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Orsucci D, Tessa A, Caldarazzo Ienco E, Trovato R, Natale G, Bilancieri G, Giuntini M, Napolitano A, Salvetti S, Vista M, Santorelli FM. Clinical and genetic features of dominant Essential Tremor in Tuscany, Italy: FUS, CAMTA1, ATXN1 and beyond. J Neurol Sci 2024; 460:123012. [PMID: 38626532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Essential Tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological disorders. In most instances ET is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with age-related penetrance (virtually complete in advanced age); however, ET genetics remains elusive. The current study aims to identify possibly pathogenic genetic variants in a group of well-characterized ET families. METHODS 34 individuals from 14 families with dominant ET were clinically evaluated and studied by whole exome sequencing studies (after excluding trinucleotide expansion disorders). RESULTS Most patients had pure ET. In 4 families, exome studies could identify a genetic variant potentially able to significantly alter the protein structure (CADD >20, REVEL score > 0.25), shared by all the affected individuals (in CAMTA1, FUS, MYH14, SGCE genes). In another family there were two variants in dominant genes (PCDH9 and SQSTM1). Moreover, an interrupted "intermediate" trinucleotide expansion in ATXN1 ("SCA1") was identified in a further family with pure ET. CONCLUSION Combining our observations together with earlier reports, we can conclude that ET genes confirmed in at least two families to date include CAMTA1 and FUS (reported here), as well as CACNA1G, NOTCH2NLC and TENM4. Most cases of familial ET, inherited with an autosomal dominant inheritance, may result from "mild" variants of many different genes that, when affected by more harmful genetic variants, lead to more severe neurological syndromes (still autosomal dominant). Thus, ET phenotype may be the "mild", incomplete manifestation of many other dominant neurogenetic diseases. These findings further support evidence of genetic heterogeneity for such disease(s). Author's keywords: cerebellar ataxias, movement disorders, neurogenetics, rare neurological disorders, tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Orsucci
- Unit of Neurology, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy.
| | - A Tessa
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - R Trovato
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Natale
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Bilancieri
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Giuntini
- Unit of Neurology, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy
| | - A Napolitano
- Unit of Neurology, Apuane Hospital, Massa Carrara, Italy
| | - S Salvetti
- Unit of Neurology, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy
| | - M Vista
- Unit of Neurology, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy
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Zeng S, Zhou X, He R, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Xu Q, Guo J, Yan X, Li J, Tang B, Sun Q. Association Analysis of Essential Tremor-Associated Genetic Variants in Sporadic Late-Onset Parkinson's Disease. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2024; 14:25. [PMID: 38737298 PMCID: PMC11086585 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) and Essential tremor (ET) are the two most common tremor diseases with recognized genetic pathogenesis. The overlapping clinical features suggest they may share genetic predispositions. Our previous study systematically investigated the association between rare coding variants in ET-associated genes and early-onset PD (EOPD), and found the suggestive association between teneurin transmembrane protein 4 (TENM4) and EOPD. In the current research, we explored the potential genetic interplay between ET-associated genetic loci/genes and sporadic late-onset PD (LOPD). Methods We performed whole-genome sequencing in the 1962 sporadic LOPD cases and 1279 controls from mainland China. We first used logistic regression analysis to test the top 16 SNPs identified by the ET genome-wide association study for the association between ET and LOPD. Then we applied the optimized sequence kernel association testing to explore the rare variant burden of 33 ET-associated genes in this cohort. Results We did not observe a significant association between the included SNPs with LOPD. We also did not discover a significant burden of rare deleterious variants of ET-associated genes in association with LOPD risk. Conclusion Our results do not support the role of ET-associated genetic loci and variants in LOPD. Highlights 1962 cases and 1279 controls were recruited to study the potential genetic interplay between ET-associated genetic loci/variants and sporadic LOPD.No significant association between the ET-associated SNPs and LOPD were observed.No significant burden of rare deleterious variants of ET-associated gene in LOPD risk were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Runcheng He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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Liakath-Ali K, Refaee R, Südhof TC. Cartography of teneurin and latrophilin expression reveals spatiotemporal axis heterogeneity in the mouse hippocampus during development. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002599. [PMID: 38713721 PMCID: PMC11101112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play an important role in the form and function of neuronal synapses. Teneurins (Tenms) and latrophilins (Lphns) are well-known cell adhesion molecules that form a transsynaptic complex. Recent studies suggest that Tenm3 and Lphn2 (gene symbol Adgrl2) are involved in hippocampal circuit assembly via their topographical expression. However, it is not known whether other teneurins and latrophilins display similar topographically restricted expression patterns during embryonic and postnatal development. Here, we reveal the cartography of all teneurin (Tenm1-4) and latrophilin (Lphn1-3 [Adgrl1-3]) paralog expression in the mouse hippocampus across prenatal and postnatal development as monitored by large-scale single-molecule RNA in situ hybridization mapping. Our results identify a striking heterogeneity in teneurin and latrophilin expression along the spatiotemporal axis of the hippocampus. Tenm2 and Tenm4 expression levels peak at the neonatal stage when compared to Tenm1 and Tenm3, while Tenm1 expression is restricted to the postnatal pyramidal cell layer. Tenm4 expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) exhibits an opposing topographical expression pattern in the embryonic and neonatal hippocampus. Our findings were validated by analyses of multiple RNA-seq datasets at bulk, single-cell, and spatial levels. Thus, our study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal map of Tenm and Lphn expression in the hippocampus, showcasing their diverse expression patterns across developmental stages in distinct spatial axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kif Liakath-Ali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Refaee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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King CP, Chitre AS, Leal-Gutiérrez JD, Tripi JA, Hughson AR, Horvath AP, Lamparelli AC, George A, Martin C, Pierre CLS, Sanches T, Bimschleger HV, Gao J, Cheng R, Nguyen KM, Holl KL, Polesskaya O, Ishiwari K, Chen H, Woods LCS, Palmer AA, Robinson TE, Flagel SB, Meyer PJ. Genomic Loci Influencing Cue-Reactivity in Heterogeneous Stock Rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.13.584852. [PMID: 38559127 PMCID: PMC10980002 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Addiction vulnerability is associated with the tendency to attribute incentive salience to reward predictive cues; both addiction and the attribution of incentive salience are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. To characterize the genetic contributions to incentive salience attribution, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a cohort of 1,645 genetically diverse heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. We tested HS rats in a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, in which we characterized the individual responses to food-associated stimuli ("cues"). Rats exhibited either cue-directed "sign-tracking" behavior or food-cup directed "goal-tracking" behavior. We then used the conditioned reinforcement procedure to determine whether rats would perform a novel operant response for unrewarded presentations of the cue. We found that these measures were moderately heritable (SNP heritability, h2 = .189-.215). GWAS identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 11 of the 12 traits we examined. Interval sizes of these QTLs varied widely. 7 traits shared a QTL on chromosome 1 that contained a few genes (e.g. Tenm4, Mir708) that have been associated with substance use disorders and other mental health traits in humans. Other candidate genes (e.g. Wnt11, Pak1) in this region had coding variants and expression-QTLs in mesocorticolimbic regions of the brain. We also conducted a Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) on other behavioral measures in HS rats and found that regions containing QTLs on chromosome 1 were also associated with nicotine self-administration in a separate cohort of HS rats. These results provide a starting point for the molecular genetic dissection of incentive salience and provide further support for a relationship between attribution of incentive salience and drug abuse-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. King
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jordan A. Tripi
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Alesa R. Hughson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Aidan P. Horvath
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Anthony George
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | - Connor Martin
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | | | - Thiago Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Katie L. Holl
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Keita Ishiwari
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Center on Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Paul J. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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Martuscello RT, Sivaprakasam K, Hartstone W, Kuo SH, Konopka G, Louis ED, Faust PL. Gene Expression Analysis of Laser-Captured Purkinje Cells in the Essential Tremor Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1166-1181. [PMID: 36242761 PMCID: PMC10359949 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a common, progressive neurological disease characterized by an 8-12-Hz kinetic tremor. Despite its high prevalence, the patho-mechanisms of tremor in ET are not fully known. Through comprehensive studies in postmortem brains, we identified major morphological changes in the ET cerebellum that reflect cellular damage in Purkinje cells (PCs), suggesting that PC damage is central to ET pathogenesis. We previously performed a transcriptome analysis in ET cerebellar cortex, identifying candidate genes and several dysregulated pathways. To directly target PCs, we purified RNA from PCs isolated by laser capture microdissection and performed the first ever PC-specific RNA-sequencing analysis in ET versus controls. Frozen postmortem cerebellar cortex from 24 ETs and 16 controls underwent laser capture microdissection, obtaining ≥2000 PCs per sample. RNA transcriptome was analyzed via differential gene expression, principal component analysis (PCA), and gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA). We identified 36 differentially expressed genes, encompassing multiple cellular processes. Some ET (13/24) had greater dysregulation of these genes and segregated from most controls and remaining ETs in PCA. Characterization of genes/pathways enriched in this PCA and GSEA identified multiple pathway dysregulations in ET, including RNA processing/splicing, synapse organization/ion transport, and oxidative stress/inflammation. Furthermore, a different set of pathways characterized marked heterogeneity among ET patients. Our data indicate a range of possible mechanisms for the pathogenesis of ET. Significant heterogeneity among ET combined with dysregulation of multiple cellular processes supports the notion that ET is a family of disorders rather than one disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina T Martuscello
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 15-405, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Karthigayini Sivaprakasam
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Whitney Hartstone
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 15-405, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, BB302, New York, NY, USA
