1
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Khamrui S, Dodatko T, Wu R, Leandro J, Sabovic A, Violante S, Cross JR, Marsan E, Kumar K, DeVita RJ, Lazarus MB, Houten SM. Characterization, structure and inhibition of the human succinyl-CoA:glutarate-CoA transferase, a genetic modifier of glutaric aciduria type 1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.07.578422. [PMID: 38370847 PMCID: PMC10871334 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.578422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 (GA1) is a serious inborn error of metabolism with no pharmacological treatments. A novel strategy to treat this disease is to divert the toxic biochemical intermediates to less toxic or non-toxic metabolites. Here, we report a novel target, SUGCT, which we hypothesize suppresses the GA1 metabolic phenotype through decreasing glutaryl-CoA. We report the structure of SUGCT, the first eukaryotic structure of a type III CoA transferase, develop a high-throughput enzyme assay and a cell-based assay, and identify valsartan and losartan carboxylic acid as inhibitors of the enzyme validating the screening approach. These results may form the basis for future development of new pharmacological intervention to treat GA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Khamrui
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tetyana Dodatko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ruoxi Wu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amanda Sabovic
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sara Violante
- The Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin R Cross
- The Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eric Marsan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert J DeVita
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael B Lazarus
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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2
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Guo Z, Gong A, Liu S, Liang H. Two novel compound heterozygous variants of the GCDH gene in two Chinese families with glutaric acidaemia type I identified by high-throughput sequencing and a literature review. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:603-614. [PMID: 36906724 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive glutaric acidaemia type I (GA-I) is a rare hereditary metabolic disease characterized by increased organic acids and neurologic symptoms. Although numerous variants in the GCDH gene have been identified to be connected with the pathogenesis of GA-I, the relationship between genotype and phenotype remains uncertain. In this study, we evaluated genetic data for two GA-I patients from Hubei, China, and we reviewed the previous research findings to clarify the genetic heterogeneity of GA-I and identify the potential causative variants. After we extracted genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples obtained from two unrelated Chinese families, we used target capture high-throughput sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing to determine likely pathogenic variants in the two probands. Electronic databases were also searched for the literature review. The genetic analysis revealed two compound heterozygous variants in the GCDH gene expected to lead to GA-I in the two probands (P1 and P2), with P1 carrying two known variants (c.892G > A/p. A298T and c.1244-2A > C/IVS10-2A > C) and P2 harbouring two novel variants (c.370G > T/p.G124W and c.473A > G/p.E158G). In the literature review, the most common alleles in low excretors (i.e., individuals with low excretion of GA) were R227P, V400M, M405V, and A298T, with variation in the severity of clinical phenotypes. Overall, we identified two novel GCDH gene candidate pathogenic variants in a Chinese patient, enriching the GCDH gene mutational spectrum and providing a solid foundation for the early diagnosis of GA-I patients with low excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Guo
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Anyue Gong
- Neonatal Screening Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Xiangyang, Xiangyang, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Department of Medical Genetics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Hui Liang
- The Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Public Health, Qingdao University, Ning Xia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
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3
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Development of hetero-triaryls as a new chemotype for subtype-selective and potent Sirt5 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114594. [PMID: 35853430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other sirtuins (NAD+-dependent class III lysine deacylases), inhibition of Sirt5 is poorly investigated, yet. Our present work is based on the recently identified Sirt5 inhibitor balsalazide, an approved drug with negligible bioavailability after oral administration. After gaining first insights into its structure-activity relationship in previous work, we were able to now develop heteroaryl-triaryls as a novel chemotype of drug-like, potent and subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitors. The unfavourable azo group of the lead structure was modified in a systematic and comprehensive manner, leading us to a few open-chained and, most importantly, five-membered heteroaromatic substitutes (isoxazole CG_209, triazole CG_220, pyrazole CG_232) with very encouraging in vitro activities (IC50 on Sirt5 in the low micromolar range, <10 μM). These advanced inhibitors were free of cytotoxicity and showed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, as confirmed by permeability into mitochondria using live cell imaging experiments. Furthermore, results from calculations of the relative free binding affinities of the analogues compared to balsalazide as reference compound agreed well with the trends for inhibitory activities obtained in the in vitro experiments. Therefore, this method can be used to predict the affinity of closely related future potential Sirt5 inhibitors. Encouraged by our findings, we employed chemoproteomic selectivity profiling to confirm Sirt5 as main target of balsalazide and one of its improved analogues. An immobilised balsalazide-analogue specifically pulled down Sirt5 from whole cell lysates and competition experiments identified glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NME4) as potential off-targets, once again confirming the selectivity of the novel balsalazide-derived Sirt5 inhibitors. In summary, a combination of targeted chemical synthesis, biological work, and computational studies led to a new generation of tailored Sirt5 inhibitors, which represent valuable chemical tools for the investigation of the physiological role of Sirt5, but could also serve as advanced lead structures for drug candidates for systemic use.
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4
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Li Q, Yang C, Feng L, Zhao Y, Su Y, Liu H, Men H, Huang Y, Körner H, Wang X. Glutaric Acidemia, Pathogenesis and Nutritional Therapy. Front Nutr 2022; 8:704984. [PMID: 34977106 PMCID: PMC8714794 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.704984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia (GA) are heterogeneous, genetic diseases that present with specific catabolic deficiencies of amino acid or fatty acid metabolism. The disorders can be divided into type I and type II by the occurrence of different types of recessive mutations of autosomal, metabolically important genes. Patients of glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) if not diagnosed very early in infanthood, experience irreversible neurological injury during an encephalopathic crisis in childhood. If diagnosed early the disorder can be treated successfully with a combined metabolic treatment course that includes early catabolic emergency treatment and long-term maintenance nutrition therapy. Glutaric acidemia type II (GA- II) patients can present clinically with hepatomegaly, non-ketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotonia, and in neonatal onset cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, it features adult-onset muscle-related symptoms, including weakness, fatigue, and myalgia. An early diagnosis is crucial, as both types can be managed by simple nutraceutical supplementation. This review discusses the pathogenesis of GA and its nutritional management practices, and aims to promote understanding and management of GA. We will provide a detailed summary of current clinical management strategies of the glutaric academia disorders and highlight issues of nutrition therapy principles in emergency settings and outline some specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Chunlan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yazi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Su
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongkang Men
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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5
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Leandro J, Houten SM. The lysine degradation pathway: Subcellular compartmentalization and enzyme deficiencies. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:14-22. [PMID: 32768327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysine degradation via formation of saccharopine is a pathway confined to the mitochondria. The second pathway for lysine degradation, the pipecolic acid pathway, is not yet fully elucidated and known enzymes are localized in the mitochondria, cytosol and peroxisome. The tissue-specific roles of these two pathways are still under investigation. The lysine degradation pathway is clinically relevant due to the occurrence of two severe neurometabolic disorders, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) and glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1). The existence of three other disorders affecting lysine degradation without apparent clinical consequences opens up the possibility to find alternative therapeutic strategies for PDE and GA1 through pathway modulation. A better understanding of the mechanisms, compartmentalization and interplay between the different enzymes and metabolites involved in lysine degradation is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leandro
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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6
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Xiao B, Qiu W, Ye J, Zhang H, Zhu H, Wang L, Liang L, Xu F, Chen T, Xu Y, Yu Y, Gu X, Han L. Prenatal Diagnosis of Glutaric Acidemia I Based on Amniotic Fluid Samples in 42 Families Using Genetic and Biochemical Approaches. Front Genet 2020; 11:496. [PMID: 32508882 PMCID: PMC7251148 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct mutation analysis is the major method for glutaric acidemia I (GA-I) prenatal diagnosis, while systemic application of a biochemical strategy is rare. We describe our experiences with metabolite measurement together with mutation analysis in GA-I prenatal diagnosis at a single center over 10 years. The data of genetic analysis and metabolite measurement using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry(MS/MS) in amniotic fluid samples of 44 fetuses from 42 GA-I families referred to our center from 2009 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among these 44 fetuses, genetic and biochemical results were both available in 39 fetuses. Of these, 6 fetuses were judged as affected and 33 fetuses as unaffected by mutation analysis. The levels of glutarylcarnitine (C5DC), C5DC/octanoylcarnitine (C8), and glutaric acid in the supernatant of amniotic fluid from affected fetuses were significantly higher than those in unaffected fetuses [1.73μmol/L (0.89–4.19) vs. 0.16μmol/L (0.06–0.37), 26.26 (12.4–55.55) vs. 2.23 (1.04–8.44), and 103.94 mmol/mol creatinine (30.37–148.31) vs. 1.01mmol/mol creatinine (0–9.81), respectively; all P < 0.0001]. Among all families, two were found to have one causative mutation in the proband, in four pregnancies from these two families, three fetuses were judged as “unaffected” and one was judged as “affected” according to metabolites results. Postnatal follow-up showed a normal phenotype in all unaffected fetuses judged by mutation or metabolite analysis. C5DC, C5DC/C8, and glutaric acid levels in the supernatant of amniotic fluid showed significant differences and no overlap between the affected and unaffected fetuses. Biochemical strategy could be implemented as a quick and convenient method for the prenatal diagnosis of GA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Liang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefan Gu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianshu Han
