correlation between the independent and dependent variables was investigated using the Design Expert generated mathematical equations, contour, and response surface designs.
Result
An optimized batch was developed using the ionotropic gel method with selected independent variables (A: + 1 level, B: 0 level, C: − 1 level) and the developed nanoparticles had a particle size of 184.18 nm, zeta potential 26.54 mV, and entrapment efficiency 88.58%. The observed responses were remarkably similar to the predicted values. The morphological studies revealed that the formulated nanoparticles were spherical, and the results of the FTIR and DSC studies indicated the drug-polymer compatibility. The nanoparticle showed less than 5% release in the pH 1.2. In the colonic region (pH 7.4), more than 80 % of the medication was released after 24 h. The kinetics study showed that the Higuchi and Korsemeyer-Peppas models had R2 values of 0.9426 and 0.9784 respectively, for the developed formulation indicating linearity, as revealed by the plots. This result justified the sustained release behavior of the formulation.
Conclusion
The mesalamine-loaded chitosan-CMI nanoparticle has been successfully developed using the ionotropic gelation method. The nanoparticles developed in this study were proposed to deliver the drug to its desired site. The developed nanoparticles were likely to have a small particle size with positive zeta potential and high percent drug entrapment. It could be stated from the results that BBD can be an active way for optimizing the formulation and that nanoparticles can be a potential carrier for delivering therapeutics to the colon.
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6
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Grego EA, Siddoway AC, Uz M, Liu L, Christiansen JC, Ross KA, Kelly SM, Mallapragada SK, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Vehicles. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 433:29-76. [PMID: 33165869 PMCID: PMC8107186 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As vaccine formulations have progressed from including live or attenuated strains of pathogenic components for enhanced safety, developing new adjuvants to more effectively generate adaptive immune responses has become necessary. In this context, polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform with multiple advantages, including the dual capability of adjuvant and delivery vehicle, administration via multiple routes, induction of rapid and long-lived immunity, greater shelf-life at elevated temperatures, and enhanced patient compliance. This comprehensive review describes advances in nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) with a particular focus on polymeric particles as adjuvants and delivery vehicles. Examples of the nanovaccine approach in respiratory infections, biodefense, and cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grego
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alaric C Siddoway
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Metin Uz
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Departments of Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Luman Liu
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - John C Christiansen
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Departments of Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sean M Kelly
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Departments of Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Departments of Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Departments of Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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7
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Wan X, Guo H, Liang Y, Zhou C, Liu Z, Li K, Niu F, Zhai X, Wang L. The physiological functions and pharmaceutical applications of inulin: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116589. [PMID: 32747248 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inulin (IN), a fructan-type plant polysaccharide, is widely found in nature. The major plant sources of IN include chicory, Jerusalem artichoke, dahlia etc. Studies have found that IN possessed a wide array of biological activities, e.g. as a prebiotic to improve the intestinal microbe environment, regulating blood sugar, regulating blood lipids, antioxidant, anticancer, immune regulation and so on. Currently, IN is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. IN can be used as thickener, fat replacer, sweetener and water retaining agent in the food industry. IN also can be applied in the pharmaceutics as stabilizer, drug carrier, and auxiliary therapeutic agent for certain diseases such as constipation and diabetes. This paper reviews the physiological functions of IN and its applications in the field of pharmaceutics, analyzes its present research status and future research direction. This review will serve as a one-in-all resource for the researchers who are interested to work on IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yiyu Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changzheng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kunwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fengju Niu
- Shandong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Lizhu Wang
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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8
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Ke Y, Wang Y, Ding W, Leng Y, Lv Q, Yang H, Wang X, Ding B. Effects of inulin on protein in frozen dough during frozen storage. Food Funct 2020; 11:7775-7783. [PMID: 32966455 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of inulin on protein in frozen dough during frozen storage were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The strength of electrophoretic bands in A1 (32-57 kDa) and A2 (20-25 kDa) regions and the content of freezable water and sulfhydryl in frozen dough with inulin were lower than those of the blank under the same storage time. The gluten structure of frozen dough with 2.5 wt% long-chain inulin was more dense and compact than that of the sample with 5.0 wt% short-chain inulin after 2 weeks. Moreover, 4 weeks later, the change of the α-helix and β-sheet with 2.5 wt% long-chain inulin was lowest. These characteristics suggested that long-chain inulin exhibited a better protection effect on protein in frozen dough and showed a promising prospect for application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ke
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Yangyang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Wenping Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Yue Leng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Qingyun Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Heng Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xuedong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Beibei Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, China.
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9
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Suresh H, Ho V, Zhou J. Rheological Characteristics of Soluble Fibres during Chemically Simulated Digestion and their Suitability for Gastroparesis Patients. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2479. [PMID: 32824535 PMCID: PMC7468937 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibres are an integral part of a balanced diet. Consumption of a high-fibre diet confers many physiological and metabolic benefits. However, fibre is generally avoided by individuals with gastrointestinal motility disorders like gastroparesis due to increased likelihood of exacerbated symptoms. Low-viscosity soluble fibres have been identified as a possible source of fibre tolerable for these individuals. The aim of this study is to determine the rheological properties of 10 common commercially available soluble fibres in chemically simulated digestive conditions and evaluate their suitability for individuals with mild to moderate gastroparesis, a gastric motility disorder. Rheological testing under neutral condition (distilled water pH 7) and chemically simulated gastric digestion were evaluated to determine the yield point and relative viscosity of each fibre. Our results reveal two rheological categories of soluble fibres; pseudoplastic and dilatant. Simulated digestion was shown to significantly alter the yield-points of psyllium husk, iota-carrageenan, beta-glucan, apple-fibre pectin, and inulin. Gum Arabic and partially hydrolysed guar gum showed the lowest viscosities and were not affected under simulated digestion, characteristics that make them potential candidate fibres for patients with gastroparesis. Altogether, our results demonstrate that digestion can have a significant impact on fibre viscosity and should be taken into consideration when evaluating the suitability of fibres for patients with gastric motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Suresh
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia; (H.S.); (V.H.)
- Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia; (H.S.); (V.H.)
- Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
- University Medical Clinic of Camden & Campbelltown (UMCCC), Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia; (H.S.); (V.H.)
- Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown NSW 2560, Australia
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10
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Stronsky SM, Cooper CL, Steffens J, Van Tongeren S, Bavari S, Martins KA, Petrovsky N. Adjuvant selection impacts the correlates of vaccine protection against Ebola infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:4601-4608. [PMID: 32418798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of correlates of protection is particularly relevant in the context of rare, highly lethal pathogens such as filoviruses. We previously demonstrated that an Ebola glycoprotein virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, when given as two intramuscular doses, conferred protection from challenge in a murine challenge model. In this study, we compared the ability of Advax inulin-based adjuvant formulations (Advax1-4) to enhance Ebola VLP vaccine protection in mice. After two immunizations, Advax-adjuvants that included a TLR9 agonist component induced high IgG responses, with complete protection against Ebola virus challenge. Although anti-Ebola IgG levels waned over time, protection was durable and was still evident 150 days post-immunization. Mice were protected after just a single VLP immunization with Advax-2 or -4 adjuvants. Advax-adjuvanted VLPs induced a stronger IFN-γ, TNF and IL-12 signature and serum transferred from Advax-adjuvanted vaccinees was able to transfer protection to naïve animals, showing that Ebola protection can be achieved by antibodies in the absence of cellular immunity. By contrast, serum from vaccinees incorporating a pICLC adjuvant did not transfer protection despite high IgG levels on ELISA. These data highlight the importance of adjuvant selection for development of a successful Ebola VLP vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Stronsky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Sean Van Tongeren
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Karen A Martins
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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11
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Afinjuomo F, Fouladian P, Barclay TG, Song Y, Petrovsky N, Garg S. Influence of Oxidation Degree on the Physicochemical Properties of Oxidized Inulin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051025. [PMID: 32369991 PMCID: PMC7284776 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the oxidation of inulin using varying ratios of sodium periodate and the characterization of the inulin polyaldehyde. The physicochemical properties of the inulin polyaldehyde (oxidized inulin) were characterized using different techniques including 1D NMR spectroscopy, 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aldehyde peak was not very visible in the FTIR, because the aldehyde functional group exists in a masked form (hemiacetal). The thermal stability of the oxidized inulin decreased with the increasing oxidation degree. The smooth spherical shape of raw inulin was destructed due to the oxidation, as confirmed by the SEM result. The 1HNMR results show some new peaks from 4.8 to 5.0 as well as around 5.63 ppm. However, no aldehyde peak was found around 9.7 ppm. This can be attributed to the hemiacetal. The reaction of oxidized inulin with tert-butyl carbazate produced a carbazone conjugate. There was clear evidence of decreased peak intensity for the proton belonging to the hemiacetal group. This clearly shows that not all of the hemiacetal group can be reverted by carbazate. In conclusion, this work provides vital information as regards changes in the physicochemical properties of the oxidized inulin, which has direct implications when considering the further utilization of this biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Afinjuomo
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (F.A.); (P.F.); (T.G.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Paris Fouladian
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (F.A.); (P.F.); (T.G.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Thomas G. Barclay
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (F.A.); (P.F.); (T.G.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yunmei Song
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (F.A.); (P.F.); (T.G.B.); (Y.S.)
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty. Ltd., Adelaide 5042, Australia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (F.A.); (P.F.); (T.G.B.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-1567
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12
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Liu K, Yin Y, Zhang J, Zai X, Li R, Ma H, Xu J, Shan J, Chen W. Polysaccharide PCP-I isolated from Poria cocos enhances the immunogenicity and protection of an anthrax protective antigen-based vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1699-1707. [PMID: 31809637 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1675457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from natural plants may represent a novel source of vaccine adjuvants. In this research, we focused on a natural plant polysaccharide, PCP-I, which is derived from Poria cocos, a Chinese traditional herbal medicine. We chose the anthrax protective antigen (PA) as a model to evaluate the adjuvant ability of PCP-I in enhancing the immunogenicity and protection of a PA-based anthrax vaccine. According to our results, PCP-I could significantly enhance anthrax specific anti-PA antibodies, toxin-neutralizing antibodies, anti-PA antibody affinity, as well as IgG1 and IgG2a levels. Besides, PCP-I increased the frequency of PA-specific memory B cells, increased the proliferation of PA-specific splenocytes, significantly stimulated the secretion of IL-4, and enhanced the activation of Dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. The combination of PCP-I and CpG significantly enhanced the level of anti-PA antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, particularly PA-specific IgG2a, and shifted the Th2-bias to a Th1/Th2 balanced response. In addition, PCP-I with or without CpG could significantly improve the survival rate of immunized mice following challenge with the anthrax lethal toxin. These findings suggest that PCP-I may be a promising vaccine adjuvant that warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Shan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing, China
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13