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Suite NL9.114, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 W 168th Street, P&S 15-405, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Miao B, Xing X, Bazylianska V, Madden P, Moszczynska A, Zhang B. Methamphetamine-induced region-specific transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in the brain of male rats. Commun Biol 2023; 6:991. [PMID: 37758941 PMCID: PMC10533900 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) is neurotoxic to the brain and, therefore, its misuse leads to neurological and psychiatric disorders. The gene regulatory network (GRN) response to neurotoxic METH binge remains unclear in most brain regions. Here we examined the effects of binge METH on the GRN in the nucleus accumbens, dentate gyrus, Ammon's horn, and subventricular zone in male rats. At 24 h after METH, ~16% of genes displayed altered expression and over a quarter of previously open chromatin regions - parts of the genome where genes are typically active - showed shifts in their accessibility. Intriguingly, most changes were unique to each area studied, and independent regulation between transcriptome and chromatin accessibility was observed. Unexpectedly, METH differentially impacted gene activity and chromatin accessibility within the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn. Around 70% of the affected chromatin-accessible regions in the rat brain have conserved DNA sequences in the human genome. These regions frequently act as enhancers, ramping up the activity of nearby genes, and contain mutations linked to various neurological conditions. By sketching out the gene regulatory networks associated with binge METH in specific brain regions, our study offers fresh insights into how METH can trigger profound, region-specific molecular shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benpeng Miao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genomic Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xing
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genomic Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Pamela Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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d’Apolito M, Ceccarini C, Savino R, Adipietro I, di Bari I, Santacroce R, Curcetti M, D’Andrea G, Croce AI, Cesarano C, Polito AN, Margaglione M. A Novel KCNN2 Variant in a Family with Essential Tremor Plus: Clinical Characteristics and In Silico Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1380. [PMID: 37510285 PMCID: PMC10379157 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is one of the more common movement disorders. Current diagnosis is solely based on clinical findings. ET appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Several loci on specific chromosomes have been studied by linkage analysis, but the causes of essential tremor are still unknown in many patients. Genetic studies described the association of several genes with familial ET. However, they were found only in distinct families, suggesting that some can be private pathogenic variants. AIM OF THE STUDY to characterize the phenotype of an Italian family with ET and identify the genetic variant associated. METHODS Clinical and genetic examinations were performed. Genetic testing was done with whole-exome sequencing (WES) using the Illumina platform. Bidirectional capillary Sanger sequencing was used to investigate the presence of variant in all affected members of the family. In silico prediction of pathogenicity was used to study the effect of gene variants on protein structure. RESULTS The proband was a 15-year-old boy. The patient was the first of two children of a non-consanguineous couple. Family history was remarkable for tremor in the mother line. His mother suffered from bilateral upper extremity kinetic tremors (since she was 20 years old), anxiety, and depression. Other relatives referred bilateral upper extremity tremors. In the index case, WES analysis performed supposing a dominant mode of inheritance, identified a novel heterozygous missense variant in potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 2 (KCNN2) (NM_021614.3: c.1145G>A, p.Gly382Asp). In the pedigree investigation, all carriers of the gene variant had ET and showed variable expressivity, the elder symptomatic relative showing cognitive impairment and hallucinations in the last decade, in addition to tremor since a young age. The amino acid residue #382 is located in a transmembrane region and in silico analysis suggested a causative role for the variant. Modelling of the mutant protein structure showed that the variant causes a clash in the protein structure. Therefore, the variant could cause a conformational change that alters the ability of the protein in the modulation of ion channels Conclusions: The KCNN2 gene variant identified could be associated with ET. The variant could modify a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria d’Apolito
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Caterina Ceccarini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Rosa Savino
- Neuropsychiatry for Child and Adolescent Unit, Department of Woman and Child, Policlinico Riuniti, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (R.S.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Iolanda Adipietro
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Ighli di Bari
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Rosa Santacroce
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Curcetti
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Giovanna D’Andrea
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Anna-Irma Croce
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Carla Cesarano
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Anna Nunzia Polito
- Neuropsychiatry for Child and Adolescent Unit, Department of Woman and Child, Policlinico Riuniti, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (R.S.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Maurizio Margaglione
- Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy; (M.d.); (C.C.); (I.A.); (I.d.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (G.D.); (A.-I.C.); (C.C.)
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8
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Kaplow IM, Lawler AJ, Schäffer DE, Srinivasan C, Sestili HH, Wirthlin ME, Phan BN, Prasad K, Brown AR, Zhang X, Foley K, Genereux DP, Karlsson EK, Lindblad-Toh K, Meyer WK, Pfenning AR, Andrews G, Armstrong JC, Bianchi M, Birren BW, Bredemeyer KR, Breit AM, Christmas MJ, Clawson H, Damas J, Di Palma F, Diekhans M, Dong MX, Eizirik E, Fan K, Fanter C, Foley NM, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Garcia CJ, Gatesy J, Gazal S, Genereux DP, Goodman L, Grimshaw J, Halsey MK, Harris AJ, Hickey G, Hiller M, Hindle AG, Hubley RM, Hughes GM, Johnson J, Juan D, Kaplow IM, Karlsson EK, Keough KC, Kirilenko B, Koepfli KP, Korstian JM, Kowalczyk A, Kozyrev SV, Lawler AJ, Lawless C, Lehmann T, Levesque DL, Lewin HA, Li X, Lind A, Lindblad-Toh K, Mackay-Smith A, Marinescu VD, Marques-Bonet T, Mason VC, Meadows JRS, Meyer WK, Moore JE, Moreira LR, Moreno-Santillan DD, Morrill KM, Muntané G, Murphy WJ, Navarro A, Nweeia M, Ortmann S, Osmanski A, Paten B, Paulat NS, Pfenning AR, Phan BN, Pollard KS, Pratt HE, Ray DA, Reilly SK, Rosen JR, Ruf I, Ryan L, Ryder OA, Sabeti PC, Schäffer DE, Serres A, Shapiro B, Smit AFA, Springer M, Srinivasan C, Steiner C, Storer JM, Sullivan KAM, Sullivan PF, Sundström E, Supple MA, Swofford R, Talbot JE, Teeling E, Turner-Maier J, Valenzuela A, Wagner F, Wallerman O, Wang C, Wang J, Weng Z, Wilder AP, Wirthlin ME, Xue JR, Zhang X. Relating enhancer genetic variation across mammals to complex phenotypes using machine learning. Science 2023; 380:eabm7993. [PMID: 37104615 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein-coding differences between species often fail to explain phenotypic diversity, suggesting the involvement of genomic elements that regulate gene expression such as enhancers. Identifying associations between enhancers and phenotypes is challenging because enhancer activity can be tissue-dependent and functionally conserved despite low sequence conservation. We developed the Tissue-Aware Conservation Inference Toolkit (TACIT) to associate candidate enhancers with species' phenotypes using predictions from machine learning models trained on specific tissues. Applying TACIT to associate motor cortex and parvalbumin-positive interneuron enhancers with neurological phenotypes revealed dozens of enhancer-phenotype associations, including brain size-associated enhancers that interact with genes implicated in microcephaly or macrocephaly. TACIT provides a foundation for identifying enhancers associated with the evolution of any convergently evolved phenotype in any large group of species with aligned genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Kaplow
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa J Lawler
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Schäffer
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chaitanya Srinivasan
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather H Sestili
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Morgan E Wirthlin
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - BaDoi N Phan
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kavya Prasad
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Foley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Diane P Genereux
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wynn K Meyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Andreas R Pfenning
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Cao L, Gu L, Pu J, Lv D, Tian J, Yin X, Gao T, Song Z, Lu J, Zhao G, Zhang B, Yan Y, Zhao G. Association Analysis of 27 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in a Chinese Population with Essential Tremor. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:205-213. [PMID: 36929462 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a major role in essential tremor (ET) pathogenesis. This study aimed to assess variant burden in ET-associated genes in a relatively large Chinese population cohort. We genotyped 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously reported to be associated with ET by multiplex PCR amplicon sequencing assay in 488 familial and sporadic ET patients and 514 healthy controls (HCs). Then, we performed allelic and genotypic association test by Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. A total of 1002 samples were included in our analysis, consisting of 488 ET patients and 514 sex and age-matched HCs. For rs10937625, the C allele was linked to increased risk of ET (P = 0.019, OR = 1.503, 95% CI = 1.172-1.928). The carriers of the C/C homozygote and C/T heterozygote showed a significantly higher risk of ET, compared with the T/T homozygote under the dominant model (P = 0.019, OR = 1.628, 95% CI = 1.221-2.170). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of other SNPs between ET patients and healthy controls. Rs10937625 (STK32B) may increase the risk of ET in eastern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiao Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luyan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayao Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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A Data-Mining Approach to Identify NF-kB-Responsive microRNAs in Tissues Involved in Inflammatory Processes: Potential Relevance in Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065123. [PMID: 36982191 PMCID: PMC10049099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor NF-kB is the master transcription factor in the inflammatory process by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. However, an additional level of complexity is the ability to promote the transcriptional activation of post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression as non-coding RNA (i.e., miRNAs). While NF-kB’s role in inflammation-associated gene expression has been extensively investigated, the interplay between NF-kB and genes coding for miRNAs still deserves investigation. To identify miRNAs with potential NF-kB binding sites in their transcription start site, we predicted miRNA promoters by an in silico analysis using the PROmiRNA software, which allowed us to score the genomic region’s propensity to be miRNA cis-regulatory elements. A list of 722 human miRNAs was generated, of which 399 were expressed in at least one tissue involved in the inflammatory processes. The selection of “high-confidence” hairpins in miRbase identified 68 mature miRNAs, most of them previously identified as inflammamiRs. The identification of targeted pathways/diseases highlighted their involvement in the most common age-related diseases. Overall, our results reinforce the hypothesis that persistent activation of NF-kB could unbalance the transcription of specific inflammamiRNAs. The identification of such miRNAs could be of diagnostic/prognostic/therapeutic relevance for the most common inflammatory-related and age-related diseases.
