1
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McAlary L, Nan JR, Shyu C, Sher M, Plotkin SS, Cashman NR. Amyloidogenic regions in beta-strands II and III modulate the aggregation and toxicity of SOD1 in living cells. Open Biol 2024; 14:230418. [PMID: 38835240 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the protein superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) promote its misfolding and aggregation, ultimately causing familial forms of the debilitating neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Currently, over 220 (mostly missense) ALS-causing mutations in the SOD1 protein have been identified, indicating that common structural features are responsible for aggregation and toxicity. Using in silico tools, we predicted amyloidogenic regions in the ALS-associated SOD1-G85R mutant, finding seven regions throughout the structure. Introduction of proline residues into β-strands II (I18P) or III (I35P) reduced the aggregation propensity and toxicity of SOD1-G85R in cells, significantly more so than proline mutations in other amyloidogenic regions. The I18P and I35P mutations also reduced the capability of SOD1-G85R to template onto previously formed non-proline mutant SOD1 aggregates as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Finally, we found that, while the I18P and I35P mutants are less structurally stable than SOD1-G85R, the proline mutants are less aggregation-prone during proteasome inhibition, and less toxic to cells overall. Our research highlights the importance of a previously underappreciated SOD1 amyloidogenic region in β-strand II (15QGIINF20) to the aggregation and toxicity of SOD1 in ALS mutants, and suggests that β-strands II and III may be good targets for the development of SOD1-associated ALS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke McAlary
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Nan
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clay Shyu
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mine Sher
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven S Plotkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Genome Sciences and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Oliveira Santos M, de Carvalho M. Profiling tofersen as a treatment of superoxide dismutase 1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:549-553. [PMID: 38758193 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2355983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive motor neuron disorder with a fatal outcome 3-5 years after disease onset due to respiratory complications. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations are found in about 2% of all patients. Tofersen is a novel oligonucleotide antisense drug specifically developed to treat SOD1-ALS patients. AREAS COVERED Our review covers and discusses tofersen pharmacological properties and its phase I/II and III clinical trials results. Other available drugs and their limitations are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION VALOR study failed to meet the primary endpoint (change in the revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale score from baseline to week 28, tofersen arm vs. placebo), but a significant reduction in plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels was observed in tofersen arm (60% vs. 20%). PrefALS study has proposed plasma NfL has a potential biomarker for presymptomatic treatment, since it increases 6-12 months before phenoconversion. There is probably a delay between plasma NfL reduction and the clinical benefit. ATLAS study will allow more insights regarding tofersen clinical efficacy in disease progression rate, survival, and even disease onset delay in presymptomatic SOD1 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Oliveira Santos
- Institute of Physiology, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Institute of Physiology, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Lu J, He AX, Jin ZY, Zhang M, Li ZX, Zhou F, Ma L, Jin HM, Wang JY, Shen X. Desloratadine alleviates ALS-like pathology in hSOD1 G93A mice via targeting 5HTR 2A on activated spinal astrocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:926-944. [PMID: 38286832 PMCID: PMC11053015 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, cerebral cortex and brain stem. ALS is characterized by gradual muscle atrophy and dyskinesia. The limited knowledge on the pathology of ALS has impeded the development of therapeutics for the disease. Previous studies have shown that autophagy and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, while 5HTR2A participates in the early stage of astrocyte activation, and 5HTR2A antagonism may suppress astrocyte activation. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of desloratadine (DLT), a selective 5HTR2A antagonist, in human SOD1G93A (hSOD1G93A) ALS model mice, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. HSOD1G93A mice were administered DLT (20 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) from the age of 8 weeks for 10 weeks or until death. ALS onset time and lifespan were determined using rotarod and righting reflex tests, respectively. We found that astrocyte activation accompanying with serotonin receptor 2 A (5HTR2A) upregulation in the spinal cord was tightly associated with ALS-like pathology, which was effectively attenuated by DLT administration. We showed that DLT administration significantly delayed ALS symptom onset time, prolonged lifespan and ameliorated movement disorders, gastrocnemius injury and spinal motor neuronal loss in hSOD1G93A mice. Spinal cord-specific knockdown of 5HTR2A by intrathecal injection of adeno-associated virus9 (AAV9)-si-5Htr2a also ameliorated ALS pathology in hSOD1G93A mice, and occluded the therapeutic effects of DLT administration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DLT administration promoted autophagy to reduce mutant hSOD1 levels through 5HTR2A/cAMP/AMPK pathway, suppressed oxidative stress through 5HTR2A/cAMP/AMPK/Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1 pathway, and inhibited astrocyte neuroinflammation through 5HTR2A/cAMP/AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in the spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice. In summary, 5HTR2A antagonism shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for ALS, highlighting the potential of DLT in the treatment of the disease. DLT as a 5HTR2A antagonist effectively promoted autophagy to reduce mutant hSOD1 level through 5HTR2A/cAMP/AMPK pathway, suppressed oxidative stress through 5HTR2A/cAMP/AMPK/Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1 pathway, and inhibited astrocytic neuroinflammation through 5HTR2A/cAMP/AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in the spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - An-Xu He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhuo-Ying Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong-Ming Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, School of Medicine & Holistic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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4
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Andrea ZA, Matteo FY, Alessandra B, Carlo PS. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:198. [PMID: 38678519 PMCID: PMC11056344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuromuscular diseases encompass a heterogeneous array of disorders characterized by varying onset ages, clinical presentations, severity, and progression. While these conditions can stem from acquired or inherited causes, this review specifically focuses on disorders arising from genetic abnormalities, excluding metabolic conditions. The pathogenic defect may primarily affect the anterior horn cells, the axonal or myelin component of peripheral nerves, the neuromuscular junction, or skeletal and/or cardiac muscles. While inherited neuromuscular disorders have been historically deemed not treatable, the advent of gene-based and molecular therapies is reshaping the treatment landscape for this group of condition. With the caveat that many products still fail to translate the positive results obtained in pre-clinical models to humans, both the technological development (e.g., implementation of tissue-specific vectors) as well as advances on the knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms form a collective foundation for potentially curative approaches to these debilitating conditions. This review delineates the current panorama of therapies targeting the most prevalent forms of inherited neuromuscular diseases, emphasizing approved treatments and those already undergoing human testing, offering insights into the state-of-the-art interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zambon Alberto Andrea
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Falzone Yuri Matteo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bolino Alessandra
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Previtali Stefano Carlo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute for Experimental Neurology, Inspe, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Magrì A, Lipari CLR, Caccamo A, Battiato G, Conti Nibali S, De Pinto V, Guarino F, Messina A. AAV-mediated upregulation of VDAC1 rescues the mitochondrial respiration and sirtuins expression in a SOD1 mouse model of inherited ALS. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:178. [PMID: 38627359 PMCID: PMC11021507 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents one of the most common molecular hallmarks of both sporadic and familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the selective degeneration and death of motor neurons. The accumulation of misfolded proteins on and within mitochondria, as observed for SOD1 G93A mutant, correlates with a drastic reduction of mitochondrial respiration and the inhibition of metabolites exchanges, including ADP/ATP and NAD+/NADH, across the Voltage-Dependent Anion-selective Channel 1 (VDAC1), the most abundant channel protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here, we show that the AAV-mediated upregulation of VDAC1 in the spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing SOD1 G93A completely rescues the mitochondrial respiratory profile. This correlates with the increased activity and levels of key regulators of mitochondrial functions and maintenance, namely the respiratory chain Complex I and the sirtuins (Sirt), especially Sirt3. Furthermore, the selective increase of these mitochondrial proteins is associated with an increase in Tom20 levels, the receptor subunit of the TOM complex. Overall, our results indicate that the overexpression of VDAC1 has beneficial effects on ALS-affected tissue by stabilizing the Complex I-Sirt3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magrì
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
- we.MitoBiotech s.r.l., C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lucia Rita Lipari
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Caccamo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 32, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battiato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Conti Nibali
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- we.MitoBiotech s.r.l., C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- we.MitoBiotech s.r.l., C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
- we.MitoBiotech s.r.l., C.so Italia 172, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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6
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Grüning NM, Ralser M. Monogenic Disorders of ROS Production and the Primary Anti-Oxidative Defense. Biomolecules 2024; 14:206. [PMID: 38397443 PMCID: PMC10887155 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Redox metabolism, comprising a network of enzymes and genes, serves as a crucial regulator of ROS levels and maintains cellular homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the most important human genes encoding for proteins involved in ROS generation, ROS detoxification, and production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and the genetic disorders that lead to dysregulation of these vital processes. Insights gained from studies on inherited monogenic metabolic diseases provide valuable basic understanding of redox metabolism and signaling, and they also help to unravel the underlying pathomechanisms that contribute to prevalent chronic disorders like cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana-Maria Grüning
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Dilliott AA, Kwon S, Rouleau GA, Iqbal S, Farhan SMK. Characterizing proteomic and transcriptomic features of missense variants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genes. Brain 2023; 146:4608-4621. [PMID: 37394881 PMCID: PMC10629772 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within recent years, there has been a growing number of genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), resulting in an increasing number of novel variants, particularly missense variants, many of which are of unknown clinical significance. Here, we leverage the sequencing efforts of the ALS Knowledge Portal (3864 individuals with ALS and 7839 controls) and Project MinE ALS Sequencing Consortium (4366 individuals with ALS and 1832 controls) to perform proteomic and transcriptomic characterization of missense variants in 24 ALS-associated genes. The two sequencing datasets were interrogated for missense variants in the 24 genes, and variants were annotated with gnomAD minor allele frequencies, ClinVar pathogenicity classifications, protein sequence features including Uniprot functional site annotations, and PhosphoSitePlus post-translational modification site annotations, structural features from AlphaFold predicted monomeric 3D structures, and transcriptomic expression levels from Genotype-Tissue Expression. We then applied missense variant enrichment and gene-burden testing following binning of variation based on the selected proteomic and transcriptomic features to identify those most relevant to pathogenicity in ALS-associated genes. Using predicted human protein structures from AlphaFold, we determined that missense variants carried by individuals with ALS were significantly enriched in β-sheets and α-helices, as well as in core, buried or moderately buried regions. At the same time, we identified that hydrophobic amino acid residues, compositionally biased protein regions and regions of interest are predominantly enriched in missense variants carried by individuals with ALS. Assessment of expression level based on transcriptomics also revealed enrichment of variants of high and medium expression across all tissues and within the brain. We further explored enriched features of interest using burden analyses and identified individual genes were indeed driving certain enrichment signals. A case study is presented for SOD1 to demonstrate proof-of-concept of how enriched features may aid in defining variant pathogenicity. Our results present proteomic and transcriptomic features that are important indicators of missense variant pathogenicity in ALS and are distinct from features associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Dilliott
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Seulki Kwon
- The Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sumaiya Iqbal