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Abdel-Latif M. Identification of the complement 9-binding protein in Setaria equina excretory-secretory products. Parasite Immunol 2019; 42:e12686. [PMID: 31745990 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to detect the complement-binding proteins in the excretory-secretory (ES) products of adult filarial parasite Setaria equina (SeqES). Tests for complement activation pathways (CH50 and APH50 ) in normal human serum (NHS) after incubation with SeqES were performed. Quantitative detection of complement activation products like C3d and sC5b-9 by ELISA in inulin-activated NHS before and after addition of SeqES was estimated. Immunoblotting for 1D and 2D electrophoresed SeqES were performed for detection of C9-binding protein. MALDI mass sequencing and multiple sequence alignment were performed for identification of the protein. The results showed an inhibitory effect of SeqES for complement activation pathways. This was confirmed by an obvious reduction in C3d and sC5b-9 in inulin-activated NHS. Immunoblotting showed the reaction of a protein at 21 kDa with human C9. The latter protein was identified as OV-16 based on MALDI mass sequencing and multiple sequence alignment. In conclusion, S equina OV-16 is the complement regulatory protein by its ability to bind C9 and inhibit the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. This protein can be used as a target for therapeutic treatment or as an anti-inflammatory agent in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdel-Latif
- Immunity Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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14
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Synthesis and Characterization of pH-Sensitive Inulin Conjugate of Isoniazid for Monocyte-Targeted Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110555. [PMID: 31661841 PMCID: PMC6920787 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of particles for monocyte-mediated delivery could be a more efficient strategy and approach to achieve intracellular targeting and delivery of antitubercular drugs to host macrophages. In this study, the potential of inulin microparticles to serve as a drug vehicle in the treatment of chronic tuberculosis using a monocytes-mediated drug targeting approach was evaluated. Isoniazid (INH) was conjugated to inulin via hydrazone linkage in order to obtain a pH-sensitive inulin-INH conjugate. The conjugate was then characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as in vitro, cellular uptake and intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antibacterial efficacy. The acid-labile hydrazone linkage conferred pH sensitivity to the inulin-INH conjugate with ~95, 77 and 65% of the drug released after 5 h at pH 4.5, 5.2, and 6.0 respectively. Cellular uptake studies confirm that RAW 264.7 monocytic cells efficiently internalized the inulin conjugates into endocytic compartments through endocytosis. The intracellular efficacy studies demonstrate that the inulin conjugates possess a dose-dependent targeting effect against Mtb-infected monocytes. This was through efficient internalization and cleavage of the hydrazone bond by the acidic environment of the lysosome, which subsequently released the isoniazid intracellularly to the Mtb reservoir. These results clearly suggest that inulin conjugates can serve as a pH-sensitive intracellular drug delivery system for TB treatment.
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15
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Barclay TG, Day CM, Petrovsky N, Garg S. Review of polysaccharide particle-based functional drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:94-112. [PMID: 31227171 PMCID: PMC6626612 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates the significant role polysaccharide particles play in functional drug delivery. The importance of these systems is due to the wide variety of polysaccharides and their natural source meaning that they can provide biocompatible and biodegradable systems with a range of both biological and chemical functionality valuable for drug delivery. This functionality includes protection and presentation of working therapeutics through avoidance of the reticuloendothelial system, stabilization of biomacromolecules and increasing the bioavailability of incorporated small molecule drugs. Transport of the therapeutic is also key to the utility of polysaccharide particles, moving drugs from the site of administration through mucosal binding and transport and using chemistry, size and receptor mediated drug targeting to specific tissues. This review also scrutinizes the methods of synthesizing and constructing functional polysaccharide particle drug delivery systems that maintain and extend the functionality of the natural polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Barclay
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Candace Minhthu Day
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 1 Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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16
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Heddle R, Smith A, Woodman R, Hissaria P, Petrovsky N. Randomized controlled trial demonstrating the benefits of delta inulin adjuvanted immunotherapy in patients with bee venom allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:504-513.e16. [PMID: 31300280 PMCID: PMC7112352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergic reactions to Hymenoptera insect stings remain a major global clinical problem. Although effective, parenteral desensitization regimens require use of costly venom extracts and require frequent visits over extended periods of time. Objective Adjuvants are commonly used to enhance the efficacy of infectious disease vaccines, and this study asked whether Advax (Vaxine Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia), a novel noninflammatory polysaccharide adjuvant, might provide similar benefits for allergy desensitization. Methods A randomized, controlled phase 1/2 trial was undertaken in 27 adults with a history of rapid-onset systemic allergic reactions to honeybee stings and positive specific IgE levels to evaluate the safety and efficacy of honeybee venom immunotherapy (HBVIT) combined with Advax adjuvant. Venom immunotherapy (VIT) was administered monthly for 30 months after achievement of maintenance doses. Results Advax-adjuvanted HBVIT was well tolerated. Around week 14 of VIT, specific IgG4 responses peaked in both groups but increased earlier, peaked higher, and were better maintained through the end of the study in the Advax-adjuvanted arm. Several different patterns of serologic response to VIT were seen; some subjects had a dominant IgG4 response, some had a combined IgG4 and IgG1 response, and some had an exclusively IgG1 response. In some subjects specific IgE levels increased during the induction phase and then decreased, whereas in others specific IgE levels progressively decreased from the start of VIT. Conclusion Advax adjuvant favorably enhanced the immunogenicity of HBVIT, with an early and prolonged switch to specific IgG4 production. The ability of Advax adjuvant to enhance VIT efficacy warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heddle
- University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia; Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Anthony Smith
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Richard Woodman
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia; Vaxine, Bedford Park, Australia.