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Institute of Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Schmiesing J, Storch S, Dörfler AC, Schweizer M, Makrypidi-Fraune G, Thelen M, Sylvester M, Gieselmann V, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Koch-Nolte F, Tidow H, Mühlhausen C, Waheed A, Sly WS, Braulke T. Disease-Linked Glutarylation Impairs Function and Interactions of Mitochondrial Proteins and Contributes to Mitochondrial Heterogeneity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2946-2956. [PMID: 30208319 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine glutarylation (Kglu) of mitochondrial proteins is associated with glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency, which impairs lysine/tryptophan degradation and causes destruction of striatal neurons during catabolic crisis with subsequent movement disability. By investigating the role of Kglu modifications in this disease, we compared the brain and liver glutarylomes of Gcdh-deficient mice. In the brain, we identified 73 Kglu sites on 37 mitochondrial proteins involved in various metabolic degradation pathways. Ultrastructural immunogold studies indicated that glutarylated proteins are heterogeneously distributed in mitochondria, which are exclusively localized in glial cells. In liver cells, all mitochondria contain Kglu-modified proteins. Glutarylation reduces the catalytic activities of the most abundant glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and the brain-specific carbonic anhydrase 5b and interferes with GDH-protein interactions. We propose that Kglu contributes to the functional heterogeneity of mitochondria and may metabolically adapt glial cells to the activity and metabolic demands of neighboring GCDH-deficient neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmiesing
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Storch
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Dörfler
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georgia Makrypidi-Fraune
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Thelen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Tidow
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging & Department Chemistry, University Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Rotelli MD, Bolling AM, Killion AW, Weinberg AJ, Dixon MJ, Calvi BR. An RNAi Screen for Genes Required for Growth of Drosophila Wing Tissue. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:3087-3100. [PMID: 31387856 PMCID: PMC6778782 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell division and tissue growth must be coordinated with development. Defects in these processes are the basis for a number of diseases, including developmental malformations and cancer. We have conducted an unbiased RNAi screen for genes that are required for growth in the Drosophila wing, using GAL4-inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) fly strains made by the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center. shRNA expression down the center of the larval wing disc using dpp-GAL4, and the central region of the adult wing was then scored for tissue growth and wing hair morphology. Out of 4,753 shRNA crosses that survived to adulthood, 18 had impaired wing growth. FlyBase and the new Alliance of Genome Resources knowledgebases were used to determine the known or predicted functions of these genes and the association of their human orthologs with disease. The function of eight of the genes identified has not been previously defined in Drosophila The genes identified included those with known or predicted functions in cell cycle, chromosome segregation, morphogenesis, metabolism, steroid processing, transcription, and translation. All but one of the genes are similar to those in humans, and many are associated with disease. Knockdown of lin-52, a subunit of the Myb-MuvB transcription factor, or βNACtes6, a gene involved in protein folding and trafficking, resulted in a switch from cell proliferation to an endoreplication growth program through which wing tissue grew by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). It is anticipated that further analysis of the genes that we have identified will reveal new mechanisms that regulate tissue growth during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rotelli
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 and
| | - Anna M Bolling
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 and
| | - Andrew W Killion
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 and
| | | | - Michael J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 and
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 and
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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9
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Shadmehri AA, Fattahi N, Pourreza MR, Koohiyan M, Zarifi S, Darbouy M, Sharifi R, Tavakkoly Bazzaz J, Tabatabaiefar MA. Molecular genetic study of glutaric aciduria, type I: Identification of a novel mutation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3367-3372. [PMID: 30203563 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-1) is an inborn error of metabolism due to deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), which catalyzes the conversion of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA. GA-1 occurs in about 1 in 100 000 infants worldwide. The GCDH gene is on human chromosome 19p13.2, spans about 7 kb and comprises 11 exons and 10 introns. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used for clinical diagnosis in a proband from Iran with GA-1. Sanger sequencing was performed using primers specific for coding exons and exon-intron flanking regions of the GCDH gene in the proband. Cosegregation analysis and in silico assessment were performed to confirm the pathogenicity of the candidate variant. A novel homozygous missense variant c.1147C > A (p.Arg383Ser) in exon 11 of GCDH was identified. Examination of variant through in silico software tools determines its deleterious effect on protein in terms of function and stability. The variant cosegregates with the disease in family. In this study, the clinical and molecular aspects of GA-1 were investigated, which showed one novel mutation in the GCDH gene in an Iranian patient. The variant is categorized as pathogenic according to the the guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) for variant interpretation. This mutation c.1147C > A (p.Arg383Ser) may also be prevalent among Iranian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ahmadi Shadmehri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
| | - Najmeh Fattahi
- Cilinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourreza
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Koohiyan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Zarifi
- Social Welfare Organization of South Khorasan Province, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Darbouy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
| | - Reza Sharifi
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Human Genetics Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Javad Tavakkoly Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Schmiesing J, Lohmöller B, Schweizer M, Tidow H, Gersting SW, Muntau AC, Braulke T, Mühlhausen C. Disease-causing mutations affecting surface residues of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase impair stability, heteromeric complex formation and mitochondria architecture. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:538-551. [PMID: 28062662 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurometabolic disorder glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is caused by mutations in the GCDH gene encoding the mitochondrial matrix protein glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), which forms homo- and heteromeric complexes. Twenty percent of all pathogenic mutations affect single amino acid residues on the surface of GCDH resulting in a severe clinical phenotype. We report here on heterologous expression studies of 18 missense mutations identified in GA1 patients affecting surface amino acids. Western blot and pulse chase experiments revealed that the stability of half of the GCDH mutants was significantly reduced. In silico analyses showed that none of the mutations impaired the 3D structure of GCDH. Immunofluorescence co-localisation studies in HeLa cells demonstrated that all GCDH mutants were correctly translocated into mitochondria. Surprisingly, the expression of p.Arg88Cys GCDH as well as further substitutions by alanine, lysine, or methionine but not histidine or leucine resulted in the disruption of mitochondrial architecture forming longitudinal structures composed of stacks of cristae and partial loss of the outer mitochondrial membrane. The expression of mitochondrial fusion or fission proteins was not affected in these cells. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analyses revealed that all GCDH mutants exhibit an increased binding affinity to electron transfer flavoprotein beta, whereas only p.Tyr155His GCDH showed a reduced interaction with dihydrolipoamide succinyl transferase. Our data underscore the impact of GCDH protein interactions mediated by amino acid residues on the surface of GCDH required for proper enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmiesing
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lohmöller
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Tidow
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging & Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Søren W Gersting
- Department of Molecular Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany and
| | - Ania C Muntau
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Zhang Y, Li H, Ma R, Mei L, Wei X, Liang D, Wu L. Clinical and molecular investigation in Chinese patients with glutaric aciduria type I. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 453:75-9. [PMID: 26656312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), leading to an abnormal metabolism of lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan. It results in accumulations of glutaric acid, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and glutaconic acid. Clinical features include the sudden onset of encephalopathy, hypotonia and macrocephaly usually before age 18months. Here we report five cases of GA-I confirmed with mutation analysis. GCDH gene mutations were identified in all five probands with GA-I. Three of them had compound heterozygous mutations and two had homozygous mutations. Mutations of two alleles (c.334G>T and IVS11-11A>G) were novel and both of them were confirmed to be splice site mutations by reverse transcription PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Haoxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ruiyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Libin Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xianda Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Desheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
| | - Lingqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Jiahui Genetics Hospital, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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12
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Pierson TM, Nezhad M, Tremblay MA, Lewis R, Wong D, Salamon N, Sicotte N. Adult-onset glutaric aciduria type I presenting with white matter abnormalities and subependymal nodules. Neurogenetics 2015; 16:325-8. [PMID: 26316201 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-015-0456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 55-year-old female presented with a 6-year history of paresthesias, incontinence, spasticity, and gait abnormalities. Neuroimaging revealed white matter abnormalities associated with subependymal nodules. Biochemical evaluation noted increased serum C5-DC glutarylcarnitines and urine glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acids. Evaluation of the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) gene revealed compound heterozygosity consisting of a novel variant (c.1219C>G; p.Leu407Val) and pathogenic mutation (c.848delT; p.L283fs). Together, these results were consistent with a diagnosis of adult-onset type I glutaric aciduria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Pierson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mani Nezhad
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew A Tremblay
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derek Wong
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Sicotte
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Małecki J, Ho AYY, Moen A, Dahl HA, Falnes PØ. Human METTL20 is a mitochondrial lysine methyltransferase that targets the β subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETFβ) and modulates its activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:423-34. [PMID: 25416781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are frequently modified by post-translational methylation of lysine residues, catalyzed by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). Lysine methylation of histone proteins has been extensively studied, but it has recently become evident that methylation of non-histone proteins is also abundant and important. The human methyltransferase METTL20 belongs to a group of 10 established and putative human KMTs. We here found METTL20 to be associated with mitochondria and determined that recombinant METTL20 methylated a single protein in extracts from human cells. Using an methyltransferase activity-based purification scheme, we identified the β-subunit of the mitochondrially localized electron transfer flavoprotein (ETFβ) as the substrate of METTL20. Furthermore, METTL20 was found to specifically methylate two adjacent lysine residues, Lys(200) and Lys(203), in ETFβ both in vitro and in cells. Interestingly, the residues methylated by METTL20 partially overlap with the so-called "recognition loop" in ETFβ, which has been shown to mediate its interaction with various dehydrogenases. Accordingly, we found that METTL20-mediated methylation of ETFβ in vitro reduced its ability to receive electrons from the medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. In conclusion, the present study establishes METTL20 as the first human KMT localized to mitochondria and suggests that it may regulate cellular metabolism through modulating the interaction between its substrate ETFβ and dehydrogenases. Based on the previous naming of similar enzymes, we suggest the renaming of human METTL20 to ETFβ-KMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jędrzej Małecki
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Angela Y Y Ho
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Anders Moen
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Helge-André Dahl
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Pål Ø Falnes
- From the Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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14
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Fu X, Gao H, Tian F, Gao J, Lou L, Liang Y, Ning Q, Luo X. Mechanistic effects of amino acids and glucose in a novel glutaric aciduria type 1 cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110181. [PMID: 25333616 PMCID: PMC4198201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute neurological crises involving striatal degeneration induced by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and the accumulation of glutaric (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA) are considered to be the most striking features of glutaric aciduria type I (GA1). In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of apoptosis and energy metabolism impairment in our novel GA1 neuronal model. We also explored the effects of appropriate amounts of amino acids (2 mM arginine, 2 mM homoarginine, 0.45 g/L tyrosine and 10 mM leucine) and 2 g/L glucose on these cells. Our results revealed that the novel GA1 neuronal model effectively simulates the hypermetabolic state of GA1. We found that leucine, tyrosine, arginine, homoarginine or glucose treatment of the GA1 model cells reduced the gene expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, bax, fos, and jun and restored the intracellular NADH and ATP levels. Tyrosine, arginine or homoarginine treatment in particular showed anti-apoptotic effects; increased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC), fumarase (FH), and citrate synthase (CS) expression; and relieved the observed impairment in energy metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the protective mechanisms of amino acids and glucose in GA1 at the cellular level from the point of view of apoptosis and energy metabolism. Our data support the results of previous studies, indicating that supplementation of arginine and homoarginine as a dietary control strategy can have a therapeutic effect on GA1. All of these findings facilitate the understanding of cell apoptosis and energy metabolism impairment in GA1 and reveal new therapeutic perspectives for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjie Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengyan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinzhi Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Georgiou T, Nicolaidou P, Hadjichristou A, Ioannou R, Dionysiou M, Siama E, Chappa G, Anastasiadou V, Drousiotou A. Molecular analysis of Cypriot patients with Glutaric aciduria type I: identification of two novel mutations. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1300-5. [PMID: 24973495 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify the mutations in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene (GCDH) in ten Cypriot patients with Glutaric aciduria type I (GAI). DESIGN AND METHODS Molecular analysis of the GCDH gene was performed by direct sequencing of the patients' genomic DNA. In silico tools were applied to predict the effect of the novel variants on the structure and function of the protein. RESULTS All disease alleles were characterized (mutation detection rate 100%). Five missense mutations were identified: c.192G>T (p.Glu64Asp) and c.803G>T (p.Gly268Val), which are novel, and three previously described mutations, c.1123T>C (p.Cys375Arg), c.1204C>T (p.Arg402Trp) and c.1286C>T (p.Thr429Met). CONCLUSIONS Two novel mutations, p.Glu64Asp and p.Gly268Val, account for the majority of disease alleles (76.5%) in Cypriot patients with Glutaric aciduria type I. A founder effect for the p.Glu64Asp and the p.Gly268Val can be suggested based on the place of origin of the carriers of these mutations. Identification of the causative mutations of GAI in Cypriot patients will facilitate carrier detection as well as post- and pre-natal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Georgiou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Rodothea Ioannou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Dionysiou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elli Siama
- Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Anthi Drousiotou
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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16
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Schmiesing J, Schlüter H, Ullrich K, Braulke T, Mühlhausen C. Interaction of glutaric aciduria type 1-related glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase with mitochondrial matrix proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87715. [PMID: 24498361 PMCID: PMC3912011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in the GCDH gene encoding glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), which forms homo- and heteromeric complexes in the mitochondrial matrix. GA1 patients are prone to the development of encephalopathic crises which lead to an irreversible disabling dystonic movement disorder. The clinical and biochemical manifestations of GA1 vary considerably and lack correlations to the genotype. Using an affinity chromatography approach we report here for the first time on the identification of mitochondrial proteins interacting directly with GCDH. Among others, dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) involved in the formation of glutaryl-CoA, and the β-subunit of the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETFB) serving as electron acceptor, were identified as GCDH binding partners. We have adapted the yellow fluorescent protein-based fragment complementation assay and visualized the oligomerization of GCDH as well as its direct interaction with DLST and ETFB in mitochondria of living cells. These data suggest that GCDH is a constituent of multimeric mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes, and the characterization of their interrelated functions may provide new insights into the regulation of lysine oxidation and the pathophysiology of GA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmiesing
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory for Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Ullrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (CM)
| | - Chris Mühlhausen
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (CM)
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17
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Houten SM, Te Brinke H, Denis S, Ruiter JP, Knegt AC, de Klerk JB, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Häberle J, Baumgartner MR, Coşkun T, Zschocke J, Sass JO, Poll-The BT, Wanders RJ, Duran M. Genetic basis of hyperlysinemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:57. [PMID: 23570448 PMCID: PMC3626681 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlysinemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error of L-lysine degradation. To date only one causal mutation in the AASS gene encoding α-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase has been reported. We aimed to better define the genetic basis of hyperlysinemia. METHODS We collected the clinical, biochemical and molecular data in a cohort of 8 hyperlysinemia patients with distinct neurological features. RESULTS We found novel causal mutations in AASS in all affected individuals, including 4 missense mutations, 2 deletions and 1 duplication. In two patients originating from one family, the hyperlysinemia was caused by a contiguous gene deletion syndrome affecting AASS and PTPRZ1. CONCLUSIONS Hyperlysinemia is caused by mutations in AASS. As hyperlysinemia is generally considered a benign metabolic variant, the more severe neurological disease course in two patients with a contiguous deletion syndrome may be explained by the additional loss of PTPRZ1. Our findings illustrate the importance of detailed biochemical and genetic studies in any hyperlysinemia patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M Houten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, AZ 1105, The Netherlands.