- The Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sali M K Farhan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Elmansy MF, Reidl CT, Rahaman M, Özdinler PH, Silverman RB. Small molecules targeting different cellular pathologies for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2260-2302. [PMID: 37243319 PMCID: PMC10592673 DOI: 10.1002/med.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease in which the motor neuron circuitry displays progressive degeneration, affecting mostly the motor neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord. There are no effective cures, albeit three drugs, riluzole, edaravone, and AMX0035 (a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol), have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, with limited improvement in patients. There is an urgent need to build better and more effective treatment strategies for ALS. Since the disease is very heterogenous, numerous approaches have been explored, such as targeting genetic mutations, decreasing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, enhancing mitochondrial function and protein degradation mechanisms, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. In addition, various chemical libraries or previously identified drugs have been screened for potential repurposing in the treatment of ALS. Here, we review previous drug discovery efforts targeting a variety of cellular pathologies that occur from genetic mutations that cause ALS, such as mutations in SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and TARDP-43 genes. These mutations result in protein aggregation, which causes neuronal degeneration. Compounds used to target cellular pathologies that stem from these mutations are discussed and comparisons among different preclinical models are presented. Because the drug discovery landscape for ALS and other motor neuron diseases is changing rapidly, we also offer recommendations for a novel, more effective, direction in ALS drug discovery that could accelerate translation of effective compounds from animals to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Elmansy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cory T. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mizzanoor Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - P. Hande Özdinler
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gerovska D, Noer JB, Qin Y, Ain Q, Januzi D, Schwab M, Witte OW, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Kretz A. A distinct circular DNA profile intersects with proteome changes in the genotoxic stress-related hSOD1 G93A model of ALS. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:170. [PMID: 37705092 PMCID: PMC10498603 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous genes, including SOD1, mutated in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (f/sALS) share a role in DNA damage and repair, emphasizing genome disintegration in ALS. One possible outcome of chromosomal instability and repair processes is extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) formation. Therefore, eccDNA might accumulate in f/sALS with yet unknown function. METHODS We combined rolling circle amplification with linear DNA digestion to purify eccDNA from the cervical spinal cord of 9 co-isogenic symptomatic hSOD1G93A mutants and 10 controls, followed by deep short-read sequencing. We mapped the eccDNAs and performed differential analysis based on the split read signal of the eccDNAs, referred as DifCir, between the ALS and control specimens, to find differentially produced per gene circles (DPpGC) in the two groups. Compared were eccDNA abundances, length distributions and genic profiles. We further assessed proteome alterations in ALS by mass spectrometry, and matched the DPpGCs with differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in ALS. Additionally, we aligned the ALS-specific DPpGCs to ALS risk gene databases. RESULTS We found a six-fold enrichment in the number of unique eccDNAs in the genotoxic ALS-model relative to controls. We uncovered a distinct genic circulome profile characterized by 225 up-DPpGCs, i.e., genes that produced more eccDNAs from distinct gene sequences in ALS than under control conditions. The inter-sample recurrence rate was at least 89% for the top 6 up-DPpGCs. ALS proteome analyses revealed 42 corresponding DEPs, of which 19 underlying genes were itemized for an ALS risk in GWAS databases. The up-DPpGCs and their DEP tandems mainly impart neuron-specific functions, and gene set enrichment analyses indicated an overrepresentation of the adenylate cyclase modulating G protein pathway. CONCLUSIONS We prove, for the first time, a significant enrichment of eccDNA in the ALS-affected spinal cord. Our triple circulome, proteome and genome approach provide indication for a potential importance of certain eccDNAs in ALS neurodegeneration and a yet unconsidered role as ALS biomarkers. The related functional pathways might open up new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gerovska
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Julie B Noer
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yating Qin
- Department of Biology, Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Quratul Ain
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hepatology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Donjetë Januzi
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- Jena Center for Healthy Ageing, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain.
- Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, 48149, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Kretz
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
- Jena Center for Healthy Ageing, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany.
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10
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Zheng C, Li W, Ali T, Peng Z, Liu J, Pan Z, Feng J, Li S. Ibrutinib Delays ALS Installation and Increases Survival of SOD1 G93A Mice by Modulating PI3K/mTOR/Akt Signaling. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:383-396. [PMID: 37326908 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal multisystem degenerative disorder with minimal available therapeutic. However, some recent studies showed promising results of immunological-based treatment. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ibrutinib against ALS-associated abnormalities by targeting inflammation and muscular atrophy. Ibrutinib was administrated orally to SOD1 G93A mice from 6 to 19 weeks for prophylactic administration and 13 to 19 weeks for therapeutic administration. Our results demonstrated that ibrutinib treatment significantly delayed ALS-like symptom onset in the SOD1 G93A mice, as shown by improved survival time and reduced behavioral impairments. Ibrutinib treatment significantly reduced muscular atrophy by increasing muscle/body weight and decreasing muscular necrosis. The ibrutinib treatment also considerably reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, IBA-1, and GFAP expression, possibly mediated by mTOR/Akt/Pi3k signaling in the medulla, motor cortex and spinal cord of the ALS mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that ibrutinib could delay ALS onset, increase survival time, and reduce ALS progression by targeting inflammation and muscular atrophy via mTOR/Akt/PI3K modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weifen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen key laboratory for endogenous infections, the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science, Center. No 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Tahir Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jieli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinxing Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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11
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Rey F, Berardo C, Maghraby E, Mauri A, Messa L, Esposito L, Casili G, Ottolenghi S, Bonaventura E, Cuzzocrea S, Zuccotti G, Tonduti D, Esposito E, Paterniti I, Cereda C, Carelli S. Redox Imbalance in Neurological Disorders in Adults and Children. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040965. [PMID: 37107340 PMCID: PMC10135575 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is a central molecule for numerous metabolic and cytophysiological processes, and, indeed, its imbalance can lead to numerous pathological consequences. In the human body, the brain is an aerobic organ and for this reason, it is very sensitive to oxygen equilibrium. The consequences of oxygen imbalance are especially devastating when occurring in this organ. Indeed, oxygen imbalance can lead to hypoxia, hyperoxia, protein misfolding, mitochondria dysfunction, alterations in heme metabolism and neuroinflammation. Consequently, these dysfunctions can cause numerous neurological alterations, both in the pediatric life and in the adult ages. These disorders share numerous common pathways, most of which are consequent to redox imbalance. In this review, we will focus on the dysfunctions present in neurodegenerative disorders (specifically Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and pediatric neurological disorders (X-adrenoleukodystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, mucopolysaccharidoses and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease), highlighting their underlining dysfunction in redox and identifying potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Maghraby
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Mauri
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Messa
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Esposito
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bonaventura
- Child Neurology Unit, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies and Genetic Leukoencephalopathies (COALA), Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Tonduti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Child Neurology Unit, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Leukodystrophies and Genetic Leukoencephalopathies (COALA), Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy
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12
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Niu X, Zhang L, Wu Y, Zong Z, Wang B, Liu J, Zhang L, Zhou F. Biomolecular condensates: Formation mechanisms, biological functions, and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e223. [PMID: 36875159 PMCID: PMC9974629 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are cellular structures composed of membraneless assemblies comprising proteins or nucleic acids. The formation of these condensates requires components to change from a state of solubility separation from the surrounding environment by undergoing phase transition and condensation. Over the past decade, it has become widely appreciated that biomolecular condensates are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and play a vital role in physiological and pathological processes. These condensates may provide promising targets for the clinic research. Recently, a series of pathological and physiological processes have been found associated with the dysfunction of condensates, and a range of targets and methods have been demonstrated to modulate the formation of these condensates. A more extensive description of biomolecular condensates is urgently needed for the development of novel therapies. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of biomolecular condensates and the molecular mechanisms of their formation. Moreover, we reviewed the functions of condensates and therapeutic targets for diseases. We further highlighted the available regulatory targets and methods, discussed the significance and challenges of targeting these condensates. Reviewing the latest developments in biomolecular condensate research could be essential in translating our current knowledge on the use of condensates for clinical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China.,MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Medicine Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Zhi Zong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Bin Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science Soochow University Suzhou China
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13
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Olufunmilayo EO, Gerke-Duncan MB, Holsinger RMD. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020517. [PMID: 36830075 PMCID: PMC9952099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders constitute a substantial proportion of neurological diseases with significant public health importance. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a complex interplay of various general and disease-specific factors that lead to the end point of neuronal degeneration and loss, and the eventual clinical manifestations. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between pro-oxidant species and antioxidant systems, characterized by an elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and a reduction in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction to be important players in the pathophysiologic processes involved in neurodegenerative conditions. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the general effects of oxidative stress on the central nervous system, the different specific routes by which oxidative stress influences the pathophysiologic processes involved in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Huntington's disease, and how oxidative stress may be therapeutically reversed/mitigated in order to stall the pathological progression of these neurodegenerative disorders to bring about clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O. Olufunmilayo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Road, Oritamefa, Ibadan 5116, PMB, Nigeria
| | - Michelle B. Gerke-Duncan
- Education Innovation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R. M. Damian Holsinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Dementia, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Magrì A, Lipari CLR, Risiglione P, Zimbone S, Guarino F, Caccamo A, Messina A. ERK1/2-dependent TSPO overactivation associates with the loss of mitophagy and mitochondrial respiration in ALS. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:122. [PMID: 36792609 PMCID: PMC9931716 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and the loss of mitophagy, aimed at recycling irreversibly damaged organelles, contribute to the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting spinal cord motor neurons. In this work, we showed that the reduction of mitochondrial respiration, exactly oxygen flows linked to ATP production and maximal capacity, correlates with the appearance of the most common ALS motor symptoms in a transgenic mouse model expressing SOD1 G93A mutant. This is the result of the equal inhibition in the respiration linked to complex I and II of the electron transport chain, but not their protein levels. Since the overall mitochondrial mass was unvaried, we investigated the expression of the Translocator Protein (TSPO), a small mitochondrial protein whose overexpression was recently linked to the loss of mitophagy in a model of Parkinson's disease. Here we clearly showed that levels of TSPO are significantly increased in ALS mice. Mechanistically, this increase is linked to the overactivation of ERK1/2 pathway and correlates with a decrease in the expression of the mitophagy-related marker Atg12, indicating the occurrence of impairments in the activation of mitophagy. Overall, our work sets out TSPO as a key regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magrì
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ,we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., C.so Italia 172, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lucia Rita Lipari
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Risiglione
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Zimbone
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Section of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., C.so Italia 172, Catania, Italy ,grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Caccamo
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ,grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. .,we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., C.so Italia 172, Catania, Italy.