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11
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Durán A, Priestman DA, Las Heras M, Rebolledo-Jaramillo B, Olguín V, Calderón JF, Zanlungo S, Gutiérrez J, Platt FM, Klein AD. A Mouse Systems Genetics Approach Reveals Common and Uncommon Genetic Modifiers of Hepatic Lysosomal Enzyme Activities and Glycosphingolipids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054915. [PMID: 36902345 PMCID: PMC10002577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of genetic modulators of lysosomal enzyme activities and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) may facilitate the development of therapeutics for diseases in which they participate, including Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs). To this end, we used a systems genetics approach: we measured 11 hepatic lysosomal enzymes and many of their natural substrates (GSLs), followed by modifier gene mapping by GWAS and transcriptomics associations in a panel of inbred strains. Unexpectedly, most GSLs showed no association between their levels and the enzyme activity that catabolizes them. Genomic mapping identified 30 shared predicted modifier genes between the enzymes and GSLs, which are clustered in three pathways and are associated with other diseases. Surprisingly, they are regulated by ten common transcription factors, and their majority by miRNA-340p. In conclusion, we have identified novel regulators of GSL metabolism, which may serve as therapeutic targets for LSDs and may suggest the involvement of GSL metabolism in other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyelo Durán
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | | | - Macarena Las Heras
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Boris Rebolledo-Jaramillo
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Valeria Olguín
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Juan F. Calderón
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330033, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 7510602, Chile
| | - Frances M. Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Andrés D. Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence:
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12
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A proteogenomic view of Parkinson's disease causality and heterogeneity. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 36774388 PMCID: PMC9922273 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis and clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been evaluated from molecular, pathophysiological, and clinical perspectives. High-throughput proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opened new opportunities for scrutinizing this heterogeneity. To date, this is the most comprehensive CSF-based proteomics profiling study in PD with 569 patients (350 idiopathic patients, 65 GBA + mutation carriers and 154 LRRK2 + mutation carriers), 534 controls, and 4135 proteins analyzed. Combining CSF aptamer-based proteomics with genetics we determined protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs). Analyses of pQTLs together with summary statistics from the largest PD genome wide association study (GWAS) identified 68 potential causal proteins by Mendelian randomization. The top causal protein, GPNMB, was previously reported to be upregulated in the substantia nigra of PD patients. We also compared the CSF proteomes of patients and controls. Proteome differences between GBA + patients and unaffected GBA + controls suggest degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, altered dopamine metabolism and increased brain inflammation. In the LRRK2 + subcohort we found dysregulated lysosomal degradation, altered alpha-synuclein processing, and neurotransmission. Proteome differences between idiopathic patients and controls suggest increased neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction/oxidative stress, altered iron metabolism and potential neuroprotection mediated by vasoactive substances. Finally, we used proteomic data to stratify idiopathic patients into "endotypes". The identified endotypes show differences in cognitive and motor disease progression based on previously reported protein-based risk scores.Our findings not only contribute to the identification of new therapeutic targets but also to shape personalized medicine in CNS neurodegeneration.
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13
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Chi W, Wu M, Wang HL, Wu QY, Zhang YP, Hu YN, Zhu YB, Lin XF, Chen T, Luo JW, Ruan XL, Li YF. Han family with essential tremor caused by the P421L variant of the TENM4 gene in China. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:2003-2015. [PMID: 36689009 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential tremor (ET) is an autosomal dominant inheritance disorder. Mutations in fusion sarcoma (FUS), mitochondrial serine peptidase 2 (HTRA2), teneurin transmembrane protein 4 (TENM4), sortilin1 (SORT1), SCN11A, and notch2N-terminal-like (NOTCH2NLC) genes are associated with familial ET. METHODS A proband with ET was tested using whole-exome sequencing and repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, the family members were screened for the suspected mutation, and the results were verified using Sanger sequencing. The relationship between pedigree and phenotype was also analyzed, and structural and functional changes in the variants were predicted using bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS In a family with ET, the proband (III4) and the proband's father (II1), grandfather (I1), uncle (II2), and cousin (III5) all presented with involuntary tremors of both upper limbs. The responsible mutation was identified as TENM4 c.1262C > T (p.P421L), which showed genetic co-segregation in the family survey. AlphaFold predicted a change in the spatial position of TENM4 after the P421L mutation, which may have affected its stability. AlphaFold also predicted P421L to be a deleterious variation, which would lead to lower degrees of freedom of the TENM4 protein, thereby affecting the protein's structure and stability. According to the bioinformatics analysis, TENM4 (p.P421L) may reduce the signal reaching the nucleus by affecting the expression of TENM4 messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby impairing the normal oligodendrocyte differentiation process and leading to impaired myelination. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the TENM4 (p.P421L) pathogenic missense variation was responsible for ET in the proband.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Chi
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Emergency Department, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Institute of Emergency MedicineFujian Emergency Medical Center, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Min Wu
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Han-Lu Wang
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Wu
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ya-Nan Hu
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yao-Bin Zhu
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xin-Fu Lin
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Jie-Wei Luo
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China. .,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Xing-Lin Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Yun-Fei Li
- Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China. .,Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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14
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Burton EA, Burgess HA. A Critical Review of Zebrafish Neurological Disease Models-2. Application: Functional and Neuroanatomical Phenotyping Strategies and Chemical Screens. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2:kvac019. [PMID: 37637775 PMCID: PMC10455049 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Extensive phylogenetic conservation of molecular pathways and neuroanatomical structures, associated with efficient methods for genetic modification, have been exploited increasingly to generate zebrafish models of human disease. A range of powerful approaches can be deployed to analyze these models with the ultimate goal of elucidating pathogenic mechanisms and accelerating efforts to find effective treatments. Unbiased neurobehavioral assays can provide readouts that parallel clinical abnormalities found in patients, although some of the most useful assays quantify responses that are not routinely evaluated clinically, and differences between zebrafish and human brains preclude expression of the full range of neurobehavioral abnormalities seen in disease. Imaging approaches that use fluorescent reporters and standardized brain atlases coupled with quantitative measurements of brain structure offer an unbiased means to link experimental manipulations to changes in neural architecture. Together, quantitative structural and functional analyses allow dissection of the cellular and physiological basis underlying neurological phenotypes. These approaches can be used as outputs in chemical modifier screens, which provide a major opportunity to exploit zebrafish models to identify small molecule modulators of pathophysiology that may be informative for understanding disease mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Harold A Burgess
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Yang Y, Guan B, Wei Q, Wang W, Meng A. Morphine analgesia in male inbred genetic diversity mice recapitulates the among-individual variance in response to morphine in humans. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:288-296. [PMID: 35656737 PMCID: PMC9240740 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is a widely used analgesic, but its use in clinical precision medicine is limited by the variance in response among individuals. Although previous studies have shown that individual differences in morphine can be explained in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, genetic polymorphisms also play an important role. However, the genetic basis of different sensitivity and tolerance susceptibility to morphine remains ambiguous. Using 15 strains of inbred Genetic Diversity (GD) mice, a new resource with wide genetic and phenotypic variation, we demonstrated great variance in sensitivity to morphine analgesia and susceptibility to morphine tolerance between different GD strains. Among-individual variance in response to morphine analgesia in the population can be modeled in GD mice. Two loci respectively may be associated with the among-individual variance in morphine sensitivity and tolerance, confirming the role of genetic factors in among-individual different responses to morphine. These results indicate that GD mice may be a potential tool for the identification of new biomarkers to improve the clinical administration of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Laboratory Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Bowen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Laboratory Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Laboratory Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Laboratory Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
| | - Aimin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Laboratory Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
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16
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Mahadevan J, Sud R, Nadella RK, Vani P, Subramaniam AG, Paul P, Ganapathy A, Mannan AU, Chandru V, Viswanath B, Purushottam M, Jain S. Targeted Sequencing Detects Variants That May Contribute to the Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Indian J Psychol Med 2022; 44:516-522. [PMID: 36157006 PMCID: PMC9460021 DOI: 10.1177/0253717621993672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Mahadevan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Reeteka Sud
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Nadella
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pulaparambil Vani
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand G Subramaniam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradip Paul
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aparna Ganapathy
- Strand Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Strand Life Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashraf U Mannan
- Strand Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Strand Life Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Chandru
- Strand Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Strand Life Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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17
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Castonguay CE, Liao C, Khayachi A, Liu Y, Medeiros M, Houle G, Ross JP, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Transcriptomic effects of propranolol and primidone converge on molecular pathways relevant to essential tremor. NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:46. [PMID: 35927430 PMCID: PMC9352876 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, affecting nearly 5% of individuals over 65 years old. Despite this, few genetic risk loci for ET have been identified. Recent advances in pharmacogenomics have previously been useful to identify disease related molecular targets. Notably, gene expression has proven to be quite successful for the inference of drug response in cell models. We sought to leverage this approach in the context of ET where many patients are responsive to two drugs: propranolol and primidone. In this study, cerebellar DAOY and neural progenitor cells were treated for 5 days with clinical concentrations of propranolol and primidone, after which RNA-sequencing was used to identify convergent differentially expressed genes across treatments. Propranolol was found to affect the expression of genes previously associated with ET and other movement disorders such as TRAPPC11. Pathway enrichment analysis of these convergent drug-targeted genes identified multiple terms related to calcium signaling, endosomal sorting, axon guidance, and neuronal morphology. Furthermore, genes targeted by ET drugs were enriched within cell types having high expression of ET-related genes in both cortical and cerebellar tissues. Altogether, our results highlight potential cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with tremor reduction and identify relevant genetic biomarkers for drug-responsiveness in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Etienne Castonguay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anouar Khayachi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yumin Liu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Miranda Medeiros