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18
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Begley DW, Davies DR, Hartley RC, Hewitt SN, Rychel AL, Myler PJ, Van Voorhis WC, Staker BL, Stewart LJ. Probing conformational states of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase by fragment screening. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1060-9. [PMID: 21904051 PMCID: PMC3169403 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111014436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type 1 is an inherited metabolic disorder which can cause macrocephaly, muscular rigidity, spastic paralysis and other progressive movement disorders in humans. The defects in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) associated with this disease are thought to increase holoenzyme instability and reduce cofactor binding. Here, the first structural analysis of a GCDH enzyme in the absence of the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is reported. The apo structure of GCDH from Burkholderia pseudomallei reveals a loss of secondary structure and increased disorder in the FAD-binding pocket relative to the ternary complex of the highly homologous human GCDH. After conducting a fragment-based screen, four small molecules were identified which bind to GCDH from B. pseudomallei. Complex structures were determined for these fragments, which cause backbone and side-chain perturbations to key active-site residues. Structural insights from this investigation highlight differences from apo GCDH and the utility of small-molecular fragments as chemical probes for capturing alternative conformational states of preformed protein crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren W Begley
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (http://www.ssgcid.org), USA.
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Olivera-Bravo S, Fernández A, Sarlabós MN, Rosillo JC, Casanova G, Jiménez M, Barbeito L. Neonatal astrocyte damage is sufficient to trigger progressive striatal degeneration in a rat model of glutaric acidemia-I. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20831. [PMID: 21698251 PMCID: PMC3115973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have investigated whether an acute metabolic damage to astrocytes during the neonatal period may critically disrupt subsequent brain development, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. Astrocytes are vulnerable to glutaric acid (GA), a dicarboxylic acid that accumulates in millimolar concentrations in Glutaric Acidemia I (GA-I), an inherited neurometabolic childhood disease characterized by degeneration of striatal neurons. While GA induces astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and subsequent increased proliferation, it is presently unknown whether such astrocytic dysfunction is sufficient to trigger striatal neuronal loss. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A single intracerebroventricular dose of GA was administered to rat pups at postnatal day 0 (P0) to induce an acute, transient rise of GA levels in the central nervous system (CNS). GA administration potently elicited proliferation of astrocytes expressing S100β followed by GFAP astrocytosis and nitrotyrosine staining lasting until P45. Remarkably, GA did not induce acute neuronal loss assessed by FluoroJade C and NeuN cell count. Instead, neuronal death appeared several days after GA treatment and progressively increased until P45, suggesting a delayed onset of striatal degeneration. The axonal bundles perforating the striatum were disorganized following GA administration. In cell cultures, GA did not affect survival of either striatal astrocytes or neurons, even at high concentrations. However, astrocytes activated by a short exposure to GA caused neuronal death through the production of soluble factors. Iron porphyrin antioxidants prevented GA-induced astrocyte proliferation and striatal degeneration in vivo, as well as astrocyte-mediated neuronal loss in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these results indicate that a transient metabolic insult with GA induces long lasting phenotypic changes in astrocytes that cause them to promote striatal neuronal death. Pharmacological protection of astrocytes with antioxidants during encephalopatic crisis may prevent astrocyte dysfunction and the ineluctable progression of disease in children with GA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabel Fernández
- Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Sarlabós
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Carlos Rosillo
- Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcie Jiménez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Comparative Neuroanatomy Associated Unit of the School of Sciences, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Barbeito
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Alfardan J, Mohsen AW, Copeland S, Ellison J, Keppen-Davis L, Rohrbach M, Powell BR, Gillis J, Matern D, Kant J, Vockley J. Characterization of new ACADSB gene sequence mutations and clinical implications in patients with 2-methylbutyrylglycinuria identified by newborn screening. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100:333-8. [PMID: 20547083 PMCID: PMC2906669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD) deficiency, also known as 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, is a recently described autosomal recessive disorder of isoleucine metabolism. Most patients reported thus far have originated from a founder mutation in the Hmong Chinese population. While the first reported patients had severe disease, most of the affected Hmong have remained asymptomatic. In this study, we describe 11 asymptomatic non-Hmong patients brought to medical attention by elevated C5-carnitine found by newborn screening and one discovered because of clinical symptoms. The diagnosis of SBCAD deficiency was determined by metabolite analysis of blood, urine, and fibroblast samples. PCR and bidirectional sequencing were performed on genomic DNA from five of the patients covering the entire SBCAD (ACADSB) gene sequence of 11 exons. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from each patient identified variations in the SBCAD gene not previously reported. Escherichia coli expression studies revealed that the missense mutations identified lead to inactivation or instability of the mutant SBCAD enzymes. These findings confirm that SBCAD deficiency can be identified through newborn screening by acylcarnitine analysis. Our patients have been well without treatment and call for careful follow-up studies to learn the true clinical impact of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marianne Rohrbach
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Children‘s Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jane Gillis
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey Kant
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, USA
- Correspondence to: Jerry Vockley, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.