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15
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Evidence and Metabolic Implications for a New Non-Canonical Role of Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043230. [PMID: 36834640 PMCID: PMC9966940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) has long been recognized as a major redox enzyme in scavenging superoxide radicals. However, there is little information on its non-canonical role and metabolic implications. Using a protein complementation assay (PCA) and pull-down assay, we revealed novel protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between SOD1 and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) or epsilon (YWHAE) in this research. Through site-directed mutagenesis of SOD1, we studied the binding conditions of the two PPIs. Forming the SOD1 and YWHAE or YWHAZ protein complex enhanced enzyme activity of purified SOD1 in vitro by 40% (p < 0.05) and protein stability of over-expressed intracellular YWHAE (18%, p < 0.01) and YWHAZ (14%, p < 0.05). Functionally, these PPIs were associated with lipolysis, cell growth, and cell survival in HEK293T or HepG2 cells. In conclusion, our findings reveal two new PPIs between SOD1 and YWHAE or YWHAZ and their structural dependences, responses to redox status, mutual impacts on the enzyme function and protein degradation, and metabolic implications. Overall, our finding revealed a new unorthodox role of SOD1 and will provide novel perspectives and insights for diagnosing and treating diseases related to the protein.
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16
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Chierichetti M, Cerretani M, Ciammaichella A, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Ferrari V, Tedesco B, Casarotto E, Cozzi M, Mina F, Pramaggiore P, Galbiati M, Piccolella M, Bresciani A, Cristofani R, Poletti A. Identification of HSPB8 modulators counteracting misfolded protein accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci 2022; 322:121323. [PMID: 36574942 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The small Heat Shock Protein B8 (HSPB8) is the core component of the chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) complex. This complex selectively targets, transports, and tags misfolded proteins for their recognition by autophagic receptors and insertion into autophagosome for clearance. CASA is essential to maintain intracellular proteostasis, especially in heart, muscle, and brain often exposed to various types of cell stresses. In neurons, HSPB8 protects against neurotoxicity caused by misfolded proteins in several models of neurodegenerative diseases; by facilitating autophagy, HSPB8 assists misfolded protein degradation also counteracting proteasome overwhelming and inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS To enhance HSPB8 protective activity, we screened a library of approximately 120,000 small molecules to identify compounds capable of increasing HSPB8 gene transcription, translation, or protein stability. We found 83 compounds active in preliminary dose-response assays and further classified them in 19 chemical classes by medicinal chemists' visual inspection. Of these 19 prototypes, 14 induced HSPB8 mRNA and protein levels in SH-SY5Y cells. KEY FINDINGS Out of these 14, 3 successfully reduced the aggregation propensity of a disease-associated mutant misfolded Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein in a flow cytometry-based "aggregation assay" [Flow cytometric analysis of Inclusions and Trafficking" (FloIT)] and induced the expression (mRNA and protein) of some autophagy receptors. Notably, the 3 hits were inactive in HSPB8-depleted cells, confirming that their protective activity is mediated by and requires HSPB8. SIGNIFICANCE Thus, these compounds may be highly relevant for a therapeutic approach in several human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, in which enhancement of CASA exerts beneficial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chierichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Cerretani
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Alina Ciammaichella
- Department of Drug Discovery, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Mina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pramaggiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00071 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Kumar MS, Fowler-Magaw ME, Kulick D, Boopathy S, Gadd DH, Rotunno M, Douthwright C, Golebiowski D, Yusuf I, Xu Z, Brown RH, Sena-Esteves M, O’Neil AL, Bosco DA. Anti-SOD1 Nanobodies That Stabilize Misfolded SOD1 Proteins Also Promote Neurite Outgrowth in Mutant SOD1 Human Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416013. [PMID: 36555655 PMCID: PMC9784173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS-linked mutations induce aberrant conformations within the SOD1 protein that are thought to underlie the pathogenic mechanism of SOD1-mediated ALS. Although clinical trials are underway for gene silencing of SOD1, these approaches reduce both wild-type and mutated forms of SOD1. Here, we sought to develop anti-SOD1 nanobodies with selectivity for mutant and misfolded forms of human SOD1 over wild-type SOD1. Characterization of two anti-SOD1 nanobodies revealed that these biologics stabilize mutant SOD1 in vitro. Further, SOD1 expression levels were enhanced and the physiological subcellular localization of mutant SOD1 was restored upon co-expression of anti-SOD1 nanobodies in immortalized cells. In human motor neurons harboring the SOD1 A4V mutation, anti-SOD1 nanobody expression promoted neurite outgrowth, demonstrating a protective effect of anti-SOD1 nanobodies in otherwise unhealthy cells. In vitro assays revealed that an anti-SOD1 nanobody exhibited selectivity for human mutant SOD1 over endogenous murine SOD1, thus supporting the preclinical utility of anti-SOD1 nanobodies for testing in animal models of ALS. In sum, the anti-SOD1 nanobodies developed and presented herein represent viable biologics for further preclinical testing in human and mouse models of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sundaram Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Megan E. Fowler-Magaw
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel Kulick
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Sivakumar Boopathy
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Del Hayden Gadd
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Melissa Rotunno
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Catherine Douthwright
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Diane Golebiowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Issa Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Robert H. Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alison L. O’Neil
- Department of Chemistry, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Daryl A. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(774)-445-3745; Fax: +1-(508)-856-6750
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18
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Sensory Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415521. [PMID: 36555161 PMCID: PMC9779879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is pre-eminently a motor disease, the existence of non-motor manifestations, including sensory involvement, has been described in the last few years. Although from a clinical perspective, sensory symptoms are overshadowed by their motor manifestations, this does not mean that their pathological significance is not relevant. In this review, we have made an extensive description of the involvement of sensory and autonomic systems described to date in ALS, from clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropathological, functional, and molecular perspectives.