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17
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Design and Characterization of Inulin Conjugate for Improved Intracellular and Targeted Delivery of Pyrazinoic Acid to Monocytes. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050243. [PMID: 31121836 PMCID: PMC6572292 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity of monocytes to migrate into sites of mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection and then become infected themselves makes them potential targets for delivery of drugs intracellularly to the tubercle bacilli reservoir. Conventional TB drugs are less effective because of poor intracellular delivery to this bacterial sanctuary. This study highlights the potential of using semicrystalline delta inulin particles that are readily internalised by monocytes for a monocyte-based drug delivery system. Pyrazinoic acid was successfully attached covalently to the delta inulin particles via a labile linker. The formation of new conjugate and amide bond was confirmed using zeta potential, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that no significant change in size after conjugation which is an important parameter for monocyte targeting. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to establish the change in thermal properties. The analysis of in-vitro release demonstrated pH-triggered drug cleavage off the delta inulin particles that followed a first-order kinetic process. The efficient targeting ability of the conjugate for RAW 264.7 monocytic cells was supported by cellular uptake studies. Overall, our finding confirmed that semicrystalline delta inulin particles (MPI) can be modified covalently with drugs and such conjugates allow intracellular drug delivery and uptake into monocytes, making this system potentially useful for the treatment of TB.
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18
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Afinjuomo F, Barclay TG, Song Y, Parikh A, Petrovsky N, Garg S. Synthesis and characterization of a novel inulin hydrogel crosslinked with pyromellitic dianhydride. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Uryash VF, Kokurina NY, Gruzdeva AE, Larina VN. Polysaccharides as Effective Sorbents for Lead and Cadmium. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217130163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Investigation of the biodistribution, breakdown and excretion of delta inulin adjuvant. Vaccine 2017; 35:4382-4388. [PMID: 28676380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble, nanostructured delta inulin particles enhance the immunogenicity of co-administered protein antigens and consequently are used as a vaccine adjuvant (Advax™). To better understand their immunomodulatory properties, the in vitro hydrolysis and in vivo distribution of delta inulin particles were investigated. Delta inulin particle hydrolysis under bio-relevant acidic conditions resulted in no observable change to the bulk morphology using SEM, and HPLC results showed that only 6.1% of the inulin was hydrolysed over 21days. However, 65% of the terminal glucose groups were released, showing that acid hydrolysis relatively rapidly releases surface bound chemistries. This was used to explain in vivo biodistribution results in which delta inulin particles surface-labelled with fluorescein-5-thiosemicabizide were administered to mice using intramuscular (I.M.) or subcutaneous (S.C.) routes. Comparison analysis of the fluorescence of soluble inulin in the supernatants of homogenised tissues maintained at room temperature or heated to 100°C to solubilise particulate inulin was used to distinguish between fluorescent probe on soluble inulin and probe bound to inulin within particles. Following both I.M. and S.C. injection delta inulin exhibited a depot behaviour with local injection site residence for several weeks. Over this time, as injection site inulin reduced, there was measurable transport of intact delta inulin particles by macrophages to secondary lymphoid organs and the liver. Ultimately, the injected delta inulin became solubilised resulting in its detection in the plasma and in the urine. Thus injected delta inulin particles are initially taken up by macrophages at the site of injection, trafficked to secondary lymphoid tissue and the liver, and hydrolysed resulting in their becoming soluble and diffusing into the blood stream, from whence they are glomerularly filtered and excreted into the urine. These results provide important insights into the biodistribution of I.M. or S.C. injected delta inulin particles when used as vaccine adjuvants and their method of excretion.
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21
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Gallovic MD, Montjoy DG, Collier MA, Do C, Wyslouzil BE, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Chemically modified inulin microparticles serving dual function as a protein antigen delivery vehicle and immunostimulatory adjuvant. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:483-93. [PMID: 26753184 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To develop a new subunit vaccine adjuvant, we chemically modified a naturally-occurring, immunostimulatory inulin polysaccharide to produce an acid-sensitive biopolymer (acetalated inulin, Ace-IN). Various hydrophobic Ace-IN polymers were formed into microparticles (MPs) by oil-in-water emulsions followed by solvent evaporation These Ace-IN MPs possessed tunable degradation characteristics that, unlike polyesters used in FDA-approved microparticulate formulations, had only pH-neutral hydrolytic byproducts. Macrophages were passively targeted with cytocompatible Ace-IN MPs. TNF-α production by macrophages treated with Ace-IN MPs could be altered by adjusting the polymers' chemistry. Mice immunized with Ace-IN MPs encapsulating a model ovalbumin (OVA) antigen showed higher production of anti-OVA IgG antibody levels relative to soluble antigen. The antibody titers were also comparable to an alum-based formulation. This proof-of-concept establishes the potential for chemically-modified inulin MPs to simultaneously enable dual functionality as a stimuli-controlled antigen delivery vehicle and immunostimulatory adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Gallovic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Douglas G Montjoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Collier
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Clement Do
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Barbara E Wyslouzil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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23
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Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7151801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing sophistication of vaccine adjuvant design has been driven by improved understanding of the importance of nanoscale features of adjuvants to their immunological function. Newly available advanced nanomanufacturing techniques now allow very precise control of adjuvant particle size, shape, texture, and surface chemistry. Novel adjuvant concepts include self-assembling particles and targeted immune delivery. These individual concepts can be combined to create a single integrated vaccine nanoparticle-combining antigen, adjuvants, and DC-targeting elements. In the process, the concept of an adjuvant has broadened to include not only immune-stimulatory substances but also any design features that enhance the immune response against the relevant vaccine antigen. The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. It even includes purely physical processes such as texturing of particle surfaces to maximize immunogenicity. Looking forward, adjuvants will increasingly be seen not as separate add-on items but as wholly integrated elements of a complete vaccine delivery package. Hence, vaccine systems will increasingly approach the complexity and sophistication of pathogens themselves, incorporating highly specific particle properties, contents, and behaviors, all designed to maximize immune system recognition and drive the immune response in the specific direction that affords maximal protection.