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21
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Swigonová Z, Mohsen AW, Vockley J. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases: Dynamic history of protein family evolution. J Mol Evol 2009; 69:176-93. [PMID: 19639238 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-009-9263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) are enzymes that catalyze the alpha,beta-dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA esters in fatty acid and amino acid catabolism. Eleven ACADs are now recognized in the sequenced human genome, and several homologs have been reported from bacteria, fungi, plants, and nematodes. We performed a systematic comparative genomic study, integrating homology searches with methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, to investigate the evolutionary history of this family. Sequence analyses indicate origin of the family in the common ancestor of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota, illustrating its essential role in the metabolism of early life. At least three ACADs were already present at that time: ancestral glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCD), isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD), and ACAD10/11. Two gene duplications were unique to the eukaryotic domain: one resulted in the VLCAD and ACAD9 paralogs and another in the ACAD10 and ACAD11 paralogs. The overall patchy distribution of specific ACADs across the tree of life is the result of dynamic evolution that includes numerous rounds of gene duplication and secondary losses, interdomain lateral gene transfer events, alteration of cellular localization, and evolution of novel proteins by domain acquisition. Our finding that eukaryotic ACAD species are more closely related to bacterial ACADs is consistent with endosymbiotic origin of ACADs in eukaryotes and further supported by the localization of all nine previously studied ACADs in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Swigonová
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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22
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Decarboxylating and nondecarboxylating glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenases in the aromatic metabolism of obligately anaerobic bacteria. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:4401-9. [PMID: 19395484 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00205-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In anaerobic bacteria using aromatic growth substrates, glutaryl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenases (GDHs) are involved in the catabolism of the central intermediate benzoyl-CoA to three acetyl-CoAs and CO(2). In this work, we studied GDHs from the strictly anaerobic, aromatic compound-degrading organisms Geobacter metallireducens (GDH(Geo)) (Fe[III] reducing) and Desulfococcus multivorans (GDH(Des)) (sulfate reducing). GDH(Geo) was purified from cells grown on benzoate and after the heterologous expression of the benzoate-induced bamM gene. The gene coding for GDH(Des) was identified after screening of a cosmid gene library. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that its expression was induced by benzoate; the product was heterologously expressed and isolated. Both wild-type and recombinant GDH(Geo) catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA at similar rates. In contrast, recombinant GDH(Des) catalyzed only the dehydrogenation to glutaconyl-CoA. The latter compound was decarboxylated subsequently to crotonyl-CoA by the addition of membrane extracts from cells grown on benzoate in the presence of 20 mM NaCl. All GDH enzymes were purified as homotetramers of a 43- to 44-kDa subunit and contained 0.6 to 0.7 flavin adenine dinucleotides (FADs)/monomer. The kinetic properties for glutaryl-CoA conversion were as follows: for GDH(Geo), the K(m) was 30 +/- 2 microM and the V(max) was 3.2 +/- 0.2 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), and for GDH(Des), the K(m) was 52 +/- 5 microM and the V(max) was 11 +/- 1 micromol min(-1) mg(-1). GDH(Des) but not GDH(Geo) was inhibited by glutaconyl-CoA. Highly conserved amino acid residues that were proposed to be specifically involved in the decarboxylation of the intermediate glutaconyl-CoA were identified in GDH(Geo) but are missing in GDH(Des). The differential use of energy-yielding/energy-demanding enzymatic processes in anaerobic bacteria that degrade aromatic compounds is discussed in view of phylogenetic relationships and constraints of overall energy metabolism.
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23
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Magni DV, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Souza MA, Lunardi F, Ferreira J, Mello CF, Royes LFF, Fighera MR. Kinetic characterization of
l‐
[
3
H]glutamate uptake inhibition and increase oxidative damage induced by glutaric acid in striatal synaptosomes of rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Valnes Magni
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciências Biológicas: BioquímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul90035‐003Porto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Mauren Assis Souza
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Educação Física e DesportosDepartamento de Métodos e Técnicas DesportivasUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
| | - Fabiane Lunardi
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e ExatasLaboratório de Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
| | - Juliano Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e ExatasLaboratório de Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e ExatasLaboratório de Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Educação Física e DesportosDepartamento de Métodos e Técnicas DesportivasUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeLaboratório de Psicofarmacologia e Neurotoxicidade, Departamento de FisiologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Centro de Ciências da SaúdeDepartamento de PediatriaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria97105‐900Santa MariaRSBrazil
- Universidade Luterana do BrasilCampus Santa MariaSanta MariaRSBrazil
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24
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Keyser B, Mühlhausen C, Dickmanns A, Christensen E, Muschol N, Ullrich K, Braulke T. Disease-causing missense mutations affect enzymatic activity, stability and oligomerization of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3854-63. [PMID: 18775954 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene (GCDH), leading to an accumulation and high excretion of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid. Considerable variation in severity of the clinical phenotype is observed with no correlation to the genotype. We report here for the first time on expression studies of four missense mutations c.412A > G (p.Arg138Gly), c.787A > G (p.Met263Val), c.1204C > T (p.Arg402Trp) and c.1240G > A (p.Glu414Lys) identified in GA1 patients in mammalian cells. Biochemical analyses revealed that all mutants were enzymatically inactive with the exception of p.Met263Val which showed 10% activity of the expressed wild-type enzyme. Western blot and pulse-chase analyses demonstrated that the amount of expressed p.Arg402Trp protein was significantly reduced compared with cells expressing wild-type protein which was due to rapid intramitochondrial degradation. Upon cross-linkage the formation of homotetrameric GCDH was strongly impaired in p.Met263Val and p.Arg402Trp mutants. In addition, GCDH appears to interact with distinct heterologous polypeptides to form novel 97, 130 and 200 kDa GCDH complexes. Molecular modeling of mutant GCDH suggests that Met263 at the surface of the GCDH protein might be part of the contact interface to interacting proteins. These results indicate that reduced intramitochondrial stability as well as the impaired formation of homo- and heteromeric GCDH complexes can underlie GA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Keyser
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Kölker S, Koeller DM, Okun JG, Hoffmann GF. Pathomechanisms of neurodegeneration in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Ann Neurol 2004; 55:7-12. [PMID: 14705106 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is an inherited organic aciduria with predominantly neurological presentation. Biochemically, it is characterized by an accumulation and enhanced urinary excretion of two key organic acids, glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid. If untreated, acute striatal degeneration is often precipitated by febrile illnesses during a vulnerable period of brain development in infancy or early childhood, resulting in a dystonic dyskinetic movement disorder. The mechanism underlying these acute encephalopathic crises has been partially elucidated using in vitro and in vivo models. 3-Hydroxyglutaric and glutaric acids share structural similarities with the main excitatory amino acid glutamate and are considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease. 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid induces excitotoxic cell damage specifically via activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Furthermore, glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acids indirectly modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, resulting in an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. It also has been suggested that secondary amplification loops potentiate the neurotoxic properties of these organic acids. Probable mechanisms for this effect include cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide production, a decrease in energy metabolism, and reduction of cellular creatine phosphate levels. Finally, maturation-dependent changes in the expression of neuronal glutamate receptors may affect the vulnerability to 3-hydroxyglutaric and glutaric acid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kölker