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Chen W, Coombes BJ, Larson NB. Recent advances and challenges of rare variant association analysis in the biobank sequencing era. Front Genet 2022; 13:1014947. [PMID: 36276986 PMCID: PMC9582646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1014947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Causal variants for rare genetic diseases are often rare in the general population. Rare variants may also contribute to common complex traits and can have much larger per-allele effect sizes than common variants, although power to detect these associations can be limited. Sequencing costs have steadily declined with technological advancements, making it feasible to adopt whole-exome and whole-genome profiling for large biobank-scale sample sizes. These large amounts of sequencing data provide both opportunities and challenges for rare-variant association analysis. Herein, we review the basic concepts of rare-variant analysis methods, the current state-of-the-art methods in utilizing variant annotations or external controls to improve the statistical power, and particular challenges facing rare variant analysis such as accounting for population structure, extremely unbalanced case-control design. We also review recent advances and challenges in rare variant analysis for familial sequencing data and for more complex phenotypes such as survival data. Finally, we discuss other potential directions for further methodology investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenan Chen
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenan Chen, ; Brandon J. Coombes, ; Nicholas B. Larson,
| | - Brandon J. Coombes
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenan Chen, ; Brandon J. Coombes, ; Nicholas B. Larson,
| | - Nicholas B. Larson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenan Chen, ; Brandon J. Coombes, ; Nicholas B. Larson,
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The Role of Small Heat Shock Proteins in Protein Misfolding Associated Motoneuron Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911759. [PMID: 36233058 PMCID: PMC9569637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motoneuron diseases (MNDs) are neurodegenerative conditions associated with death of upper and/or lower motoneurons (MNs). Proteostasis alteration is a pathogenic mechanism involved in many MNDs and is due to the excessive presence of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Protein misfolding may be the product of gene mutations, or due to defects in the translation process, or to stress agents; all these conditions may alter the native conformation of proteins making them prone to aggregate. Alternatively, mutations in members of the protein quality control (PQC) system may determine a loss of function of the proteostasis network. This causes an impairment in the capability to handle and remove aberrant or damaged proteins. The PQC system consists of the degradative pathways, which are the autophagy and the proteasome, and a network of chaperones and co-chaperones. Among these components, Heat Shock Protein 70 represents the main factor in substrate triage to folding, refolding, or degradation, and it is assisted in this task by a subclass of the chaperone network, the small heat shock protein (sHSPs/HSPBs) family. HSPBs take part in proteostasis by bridging misfolded and aggregated proteins to the HSP70 machinery and to the degradative pathways, facilitating refolding or clearance of the potentially toxic proteins. Because of its activity against proteostasis alteration, the chaperone system plays a relevant role in the protection against proteotoxicity in MNDs. Here, we discuss the role of HSPBs in MNDs and which HSPBs may represent a valid target for therapeutic purposes.
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Miller TM, Cudkowicz ME, Genge A, Shaw PJ, Sobue G, Bucelli RC, Chiò A, Van Damme P, Ludolph AC, Glass JD, Andrews JA, Babu S, Benatar M, McDermott CJ, Cochrane T, Chary S, Chew S, Zhu H, Wu F, Nestorov I, Graham D, Sun P, McNeill M, Fanning L, Ferguson TA, Fradette S. Trial of Antisense Oligonucleotide Tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1099-1110. [PMID: 36129998 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2204705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotide tofersen reduces synthesis of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein and is being studied in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with mutations in SOD1 (SOD1 ALS). METHODS In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned adults with SOD1 ALS in a 2:1 ratio to receive eight doses of tofersen (100 mg) or placebo over a period of 24 weeks. The primary end point was the change from baseline to week 28 in the total score on the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R; range, 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating better function) among participants predicted to have faster-progressing disease. Secondary end points included changes in the total concentration of SOD1 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in the concentration of neurofilament light chains in plasma, in slow vital capacity, and in handheld dynamometry in 16 muscles. A combined analysis of the randomized component of the trial and its open-label extension at 52 weeks compared the results in participants who started tofersen at trial entry (early-start cohort) with those in participants who switched from placebo to the drug at week 28 (delayed-start cohort). RESULTS A total of 72 participants received tofersen (39 predicted to have faster progression), and 36 received placebo (21 predicted to have faster progression). Tofersen led to greater reductions in concentrations of SOD1 in CSF and of neurofilament light chains in plasma than placebo. In the faster-progression subgroup (primary analysis), the change to week 28 in the ALSFRS-R score was -6.98 with tofersen and -8.14 with placebo (difference, 1.2 points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.2 to 5.5; P = 0.97). Results for secondary clinical end points did not differ significantly between the two groups. A total of 95 participants (88%) entered the open-label extension. At 52 weeks, the change in the ALSFRS-R score was -6.0 in the early-start cohort and -9.5 in the delayed-start cohort (difference, 3.5 points; 95% CI, 0.4 to 6.7); non-multiplicity-adjusted differences favoring early-start tofersen were seen for other end points. Lumbar puncture-related adverse events were common. Neurologic serious adverse events occurred in 7% of tofersen recipients. CONCLUSIONS In persons with SOD1 ALS, tofersen reduced concentrations of SOD1 in CSF and of neurofilament light chains in plasma over 28 weeks but did not improve clinical end points and was associated with adverse events. The potential effects of earlier as compared with delayed initiation of tofersen are being further evaluated in the extension phase. (Funded by Biogen; VALOR and OLE ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02623699 and NCT03070119; EudraCT numbers, 2015-004098-33 and 2016-003225-41.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Miller
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Merit E Cudkowicz
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Angela Genge
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Gen Sobue
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Robert C Bucelli
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Adriano Chiò
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Philip Van Damme
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Jinsy A Andrews
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Suma Babu
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Michael Benatar
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Thos Cochrane
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Sowmya Chary
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Sheena Chew
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Han Zhu
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Fan Wu
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Ivan Nestorov
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Danielle Graham
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Peng Sun
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Manjit McNeill
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Laura Fanning
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Toby A Ferguson
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
| | - Stephanie Fradette
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M.M., R.C.B.); the Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.E.C., S.B.), and Biogen, Cambridge (T.C., S. Chary, S. Chew, H.Z., F.W., I.N., D.G., P.S., L.F., T.A.F., S.F.) - both in Massachusetts; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.); the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan (G.S.); the University of Turin, Turin, Italy (A.C.); KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, and Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Bonn - both in Germany (A.C.L.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.D.G.); the Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.A.A.); and the Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami (M.B.)
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22
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Ferrari V, Cristofani R, Cicardi ME, Tedesco B, Crippa V, Chierichetti M, Casarotto E, Cozzi M, Mina F, Galbiati M, Piccolella M, Carra S, Vaccari T, Nalbandian A, Kimonis V, Fortuna TR, Pandey UB, Gagliani MC, Cortese K, Rusmini P, Poletti A. Pathogenic variants of Valosin-containing protein induce lysosomal damage and transcriptional activation of autophagy regulators in neuronal cells. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12818. [PMID: 35501124 PMCID: PMC10588520 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mutations in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene cause various lethal proteinopathies that mainly include inclusion body myopathy with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Different pathological mechanisms have been proposed. Here, we define the impact of VCP mutants on lysosomes and how cellular homeostasis is restored by inducing autophagy in the presence of lysosomal damage. METHODS By electron microscopy, we studied lysosomal morphology in VCP animal and motoneuronal models. With the use of western blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence and filter trap assay, we evaluated the effect of selected VCP mutants in neuronal cells on lysosome size and activity, lysosomal membrane permeabilization and their impact on autophagy. RESULTS We found that VCP mutants induce the formation of aberrant multilamellar organelles in VCP animal and cell models similar to those found in patients with VCP mutations or with lysosomal storage disorders. In neuronal cells, we found altered lysosomal activity characterised by membrane permeabilization with galectin-3 redistribution and activation of PPP3CB. This selectively activated the autophagy/lysosomal transcriptional regulator TFE3, but not TFEB, and enhanced both SQSTM1/p62 and lipidated MAP1LC3B levels inducing autophagy. Moreover, we found that wild type VCP, but not the mutants, counteracted lysosomal damage induced either by trehalose or by a mutant form of SOD1 (G93A), also blocking the formation of its insoluble intracellular aggregates. Thus, chronic activation of autophagy might fuel the formation of multilamellar bodies. CONCLUSION Together, our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of VCP-related diseases, by proposing a novel mechanism of multilamellar body formation induced by VCP mutants that involves lysosomal damage and induction of lysophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Maria E. Cicardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS – Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Marta Chierichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Marta Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Francesco Mina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Serena Carra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tyler R. Fortuna
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udai B. Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria C. Gagliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Cellular Electron Microscopy Lab, University of Genoa, Genova
| | - Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Cellular Electron Microscopy Lab, University of Genoa, Genova
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan
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23