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay P Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Li A, Liao W, Xie J, Song L, Zhang X. Plasma Proteins as Occupational Hazard Risk Monitors for Populations Working in Harsh Environments: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:852572. [PMID: 35602164 PMCID: PMC9120921 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.852572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Harsh work environments can include very cold, hot, dusty, and noisy workplaces, as well as exposure in the workplace with chemicals and other fumes, cigarette smoke, and diesel exhaust. Although working in these harsh environments can have a negative effect on health, there are no effective biomarkers for monitoring health conditions until workers develop disease symptoms. Plasma protein concentrations, which reflect metabolism and immune status, have great potential as biomarkers for various health conditions. Using a Mendelian-randomization (MR) design, this study analyzed the effects of these harsh environments on plasma proteins to identify proteins that can be used as biomarkers of health status. Preliminary analysis using inverse variance weighted (IVW) method with a p-value cutoff of 0.05 showed that workplace environments could affect the concentrations of hundreds of plasma proteins. After filtering for sensitivity via MR-Egger, and Weighted Median MR approaches, 28 plasma proteins altered by workplace environments were identified. Further MR analysis showed that 20 of these plasma proteins, including UNC5D, IGFBP1, SCG3, ST3GAL6, and ST3GAL2 are affected by noisy workplace environments; TFF1, RBM39, ACYP2, STAT3, GRB2, CXCL1, EIF1AD, CSNK1G2, and CRKL that are affected by chemical fumes; ADCYAP1, NRSN1, TMEM132A, and CA10 that are affected by passive smoking; LILRB2, and TENM4 that are affected by diesel exhaust, are associated with the risk of at least one disease. These proteins have the potential to serve as biomarkers to monitor the occupational hazards risk of workers working in corresponding environments. These findings also provide clues to study the biological mechanisms of occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyang Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowen Zhang
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19
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Zhang X, Lin PY, Liakath-Ali K, Südhof TC. Teneurins assemble into presynaptic nanoclusters that promote synapse formation via postsynaptic non-teneurin ligands. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2297. [PMID: 35484136 PMCID: PMC9050732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies concluded that homophilic interactions between pre- and postsynaptic teneurins, evolutionarily conserved cell-adhesion molecules, encode the specificity of synaptic connections. However, no direct evidence is available to demonstrate that teneurins are actually required on both pre- and postsynaptic neurons for establishing synaptic connections, nor is it known whether teneurins are localized to synapses. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that Teneurin-3 assembles into presynaptic nanoclusters of approximately 80 nm in most excitatory synapses of the hippocampus. Presynaptic deletions of Teneurin-3 and Teneurin-4 in the medial entorhinal cortex revealed that they are required for assembly of entorhinal cortex-CA1, entorhinal cortex-subiculum, and entorhinal cortex-dentate gyrus synapses. Postsynaptic deletions of teneurins in the CA1 region, however, had no effect on synaptic connections from any presynaptic input. Our data suggest that different from the current prevailing view, teneurins promote the establishment of synaptic connections exclusively as presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules, most likely via their nanomolar-affinity binding to postsynaptic latrophilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kif Liakath-Ali
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
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20
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Pandey S. Is essential tremor a family of diseases or a syndrome? A syndrome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 163:31-59. [PMID: 35750367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a consensus statement, a task force of the "International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society" (IPMDS) has recently proposed a two axes classification for tremor: axis I (clinical manifestations) and axis II (etiology). In the axis, I, the clinical features of tremor in a given patient are specified in terms of medical history, tremor characteristics, associated signs, and laboratory tests for some tremors leading to the discovery of axis 2 etiologies. Based on axis I sign and symptoms a specific clinical syndrome is diagnosed which have been categorized as isolated tremor syndrome (a syndrome consisting only of tremor) and combined tremor syndrome (consisting of tremor and other systemic or neurological signs). The IPMDS task force defined essential tremor as an isolated tremor syndrome of bilateral upper limb action tremor of at least 3years duration with or without a tremor in other locations (e.g., head, voice or lower limbs) in absence of other neurological signs, such as dystonia, ataxia, or parkinsonism. Patients with neurological signs of uncertain significance (such as impaired tandem gait, questionable dystonic posturing, or memory impairment) are classified as essential tremor plus. In this paper, the author will make the argument that essential tremor is a syndrome with multiple causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Pant Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
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21
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Latorre A, Hallett M, Deuschl G, Bhatia KP. The MDS consensus tremor classification: The best way to classify patients with tremor at present. J Neurol Sci 2022; 435:120191. [PMID: 35247714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, the new Consensus Statement on the Classification of Tremors, by the Task Force on Tremor of the International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society, was published. So far, the article has been cited more than 400 times in peer-reviewed international journals and commonly debated in conferences and meetings due to an enthusiastic welcome from the community. Compared to the previous Consensus Statement (1998), the main novelties are: 1) the classification of tremor according to clinical manifestation (Axis 1) and etiology (Axis 2), and therefore the use of a syndromic approach; 2) the definition of essential tremor as a syndrome; 3) the recognition of the new category essential tremor plus, that derives from the uncertain significance of the soft neurological signs often associated with essential tremor. In this paper, we summarise and explain the most important aspects of the new classification of tremors, highlighting the main novelties, their relevance, and application in clinical practice. Moreover, we discuss its possible weakness and reflect on the critical comments made so far. We believe that this new tremor classification is comprehensive, rigorous, and consistent and, considering our current knowledge of tremor syndromes, it is the best we can do at present. This article is part of the Special Issue "Tremor" edited by Daniel D. Truong, Mark Hallett, and Aasef Shaikh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, UKSH, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, besides genome-wide association studies, a variety of other genetic analyses (e.g. polygenic risk scores, whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing) have been conducted, and a large amount of data has been gathered for investigating the involvement of common, rare and very rare types of DNA sequence variants in bipolar disorder. Also, non-invasive neuroimaging methods can be used to quantify changes in brain structure and function in patients with bipolar disorder. AIMS To provide a comprehensive assessment of genetic findings associated with bipolar disorder, based on the evaluation of different genomic approaches and neuroimaging studies. METHOD We conducted a PubMed search of all relevant literatures from the beginning to the present, by querying related search strings. RESULTS ANK3, CACNA1C, SYNE1, ODZ4 and TRANK1 are five genes that have been replicated as key gene candidates in bipolar disorder pathophysiology, through the investigated studies. The percentage of phenotypic variance explained by the identified variants is small (approximately 4.7%). Bipolar disorder polygenic risk scores are associated with other psychiatric phenotypes. The ENIGMA-BD studies show a replicable pattern of lower cortical thickness, altered white matter integrity and smaller subcortical volumes in bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS The low amount of explained phenotypic variance highlights the need for further large-scale investigations, especially among non-European populations, to achieve a more complete understanding of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder and the missing heritability. Combining neuroimaging data with genetic data in large-scale studies might help researchers acquire a better knowledge of the engaged brain regions in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Oraki Kohshour
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, USA
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23
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Meijer DH, Frias CP, Beugelink JW, Deurloo YN, Janssen BJC. Teneurin4 dimer structures reveal a calcium‐stabilized compact conformation supporting homomeric trans‐interactions. EMBO J 2022; 41:e107505. [PMID: 35099835 PMCID: PMC9058538 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of correct synaptic connections is a crucial step during neural circuitry formation. The Teneurin family of neuronal transmembrane proteins promotes cell–cell adhesion via homophilic and heterophilic interactions, and is required for synaptic partner matching in the visual and hippocampal systems in vertebrates. It remains unclear how individual Teneurins form macromolecular cis‐ and trans‐synaptic protein complexes. Here, we present a 2.7 Å cryo‐EM structure of the dimeric ectodomain of human Teneurin4. The structure reveals a compact conformation of the dimer, stabilized by interactions mediated by the C‐rich, YD‐shell, and ABD domains. A 1.5 Å crystal structure of the C‐rich domain shows three conserved calcium binding sites, and thermal unfolding assays and SAXS‐based rigid‐body modeling demonstrate that the compactness and stability of Teneurin4 dimers are calcium‐dependent. Teneurin4 dimers form a more extended conformation in conditions that lack calcium. Cellular assays reveal that the compact cis‐dimer is compatible with homomeric trans‐interactions. Together, these findings support a role for teneurins as a scaffold for macromolecular complex assembly and the establishment of cis‐ and trans‐synaptic interactions to construct functional neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Bionanoscience Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Cátia P Frias
- Department of Bionanoscience Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Beugelink
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yanthi N Deurloo
- Department of Bionanoscience Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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24
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Role and Involvement of TENM4 and miR-708 in Breast Cancer Development and Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010172. [PMID: 35011736 PMCID: PMC8750459 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Teneurin 4 (TENM4) is a transmembrane protein that is codified by the ODZ4 gene and is involved in nervous system development, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal differentiation. In line with its involvement in the nervous system, TENM4 has also been implicated in several mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. TENM4 mutations and rearrangements have recently been identified in a number of tumors. This, combined with impaired expression in tumors, suggests that it may potentially be involved in tumorigenesis. Most of the TENM4 mutations that are observed in tumors occur in breast cancer, in which TENM4 plays a role in cells’ migration and stemness. However, the functional role that TENM4 plays in breast cancer still needs to be better evaluated, and further studies are required to better understand the involvement of TENM4 in breast cancer progression. Herein, we review the currently available data for TENM4′s role in breast cancer and propose its use as both a novel target with which to ameliorate patient prognosis and as a potential biomarker. Moreover, we also report data on the tumorigenic role of miR-708 deregulation and the possible use of this miRNA as a novel therapeutic molecule, as miR-708 is spliced out from TENM4 mRNA.