- Division of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Kim JJP, Miura R. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and acyl-CoA oxidases. Structural basis for mechanistic similarities and differences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2004; 271:483-93. [PMID: 14728675 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and acyl-CoA oxidases are two closely related FAD-containing enzyme families that are present in mitochondria and peroxisomes, respectively. They catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA thioesters to the corresponding trans-2-enoyl-CoA. This review examines the structure of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, as a representative of the dehydrogenase family, with respect to the catalytic mechanism and its broad chain length specificity. Comparing the structures of four other acyl-CoA dehydrogenases provides further insights into the structural basis for the substrate specificity of each of these enzymes. In addition, the structure of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase II from rat liver is compared to that of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and the structural basis for their different oxidative half reactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ja P Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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27
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He M, Burghardt TP, Vockley J. A novel approach to the characterization of substrate specificity in short/branched chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37974-86. [PMID: 12855692 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306882200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat and human short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases exhibit key differences in substrate specificity despite an overall amino acid identity of 85% between them. Rat short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (SBCAD) are more active toward substrates with longer carbon side chains than human SBCAD, whereas the human enzyme utilizes substrates with longer primary carbon chains. The mechanism underlying this difference in substrate specificity was investigated with a novel surface plasmon resonance assay combined with absorbance and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and kinetics analysis of wild type SBCADs and mutants with altered amino acid residues in the substrate binding pocket. Results show that a relatively few amino acid residues are critical for determining the difference in substrate specificity seen between the human and rat enzymes and that alteration of these residues influences different portions of the enzyme mechanism. Molecular modeling of the SBCAD structure suggests that position 104 at the bottom of the substrate binding pocket is important in determining the length of the primary carbon chain that can be accommodated. Conformational changes caused by alteration of residues at positions 105 and 177 directly affect the rate of electron transfer in the dehydrogenation reactions, and are likely transmitted from the bottom of the substrate binding pocket to beta-sheet 3. Differences between the rat and human enzyme at positions 383, 222, and 220 alter substrate specificity without affecting substrate binding. Modeling predicts that these residues combine to determine the distance between the flavin ring of FAD and the catalytic base, without changing the opening of the substrate binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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28
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Westover JB, Goodman SI, Frerman FE. Pathogenic mutations in the carboxyl-terminal domain of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase: effects on catalytic activity and the stability of the tetramer. Mol Genet Metab 2003; 79:245-56. [PMID: 12948740 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(03)00109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inherited defects in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase cause the neurometabolic disease, glutaric acidemia type I. Five of over 80 mutations that have been identified are located in a carboxyl-terminal domain. The five mutations were generated by site directed mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli. The mutant dehydrogenases were purified and characterized by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, analytical size exclusion chromatography, thermal stability, and steady state kinetic analysis. There is no significant change in the alpha-helical content of the mutant proteins and little effect on tertiary structure; however, spectral properties of the mutant proteins indicate that the FAD prosthetic group can dissociate from the mutant proteins. Size exclusion chromatography shows that four mutant proteins dissociate to dimers or a mixture of monomers and dimers. Steady state kinetic analyses show that K(m) for glutaryl-CoA is affected by the mutations, but there is little effect on k(cat) compared with the wild type dehydrogenase. The lack of effects of the mutations on the K(m) for the electron acceptor, electron transfer flavoprotein, and on secondary structure suggests that the mutations do not result in long-range structural effects. The crystal structures of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases show that their overall folding patterns are very similar and that the carboxyl-terminal domain is involved in substrate binding, FAD binding and intersubunit interactions. Investigations of mutations in the carboxyl-terminal domain of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase clearly illustrate these multiple roles of this domain. The results also indicate that a primary effect of the mutations is to cause alterations that promote aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna B Westover
- The Program in Human Medical Genetics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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29
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Rao KS, Albro M, Vockley J, Frerman FE. Mechanism-based inactivation of human glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase by 2-pentynoyl-CoA: rationale for enhanced reactivity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26342-50. [PMID: 12716879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210781200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Pentynoyl-CoA inactivates glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase at a rate that considerably exceeds the rates of inactivation of short chain and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases by this inhibitor and related 2-alkynoyl-CoAs. To determine the rate of inactivation by 2-pentynoyl-CoA, we investigated the inactivation in the presence of a non-oxidizable analog, 3-thiaglutaryl-CoA, which competes for the binding site. The enhanced rate of inactivation does not reflect an alteration in specificity for the acyl group, nor does it reflect the covalent modification of a residue other than the active site glutamate. In addition to determining the inactivation of catalytic activity a spectral intermediate was detected by stopped-flow spectrophotometry, and the rate constants of formation and decay of this charge transfer complex (lambdamax approximately 790 nm) were determined by global analysis. Although the rate-limiting step in the inactivation of the other acyl-CoA dehydrogenases can involve the abstraction of a proton at C-4, this is not the case with glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase is also differentiated from other acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in that the catalytic base must access both C-2 and C-4 in the normal catalytic pathway. Access to C-4 is not obligatory for the other dehydrogenases. Analysis of the distance from the closest carboxylate oxygen of the glutamate base catalyst to C-4 of a bound acyl-CoA ligand for medium chain, short chain, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases suggests that the increased rate of inactivation reflects the carboxylate oxygen to ligand C-4 distance in the binary complexes. This distance for wild type glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase is not known. Comparison of the rate constants of inactivation and formation of a spectral species between wild type glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and a E370D mutant are consistent with the idea that this distance in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase contributes to the enhanced rate of inactivation and the 1,3-prototropic shift catalyzed by the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sudhindra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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30
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Carrascosa Romero MC, Abad Ortiz L, Cuartero del Pozo I, Ruiz Cano R, Tébar Gil R. [Vegetarian diet in glutaric aciduria type I]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2003; 59:117-21. [PMID: 12887881 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(03)78163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease (1 case/30,000) characterized by a progressive dystonic-diakinetic syndrome in children. Pathologic examination reveals striatal degeneration of the caudate and putamen nucleus and biochemical analysis shows glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Values of glutaric and -hydroxyglutaric acids in urine are usually increased. Currently, the disease is considered untreatable since there are usually irreversible lesions in the central nervous system at diagnosis. However, treatment can be provided to pre-symptomatic children and usually to the siblings of patients with this diagnosis. We present the case of a 23-month-old boy, with macrocephaly and minimal neurologic manifestations at diagnosis, which were attributed to his semivegetarian diet. A dietary regimen and vitamin supplementation halted and even improved symptomatic progression of the disease. We conclude that amino and organic acids in urine should be investigated in all children with progressive macrocephaly of unknown etiology to rule out glutaric aciduria type I.