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Gordon DL, Sajkov D, Honda-Okubo Y, Wilks SH, Aban M, Barr IG, Petrovsky N. Human Phase 1 trial of low-dose inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine formulated with Advax™ delta inulin adjuvant. Vaccine 2016; 34:3780-6. [PMID: 27342914 PMCID: PMC4949042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are usually non-adjuvanted but addition of adjuvant may improve immunogenicity and permit dose-sparing, critical for vaccine supply in the event of an influenza pandemic. The aim of this first-in-man study was to determine the effect of delta inulin adjuvant on the safety and immunogenicity of a reduced dose seasonal influenza vaccine. Healthy male and female adults aged 18-65years were recruited to participate in a randomized controlled study to compare the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a reduced-dose 2007 Southern Hemisphere trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine formulated with Advax™ delta inulin adjuvant (LTIV+Adj) when compared to a full-dose of the standard TIV vaccine which does not contain an adjuvant. LTIV+Adj provided equivalent immunogenicity to standard TIV vaccine as assessed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays against each vaccine strain as well as against a number of heterosubtypic strains. HI responses were sustained at 3months post-immunisation in both groups. Antibody landscapes against a large panel of H3N2 influenza viruses showed distinct age effects whereby subjects over 40years old had a bimodal baseline HI distribution pattern, with the highest HI titers against the very oldest H3N2 isolates and with a second HI peak against influenza isolates from the last 5-10years. By contrast, subjects >40years had a unimodal baseline HI distribution with peak recognition of H3N2 isolates from approximately 20years ago. The reduced dose TIV vaccine containing Advax adjuvant was well tolerated and no safety issues were identified. Hence, delta inulin may be a useful adjuvant for use in seasonal or pandemic influenza vaccines. Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12607000599471.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, and Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Dimitar Sajkov
- Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, 5042, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Modeling, Evolution, and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Malet Aban
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, 5042, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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25
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Barclay TG, Rajapaksha H, Thilagam A, Qian G, Ginic-Markovic M, Cooper PD, Gerson A, Petrovsky N. Physical characterization and in silico modeling of inulin polymer conformation during vaccine adjuvant particle formation. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:108-15. [PMID: 27083349 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study combined physical data from synchrotron SAXS, FTIR and microscopy with in-silico molecular structure predictions and mathematical modeling to examine inulin adjuvant particle formation and structure. The results show that inulin polymer chains adopt swollen random coil in solution. As precipitation occurs from solution, interactions between the glucose end group of one chain and a fructose group of an adjacent chain help drive organized assembly, initially forming inulin ribbons with helical organization of the chains orthogonal to the long-axis of the ribbon. Subsequent aggregation of the ribbons results in the layered semicrystalline particles previously shown to act as potent vaccine adjuvants. γ-Inulin adjuvant particles consist of crystalline layers 8.5 nm thick comprising helically organized inulin chains orthogonal to the plane of the layer. These crystalline layers alternate with amorphous layers 2.4 nm thick, to give overall particle crystallinity of 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Barclay
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Alagu Thilagam
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Gujie Qian
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Milena Ginic-Markovic
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Peter D Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Cancer Research Laboratory, ANU Medical School, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Andrea Gerson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Blue Minerals Consultancy, Mill Terrace, Middleton, SA 5213, Australia.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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26
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Abstract
Given periodic outbreaks of fatal human infections caused by coronaviruses, development of an optimal coronavirus vaccine platform capable of rapid production is an ongoing priority. This chapter describes the use of an insect cell expression system for rapid production of a recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Detailed methods are presented for expression, purification, and release testing of SARS recombinant spike protein antigen, followed by adjuvant formulation and animal testing. The methods herein described for rapid development of a highly protective SARS vaccine are equally suited to rapid development of vaccines against other fatal human coronavirus infections, e.g., the MERS coronavirus.
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27
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Petrovsky N, Cooper PD. Advax™, a novel microcrystalline polysaccharide particle engineered from delta inulin, provides robust adjuvant potency together with tolerability and safety. Vaccine 2015; 33:5920-6. [PMID: 26407920 PMCID: PMC4639457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for new adjuvants to facilitate development of vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and cancer, amongst many others. Unfortunately, the most potent adjuvants are often associated with toxicity and safety issues. Inulin, a plant-derived polysaccharide, has no immunological activity in its native soluble form but when crystallized into a stable microcrystalline particulate from (delta inulin) acquires potent adjuvant activity. Delta inulin has been shown to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses against a broad range of co-administered viral, bacterial, parasitic and toxin antigens. Inulin normally crystallizes as large heterogeneous particles with a broad size distribution and variable solubility temperatures. To ensure reproducible delta inulin particles with a consistent size distribution and temperature of solubility, a current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) process was designed to produce Advax™ adjuvant. In its cCMP form, Advax™ adjuvant has proved successful in human trials of vaccines against seasonal and pandemic influenza, hepatitis B and insect sting anaphylaxis, enhancing antibody and T-cell responses while being safe and well tolerated. Advax™ adjuvant represents a novel human adjuvant that enhances both humoral and cellular immunity. This review describes the discovery and development of Advax™ adjuvant and research into its unique mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
| | - Peter D Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2061, Australia