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25
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Liao C, Castonguay CE, Heilbron K, Vuokila V, Medeiros M, Houle G, Akçimen F, Ross JP, Catoire H, Diez-Fairen M, Kang J, Mueller SH, Girard SL, Hopfner F, Lorenz D, Clark LN, Soto-Beasley AI, Klebe S, Hallett M, Wszolek ZK, Pendziwiat M, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Seppi K, Berg D, Vilariño-Güell C, Postuma RB, Bernard G, Dupré N, Jankovic J, Testa CM, Ross OA, Arzberger T, Chouinard S, Louis ED, Mandich P, Vitale C, Barone P, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Pastor P, Rajput A, Deuschl G, Kuhlenbaümer G, Meijer IA, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Association of Essential Tremor With Novel Risk Loci: A Genome-Wide Association Study and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:185-193. [PMID: 34982113 PMCID: PMC8728658 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Question Can common genetic variants associated with essential tremor (ET) be identified? Findings In this genome-wide association study and meta-analysis including genetic data on 483 054 individuals, 5 genome-wide significant loci were associated with risk of ET and common variants were associated with approximately 18% of ET heritability. Meaning Findings of this study may help identify new genes and inform ET biology. Importance Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, affecting 5% of the general population older than 65 years. Common variants are thought to contribute toward susceptibility to ET, but no variants have been robustly identified. Objective To identify common genetic factors associated with risk of ET. Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control genome-wide association study. Inverse-variance meta-analysis was used to combine cohorts. Multicenter samples collected from European populations were collected from January 2010 to September 2019 as part of an ongoing study. Included patients were clinically diagnosed with or reported having ET. Control individuals were not diagnosed with or reported to have ET. Of 485 250 individuals, data for 483 054 passed data quality control and were used. Main Outcomes and Measures Genotypes of common variants associated with risk of ET. Results Of the 483 054 individuals included, there were 7177 with ET (3693 [51.46%] female; mean [SD] age, 62.66 [15.12] years), and 475 877 control individuals (253 785 [53.33%] female; mean [SD] age, 56.40 [17.6] years). Five independent genome-wide significant loci and were identified and were associated with approximately 18% of ET heritability. Functional analyses found significant enrichment in the cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellum, and axonogenesis pathways. Genetic correlation (r), which measures the degree of genetic overlap, revealed significant common variant overlap with Parkinson disease (r, 0.28; P = 2.38 × 10−8) and depression (r, 0.12; P = 9.78 × 10−4). A separate fine-mapping of transcriptome-wide association hits identified genes such as BACE2, LRRN2, DHRS13, and LINC00323 in disease-relevant brain regions, such as the cerebellum. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this genome-wide association study suggest that a portion of ET heritability can be explained by common genetic variation and can help identify new common genetic risk factors for ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles-Etienne Castonguay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Veikko Vuokila
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Miranda Medeiros
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fulya Akçimen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jay P Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Helene Catoire
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jooeun Kang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stefanie H Mueller
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L Girard
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Delia Lorenz
- University Children's Hospital, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Lorraine N Clark
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oswaldo Lorenzo-Betancor
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carles Vilariño-Güell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (l'Enfant-Jésus), Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudia M Testa
- Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Owen A Ross
- Departments of Neuroscience and Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvain Chouinard
- Unité des troubles du mouvement André Barbeau, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Paola Mandich
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico, San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Carmine Vitale
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Barone
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (CEMAND), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UNEx, ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - José A G Agúndez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UNEx, ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua Terrassa, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rajput
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbaümer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Asif M, Mocanu ID, Abdullah U, Höhne W, Altmüller J, Makhdoom EUH, Thiele H, Baig SM, Nürnberg P, Graul-Neumann L, Hussain MS. A novel missense variant of SCN4A co-segregates with congenital essential tremor in a consanguineous Kurdish family. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:1251-1258. [PMID: 34913263 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder characterized by bilateral and symmetric postural, isometric, and kinetic tremors of forelimbs produced during voluntary movements. To date, only a single SCN4A variant has been suggested to cause ET. In continuation of the previous report on the association between SCN4A and ET in a family from Spain, we validated the pathogenicity of a novel SCN4A variant and its involvement in ET in a second family affected by this disease. We recruited a Kurdish family with four affected members manifesting congenital tremor. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel missense variant in SCN4A, NM_000334.4:c.4679C>T; p.(Pro1560Leu), thus corroborating SCN4A's role in ET. The residue is highly conserved across vertebrates and the substitution is predicted to be pathogenic by various in silico tools. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry performed in cells derived from one of the patients showed reduced immunoreactivity of SCN4A as compared to control cells. The study provides supportive evidence for the role of SCN4A in the etiology of ET and expands the phenotypic spectrum of channelopathies to this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asif
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ionut Dragos Mocanu
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uzma Abdullah
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Wolfgang Höhne
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ehtisham Ul Haq Makhdoom
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luitgard Graul-Neumann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, with a reported >60 million affected individuals worldwide. The definition and underlying pathophysiology of ET are contentious. Patients present primarily with motor features such as postural and action tremors, but may also have other non-motor features, including cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Genetics account for most of the ET risk but environmental factors may also be involved. However, the variable penetrance and challenges in validating data make gene-environment analysis difficult. Structural changes in cerebellar Purkinje cells and neighbouring neuronal populations have been observed in post-mortem studies, and other studies have found GABAergic dysfunction and dysregulation of the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuitry. Commonly prescribed medications include propranolol and primidone. Deep brain stimulation and ultrasound thalamotomy are surgical options in patients with medically intractable ET. Further research in post-mortem studies, and animal and cell-based models may help identify new pathophysiological clues and therapeutic targets and, together with advances in omics and machine learning, may facilitate the development of precision medicine for patients with ET.
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28
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Yi X, Li M, He G, Du H, Li X, Cao D, Wang L, Wu X, Yang F, Chen X, He L, Ping Y, Zhou D. Genetic and functional analysis reveals TENM4 contributes to schizophrenia. iScience 2021; 24:103063. [PMID: 34568788 PMCID: PMC8449235 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TENM4, encoding a member of the teneurin protein family, is a risk gene shared by many types of mental diseases and is implicated in neuronal plasticity and signaling. However, the role and the mechanisms of TENM4 in schizophrenia (SCZ) remain unclear. We identified possible pathogenic mutations in the TENM4 gene through target sequencing of TENM4 in 68 SCZ families. We further demonstrated that aberrant expression of Ten-m leads to lower learning ability, sleep reduction, and increased aggressiveness in animal models. RNA sequencing showed that aberrant expression of Ten-m was related to stimulus perception and metabolic process, and Gene Ontology enrichment terms were neurogenesis and ATPase activity. This study provides strong evidence that TENM4 contributes to SCZ, and its functional mutations might be responsible for the impaired neural circuits and behaviors observed in SCZ. Possible pathogenic rare missense mutations in TENM4 gene contribute to SCZ Aberrant expression of Ten-m leads to behavioral disturbances related to SCZ symptoms Ten-m affects stimulation, metabolic process, neurogenesis, and ATPase activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Minzhe Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Du
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Xuhui Branch, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Ping
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daizhan Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200030, PR China
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Pagin M, Pernebrink M, Pitasi M, Malighetti F, Ngan CY, Ottolenghi S, Pavesi G, Cantù C, Nicolis SK. FOS Rescues Neuronal Differentiation of Sox2-Deleted Neural Stem Cells by Genome-Wide Regulation of Common SOX2 and AP1(FOS-JUN) Target Genes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071757. [PMID: 34359927 PMCID: PMC8303191 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 is important for brain development and for neural stem cells (NSC) maintenance. Sox2-deleted (Sox2-del) NSC from neonatal mouse brain are lost after few passages in culture. Two highly expressed genes, Fos and Socs3, are strongly downregulated in Sox2-del NSC; we previously showed that Fos or Socs3 overexpression by lentiviral transduction fully rescues NSC's long-term maintenance in culture. Sox2-del NSC are severely defective in neuronal production when induced to differentiate. NSC rescued by Sox2 reintroduction correctly differentiate into neurons. Similarly, Fos transduction rescues normal or even increased numbers of immature neurons expressing beta-tubulinIII, but not more differentiated markers (MAP2). Additionally, many cells with both beta-tubulinIII and GFAP expression appear, indicating that FOS stimulates the initial differentiation of a "mixed" neuronal/glial progenitor. The unexpected rescue by FOS suggested that FOS, a SOX2 transcriptional target, might act on neuronal genes, together with SOX2. CUT&RUN analysis to detect genome-wide binding of SOX2, FOS, and JUN (the AP1 complex) revealed that a high proportion of genes expressed in NSC are bound by both SOX2 and AP1. Downregulated genes in Sox2-del NSC are highly enriched in genes that are also expressed in neurons, and a high proportion of the "neuronal" genes are bound by both SOX2 and AP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Mattias Pernebrink
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mattia Pitasi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Federica Malighetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Chew-Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA;
| | - Sergio Ottolenghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (S.O.)
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20134 Milano, Italy;
| | - Claudio Cantù
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (S.K.N.)
| | - Silvia K. Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.P.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (S.O.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (S.K.N.)
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30
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Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Álvarez I, Pastor P, Agúndez JAG. Genomic Markers for Essential Tremor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060516. [PMID: 34072005 PMCID: PMC8226734 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many reports suggesting an important role of genetic factors in the etiopathogenesis of essential tremor (ET), encouraging continuing the research for possible genetic markers. Linkage studies in families with ET have identified 4 genes/loci for familial ET, although the responsible gene(s) have not been identified. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) described several variants in LINGO1, SLC1A2, STK32B, PPARGC1A, and CTNNA3, related with ET, but none of them have been confirmed in replication studies. In addition, the case-control association studies performed for candidate variants have not convincingly linked any gene with the risk for ET. Exome studies described the association of several genes with familial ET (FUS, HTRA2, TENM4, SORT1, SCN11A, NOTCH2NLC, NOS3, KCNS2, HAPLN4, USP46, CACNA1G, SLIT3, CCDC183, MMP10, and GPR151), but they were found only in singular families and, again, not found in other families or other populations, suggesting that some can be private polymorphisms. The search for responsible genes for ET is still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Javier Jiménez-Jiménez
- Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, E28500 Arganda del Rey, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-636-96-83-95; Fax: +34-913-28-07-04
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - Pau Pastor
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Fundació Docencia i Recerça Mútua de Terrassa, E08221 Terrassa, Spain; (I.Á.); (P.P.)
| | - José A. G. Agúndez
- ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, E10071 Caceres, Spain; (E.G.-M.); (J.A.G.A.)
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31
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Cortés-Montero E, Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Garzón-Niño J. Human HINT1 Mutant Proteins that Cause Axonal Motor Neuropathy Exhibit Anomalous Interactions with Partner Proteins. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1834-1845. [PMID: 33404983 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 14 kDa histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) is critical to maintain the normal function of motor neurons. Thus, a series of human HINT1 mutants cause autosomal recessive axonal neuropathy with neuromyotonia. HINT1 establishes a series of regulatory interactions with signaling proteins, some of which are enriched in motor neurons, such as the type 1 sigma receptor or intracellular domain (ICD) of transmembrane teneurin 1, both of which are also implicated in motor disturbances. In a previous study, we reported the capacity of HINT1 to remove the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) from a series of substrates and the influence of HINT1 mutants on this activity. We now report how human HINT1 mutations affect the interaction of HINT1 with the regulator of its SUMOylase activity, calcium-activated calmodulin, and its substrate SUMO. Moreover, HINT1 mutants exhibited anomalous interactions with G protein coupled receptors, such as the mu-opioid, and with glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as well. Additionally, these HINT1 mutants showed impaired associations with transcriptional regulators such as the regulator of G protein signaling Z2 protein and the cleaved N-terminal ICD of teneurin 1. Thus, the altered enzymatic activity of human HINT1 mutants and their anomalous interactions with partner proteins may disrupt signaling pathways essential to the normal function of human motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Cortés-Montero
- Neuropharmacology, Cajal Institute, Department of Translational Neuroscience, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Neuropharmacology, Cajal Institute, Department of Translational Neuroscience, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez
- Neuropharmacology, Cajal Institute, Department of Translational Neuroscience, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Garzón-Niño
- Neuropharmacology, Cajal Institute, Department of Translational Neuroscience, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Teneurins: Role in Cancer and Potential Role as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Targets for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052321. [PMID: 33652578 PMCID: PMC7956758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins have been identified in vertebrates as four different genes (TENM1-4), coding for membrane proteins that are mainly involved in embryonic and neuronal development. Genetic studies have correlated them with various diseases, including developmental problems, neurological disorders and congenital general anosmia. There is some evidence to suggest their possible involvement in cancer initiation and progression, and drug resistance. Indeed, mutations, chromosomal alterations and the deregulation of teneurins expression have been associated with several tumor types and patient survival. However, the role of teneurins in cancer-related regulatory networks is not fully understood, as both a tumor-suppressor role and pro-tumoral functions have been proposed, depending on tumor histotype. Here, we summarize and discuss the literature data on teneurins expression and their potential role in different tumor types, while highlighting the possibility of using teneurins as novel molecular diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as targets for cancer treatments, such as immunotherapy, in some tumors.