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Benatar M, Wuu J, Andersen PM, Bucelli RC, Andrews JA, Otto M, Farahany NA, Harrington EA, Chen W, Mitchell AA, Ferguson T, Chew S, Gedney L, Oakley S, Heo J, Chary S, Fanning L, Graham D, Sun P, Liu Y, Wong J, Fradette S. Design of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial of Tofersen Initiated in Clinically Presymptomatic SOD1 Variant Carriers: the ATLAS Study. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1248-1258. [PMID: 35585374 PMCID: PMC9587202 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains a progressive and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease. Limited knowledge of the underlying causes of ALS has made it difficult to target upstream biological mechanisms of disease, and therapeutic interventions are usually administered relatively late in the course of disease. Genetic forms of ALS offer a unique opportunity for therapeutic development, as genetic associations may reveal potential insights into disease etiology. Genetic ALS may also be amenable to investigating earlier intervention given the possibility of identifying clinically presymptomatic, at-risk individuals with causative genetic variants. There is increasing evidence for a presymptomatic phase of ALS, with biomarker data from the Pre-Symptomatic Familial ALS (Pre-fALS) study showing that an elevation in blood neurofilament light chain (NfL) precedes phenoconversion to clinically manifest disease. Tofersen is an investigational antisense oligonucleotide designed to reduce synthesis of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein through degradation of SOD1 mRNA. Informed by Pre-fALS and the tofersen clinical development program, the ATLAS study (NCT04856982) is designed to evaluate the impact of initiating tofersen in presymptomatic carriers of SOD1 variants associated with high or complete penetrance and rapid disease progression who also have biomarker evidence of disease activity (elevated plasma NfL). The ATLAS study will investigate whether tofersen can delay the emergence of clinically manifest ALS. To our knowledge, ATLAS is the first interventional trial in presymptomatic ALS and has the potential to yield important insights into the design and conduct of presymptomatic trials, identification, and monitoring of at-risk individuals, and future treatment paradigms in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Clinical Research Building, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Clinical Research Building, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jinsy A Andrews
- The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | - Weiping Chen
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Toby Ferguson
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sheena Chew
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Liz Gedney
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sue Oakley
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jeong Heo
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sowmya Chary
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Laura Fanning
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Peng Sun
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yingying Liu
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Janice Wong
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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24
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Kirola L, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Recent Updates on the Genetics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5673-5694. [PMID: 35768750 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) primarily affect the motor and frontotemporal areas of the brain, respectively. These disorders share clinical, genetic, and pathological similarities, and approximately 10-15% of ALS-FTD cases are considered to be multisystemic. ALS-FTD overlaps have been linked to families carrying an expansion in the intron of C9orf72 along with inclusions of TDP-43 in the brain. Other overlapping genes (VCP, FUS, SQSTM1, TBK1, CHCHD10) are also involved in similar functions that include RNA processing, autophagy, proteasome response, protein aggregation, and intracellular trafficking. Recent advances in genome sequencing have identified new genes that are involved in these disorders (TBK1, CCNF, GLT8D1, KIF5A, NEK1, C21orf2, TBP, CTSF, MFSD8, DNAJC7). Additional risk factors and modifiers have been also identified in genome-wide association studies and array-based studies. However, the newly identified genes show higher disease frequencies in combination with known genes that are implicated in pathogenesis, thus indicating probable digenetic/polygenic inheritance models, along with epistatic interactions. Studies suggest that these genes play a pleiotropic effect on ALS-FTD and other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Ataxia, and Parkinsonism. Besides, there have been numerous improvements in the genotype-phenotype correlations as well as clinical trials on stem cell and gene-based therapies. This review discusses the possible genetic models of ALS and FTD, the latest therapeutics, and signaling pathways involved in ALS-FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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25
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Sarkar A, Gasic AG, Cheung MS, Morrison G. Effects of Protein Crowders and Charge on the Folding of Superoxide Dismutase 1 Variants: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4458-4471. [PMID: 35686856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is associated with the misfolding and aggregation of the metalloenzyme protein superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) via mutations that destabilize the monomer-dimer interface. In a cellular environment, crowding and electrostatic screening play essential roles in the folding and aggregation of the SOD1 monomers. Despite numerous studies on the effects of mutations on SOD1 folding, a clear understanding of the interplay between crowding, folding, and aggregation in vivo remains lacking. Using a structure-based minimal model for molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the role of self-crowding and charge on the folding stability of SOD1 and the G41D mutant where experimentalists were intrigued by an alteration of the folding mechanism by a single point mutation from glycine to charged aspartic acid. We show that unfolded SOD1 configurations are significantly affected by charge and crowding, a finding that would be extremely costly to achieve with all-atom simulations, while the native state is not significantly altered. The mutation at residue 41 alters the interactions between proteins in the unfolded states instead of those within a protein. This paper suggests electrostatics may play an important role in the folding pathway of SOD1 and modifying the charge via mutation and ion concentration may change the dominant interactions between proteins, with potential impacts for aggregation of the mutants. This work provides a plausible reason for the alteration of the unfolded states to address why the mutant G41D causes the changes to the folding mechanism of SOD1 that have intrigued experimentalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Andrei G Gasic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Greg Morrison
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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26
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Konopka A, Atkin JD. DNA Damage, Defective DNA Repair, and Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:786420. [PMID: 35572138 PMCID: PMC9093740 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.786420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is under constant attack from both endogenous and exogenous sources, and when damaged, specific cellular signalling pathways respond, collectively termed the “DNA damage response.” Efficient DNA repair processes are essential for cellular viability, although they decline significantly during aging. Not surprisingly, DNA damage and defective DNA repair are now increasingly implicated in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS affects both upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord, leading to muscle wasting due to denervation. DNA damage is increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of ALS, and interestingly, the number of DNA damage or repair proteins linked to ALS is steadily growing. This includes TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a DNA/RNA binding protein that is present in a pathological form in almost all (97%) cases of ALS. Hence TDP-43 pathology is central to neurodegeneration in this condition. Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) bears structural and functional similarities to TDP-43 and it also functions in DNA repair. Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) is also fundamental to ALS because mutations in C9orf72 are the most frequent genetic cause of both ALS and related condition frontotemporal dementia, in European and North American populations. Genetic variants encoding other proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) have also been described in ALS, including FUS, SOD1, SETX, VCP, CCNF, and NEK1. Here we review recent evidence highlighting DNA damage and defective DNA repair as an important mechanism linked to neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konopka
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie Medical School, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anna Konopka,
| | - Julie D. Atkin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie Medical School, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Julie D. Atkin,
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Ruffo P, Perrone B, Conforti FL. SOD-1 Variants in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Systematic Re-Evaluation According to ACMG-AMP Guidelines. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030537. [PMID: 35328090 PMCID: PMC8955492 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common type of motor neuron disease whose causes are unclear. The first ALS gene associated with the autosomal dominant form of the disease was SOD1. This gene has a high rate of rare variants, and an appropriate classification is essential for a correct ALS diagnosis. In this study, we re-evaluated the classification of all previously reported SOD1 variants (n = 202) from ALSoD, project MinE, and in-house databases by applying the ACMG-AMP criteria to ALS. New bioinformatics analysis, frequency rating, and a thorough search for functional studies were performed. We also proposed adjusting criteria strength describing how to apply them to SOD1 variants. Most of the previously reported variants have been reclassified as likely pathogenic and pathogenic based on the modified weight of the PS3 criterion, highlighting how in vivo or in vitro functional studies are determining their interpretation and classification. Furthermore, this study reveals the concordance and discordance of annotations between open databases, indicating the need for expert review to adapt the study of variants to a specific disease. Indeed, in complex diseases, such as ALS, the oligogenic inheritance, the presence of genes that act as risk factors and the reduced penetration must be considered. Overall, the diagnosis of ALS remains clinical, and improving variant classification could support genetic data as diagnostic criteria.
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The Cyclic Nitroxide TEMPOL Ameliorates Oxidative Stress but Not Inflammation in a Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020257. [PMID: 35204139 PMCID: PMC8868255 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nitroxide TEMPOL exerts anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus may provide therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and inflammation have been implicated as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were investigated in a cell model of differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells treated with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Treatment with TEMPOL ameliorated 6-OHDA-mediated cytotoxicity and attenuated biomarkers of oxidative stress including: mitochondrial superoxide anion free radical production, lipid peroxidation, induction of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression and NFκB activation. Treatment with TEMPOL abated decreased gene expression of DRD2S and DRD2L induced by 6-OHDA indicating that TEMPOL may prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of pathways that result in receptor desensitization. 6-OHDA insult decreased gene expression of the antioxidant, SOD-1, and this diminution was also mitigated by TEMPOL. Activation of NFκB increased pro-inflammatory IFNy and decreased IL-6, however, TEMPOL had no effect on these inflammation mediators. Overall, this data suggests that cyclic nitroxides may preserve dopaminergic neuronal cell viability by attenuating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, but are unable to affect inflammatory mediators that propagate cellular damage and neurodegeneration in PD.
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RNA Molecular Signature Profiling in PBMCs of Sporadic ALS Patients: HSP70 Overexpression Is Associated with Nuclear SOD1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020293. [PMID: 35053410 PMCID: PMC8774074 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is one of the causative genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder. SOD1 aggregation contributes to ALS pathogenesis. A fraction of the protein is localized in the nucleus (nSOD1), where it seems to be involved in the regulation of genes participating in the oxidative stress response and DNA repair. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from sporadic ALS (sALS) patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 12) to perform RNA-sequencing experiments and differential expression analysis. Patients were stratified into groups with “high” and “low” levels of nSOD1. We obtained different gene expression patterns for high- and low-nSOD1 patients. Differentially expressed genes in high nSOD1 form a cluster similar to controls compared to the low-nSOD1 group. The pathways activated in high-nSOD1 patients are related to the upregulation of HSP70 molecular chaperones. We demonstrated that, in this condition, the DNA damage is reduced, even under oxidative stress conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of the nuclear localization of SOD1 as a protective mechanism in sALS patients.