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Mensink MA, Frijlink HW, van der Voort Maarschalk K, Hinrichs WL. Inulin, a flexible oligosaccharide I: Review of its physicochemical characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:405-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hu J, Qiu L, Wang X, Zou X, Lu M, Yin J. Carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants - discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1133-44. [PMID: 26372693 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The addition of a suitable adjuvant to a vaccine can generate significant effective adaptive immune responses. There is an urgent need for the development of novel po7tent and safe adjuvants for human vaccines. Carbohydrate molecules are promising adjuvants for human vaccines due to their high biocompatibility and good tolerability in vivo. AREAS COVERED The present review covers a few promising carbohydrate-based adjuvants, lipopolysaccharide, trehalose-6,6'-dibehenate, QS-21 and inulin as examples, which have been extensively studied in human vaccines in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. The authors discuss the current status, applications and strategies of development of each adjuvant and different adjuvant formulation systems. This information gives insight regarding the exciting prospect in the field of carbohydrate-based adjuvant research. EXPERT OPINION Carbohydrate-based adjuvants are promising candidates as an alternative to the Alum salts for human vaccines development. Furthermore, combining two or more adjuvants in one formulation is one of the effective strategies in adjuvant development. However, further research efforts are needed to study and develop novel adjuvants systems, which can be more stable, potent and safe. The development of synthetic carbohydrate chemistry can improve the study of carbohydrate-based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- a 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi Medical School , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Liying Qiu
- a 1 Jiangnan University, Wuxi Medical School , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
| | - Mengji Lu
- c 3 University Hospital Essen, Institute of Virology , Hufelandstr, 55, 45122 Essen, Germany +49 2 017 233 530 ; +49 2 017 235 929 ;
| | - Jian Yin
- b 2 Jiangnan University, The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, China +86 51 085 328 229 ; +86 51 085 328 229 ;
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Calderon-Gonzalez R, Tobes R, Pareja E, Frande-Cabanes E, Petrovsky N, Alvarez-Dominguez C. Identification and characterisation of T-cell epitopes for incorporation into dendritic cell-delivered Listeria vaccines. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:111-9. [PMID: 26031451 PMCID: PMC7127673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells loaded with antigenic peptides, because of their safety and robust immune stimulation, would be ideal for induction of immunity to protect against listeriosis. However, there is no currently accepted method to predict which peptides derived from the Listeria proteome might confer protection. While elution of peptides from MHC molecules after Listeria infection yields high-affinity immune-dominant epitopes, these individual epitopes did not reliably confer Listeria protection. Instead we applied bioinformatic predictions of MHC class I and II epitopes to generate antigenic peptides that were then formulated with Advax™, a novel polysaccharide particulate adjuvant able to enhance cross-presentation prior to being screened for their ability to induce protective T-cell responses. A combination of at least four intermediate strength MHC-I binding epitopes and one weak MHC-II binding epitope when expressed in a single peptide sequence and formulated with Advax adjuvant induced a potent T-cell response and high TNF-α and IL-12 production by dendritic cells resulting in robust listeriosis protection in susceptible mice. This T-cell vaccine approach might be useful for the design of vaccines to protect against listeriosis or other intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Raquel Tobes
- Information Technologies Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pareja
- Information Technologies Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Frande-Cabanes
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Center, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
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Rodriguez-Del Rio E, Marradi M, Calderon-Gonzalez R, Frande-Cabanes E, Penadés S, Petrovsky N, Alvarez-Dominguez C. A gold glyco-nanoparticle carrying a Listeriolysin O peptide and formulated with Advax™ delta inulin adjuvant induces robust T-cell protection against listeria infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:1465-73. [PMID: 25659269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the search for an effective vaccine against the human pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria), gold glyconanoparticles (GNP) loaded with a listeriolysin O peptide LLO91-99 (GNP-LLO) were used to immunise mice, initially using a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine approach, but subsequently using a standard parenteral immunisation approach. To enhance vaccine immunogenicity a novel polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin (Advax™) was also co-formulated with the GNP vaccine. Confirming previous results, DC loaded in vitro with GNP-LLO provided better protection against listeriosis than DC loaded in vitro using free LLO peptide. The immunogenicity of GNP-LLO loaded DC vaccines was further increased by addition of Advax™ adjuvant. However, as DC vaccines are expensive and impracticable for prophylactic use, we next asked whether the same GNP-LLO antigen could be used to directly target DC in vivo. Immunisation of mice with GNP-LLO plus Advax™ adjuvant induced LLO-specific T-cell immunity and protection against Listeria challenge. Protection correlated with an increased frequency of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, NK cells and CD8α(+) DC, and Th1 cytokine production (IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MCP-1), post-challenge. Enhanced T-cell epitope recruitment post-challenge was seen in the groups that received Advax™ adjuvant. Immunisation with GNP-LLO91-99 plus Advax™ adjuvant provided equally robust Listeria protection as the best DC vaccine strategy but without the complexity and cost, making this a highly promising strategy for development of a prophylactic vaccine against listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Rodriguez-Del Rio
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Marco Marradi
- CIC biomaGUNE, P° de Miramón 182, San Sebastian, Gipúzcoa, Spain; CIBER-BBN, P° de Miramón 182, San Sebastian, Gipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Elisabet Frande-Cabanes
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Soledad Penadés
- CIC biomaGUNE, P° de Miramón 182, San Sebastian, Gipúzcoa, Spain; CIBER-BBN, P° de Miramón 182, San Sebastian, Gipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Grupo de Genómica, Proteómica y Vacunas, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
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Zhang G, Zhang J, Wang X, Yang W, Sun Z, Kumar CN, Guan H, Guan J. Apoptosis of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell (CAL-27) induced by Lactobacillus sp. A-2 metabolites. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:282-6. [PMID: 25141199 PMCID: PMC4126823 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Lactobacillus sp. A-2 metabolites on viability of CAL-27 cells and apoptosis in CAL-27 cells. METHODS Lactobacillus sp. A-2 metabolites 1 and 2 (LM1 and LM2) were obtained by culturing Lactobacillus sp. A-2 in reconstituted whey medium and whey-inulin medium; the cultured CAL-27 cells were treated with different concentrations of LM1 and LM2 (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 mg/mL) and assayed by methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) method; morphological changes of apoptotic cell were observed under fluorescence microscopy by acridine orange (Ao) fluorescent staining; flow cytometry method (FCM) and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to detect the apoptosis of CAL-27 cells treated LM1 and LM2. RESULTS The different concentrations of LM1 and LM2 could restrain the growth of CAL-27 cells, and in a dose-dependent manner; the apoptosis of CAL-27 cells was obviously induced and was time-dependent. CONCLUSIONS Viability of CAL-27 cells was inhibited by Lactobacillus sp. A-2 metabolites; Lactobacillus sp. A-2 metabolites could induce CAL-27 cells apoptosis; study on the bioactive compounds in the Lactobacillus sp. A-2 metabolites and their molecular mechanism is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Pharmacy School, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- Research Center of Microecological Engineering Technology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Hong Guan