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33
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Liao C, Akçimen F, Diez-Fairen M, Houle G, Ross JP, Schmilovich Z, Spiegelman D, Vuokila V, Catoire H, Meijer IA, Pastor P, Rajput A, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Assessing the NOTCH2NLC GGC expansion in European patients with essential tremor. Brain 2021; 143:e89. [PMID: 33146671 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fulya Akçimen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jay P Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoe Schmilovich
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veikko Vuokila
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Catoire
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Inge A Meijer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pau Pastor
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Rajput
- Division of Neurology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Ruiu R, Barutello G, Arigoni M, Riccardo F, Conti L, Peppino G, Annaratone L, Marchiò C, Mengozzi G, Calogero RA, Cavallo F, Quaglino E. Identification of TENM4 as a Novel Cancer Stem Cell-Associated Molecule and Potential Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040894. [PMID: 33672732 PMCID: PMC7924390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) experience shorter overall survival compared to non-TNBC patients because of the high incidence of recurrences and metastases. This is due to the capacity of aggressive cancer cell subpopulations named cancer stem cells (CSC) to resist current therapies. To design more effective therapeutic strategies for TNBC patients, in this study we sought to identify functional targets expressed on CSC. Our analyses led us to propose teneurin 4 (TENM4) as a promising candidate for drug- and immune-based therapies due to its role in CSC self-renewal and migratory capacity and the inverse correlation between its expression and survival of TNBC patients. In addition, TENM4 detection in the plasma of tumor-bearing patients endorses its potentiality as a disease detection marker. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is insensitive to endocrine and Her2-directed therapies, making the development of TNBC-targeted therapies an unmet medical need. Since patients with TNBC frequently show a quicker relapse and metastatic progression compared to other breast cancer subtypes, we hypothesized that cancer stem cells (CSC) could have a role in TNBC. To identify putative TNBC CSC-associated targets, we compared the gene expression profiles of CSC-enriched tumorspheres and their parental cells grown as monolayer. Among the up-regulated genes coding for cell membrane-associated proteins, we selected Teneurin 4 (TENM4), involved in cell differentiation and deregulated in tumors of different histotypes, as the object for this study. Meta-analysis of breast cancer datasets shows that TENM4 mRNA is up-regulated in invasive carcinoma specimens compared to normal breast and that high expression of TENM4 correlates with a shorter relapse-free survival in TNBC patients. TENM4 silencing in mammary cancer cells significantly impaired tumorsphere-forming ability, migratory capacity and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) phosphorylation. Moreover, we found higher levels of TENM4 in plasma from tumor-bearing mice and TNBC patients compared to the healthy controls. Overall, our results indicate that TENM4 may act as a novel biomarker and target for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ruiu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Laura Conti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Giulia Peppino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Laura Annaratone
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (L.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (L.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Giulio Mengozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele Adolfo Calogero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (R.R.); (G.B.); (M.A.); (F.R.); (L.C.); (G.P.); (R.A.C.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116706457
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Przytycki PF, Pollard KS. CellWalker integrates single-cell and bulk data to resolve regulatory elements across cell types in complex tissues. Genome Biol 2021; 22:61. [PMID: 33583425 PMCID: PMC7883575 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell and bulk genomics assays have complementary strengths and weaknesses, and alone neither strategy can fully capture regulatory elements across the diversity of cells in complex tissues. We present CellWalker, a method that integrates single-cell open chromatin (scATAC-seq) data with gene expression (RNA-seq) and other data types using a network model that simultaneously improves cell labeling in noisy scATAC-seq and annotates cell type-specific regulatory elements in bulk data. We demonstrate CellWalker’s robustness to sparse annotations and noise using simulations and combined RNA-seq and ATAC-seq in individual cells. We then apply CellWalker to the developing brain. We identify cells transitioning between transcriptional states, resolve regulatory elements to cell types, and observe that autism and other neurological traits can be mapped to specific cell types through their regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Institute for Computational Health Sciences, Institute for Human Genetics, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Pu JL, Gao T, Si XL, Zheng R, Jin CY, Ruan Y, Fang Y, Chen Y, Song Z, Yin XZ, Yan YP, Tian J, Zhang BR. Parkinson's Disease in Teneurin Transmembrane Protein 4 ( TENM4) Mutation Carriers. Front Genet 2021; 11:598064. [PMID: 33414808 PMCID: PMC7783409 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.598064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the teneurin transmembrane protein 4 (TENM4) gene, known to be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders, have been identified in three pedigree of essential tremor (ET) from Spain. ET has overlapping clinical manifestations and epidemiological symptoms with Parkinson’s disease (PD), suggesting these two disorders may reflect common genetic risk factors. In this study, we investigated clinical and genetic manifestations in four unrelated pedigrees with both ET and PD in which TENM4 variants were identified. Methods We subsequently explored whether TENM4 variants contributed to the risk of developing PD. The frequency of TENM4 variants was evaluated from four PD pedigrees and other 407 subjects. Results The results revealed 12 different novel heterozygous variants, all at low frequency. A clear general enrichment of TENM4 variants was detected in early onset PD patients (p < 0.001, OR = 5.264, 95% CI = 1.957–14.158). Conclusion The results indicate that rare TENM4 variants may be associated with an increased risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Si
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Yao Jin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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37
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Diez-Fairen M, Houle G, Ortega-Cubero S, Bandres-Ciga S, Alvarez I, Carcel M, Ibañez L, Fernandez MV, Budde JP, Trotta JR, Tonda R, Chong JX, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Aguilar M, Tartari JP, Gironell A, García-Martín E, Agundez JA, Alonso-Navarro H, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Fernandez M, Valldeoriola F, Marti MJ, Tolosa E, Coria F, Pastor MA, Vilariño-Güell C, Rajput A, Dion PA, Cruchaga C, Rouleau GA, Pastor P. Exome-wide rare variant analysis in familial essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 82:109-116. [PMID: 33279834 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. Despite its high prevalence and heritability, its genetic etiology remains elusive with only a few susceptibility genes identified and poorly replicated. Our aim was to find novel candidate genes involved in ET predisposition through whole exome sequencing. METHODS We studied eight multigenerational families (N = 40 individuals) with an autosomal-dominant inheritance using a comprehensive strategy combining whole exome sequencing followed by case-control association testing of prioritized variants in a separate cohort comprising 521 ET cases and 596 controls. We further performed gene-based burden analyses in an additional dataset comprising 789 ET patients and 770 healthy individuals to investigate whether there was an enrichment of rare deleterious variants within our candidate genes. RESULTS Fifteen variants co-segregated with disease status in at least one of the families, among which rs749875462 in CCDC183, rs535864157 in MMP10 and rs114285050 in GPR151 showed a nominal association with ET. However, we found no significant enrichment of rare variants within these genes in cases compared with controls. Interestingly, MMP10 protein is involved in the inflammatory response to neuronal damage and has been previously associated with other neurological disorders. CONCLUSIONS We prioritized a set of promising genes, especially MMP10, for further genetic and functional studies in ET. Our study suggests that rare deleterious coding variants that markedly increase susceptibility to ET are likely to be found in many genes. Future studies are needed to replicate and further infer biological mechanisms and potential disease causality for our identified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alvarez
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Carcel
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ibañez
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Fernandez
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John P Budde
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jean-Rémi Trotta
- Centre Nacional d'Anàlisis Genòmic (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain & Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Tonda
- Centre Nacional d'Anàlisis Genòmic (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain & Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Miquel Aguilar
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan P Tartari
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Gironell
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, 08026, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martín
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UNEx. ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jose Ag Agundez
- University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, UNEx. ARADyAL Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | - Manel Fernandez
- María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, MDM-2017-0729, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Spain; Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Marti
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Coria
- Clinic for Nervous Disorders, Service of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria A Pastor
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carles Vilariño-Güell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Rajput
- Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program, University of Saskatchewan/Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació Docència i Recerca MútuaTerrassa, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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Liang D, Zhao Y, Pan H, Zhou X, He R, Zhou X, Yang J, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhou Z, Xu Q, Yan X, Li J, Guo J, Tang B, Sun Q. Rare variant analysis of essential tremor-associated genes in early-onset Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 8:119-125. [PMID: 33185019 PMCID: PMC7818165 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are the two most common movement disorders. A significant overlap in clinical features, epidemiology, imaging, and pathology suggests that PD and ET may also share common genetic risk factors. Previous studies have only assessed a limited number of ET‐associated genes in PD patients and vice versa. Consequently, the genetic association between PD and ET remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we systematically investigated a potential association between rare coding variants in ET‐associated genes and PD, in a relatively large Chinese population cohort. Methods To investigate the genetic association between ET and PD, we performed the sequence kernel association testing (SKAT‐O) to explore the variant burden of 33 ET‐associated genes, using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) data from 1494 early‐onset PD (EOPD) patients and 1357 control subjects from mainland China. Results We report that rare loss‐of‐function and damaging missense variants of TNEM4 are suggestively associated with EOPD (P = 0.026), damaging missense variants of TNEM4 alone are also suggestively associated with EOPD (P = 0.032). No other rare damaging variants in ET‐related genes were significantly associated with EOPD. Interpretation This is the first systematic analysis of ET‐associated genes in EOPD. The suggestive association between TNEM4 and EOPD provides new evidence for a genetic link between ET and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Liang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hongxu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Runcheng He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jinxia Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yige Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China.,Centre for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 41008, China
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Gao C, Huang T, Chen R, Yuan Z, Tian Y, Zhang Y. A Han Chinese Family With Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease Carrying Novel Frameshift Mutation and Compound Heterozygous Mutation of PRKN Appearing Incompatible With MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria. Front Neurol 2020; 11:582323. [PMID: 33154736 PMCID: PMC7586315 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.582323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 15% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have a family history, and 5–10% have confirmed genetic causes. PRKN is the most common gene responsible for early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD), while rare variants of PLA2G6 likely raise PD susceptibility in the Chinese population. We investigated the genetic information of 13 members of a Han Chinese family with known EOPD by whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, and analyzed the clinical history, physical examination, blood laboratory test, and brain imaging data of the patients. Two members, including the proband, were suspected of having EOPD. A novel homozygous frameshift mutation, c.856delT, and a compound heterozygous mutation, c.1321T>C/c.856delT of PRKN, were identified, as well as two single nucleotide variants of PLA2G6 and TENM4. The proband exhibited a rare symmetrical resting tremor limited to her lower limbs and never exhibited signs of rigidity. 18F-DOPA PET/CT scan indicated a symmetrical reduced signaling in the striatum. The novel frameshift mutation and compound heterozygous mutation of PRKN are likely to be the genetic causes of EOPD in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youyong Tian