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30
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Berdyński M, Miszta P, Safranow K, Andersen PM, Morita M, Filipek S, Żekanowski C, Kuźma-Kozakiewicz M. SOD1 mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis analysis of variant severity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:103. [PMID: 34996976 PMCID: PMC8742055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1) are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder predominantly affecting upper and lower motor neurons. The clinical phenotype of ALS shows inter- and intrafamilial heterogeneity. The aim of the study was to analyze the relations between individual SOD1 mutations and the clinical presentation using in silico methods to assess the SOD1 mutations severity. We identified SOD1 causative variants in a group of 915 prospectively tested consecutive Polish ALS patients from a neuromuscular clinical center, performed molecular modeling of mutated SOD1 proteins and in silico analysis of mutation impact on clinical phenotype and survival analysis of associations between mutations and hazard of clinical end-points. Fifteen SOD1 mutations were identified in 21.1% familial and 2.3% sporadic ALS cases. Their effects on SOD1 protein structure and functioning inferred from molecular modeling and in silico analyses correlate well with the clinical data. Molecular modeling results support the hypothesis that folding intermediates rather than mature SOD1 protein give rise to the source of cytotoxic conformations in ALS. Significant associations between type of mutation and clinical end-points were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Berdyński
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Przemysław Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Str., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mitsuya Morita
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Żekanowski
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kuźma-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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31
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Kok JR, Palminha NM, Dos Santos Souza C, El-Khamisy SF, Ferraiuolo L. DNA damage as a mechanism of neurodegeneration in ALS and a contributor to astrocyte toxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5707-5729. [PMID: 34173837 PMCID: PMC8316199 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of DNA damage in several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Elevated levels of DNA damage are consistently observed in both sporadic and familial forms of ALS and may also play a role in Western Pacific ALS, which is thought to have an environmental cause. The cause of DNA damage in ALS remains unclear but likely differs between genetic subgroups. Repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of familial ALS and responsible for about 10% of sporadic cases. These genetic mutations are known to cause R-loops, thus increasing genomic instability and DNA damage, and generate dipeptide repeat proteins, which have been shown to lead to DNA damage and impairment of the DNA damage response. Similarly, several genes associated with ALS including TARDBP, FUS, NEK1, SQSTM1 and SETX are known to play a role in DNA repair and the DNA damage response, and thus may contribute to neuronal death via these pathways. Another consistent feature present in both sporadic and familial ALS is the ability of astrocytes to induce motor neuron death, although the factors causing this toxicity remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarise the evidence for DNA damage playing a causative or secondary role in the pathogenesis of ALS as well as discuss the possible mechanisms involved in different genetic subtypes with particular focus on the role of astrocytes initiating or perpetuating DNA damage in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannigje Rachel Kok
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Sheffield, UK
| | - Nelma M Palminha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, UK
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Cleide Dos Santos Souza
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Sheffield, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Healthy Lifespan Institute, Sheffield, UK.
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Sheffield, UK.
- The Institute of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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32
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Pubertal LPS treatment selectively alters PSD-95 expression in male CD-1 mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:186-195. [PMID: 34333052 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Puberty includes a highly stress-sensitive period with significant sex differences in the neurophysiological and behavioural outcomes of a peripheral immune challenge. Sex differences in the pubertal neuroimmune network's responses to systemic LPS may explain some of these enduring sex-specific outcomes of a pubertal immune challenge. However, the functional implications of these sex-specific neuroimmune responses on the local microenvironment are unclear. Western blots were used to examine treatment- and sex-related changes in expression of regulatory proteins in inflammation (NFκB), cell death (AIF), oxidative stress (SOD-1), and synaptic plasticity (PSD-95) following symptomatic recovery (i.e., one week post-treatment) from pubertal immune challenge. Across the four examined brain regions (i.e., hippocampus, PFC, hypothalamus, and cerebellum), only PSD-95 levels were altered one week post-treatment by the pubertal LPS treatment. Unlike their female counterparts, seven-week-old males showed increased PSD-95 expression in the hippocampus (p < .05). AIF, SOD-1, and NFκB levels in both sexes were unaffected by treatment (all p > .05), which suggests appropriate resolution of NFκB-mediated immune responses to pubertal LPS without stimulating AIF-mediated apoptosis and oxidative stress. We also report a significant male-biased sex difference in PSD-95 levels in the PFC and in cerebellar expression of SOD-1 during puberty (all p < .05). These findings highlight the sex-specific vulnerability of the pubertal hippocampus to systemic LPS and suggest that a pubertal immune challenge may expedite neurodevelopment in the hippocampus in a sex-specific manner.
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33
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071012. [PMID: 34202494 PMCID: PMC8300638 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with the progressive loss of motor neurons, leading to a fatal paralysis. According to whether there is a family history of ALS, ALS can be roughly divided into two types: familial and sporadic. Despite decades of research, the pathogenesis of ALS is still unelucidated. To this end, we review the recent progress of ALS pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment strategies, mainly discuss the roles of immune disorders, redox imbalance, autophagy dysfunction, and disordered iron homeostasis in the pathogenesis of ALS, and introduce the effects of RNA binding proteins, ALS-related genes, and non-coding RNA as biomarkers on ALS. In addition, we also mention other ALS biomarkers such as serum uric acid (UA), cardiolipin (CL), chitotriosidase (CHIT1), and neurofilament light chain (NFL). Finally, we discuss the drug therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell-exosomal therapy for ALS, attempting to find new therapeutic targets and strategies. A challenge is to study the various mechanisms of ALS as a syndrome. Biomarkers that have been widely explored are indispensable for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ALS. Moreover, the development of new genes and targets is an urgent task in this field.
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34
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Péladeau C, Sandhu JK. Aberrant NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Ignites the Fire of Inflammation in Neuromuscular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116068. [PMID: 34199845 PMCID: PMC8200055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are molecular hubs that are assembled and activated by a host in response to various microbial and non-microbial stimuli and play a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The NLRP3 is a highly promiscuous inflammasome that is activated by a wide variety of sterile triggers, including misfolded protein aggregates, and drives chronic inflammation via caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. These cytokines further amplify inflammatory responses by activating various signaling cascades, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Neuromuscular diseases are a heterogeneous group of muscle disorders that involve injury or dysfunction of peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions and muscles. A growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation, impairment or aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome signaling leads to the initiation and exacerbation of pathological processes associated with neuromuscular diseases. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge about the NLRP3 inflammasome in neuromuscular diseases that affect the peripheral nervous system and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which affects the central nervous system. In addition, we also examine whether therapeutic targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome components is a viable approach to alleviating the detrimental phenotype of neuromuscular diseases and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péladeau
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Jagdeep K. Sandhu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-993-5304
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35
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Kadbhane A, Patel M, Srivastava S, Singh PK, Madan J, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Perspective insights and application of exosomes as a novel tool against neurodegenerative disorders: An expository appraisal. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Ainslie A, Huiting W, Barazzuol L, Bergink S. Genome instability and loss of protein homeostasis: converging paths to neurodegeneration? Open Biol 2021; 11:200296. [PMID: 33878947 PMCID: PMC8059563 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability and loss of protein homeostasis are hallmark events of age-related diseases that include neurodegeneration. Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are characterized by protein aggregation, while an impaired DNA damage response (DDR) as in many genetic DNA repair disorders leads to pronounced neuropathological features. It remains unclear to what degree these cellular events interconnect with each other in the development of neurological diseases. This review highlights how the loss of protein homeostasis and genome instability influence one other. We will discuss studies that illustrate this connection. DNA damage contributes to many neurodegenerative diseases, as shown by an increased level of DNA damage in patients, possibly due to the effects of protein aggregates on chromatin, the sequestration of DNA repair proteins and novel putative DNA repair functions. Conversely, genome stability is also important for protein homeostasis. For example, gene copy number variations and the loss of key DDR components can lead to marked proteotoxic stress. An improved understanding of how protein homeostasis and genome stability are mechanistically connected is needed and promises to lead to the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ainslie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Huiting
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Bergink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Shinn LJ, Lagalwar S. Treating Neurodegenerative Disease with Antioxidants: Efficacy of the Bioactive Phenol Resveratrol and Mitochondrial-Targeted MitoQ and SkQ. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040573. [PMID: 33917835 PMCID: PMC8068221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence from neurodegenerative disease research supports an early pathogenic role for mitochondrial dysfunction in affected neurons that precedes morphological and functional deficits. The resulting oxidative stress and respiratory malfunction contribute to neuronal toxicity and may enhance the vulnerability of neurons to continued assault by aggregation-prone proteins. Consequently, targeting mitochondria with antioxidant therapy may be a non-invasive, inexpensive, and viable means of strengthening neuronal health and slowing disease progression, thereby extending quality of life. We review the preclinical and clinical findings available to date of the natural bioactive phenol resveratrol and two synthetic mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, MitoQ and SkQ.