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31
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Ladunga I. Finding Homologs to Nucleotide Sequences Using Network
BLAST
Searches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; Chapter 3:Unit 3.3. [DOI: 10.1002/0471250953.bi0303s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Ladunga
- Celera Genomics Foster City California
- Research Group for Evolutionary Genetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös University Budapest Hungary
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32
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Dwyer TM, Rao KS, Westover JB, Kim JJ, Frerman FE. The function of Arg-94 in the oxidation and decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA by human glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:133-8. [PMID: 11024031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007672200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation and decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA and CO(2). Inherited defects in the protein cause glutaric acidemia type I, a fatal neurologic disease. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase is the only member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family with a cationic residue, Arg-94, situated in the binding site of the acyl moiety of the substrate. Crystallographic investigations suggest that Arg-94 is within hydrogen bonding distance of the gamma-carboxylate of glutaryl-CoA. Substitution of Arg-94 by glycine, a disease-causing mutation, and by glutamine, which is sterically more closely related to arginine, reduced k(cat) of the mutant dehydrogenases to 2-3% of k(cat) of the wild type enzyme. K(m) of these mutant dehydrogenases for glutaryl-CoA increases 10- to 16-fold. The steady-state kinetic constants of alternative substrates, hexanoyl-CoA and glutaramyl-CoA, which are not decarboxylated, are modestly affected by the mutations. The latter changes are probably due to steric and polar effects. The dissociation constants of the non-oxidizable substrate analogs, 3-thiaglutaryl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA, are not altered by the mutations. However, abstraction of a alpha-proton from 3-thiaglutaryl-CoA, to yield a charge transfer complex with the oxidized flavin, is severely limited. In contrast, abstraction of the alpha-proton of acetoacetyl-CoA by Arg-94 --> Gln mutant dehydrogenase is unaffected, and the resulting enolate forms a charge transfer complex with the oxidized flavin. These experiments indicate that Arg-94 does not make a major contribution to glutaryl-CoA binding. However, the electric field of Arg-94 may stabilize the dianions resulting from abstraction of the alpha-proton of glutaryl-CoA and 3-thiaglutaryl-CoA, both of which contain gamma-carboxylates. It is also possible that Arg-94 may orient glutaryl-CoA and 3-thiaglutaryl-CoA for abstraction of an alpha-proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Dwyer
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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33
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Busquets C, Merinero B, Christensen E, Gelpí JL, Campistol J, Pineda M, Fernández-Alvarez E, Prats JM, Sans A, Arteaga R, Martí M, Campos J, Martínez-Pardo M, Martínez-Bermejo A, Ruiz-Falcó ML, Vaquerizo J, Orozco M, Ugarte M, Coll MJ, Ribes A. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Spain: evidence of two groups of patients, genetically, and biochemically distinct. Pediatr Res 2000; 48:315-22. [PMID: 10960496 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200009000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency causes glutaric aciduria type I (GA I), an inborn error of metabolism that is characterized clinically by dystonia and dyskinesia and pathologically by neural degeneration of the caudate and putamen. Studies of metabolite excretion allowed us to categorize 43 GA I Spanish patients into two groups: group 1 (26 patients), those presenting with high excretion of both glutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate, and group 2 (17 patients), those who might not be detected by routine urine organic acid analysis because glutarate might be normal and 3-hydroxyglutarate only slightly higher than controls. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) screening and sequence analysis of the 11 exons and the corresponding intron boundaries of the GCDH gene allowed us to identify 13 novel and 10 previously described mutations. The most frequent mutations in group 1 were A293T and R402W with an allele frequency of 30% and 28%, respectively. These two mutations were also found in group 2, but always in heterozygosity, in particular in combination with mutations V400M or R227P. Interestingly, mutations V400M and R227P were only found in group 2, and at least one of these mutations was found in 11 of 15 unrelated alleles, accounting together for 53% of the mutant alleles in group 2. Therefore, it seems clear that two genetically and biochemically distinct groups of patients exist. The severity of the clinical phenotype seems to be closely linked to the development of encephalopathic crises rather than to residual enzyme activity or genotype. Comparison of GCDH protein with other acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (whose x-ray crystal structure has been determined) reveals that most of the mutations identified in GCDH protein seem to affect folding and tetramerization, as has been described for a number of mutations affecting mitochondrial beta-oxidation acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Busquets
- Institut de Bioquímica Clinica, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Goodman SI, Stein DE, Schlesinger S, Christensen E, Schwartz M, Greenberg CR, Elpeleg ON. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase mutations in glutaric acidemia (type I): review and report of thirty novel mutations. Hum Mutat 2000; 12:141-4. [PMID: 9711871 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)12:3<141::aid-humu1>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type I (GA1) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCD). Sixty-three pathogenic mutations identified by several laboratories are presented, 30 of them for the first time, together with data on expression in Escherichia coli and relationship to the clinical and biochemical phenotype. In brief, many GCD mutations cause GA1, but none is common. There is little if any relationship between genotype and clinical phenotype, but some mutations, even when heterozygous, seem especially common in patients with normal or only minimally elevated urine glutaric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Goodman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1), resulting from the genetic deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GDH), is a relatively common cause of acute metabolic brain damage in infants. Encephalopathic crises may be prevented by carnitine supplementation and diet, but diagnosis can be difficult as some patients do not show the typical excretion of large amounts of glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acids in the urine. We present a rapid and efficient denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method for the identification of mutations in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) gene that may be used for the molecular diagnosis of GA1 in a routine setting. Using this technique, we identified mutations on both alleles in 48 patients with confirmed GDH deficiency, while no mutations were detected in other patients with clinical suspicion of GA1 but normal enzyme studies. There was a total of 38 different mutations; 27 mutations were found in single patients only, and 21 mutations have not been previously reported. Fourteen mutations involved hypermutable CpG sites. The commonest GA1 mutation in Europeans is R402W, which accounts for almost 40% of alleles in patients of German origin. GCDH gene haplotypes were determined through the analysis of polymorphic markers in all families, and three CpG mutations were associated with different haplotypes, possibly reflecting independent recurrence. The high sensitivity of the DGGE method allows the rapid and cost efficient diagnosis of GA1 in instances where enzyme analyses are not available or feasible, despite the marked heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zschocke
- Department of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Woontner M, Crnic LS, Koeller DM. Analysis of the expression of murine glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase: in vitro and in vivo studies. Mol Genet Metab 2000; 69:116-22. [PMID: 10720438 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2000.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric acidemia type I (GAI) is an autosomal recessive organic acidemia caused by a mutation in the gene encoding glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCD). Clinically, GAI is characterized by progressive dystonia, resulting from degeneration of neurons in the caudate and putamen nuclei of the striatum. In an attempt to understand the basis for the specific neuropathology in GAI, we have analyzed the expression of the murine GCD gene using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Transfection studies mapped the mouse GCD promoter to a 500-bp region of DNA 5' of the translation start site. The promoter lacks a TATA consensus sequence, but includes possible binding sites for several transcription factors with roles in the regulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Western blot and RT/PCR analyses of mouse tissues demonstrated that GCD is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest levels of expression in liver and kidney, consistent with its role in amino acid oxidation. Expression in multiple regions of the brain was also detected by Western blotting. Based on these results we conclude that the specific neuropathology associated with GCD deficiency in GAI cannot be accounted for by its expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woontner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, 80262, USA
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Busquets C, Coll MJ, Merinero B, Ugarte M, Ruiz MA, Martinez Bermejo A, Ribes A. Prenatal molecular diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type I by direct mutation analysis. Prenat Diagn 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200009)20:9<761::aid-pd894>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bauer MF, Gempel K, Hofmann S, Jaksch M, Philbrook C, Gerbitz KD. Mitochondrial disorders. A diagnostic challenge in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999; 37:855-76. [PMID: 10596952 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1999.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in cellular metabolism and in energy production in particular. Defects in structure or function of mitochondria, mainly involving the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondrial biogenesis and other metabolic pathways, have been shown to be associated with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. The ubiquitous nature of mitochondria and their unique genetic features contribute to the clinical, biochemical and genetic heterogeneity of mitochondrial diseases. We will focus on the recent advances in the field of mitochondrial disorders and their consequences for an advanced clinical and genetic diagnostics. In addition, an overview on recently identified genetic defects and their pathogenic molecular mechanisms will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Molecular Diagnostics and Mitochondrial Genetics, Diabetes Research Group, Academic Hospital Munich-Schwabing, Germany.