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingdong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chen X, Zhou R, Shan K, Sun Y, Yan B, Sun X, Wang J. Circular RNA Expression Profiling Identifies Glaucoma-Related Circular RNAs in Various Chronic Ocular Hypertension Rat Models. Front Genet 2020; 11:556712. [PMID: 33133146 PMCID: PMC7575816 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.556712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs are characterized as a class of covalently closed circular RNA transcripts and are associated with a variety of cellular processes and neurological diseases by sponging microRNAs. Expression profiling of circular RNAs in glaucoma, which is a form of optic neuropathy, has not been performed to date. The most common characteristic of all forms of glaucoma is the loss of retinal ganglion cells. While the pathogenesis of glaucoma is not fully understood, intraocular pressure is unquestionably the only proven modifiable factor which makes chronic ocular hypertension (COH) animals the classical glaucoma models. Based on these findings, we completed the first in-depth study of rat retinal circular RNA expression profiling to identify probable biomarkers for the diagnosis of glaucoma. Two ocular hypertension models were induced by episcleral vein ligation (EVL) and microbead injection in rats. Overall, 15,819 circular RNA were detected. Furthermore, 3,502 differentially expressed circular RNAs verified in both COH rats were identified, of which 691 were upregulated and 2,811 were downregulated. Seven significantly downregulated (both log2FoldChange < -2.5 and adjusted P < 0.001) and seven significantly upregulated (both log2FoldChange > 2.5 and adjusted P < 0.001) circular RNAs were shown. Six target microRNAs aligned with the top 14 circular RNAs were identified. According to the construction of the circular RNA-microRNA network and circBase information, only RNO_CIRCpedia_1775 had the homologous hsa_circ_0023826 in the human genome. The hsa_circ_0023826 and mRNA of the host gene TENM4 (teneurin transmembrane protein 4) were validated in aqueous humor samples of five glaucoma patients and five cataract control patients. The expression of hsa_circ_0023826 showed a significant decrease in glaucoma patients, while TENM4 mRNA showed no significant difference compared to cataract patients (P = 0.024 and P = 0.294, respectively). The results of this study comprehensively characterized the expression profiles of circular RNA in glaucoma-affected eyes, as verified by two different ocular hypertension rat models. Together with the target microRNAs underlying the top differentially expressed circular RNAs, a new target of hsa_circ_0023826 and its host gene TENM4 were identified and further verified in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients, indicating a promising biomarker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongmei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Elble RJ. Do We Belittle Essential Tremor by Calling It a Syndrome Rather Than a Disease? No. Front Neurol 2020; 11:586606. [PMID: 33101188 PMCID: PMC7554602 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.586606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A task force of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) recently published a tremor classification scheme that is based on the nosologic principle of two primary axes for classifying an illness: clinical manifestations (Axis 1) and etiology (Axis 2). An Axis 1 clinical syndrome is a recurring group of clinical symptoms, signs (physical findings), and possibly laboratory results that suggests the presence of at least one underlying Axis 2 etiology. Syndromes must be defined and used consistently to be of value in finding specific etiologies and effective treatments. The MDS task force concluded that essential tremor is a common neurological syndrome that has never been defined consistently by clinicians and researchers. The MDS task force defined essential tremor as a syndrome of bilateral upper limb action tremor of at least 3 years duration, with or without tremor in other locations (e.g., head, voice, or lower limbs), in the absence of other neurological signs (e.g., dystonia, parkinsonism, myoclonus, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment). Deviations from this definition should not be labeled as essential tremor. Patients with additional questionably-abnormal signs or with signs of uncertain relevance to tremor are classified as essential tremor plus. The MDS classification scheme encourages a thorough unbiased phenotyping of patients with tremor, with no assumptions of etiology, pathology, pathophysiology, or relationship to other neurological disorders. The etiologies, pathology, and clinical course of essential tremor are too heterogeneous for this syndrome to be viewed as a disease or a family of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger J Elble
- Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
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Sailani MR, Jahanbani F, Abbott CW, Lee H, Zia A, Rego S, Winkelmann J, Hopfner F, Khan TN, Katsanis N, Müller SH, Berg D, Lyman KM, Mychajliw C, Deuschl G, Bernstein JA, Kuhlenbäumer G, Snyder MP. Candidate variants in TUB are associated with familial tremor. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009010. [PMID: 32956375 PMCID: PMC7529431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is the most common adult-onset movement disorder. In the present study, we performed whole exome sequencing of a large ET-affected family (10 affected and 6 un-affected family members) and identified a TUB p.V431I variant (rs75594955) segregating in a manner consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance. Subsequent targeted re-sequencing of TUB in 820 unrelated individuals with sporadic ET and 630 controls revealed significant enrichment of rare nonsynonymous TUB variants (e.g. rs75594955: p.V431I, rs1241709665: p.Ile20Phe, rs55648406: p.Arg49Gln) in the ET cohort (SKAT-O test p-value = 6.20e-08). TUB encodes a transcription factor predominantly expressed in neuronal cells and has been previously implicated in obesity. ChIP-seq analyses of the TUB transcription factor across different regions of the mouse brain revealed that TUB regulates the pathways responsible for neurotransmitter production as well thyroid hormone signaling. Together, these results support the association of rare variants in TUB with ET. Essential tremor (ET) is the most common adult-onset movement disorder and in most affected families it appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The causes of essential tremor are unknown. Although many genetic studies in affected families and sporadic cases of ET have shown that genes may play a role, it has proven quite challenging to identify the specific genetic variants involved. Here, we use state-of-the-art technologies to identify the role of genetic variants on ET through exome sequencing of a large affected ET family and subsequent validation in a large population of cases and controls. We show that rare nonsynonymous variants of the TUB gene are significantly enriched in ET cases versus healthy controls. Further studies of biological pathways regulated by TUB in the mouse brain reveal key pathways related to ET. Our work expands our knowledge of the genetic basis of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Reza Sailani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Fereshteh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Abbott
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Hayan Lee
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Amin Zia
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Shannon Rego
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Hopfner
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tahir N. Khan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, United States of America
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | | | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine M. Lyman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Christian Mychajliw
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GK); (MPS)
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Magrinelli F, Latorre A, Balint B, Mackenzie M, Mulroy E, Stamelou M, Tinazzi M, Bhatia KP. Isolated and combined genetic tremor syndromes: a critical appraisal based on the 2018 MDS criteria. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 77:121-140. [PMID: 32818815 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 consensus statement on the classification of tremors proposes a two-axis categorization scheme based on clinical features and etiology. It also defines "isolated" and "combined" tremor syndromes depending on whether tremor is the sole clinical manifestation or is associated with other neurological or systemic signs. This syndromic approach provides a guide to investigate the underlying etiology of tremors, either genetic or acquired. Several genetic defects have been proven to cause tremor disorders, including autosomal dominant and recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial diseases, as well as chromosomal abnormalities. Furthermore, some tremor syndromes are recognized in individuals with a positive family history, but their genetic confirmation is pending. Although most genetic tremor disorders show a combined clinical picture, there are some distinctive conditions in which tremor may precede the appearance of other neurological signs by years or remain the prominent manifestation throughout the disease course, previously leading to misdiagnosis as essential tremor (ET). Advances in the knowledge of genetically determined tremors may have been hampered by the inclusion of heterogeneous entities in previous studies on ET. The recent classification of tremors therefore aims to provide more consistent clinical data for deconstructing the genetic basis of tremor syndromes in the next-generation and long-read sequencing era. This review outlines the wide spectrum of tremor disorders with defined or presumed genetic etiology, both isolated and combined, unraveling diagnostic clues of these conditions and focusing mainly on ET-like phenotypes. Furthermore, we suggest a phenotype-to-genotype algorithm to support clinicians in identifying tremor syndromes and guiding genetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Latorre
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melissa Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Stamelou
- Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
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44
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Liao C, Sarayloo F, Vuokila V, Rochefort D, Akçimen F, Diamond S, Houle G, Laporte AD, Spiegelman D, He Q, Catoire H, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Transcriptomic Changes Resulting From STK32B Overexpression Identify Pathways Potentially Relevant to Essential Tremor. Front Genet 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32849812 PMCID: PMC7413243 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder that has a high heritability. A number of genetic studies have associated different genes and loci with ET, but few have investigated the biology of any of these genes. STK32B was significantly associated with ET in a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) and was found to be overexpressed in ET cerebellar tissue. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of overexpressed STK32B in cerebellar DAOY cells. Methods: Here, we overexpressed STK32B RNA in human cerebellar DAOY cells and used an RNA-Seq approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome profile of these cells to one of the control DAOY cells. Results: Pathway and gene ontology enrichment identified axon guidance, olfactory signaling, and calcium-voltage channels as significant. Additionally, we show that overexpressing STK32B affects transcript levels of previously implicated ET genes such as FUS. Conclusion: Our results investigate the effects of overexpressed STK32B and suggest that it may be involved in relevant ET pathways and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Faezeh Sarayloo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Veikko Vuokila
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Rochefort
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fulya Akçimen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simone Diamond
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qin He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Catoire
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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45
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Development of type I/II oligodendrocytes regulated by teneurin-4 in the murine spinal cord. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8611. [PMID: 32451386 PMCID: PMC7248063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the spinal cord, the axonal tracts with various caliber sizes are myelinated by oligodendrocytes and function as high-velocity ways for motor and sensory nerve signals. In some neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, demyelination of small caliber axons is observed in the spinal cord. While type I/II oligodendrocytes among the four types are known to myelinate small diameter axons, their characteristics including identification of regulating molecules have not been understood yet. Here, we first found that in the wild-type mouse spinal cord, type I/II oligodendrocytes, positive for carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), were located in the corticospinal tract, fasciculus gracilis, and the inside part of ventral funiculus, in which small diameter axons existed. The type I/II oligodendrocytes started to appear between postnatal day (P) 7 and 11. We further analyzed the type I/II oligodendrocytes in the mutant mice, whose small diameter axons were hypomyelinated due to the deficiency of teneurin-4. In the teneurin-4 deficient mice, type I/II oligodendrocytes were significantly reduced, and the onset of the defect was at P11. Our results suggest that CAII-positive type I/II oligodendrocytes myelinate small caliber axons in the spinal cord and teneurin-4 is the responsible molecule for the generation of type I/II oligodendrocytes.