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38
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Martin LJ, Wong M. Skeletal Muscle-Restricted Expression of Human SOD1 in Transgenic Mice Causes a Fatal ALS-Like Syndrome. Front Neurol 2020; 11:592851. [PMID: 33381076 PMCID: PMC7767933 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.592851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease that causes motor neuron (MN) loss and skeletal muscle paralysis. It is uncertain whether this degeneration of MNs is triggered intrinsically and is autonomous, or if the disease initiating mechanisms are extrinsic to MNs. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle is a primary site of pathogenesis in ALS that triggers MN degeneration. Some inherited forms of ALS are caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene, that encodes an antioxidant protein, so we created transgenic (tg) mice expressing wild-type-, G37R-, and G93A-human SOD1 gene variants only in skeletal muscle. Presence of human SOD1 (hSOD1) protein in skeletal muscle was verified by western blotting, enzyme activity gels, and immunofluorescence in myofibers and satellite cells. These tg mice developed limb weakness and paresis with motor deficits, limb and chest muscle wasting, diaphragm atrophy, and age-related fatal disease with a lifespan shortening of 10–16%. Brown and white adipose tissue also became wasted. Myofibers of tg mice developed crystalline-like inclusions, individualized sarcomere destruction, mitochondriopathy with vesiculation, DNA damage, and activated p53. Satellite cells became apoptotic. The diaphragm developed severe loss of neuromuscular junction presynaptic and postsynaptic integrity, including decreased innervation, loss of synaptophysin, nitration of synaptophysin, and loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and scaffold protein rapsyn. Co-immunoprecipitation identified hSOD1 interaction with rapsyn. Spinal cords of tg mice developed gross atrophy. Spinal MNs formed cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions, axonopathy, mitochondriopathy, accumulated DNA damage, activated p53 and cleaved caspase-3, and died. Tg mice had a 40–50% loss of MNs. This work shows that hSOD1 in skeletal muscle is a driver of pathogenesis in ALS, that involves myofiber and satellite cell toxicity, and apparent muscle-adipose tissue disease relationships. It also identifies a non-autonomous mechanism for MN degeneration explaining their selective vulnerability as likely a form of target-deprivation retrograde neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Martin
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Margaret Wong
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Agudelo A, St Amand V, Grissom L, Lafond D, Achilli T, Sahin A, Reenan R, Stilwell G. Age-dependent degeneration of an identified adult leg motor neuron in a Drosophila SOD1 model of ALS. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049692. [PMID: 32994185 PMCID: PMC7595701 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron loss leading to paralysis and inevitable death in affected individuals. Using a gene replacement strategy to introduce disease mutations into the orthologous Drosophila sod1 (dsod1) gene, here, we characterize changes at the neuromuscular junction using longer-lived dsod1 mutant adults. Homozygous dsod1H71Y/H71Y or dsod1null/null flies display progressive walking defects with paralysis of the third metathoracic leg. In dissected legs, we assessed age-dependent changes in a single identified motor neuron (MN-I2) innervating the tibia levitator muscle. At adult eclosion, MN-I2 of dsod1H71Y/H71Y or sod1null/null flies is patterned similar to wild-type flies indicating no readily apparent developmental defects. Over the course of 10 days post-eclosion, MN-I2 shows an overall reduction in arborization with bouton swelling and loss of the post-synaptic marker discs-large (dlg) in mutant dsod1 adults. In addition, increases in polyubiquitinated proteins correlate with the timing and extent of MN-I2 changes. Because similar phenotypes are observed between flies homozygous for either dsod1H71Y or dsod1null alleles, we conclude these NMJ changes are mainly associated with sod loss-of-function. Together these studies characterize age-related morphological and molecular changes associated with axonal retraction in a Drosophila model of ALS that recapitulate an important aspect of the human disease.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Agudelo
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Ave., Providence, RI, 02908 USA
| | - Victoria St Amand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Lindsey Grissom
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Ave., Providence, RI, 02908 USA
| | - Danielle Lafond
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Toni Achilli
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Ave., Providence, RI, 02908 USA
| | - Asli Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Robert Reenan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Geoff Stilwell
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mt. Pleasant Ave., Providence, RI, 02908 USA
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Gyawali A, Gautam S, Hyeon SJ, Ryu H, Kang YS. L-Citrulline Level and Transporter Activity Are Altered in Experimental Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:647-657. [PMID: 33000451 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease caused by the death of the neurons regulating the voluntary muscles which leads to the progressive paralysis. We investigated the difference of transport function of L-citrulline in ALS disease model (NSC-34/hSOD1G93A, MT) and a control model (NSC-34/hSOD1wt, WT). The [14C]L-citrulline uptake was significantly reduced in MT cells as compared with that of control. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for MT cells was 0.67 ± 0.05 mM, whereas it was 1.48 ± 0.21 mM for control. On the other hand, the Vmax values for MT and control were 10.9 ± 0.8 nmol/mg protein/min and 18.3 ± 2.9 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively. The Km and Vmax values showed the high affinity and low capacity for MT as compared with control. Moreover, the uptake of [14C]L-citrulline was significantly inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) and harmaline which is the inhibitor of the large neutral amino acid transporter1 (LAT1) in NSC-34 cell lines. Furthermore, [14C]L-citrulline uptakes took place in Na+-independent manner. It was also inhibited by the neutral amino acids such as citrulline and phenylalanine. Likewise, L-dopa, gabapentin, and riluzole significantly inhibited the [14C]L-citrulline uptake. It shows the competitive inhibition for L-dopa in ALS cell lines. On the other hand, [14C]L-citrulline uptake in the presence of riluzole showed competitive inhibition in WT cells, whereas it was uncompetitive for MT cells. The small interfering RNA experiments showed that LAT1 is involved in the [14C]L-citrulline uptake in NSC-34 cell lines. On the other hand, in the examination of the alteration in the expression level of LAT1, it was significantly lower in MT cells as compared with that of control. Similarly, in the spinal cord of ALS, transgenic mice revealed a slight but significant decrease in LAT1 immunoreactivity in motor neurons of ALS mice compared with control. However, the LAT1 immunoreactivity in non-motor neurons and in astrocytes was relatively increased in the spinal cord gray matter of ALS mice. The experimental evidences of our results suggest that the change of transport activity of [14C]L-citrulline may be partially responsible for the pathological alteration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Gyawali
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Gautam
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Laboratory for Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics, Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Laboratory for Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics, Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02183, USA
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Asih PR, Prikas E, Stefanoska K, Tan ARP, Ahel HI, Ittner A. Functions of p38 MAP Kinases in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:570586. [PMID: 33013322 PMCID: PMC7509416 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.570586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions of p38 MAP kinases in cells of the central nervous system. Unique and specific functions of the four mammalian p38 kinases are found in all major cell types in the brain. Mechanisms of p38 activation and downstream phosphorylation substrates in these different contexts are outlined and how they contribute to functions of p38 in physiological and under disease conditions. Results in different model organisms demonstrated that p38 kinases are involved in cognitive functions, including functions related to anxiety, addiction behavior, neurotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and decision making. Finally, the role of p38 kinases in psychiatric and neurological conditions and the current progress on therapeutic inhibitors targeting p38 kinases are covered and implicate p38 kinases in a multitude of CNS-related physiological and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prita R Asih
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Prikas
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie Stefanoska
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda R P Tan
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly I Ahel
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Neuromuscular Disorders: Moving Beyond Movement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176429. [PMID: 32899400 PMCID: PMC7503226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) affect 1 in 3000 people worldwide. There are more than 150 different types of NMDs, where the common feature is the loss of muscle strength. These disorders are classified according to their neuroanatomical location, as motor neuron diseases, peripheral nerve diseases, neuromuscular junction diseases, and muscle diseases. Over the years, numerous studies have pointed to protein homeostasis as a crucial factor in the development of these fatal diseases. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a fundamental role in maintaining protein homeostasis, being involved in protein degradation, among other cellular functions. Through a cascade of enzymatic reactions, proteins are ubiquitinated, tagged, and translocated to the proteasome to be degraded. Within the ubiquitin system, we can find three main groups of enzymes: E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes), and E3 (ubiquitin-protein ligases). Only the ubiquitinated proteins with specific chain linkages (such as K48) will be degraded by the UPS. In this review, we describe the relevance of this system in NMDs, summarizing the UPS proteins that have been involved in pathological conditions and neuromuscular disorders, such as Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), or Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), among others. A better knowledge of the processes involved in the maintenance of proteostasis may pave the way for future progress in neuromuscular disorder studies and treatments.