- Research Center of Microecological Engineering Technology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
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Cooper PD, Rajapaksha KH, Barclay TG, Ginic-Markovic M, Gerson AR, Petrovsky N. Inulin crystal initiation via a glucose-fructose cross-link of adjacent polymer chains: atomic force microscopy and static molecular modelling. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:964-972. [PMID: 25498723 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Semi-crystalline microparticles of inulin (MPI) have clinical utility as potent human vaccine adjuvants but their relevant surface structure and crystal assembly remain undefined. We show inulin crystal surfaces to resemble multi-layered, discoid radial spherulites resulting from very rapid formation of complex tertiary structures, implying directed crystal initiation. Physical and in silico molecular modelling of unit cells confirm steric feasibility of initiation by hydrogen-bonded cross-linking of terminal glucose to a fructose of another chain, mimicking bonding in sucrose crystals. A strong, chelate-like dual H-bond is proposed to compel the known antiparallel alignment of inulin chains. Such cross-linking would require one extra fructose per chain in the native inulin crystal, as observed. Completion of five H-bonded internal ring-domains would 'lock in' each new 6-fructose structural unit of each antiparallel helix pair to create a new isoform. All known properties of inulin isoforms follow readily from these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia 5042; Cancer Research Laboratory, Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia 2605; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia 2601.
| | | | - Thomas G Barclay
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia 5095
| | | | - Andrea R Gerson
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia 5095
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia 5042; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia, 5042.
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Murugappan S, Frijlink HW, Petrovsky N, Hinrichs WLJ. Enhanced pulmonary immunization with aerosolized inactivated influenza vaccine containing delta inulin adjuvant. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 66:118-22. [PMID: 25459531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the primary intervention to contain influenza virus spread during seasonal and pandemic outbreaks. Pulmonary vaccination is gaining increasing attention for its ability to induce both local mucosal and systemic immune responses without the need for invasive injections. However, pulmonary administration of whole inactivated influenza virus (WIV) vaccine induces a Th2 dominant systemic immune response while a more balanced Th1/Th2 vaccine response may be preferred and only induces modest nasal immunity. This study evaluated immunity elicited by pulmonary versus intramuscular (i.m.) delivery of WIV, and tested whether the immune response could be improved by co-administration of delta (δ)-inulin, a novel carbohydrate-based particulate adjuvant. After pulmonary administration both unadjuvanted and δ-inulin adjuvanted WIV induced a potent systemic immune response, inducing higher serum anti-influenza IgG titers and nasal IgA titers than i.m. administration. Moreover, the addition of δ-inulin induced a more balanced Th1/Th2 response and induced higher nasal IgA titers versus pulmonary WIV alone. Pulmonary WIV alone or with δ-inulin induced hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers>40, titers which are considered protective against influenza virus. In conclusion, in this study we have shown that δ-inulin adjuvanted WIV induces a better immune response after pulmonary administration than vaccine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Murugappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Gordon D, Kelley P, Heinzel S, Cooper P, Petrovsky N. Immunogenicity and safety of Advax™, a novel polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin, when formulated with hepatitis B surface antigen: a randomized controlled Phase 1 study. Vaccine 2014; 32:6469-77. [PMID: 25267153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for additional safe and effective human vaccine adjuvants. Advax™ is a novel adjuvant produced from semi-crystalline particles of delta inulin. In animal studies Advax enhanced humoral and cellular immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) without inducing local or systemic reactogenicity. This first-in-man Phase 1 clinical trial tested the safety and tolerability of three intramuscular doses of HBsAg formulated with Advax in a group of healthy adult subjects. Advax was well tolerated with injection site pain scores not significantly different to subjects receiving HBsAg alone and no adverse events were reported in subjects that received Advax. Seroprotection and HBsAb geometric mean titers (GMT) after three immunizations were higher in the Advax 5mg (seroprotection 5/6, 83.3%, GMT 40.7, 95% CI 11.9-139.1) and 10mg (seroprotection 4/5, 80%, GMT 51.6, 95% CI 10.0-266.2) groups versus HBsAg alone (seroprotection 1/5, 20%, GMT 4.1, 95% CI 1.3-12.8). Similarly the proportion of subjects with positive CD4 T-cell responses to HBsAg was higher in the Advax 5mg (4/6, 67%) and Advax 10mg (4/5, 80%) groups versus HBsAg alone (1/5, 20%). These results confirm the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Advax adjuvant observed in preclinical studies. Advax may represent a suitable replacement for alum adjuvants in prophylactic human vaccines subject to confirmation of current results in larger studies. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12607000598482.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Peter Kelley
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | | | - Peter Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Cancer Research Laboratory, Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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Honda-Okubo Y, Kolpe A, Li L, Petrovsky N. A single immunization with inactivated H1N1 influenza vaccine formulated with delta inulin adjuvant (Advax™) overcomes pregnancy-associated immune suppression and enhances passive neonatal protection. Vaccine 2014; 32:4651-9. [PMID: 24958701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women and neonates represent high-risk groups for influenza infection, and in general have suppressed responses to standard influenza vaccines due to pregnancy-associated immune suppression and immune system immaturity, respectively. We therefore wished to test whether addition of Advax™, a polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin, to an inactivated influenza vaccine (A/H1N1/PR8) administered during pregnancy would safely enhance vaccine immunogenicity and thereby provide improved protection of pregnant mothers and their newborns. Pregnant mice received a single intramuscular injection of β-propiolactone-inactivated H1N1 antigen alone or with Advax adjuvant. Pregnant dams receiving Advax-adjuvanted vaccine exhibited significantly increased serum and breast milk anti-influenza IgG titers. This translated into higher serum anti-influenza IgG titers in the pups of these dams. Complete protection was seen in pups of dams that received Advax-adjuvanted vaccine whereas no survival was seen in pups of control mothers or mothers immunized with unadjuvanted influenza vaccine. Cross-fostering studies confirmed that enhanced protection of pups of dams that received Advax-adjuvanted vaccine was mediated by enhanced transfer of maternal IgG to the pups via breast-feeding. The delta inulin adjuvant was not associated with any reproductive or developmental adverse effects. This study shows that Advax adjuvant was safe when administered with influenza vaccine during pregnancy and provided protection of pups via enhanced breast milk transfer of anti-influenza antibodies, not seen with administration of unadjuvanted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia.