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Li J, Xie Y, Cornelius S, Jiang X, Sando R, Kordon SP, Pan M, Leon K, Südhof TC, Zhao M, Araç D. Alternative splicing controls teneurin-latrophilin interaction and synapse specificity by a shape-shifting mechanism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2140. [PMID: 32358586 PMCID: PMC7195488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The trans-synaptic interaction of the cell-adhesion molecules teneurins (TENs) with latrophilins (LPHNs/ADGRLs) promotes excitatory synapse formation when LPHNs simultaneously interact with FLRTs. Insertion of a short alternatively-spliced region within TENs abolishes the TEN-LPHN interaction and switches TEN function to specify inhibitory synapses. How alternative-splicing regulates TEN-LPHN interaction remains unclear. Here, we report the 2.9 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the TEN2-LPHN3 complex, and describe the trimeric TEN2-LPHN3-FLRT3 complex. The structure reveals that the N-terminal lectin domain of LPHN3 binds to the TEN2 barrel at a site far away from the alternatively spliced region. Alternative-splicing regulates the TEN2-LPHN3 interaction by hindering access to the LPHN-binding surface rather than altering it. Strikingly, mutagenesis of the LPHN-binding surface of TEN2 abolishes the LPHN3 interaction and impairs excitatory but not inhibitory synapse formation. These results suggest that a multi-level coincident binding mechanism mediated by a cryptic adhesion complex between TENs and LPHNs regulates synapse specificity. The trans-synaptic interaction of the cell-adhesion molecules teneurins (TENs) with latrophilins (LPHNs) promotes excitatory synapse formation. Here authors report the high resolution cryo-EM structure of the TEN2-LPHN3 complex, describe the trimeric TEN2-LPHN3-FLRT3 complex and show how alternative-splicing regulates the TEN2-LPHN3 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shaleeka Cornelius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Szymon P Kordon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Minglei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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47
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Hildebrand MS, Jackson VE, Scerri TS, Van Reyk O, Coleman M, Braden RO, Turner S, Rigbye KA, Boys A, Barton S, Webster R, Fahey M, Saunders K, Parry-Fielder B, Paxton G, Hayman M, Coman D, Goel H, Baxter A, Ma A, Davis N, Reilly S, Delatycki M, Liégeois FJ, Connelly A, Gecz J, Fisher SE, Amor DJ, Scheffer IE, Bahlo M, Morgan AT. Severe childhood speech disorder: Gene discovery highlights transcriptional dysregulation. Neurology 2020; 94:e2148-e2167. [PMID: 32345733 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determining the genetic basis of speech disorders provides insight into the neurobiology of human communication. Despite intensive investigation over the past 2 decades, the etiology of most speech disorders in children remains unexplained. To test the hypothesis that speech disorders have a genetic etiology, we performed genetic analysis of children with severe speech disorder, specifically childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). METHODS Precise phenotyping together with research genome or exome analysis were performed on children referred with a primary diagnosis of CAS. Gene coexpression and gene set enrichment analyses were conducted on high-confidence gene candidates. RESULTS Thirty-four probands ascertained for CAS were studied. In 11/34 (32%) probands, we identified highly plausible pathogenic single nucleotide (n = 10; CDK13, EBF3, GNAO1, GNB1, DDX3X, MEIS2, POGZ, SETBP1, UPF2, ZNF142) or copy number (n = 1; 5q14.3q21.1 locus) variants in novel genes or loci for CAS. Testing of parental DNA was available for 9 probands and confirmed that the variants had arisen de novo. Eight genes encode proteins critical for regulation of gene transcription, and analyses of transcriptomic data found CAS-implicated genes were highly coexpressed in the developing human brain. CONCLUSION We identify the likely genetic etiology in 11 patients with CAS and implicate 9 genes for the first time. We find that CAS is often a sporadic monogenic disorder, and highly genetically heterogeneous. Highly penetrant variants implicate shared pathways in broad transcriptional regulation, highlighting the key role of transcriptional regulation in normal speech development. CAS is a distinctive, socially debilitating clinical disorder, and understanding its molecular basis is the first step towards identifying precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Hildebrand
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Victoria E Jackson
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas S Scerri
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Olivia Van Reyk
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Coleman
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth O Braden
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha Turner
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kristin A Rigbye
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amber Boys
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Barton
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Webster
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Fahey
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kerryn Saunders
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bronwyn Parry-Fielder
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Georgia Paxton
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Hayman
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Coman
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Himanshu Goel
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Baxter
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Ma
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Noni Davis
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sheena Reilly
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Delatycki
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederique J Liégeois
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Connelly
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jozef Gecz
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David J Amor
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Angela T Morgan
- From the Department of Medicine (M.S.H., M.C., K.A.R., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; Population Health and Immunity Division (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.), The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Departments of Medical Biology (V.E.J., T.S.S., M.B.) and Audiology and Speech Pathology (R.O.B., A.T.M.) and Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital (B.P.-F., G.P., M.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne; Speech and Language (O.V.R., R.O.B., S.T., S.B., S.R., A.T.M.), Murdoch Children's Research Institute (M.S.H., D.J.A., I.E.S.); Victorian Clinical Genetics Services (A. Boys, M.D.), Parkville, Victoria; Department of Neurology (R.W.) and Clinical Genetics (A.M.), The Children's Hospital Westmead; Department of Paediatrics (M.F., K.S.), Monash University; Monash Children's Hospital (K.S.), Clayton, Victoria; The Wesley Hospital (D.C.), Auchenflower, Queensland; Hunter Genetics (H.G., A. Baxter), John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights; Melbourne Children's Clinic (N.D.), Victoria; Griffith University (S.R.), Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (F.J.L.), London, UK; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (A.C., I.E.S.), Parkville, Victoria; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.G.), Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia; Language and Genetics Department (S.E.F.), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (S.E.F.), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Liao C, Sarayloo F, Rochefort D, Houle G, Akçimen F, He Q, Laporte AD, Spiegelman D, Poewe W, Berg D, Müller S, Hopfner F, Deuschl G, Kuhlenbäeumer G, Rajput A, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Multiomics Analyses Identify Genes and Pathways Relevant to Essential Tremor. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1153-1162. [PMID: 32249994 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic factors and molecular mechanisms predisposing to essential tremor (ET) remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify pathways and genes relevant to ET by integrating multiomics approaches. METHODS Case-control RNA sequencing of 2 cerebellar regions was done for 64 samples. A phenome-wide association study (pheWAS) of the differentially expressed genes was conducted, and a genome-wide gene association study (GWGAS) was done to identify pathways overlapping with the transcriptomic data. Finally, a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) was done to identify novel risk genes for ET. RESULTS We identified several novel dysregulated genes, including CACNA1A and SHF. Pathways including axon guidance, olfactory loss, and calcium channel activity were significantly enriched. The ET GWGAS data found calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters to be significantly enriched. The TWAS also found calcium and olfactory pathways enriched. The pheWAS identified that the underexpressed differentially expressed gene, SHF, is associated with a blood pressure medication (P = 9.3E-08), which is used to reduce tremor in ET patients. Treatment of cerebellar DAOY cells with the ET drug propranolol identified increases in SHF when treated, suggesting it may rescue the underexpression. CONCLUSION We found that calcium-related pathways were enriched across the GWGAS, TWAS, and transcriptome. SHF was shown to have significantly decreased expression, and the pheWAS showed it was associated with blood pressure medication. The treatment of cells with propranolol showed that the drug restored levels of SHF. Overall, our findings highlight the power of integrating multiple different approaches to prioritize ET pathways and genes. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Faezeh Sarayloo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Rochefort
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Houle
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fulya Akçimen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qin He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre D Laporte
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University in Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Müller
- Institute of Health Informations, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Hopfner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | | | | | - Alex Rajput
- Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Yan YP, Xu CY, Gu LY, Zhang B, Shen T, Gao T, Tian J, Pu JL, Yin XZ, Zhang BR, Zhao GH. Genetic testing of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 genes in Chinese patients with essential tremor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:837-841. [PMID: 32196977 PMCID: PMC7366735 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most prevalent movement disorders. The genetic etiology of ET has not been well defined although a significant proportion (≥50%) are familial cases. Linkage analysis and genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several risk variants. In recent years, whole‐exome sequencing of ET has revealed several specific causal variants in FUS (p.Q290X), HTRA2 (p.G399S), and TENM4 (c.4324 G>A, c.4100C>A, and c.3412G>A) genes. Objective To investigate the genetic contribution of these three genes to ET, the protein‐coding sequences of FUS, HTRA2, and TENM4 were analyzed in a total of 238 ET patients and 272 controls from eastern China using direct Sanger sequencing. Results We identified two synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs741810 and rs1052352 in FUS, and three previously reported synonymous SNPs, rs11237621, rs689369, and rs2277277 in TENM4. No nonsynonymous exonic variants were identified in these subjects. We found that the frequency of the rs1052352C allele was significantly higher (P = .001) in the ET group than in the control group. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that rs1052352 of FUS might contribute to ET risk in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lu-Yan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Li Pu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Essential tremor pathology: neurodegeneration and reorganization of neuronal connections. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:69-83. [PMID: 31959938 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is the most common tremor disorder globally and is characterized by kinetic tremor of the upper limbs, although other clinical features can also occur. Postmortem studies are a particularly important avenue for advancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of ET; however, until recently, the number of such studies has been limited. Several recent postmortem studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the pathological changes that take place in ET. These studies identified abnormalities in the cerebellum, which primarily affected Purkinje cells (PCs), basket cells and climbing fibres, in individuals with ET. We suggest that some of these pathological changes (for example, focal PC axonal swellings, swellings in and regression of the PC dendritic arbor and PC death) are likely to be primary and degenerative. By contrast, other changes, such as an increase in PC recurrent axonal collateral formation and hypertrophy of GABAergic basket cell axonal processes, could be compensatory responses to restore cerebellar GABAergic tone and cerebellar cortical inhibitory efficacy. Such compensatory responses are likely to be insufficient, enabling the disease to progress. Here, we review the results of recent postmortem studies of ET and attempt to place these findings into an anatomical-physiological disease model.
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