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Koh JY, Lee SJ. Metallothionein-3 as a multifunctional player in the control of cellular processes and diseases. Mol Brain 2020; 13:116. [PMID: 32843100 PMCID: PMC7448430 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metals, such as iron, copper, and zinc, play a very important role in life as the regulators of various physiochemical reactions in cells. Abnormal distribution and concentration of these metals in the body are closely associated with various diseases including ischemic seizure, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cancer. Iron and copper are known to be mainly involved in in vivo redox reaction. Zinc controls a variety of intracellular metabolism via binding to lots of proteins in cells and altering their structure and function. Metallothionein-3 (MT3) is a representative zinc binding protein predominant in the brain. Although the role of MT3 in other organs still needs to be elucidated, many reports have suggested critical roles for the protein in the control of a variety of cellular homeostasis. Here, we review various biological functions of MT3, focusing on different cellular molecules and diseases involving MT3 in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Bianchi VE, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Omeljaniuk RJ, Torsello A. Androgen Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa120. [PMID: 33094209 PMCID: PMC7568521 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease, are characterized by the loss of neurons as well as neuronal function in multiple regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several studies in animal models have shown that androgens have neuroprotective effects in the brain and stimulate axonal regeneration. The presence of neuronal androgen receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system suggests that androgen therapy might be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To illustrate, androgen therapy reduced inflammation, amyloid-β deposition, and cognitive impairment in patients with AD. As well, improvements in remyelination in MS have been reported; by comparison, only variable results are observed in androgen treatment of PD. In ALS, androgen administration stimulated motoneuron recovery from progressive damage and regenerated both axons and dendrites. Only a few clinical studies are available in human individuals despite the safety and low cost of androgen therapy. Clinical evaluations of the effects of androgen therapy on these devastating diseases using large populations of patients are strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Center Stella Maris, Strada Rovereta, Falciano, San Marino
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Cristofani R, Crippa V, Cicardi ME, Tedesco B, Ferrari V, Chierichetti M, Casarotto E, Piccolella M, Messi E, Galbiati M, Rusmini P, Poletti A. A Crucial Role for the Protein Quality Control System in Motor Neuron Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:191. [PMID: 32792938 PMCID: PMC7385251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are fatal diseases characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain cortex, in the bulbar region, and/or in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. While generally sporadic, inherited forms linked to mutant genes encoding altered RNA/protein products have also been described. Several different mechanisms have been found altered or dysfunctional in MNDs, like the protein quality control (PQC) system. In this review, we will discuss how the PQC system is affected in two MNDs—spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)—and how this affects the clearance of aberrantly folded proteins, which accumulate in motor neurons, inducing dysfunctions and their death. In addition, we will discuss how the PQC system can be targeted to restore proper cell function, enhancing the survival of affected cells in MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cristofani
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Chierichetti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Miller T, Cudkowicz M, Shaw PJ, Andersen PM, Atassi N, Bucelli RC, Genge A, Glass J, Ladha S, Ludolph AL, Maragakis NJ, McDermott CJ, Pestronk A, Ravits J, Salachas F, Trudell R, Van Damme P, Zinman L, Bennett CF, Lane R, Sandrock A, Runz H, Graham D, Houshyar H, McCampbell A, Nestorov I, Chang I, McNeill M, Fanning L, Fradette S, Ferguson TA. Phase 1-2 Trial of Antisense Oligonucleotide Tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:109-119. [PMID: 32640130 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tofersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that mediates the degradation of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) messenger RNA to reduce SOD1 protein synthesis. Intrathecal administration of tofersen is being studied for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) due to SOD1 mutations. METHODS We conducted a phase 1-2 ascending-dose trial evaluating tofersen in adults with ALS due to SOD1 mutations. In each dose cohort (20, 40, 60, or 100 mg), participants were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive five doses of tofersen or placebo, administered intrathecally for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were safety and pharmacokinetics. The secondary outcome was the change from baseline in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) SOD1 concentration at day 85. Clinical function and vital capacity were measured. RESULTS A total of 50 participants underwent randomization and were included in the analyses; 48 participants received all five planned doses. Lumbar puncture-related adverse events were observed in most participants. Elevations in CSF white-cell count and protein were reported as adverse events in 4 and 5 participants, respectively, who received tofersen. Among participants who received tofersen, one died from pulmonary embolus on day 137, and one from respiratory failure on day 152; one participant in the placebo group died from respiratory failure on day 52. The difference at day 85 in the change from baseline in the CSF SOD1 concentration between the tofersen groups and the placebo group was 2 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -18 to 27) for the 20-mg dose, -25 percentage points (95% CI, -40 to -5) for the 40-mg dose, -19 percentage points (95% CI, -35 to 2) for the 60-mg dose, and -33 percentage points (95% CI, -47 to -16) for the 100-mg dose. CONCLUSIONS In adults with ALS due to SOD1 mutations, CSF SOD1 concentrations decreased at the highest concentration of tofersen administered intrathecally over a period of 12 weeks. CSF pleocytosis occurred in some participants receiving tofersen. Lumbar puncture-related adverse events were observed in most participants. (Funded by Biogen; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02623699; EudraCT number, 2015-004098-33.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Miller
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Peter M Andersen
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Nazem Atassi
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Robert C Bucelli
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Angela Genge
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Jonathan Glass
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Shafeeq Ladha
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Albert L Ludolph
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Nicholas J Maragakis
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Alan Pestronk
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - John Ravits
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - François Salachas
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Randall Trudell
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Philip Van Damme
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Lorne Zinman
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - C Frank Bennett
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Roger Lane
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Alfred Sandrock
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Heiko Runz
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Danielle Graham
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Hani Houshyar
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Alexander McCampbell
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Ivan Nestorov
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Ih Chang
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Manjit McNeill
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Laura Fanning
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Stephanie Fradette
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
| | - Toby A Ferguson
- From the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (T.M., R.C.B., A.P.); the Healey Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.C., N.A.), and Biogen, Cambridge (A.S., H.R., D.G., H.H., A.M., I.N., I.C., L.F., S.F., T.A.F.) - both in Massachusetts; the Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, and NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre and Clinical Research Facility, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (P.J.S., C.J.M.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (M.M.) - both in the United Kingdom; the Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden (P.M.A.); Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal (A.G.), and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto (L.Z.); Emory University, Atlanta (J.G.); Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (S.L.); the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (A.L.L.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (N.J.M.); the University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.), and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad (C.F.B., R.L.) - both in California; Paris ALS Centre, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris (F.S.); the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville (R.T.); and KU Leuven, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (P.V.D.)
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47
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Galbiati M, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Cristofani R, Messi E, Piccolella M, Tedesco B, Ferrari V, Casarotto E, Chierichetti M, Poletti A. Multiple Roles of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124291. [PMID: 32560258 PMCID: PMC7352289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to be dysregulated in many neurodegenerative disorders and particularly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This motor neuronal disease is non-cell autonomous, as it affects not only motor neurons but also the surrounding glial cells, and the target skeletal muscle fibers. Here, we analyze the multiple roles of TGFB in these cell types, and how TGFB signaling is altered in ALS tissues. Data reported support a crucial involvement of TGFB in the etiology and progression of ALS, leading us to hypothesize that an imbalance of TGFB signaling, diminished at the pre-symptomatic stage and then increased with time, could be linked to ALS progression. A reduced stimulation of the TGFB pathway at the beginning of disease blocks its neuroprotective effects and promotes glutamate excitotoxicity. At later disease stages, the persistent activation of the TGFB pathway promotes an excessive microglial activation and strengthens muscular dysfunction. The therapeutic potential of TGFB is discussed, in order to foster new approaches to treat ALS.
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Duan W, Guo M, Yi L, Zhang J, Bi Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Li Z, Ma Y, Zhang G, Liu Y, Song X, Li C. Deletion of Tbk1 disrupts autophagy and reproduces behavioral and locomotor symptoms of FTD-ALS in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2457-2476. [PMID: 31039129 PMCID: PMC6519994 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the protein kinase Tbk1 has shown to cause both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD); however, the pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that conditional neuronal deletion of Tbk1 in leads to cognitive and locomotor deficits in mice. Tbk1-NKO mice exhibited numerous neuropathological changes, including neurofibrillary tangles, abnormal dendrites, reduced dendritic spine density, and cortical synapse loss. The Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum presented dendritic swelling, abnormally shaped astrocytes, and p62- and ubiquitin-positive aggregates, suggesting impaired autophagy. Inhibition of autophagic flux with bafilomycin A increased total Tkb1 levels in motor neuron-like cells in vitro, suggesting autophagy-dependent degradation of Tbk1. Although Tbk1 over-expression did not affect mutant SOD1 levels in SOD1G93A-transfected cells, it increased the soluble/insoluble ratio and reduced the number and size of SOD1G93A aggregates. Finally, in vivo experiments showed that Tkb1 expression was reduced in SOD1G93A ALS transgenic mice, which showed decreased p62 protein aggregation and extended survival after ICV injection of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding Tbk1. These data shed light on the neuropathological changes that result from Tbk1 deficiency and hint at impaired autophagy as a contributing factor to the cognitive and locomotor deficits that characterize FTD-ALS in patients with Tkb1 haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Duan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Moran Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Bi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Ma
- Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Nantong 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Nantong 226000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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49
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Pham J, Keon M, Brennan S, Saksena N. Connecting RNA-Modifying Similarities of TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 with MicroRNA Dysregulation Amidst A Renewed Network Perspective of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Proteinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103464. [PMID: 32422969 PMCID: PMC7278980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond traditional approaches in understanding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple recent studies in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)-including transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS)-have instigated an interest in their function and prion-like properties. Given their prominence as hallmarks of a highly heterogeneous disease, this prompts a re-examination of the specific functional interrelationships between these proteins, especially as pathological SOD1-a non-RBP commonly associated with familial ALS (fALS)-exhibits similar properties to these RBPs including potential RNA-regulatory capabilities. Moreover, the cytoplasmic mislocalization, aggregation, and co-aggregation of TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 can be identified as proteinopathies akin to other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), eliciting strong ties to disrupted RNA splicing, transport, and stability. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have also been increasingly implicated in the disease, and are of greater significance as they are the master regulators of RNA metabolism in disease pathology. However, little is known about the role of these proteins and how they are regulated by miRNA, which would provide mechanistic insights into ALS pathogenesis. This review seeks to discuss current developments across TDP-43, FUS, and SOD1 to build a detailed snapshot of the network pathophysiology underlying ALS while aiming to highlight possible novel therapeutic targets to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Pham
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia;
| | - Matt Keon
- Iggy Get Out, Neurodegenerative Disease Section, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (M.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Samuel Brennan
- Iggy Get Out, Neurodegenerative Disease Section, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (M.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Nitin Saksena
- Iggy Get Out, Neurodegenerative Disease Section, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; (M.K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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50
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Grenier K, Kao J, Diamandis P. Three-dimensional modeling of human neurodegeneration: brain organoids coming of age. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:254-274. [PMID: 31444473 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing in aging nations. These relentless and progressive diseases remain largely without disease-modifying treatments despite decades of research and investments. It is becoming clear that traditional two-dimensional culture and animal model systems, while providing valuable insights on the major pathophysiological pathways associated with these diseases, have not translated well to patients' bedside. Fortunately, the advent of induced-pluripotent stem cells and three-dimensional cell culture now provide tools that are revolutionizing the study of human diseases by permitting analysis of patient-derived human tissue with non-invasive procedures. Specifically, brain organoids, self-organizing neural structures that can mimic human fetal brain development, have now been harnessed to develop alternative models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, and Frontotemporal dementia by recapitulating important neuropathological hallmarks found in these disorders. Despite these early breakthroughs, several limitations need to be vetted in brain organoid models in order to more faithfully match human tissue qualities, including relative tissue immaturity, lack of vascularization and incomplete cellular diversity found in this culture system. Here, we review current brain organoid protocols, the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, and early studies with brain organoid neurodegeneration models. We then discuss the multiple engineering and conceptual challenges surrounding their use and provide possible solutions and exciting avenues to be pursued. Altogether, we believe that brain organoids models, improved with classical and emerging molecular and analytic tools, have the potential to unravel the opaque pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration and devise novel treatments for an array of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Grenier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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