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Advax-adjuvanted recombinant protective antigen provides protection against inhalational anthrax that is further enhanced by addition of murabutide adjuvant. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:580-6. [PMID: 24554695 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00019-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines against anthrax based on recombinant protective antigen (PA) potentially offer more consistent and less reactogenic anthrax vaccines but require adjuvants to achieve optimal immunogenicity. This study sought to determine in a murine model of pulmonary anthrax infection whether the polysaccharide adjuvant Advax or the innate immune adjuvant murabutide alone or together could enhance PA immunogenicity by comparison to an alum adjuvant. A single immunization with PA plus Advax adjuvant afforded significantly greater protection against aerosolized Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain 7702 than three immunizations with PA alone. Murabutide had a weaker adjuvant effect than Advax when used alone, but when murabutide was formulated together with Advax, an additive effect on immunogenicity and protection was observed, with complete protection after just two doses. The combined adjuvant formulation stimulated a robust, long-lasting B-cell memory response that protected mice against an aerosol challenge 18 months postimmunization with acceleration of the kinetics of the anamnestic IgG response to B. anthracis as reflected by ∼4-fold-higher anti-PA IgG titers by day 2 postchallenge versus mice that received PA with Alhydrogel. In addition, the combination of Advax plus murabutide induced approximately 3-fold-less inflammation than Alhydrogel as measured by in vivo imaging of cathepsin cleavage resulting from injection of ProSense 750. Thus, the combination of Advax and murabutide provided enhanced protection against inhalational anthrax with reduced localized inflammation, making this a promising next-generation anthrax vaccine adjuvanting strategy.
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Cooper PD, Barclay TG, Ginic-Markovic M, Petrovsky N. Gamma ray sterilization of delta inulin adjuvant particles (Advax™) makes minor, partly reversible structural changes without affecting adjuvant activity. Vaccine 2014; 32:552-7. [PMID: 24342245 PMCID: PMC4047428 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We earlier identified a developmental series of seven isoforms/polymorphs of microparticulate inulin by comparing non-covalent bonding strengths. Their pharmaceutical utility lies in the modulation of cellular immunity, exploited as vaccine adjuvants (Advax™) especially for delta inulin (DI). As such particles cannot be sterilized by filtration we explore the effect of (60)Co gamma radiation (GR) on inulin isoforms, particularly DI. Its adjuvant activity and overt physical properties were unaffected by normal GR sterilizing doses (up to 25kGy). Heating irradiated isoform suspensions near their critical dissolution temperature revealed increased solubility deduced to reflect a single lethal event in one component of a multi-component structure. Local oxidative effects of GR on DI were not found. The observed DI loss was almost halved by re-annealing at the critical temperature: surviving inulin chains apparently reassemble into smaller amounts of the original type of structure. Colorimetric tetrazolium assay revealed increases in reducing activity after GR of raw inulin powder, which yielded DI with normal physical properties but only 25% normal recovery yet 4× normal reducing ability, implying final retention of some GR-changed inulin chains. These findings suggest minimal inulin chain cleavage and confirm that GR may be a viable strategy for terminal sterilization of microparticulate inulin adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Cancer Research Laboratory, Australian National University Medical School, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia.
| | - T G Barclay
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - M Ginic-Markovic
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia
| | - N Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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Cooper PD, Barclay TG, Ginic-Markovic M, Gerson AR, Petrovsky N. Inulin isoforms differ by repeated additions of one crystal unit cell. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 103:392-7. [PMID: 24528745 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inulin isoforms, especially delta inulin, are important biologically as immune activators and clinically as vaccine adjuvants. In exploring action mechanisms, we previously found regular increments in thermal properties of the seven-member inulin isoform series that suggested regular additions of some energetic structural unit. Because the previous isolates carried additional longer chains that masked defining ranges, these were contrasted with new isoform isolates comprising only inulin chain lengths defining that isoform. The new series began with 19 fructose units per chain (alpha-1 inulin), increasing regularly by 6 fructose units per isoform. Thus the 'energetic unit' equates to 6 fructose residues per chain. All isoforms showed indistinguishable X-ray diffraction patterns that were also identical with known inulin crystals. We conclude that an 'energetic unit' equates to one helix turn of 6 fructose units per chain as found in one unit cell of the inulin crystal. Each isoform chain comprised progressively more helix turns plus one additional fructose and glucose residues per chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Cooper
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Cancer Research Laboratory, Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Thomas G Barclay
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Milena Ginic-Markovic
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Andrea R Gerson
- The Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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