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Dwyer TM, Zhang L, Muller M, Marrugo F, Frerman F. The functions of the flavin contact residues, alphaArg249 and betaTyr16, in human electron transfer flavoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1433:139-52. [PMID: 10446367 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arg249 in the large (alpha) subunit of human electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) heterodimer is absolutely conserved throughout the ETF superfamily. The guanidinium group of alphaArg249 is within van der Waals contact distance and lies perpendicular to the xylene subnucleus of the flavin ring, near the region proposed to be involved in electron transfer with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The backbone amide hydrogen of alphaArg249 is within hydrogen bonding distance of the carbonyl oxygen at the flavin C(2). alphaArg249 may modulate the potentials of the two flavin redox couples by hydrogen bonding the carbonyl oxygen at C(2) and by providing delocalized positive charge to neutralize the anionic semiquinone and anionic hydroquinone of the flavin. The potentials of the oxidized/semiquinone and semiquinone/hydroquinone couples decrease in an alphaR249K mutant ETF generated by site directed mutagenesis and expression in Escherichia coli, without major alterations of the flavin environment as judged by spectral criteria. The steady state turnover of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase decrease greater than 90% as a result of the alphaR249Ks mutation. In contrast, the steady state turnover of short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase was decreased about 38% when alphaR249K ETF was the electron acceptor. Stopped flow absorbance measurements of the oxidation of reduced medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase/octenoyl-CoA product complex by wild type human ETF at 3 degrees C are biphasic (t(1/2)=12 ms and 122 ms). The rate of oxidation of this reduced binary complex of the dehydrogenase by the alphaR249K mutant ETF is extremely slow and could not be reasonably estimated. alphaAsp253 is proposed to function with alphaArg249 in the electron transfer pathway from medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to ETF. The steady state kinetic constants of the dehydrogenase were not altered when ETF containing an alphaD253A mutant was the substrate. However, t(1/2) of the rapid phase of oxidation of the reduced medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase/octenoyl-CoA charge transfer complex almost doubled. betaTyr16 lies on a loop near the C(8) methyl group, and is also near the proposed site for interflavin electron transfer with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The tyrosine residue makes van der Waals contact with the C(8) methyl group of the flavin in human ETF and Paracoccus denitrificans ETF (as betaTyr13) and lies at a 30 degrees C angle with the plane of the flavin. Human betaTyr16 was substituted with leucine and alanine residues to investigate the role of this residue in the modulation of the flavin redox potentials and in electron transfer to ETF. In betaY16L ETF, the potentials of the flavin were slightly reduced, and steady state kinetic constants were modestly altered. Substitution of an alanine residue for betaTyr16 yields an ETF with potentials very similar to the wild type but with steady state kinetic properties similar to betaY16L ETF. It is unlikely that the beta methyl group of the alanine residue interacts with the flavin C(8) methyl. Neither substitution of betaTyr16 had a large effect on the fast phase of ETF reduction by medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Dwyer
- Department of Pediatrics and the Program in Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Hoffmann GF, Zschocke J. Glutaric aciduria type I: from clinical, biochemical and molecular diversity to successful therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999; 22:381-91. [PMID: 10407775 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005543904484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical hallmark of glutaric aciduria type I (GA I) due to glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is the accumulation of glutaric acid, and to a lesser degree of 3-hydroxyglutaric and glutaconic acids. Abnormal metabolites vary from gross organic aciduria to only slightly or intermittently elevated or even normal excretion of glutaric acid, making the diagnosis sometimes difficult. Close to 100 pathogenic mutations have been identified in the gene encoding glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. Specific mutations correlate with low or no excretion of glutaric acid, but there appears to be no correlation between genotype and clinical phenotype. GA I causes unique age- and location-specific neuropathological sequelae. Starting in the second half of gestation, maturation of the frontal and temporal cortex is hindered, leading to the characteristic appearance of frontotemporal atrophy. Between 6 and 18 months of age, relatively mild neurological symptoms may become exacerbated by fever or a catabolic state in the course of common infections or routine immunizations, by fasts required for surgery, or by minor head injuries. Putamen and caudate are destroyed, resulting in a permanent movement disorder that is similar to cerebral palsy and ranges from extreme hypotonia to choreoathetosis to rigidity with spasticity. Recently, the underlying pathophysiology could be delineated to an environmentally triggered age- and location-specific overstimulation of the NMDA 2B receptor subtype. Current therapy prevents brain degeneration in more than 90% of affected infants who are treated prospectively. Without treatment, more than 90% of affected children will develop severe neurological disabilities. Recognition of this disorder before the brain has been injured is essential to treatment. GA I may be recognized in routine neonatal screening performed with tandem mass spectrometry by an elevation of glutarylcarnitine. Where this is not done, timely diagnosis depends on the recognition of relatively nonspecific physical findings such as hypotonia, irritability, macrocephaly, on the detection of suggestive abnormalities in neuroimaging and on quantitative urinary organic acid analysis by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Hoffmann
- Department of Neuropaediatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Wanders RJ, Vreken P, den Boer ME, Wijburg FA, van Gennip AH, IJlst L. Disorders of mitochondrial fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999; 22:442-87. [PMID: 10407780 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005504223140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years tremendous progress has been made with respect to the enzymology of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation machinery and defects therein. Firstly, a number of new mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzymes have been identified, including very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP). Secondly, the introduction of tandem MS for the analysis of plasma acylcarnitines has greatly facilitated the identification of patients with a defect in fatty acid oxidation (FAO). These two developments explain why the number of defined FAO disorders has increased dramatically, making FAO disorders the most rapidly growing group of inborn errors of metabolism. In this review we describe the current state of knowledge of the enzymes involved in the mitochondrial oxidation of straight-chain, branched-chain and (poly)unsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs as well as disorders of fatty acid oxidation. The laboratory diagnosis of these disorders is described, with particular emphasis on the methods used to identify the underlying enzyme defect and the molecular mutations. In addition, a simple flowchart is presented as a guide to the identification of mitochondrial FAO-disorders. Finally, treatment strategies are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wanders
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Liesert M, Zschocke J, Hoffmann GF, Mühlhäuser N, Buckel W. Biochemistry of glutaric aciduria type I: activities of in vitro expressed wild-type and mutant cDNA encoding human glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999; 22:256-8. [PMID: 10384381 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005525903207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Liesert
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
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Barić I, Zschocke J, Christensen E, Duran M, Goodman SI, Leonard JV, Müller E, Morton DH, Superti-Furga A, Hoffmann GF. Diagnosis and management of glutaric aciduria type I. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:326-40. [PMID: 9700590 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005390105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA1) is a preventable cause of acute brain damage in early childhood, leading to a severe dystonic-dyskinetic disorder that is similar to cerebral palsy and ranges from extreme hypotonia to choreoathetosis to rigidity with spasticity. Degeneration of the putamen and caudate typically occurs between 6 and 18 months of age and is probably linked to changes in metabolic demand caused by normal maturational changes and superimposed catabolic stress. Recognition of this biochemical disorder before the brain has been injured is essential to outcome. Diagnosis depends upon the recognition of relatively non-specific physical findings such as hypotonia, irritability and macrocephaly, and on performance of urine organic acid quantification by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry or selective searches of urine or blood specimens by tandem mass spectrometry for glutarylcarnitine. The diagnosis may also be suggested by characteristic findings on neuroimaging. In selected patients diagnosis can only be reached by enzyme assay. Specific current management by the authors of this paper includes pharmacological doses of L-carnitine, as well as dietary protein restriction. Metabolic decompensation must be treated aggressively to avoid permanent brain damage. Multicentre studies are needed to establish best methods of diagnosis and optimal therapy of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barić
- Department of Paediatrics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Busquets C, Coll MJ, Christensen E, Campistol J, Clusellas N, Vilaseca MA, Ribes A. Feasibility of molecular prenatal diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type I in chorionic villi. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:243-6. [PMID: 9686367 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005359920675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Busquets
- Institut de Bioquímica Clínica, Corporació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
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Christensen E, Ribes A, Busquets C, Pineda M, Duran M, Poll-The BT, Greenberg CR, Leffers H, Schwartz M. Compound heterozygosity in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene with R227P mutation in one allele is associated with no or very low free glutarate excretion. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:383-6. [PMID: 9266361 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005390214391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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