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Marttila S, Viiri LE, Mishra PP, Kühnel B, Matias-Garcia PR, Lyytikäinen LP, Ceder T, Mononen N, Rathmann W, Winkelmann J, Peters A, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Juonala M, Aalto-Setälä K, Raitakari O, Lehtimäki T, Waldenberger M, Raitoharju E. Methylation status of nc886 epiallele reflects periconceptional conditions and is associated with glucose metabolism through nc886 RNAs. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:143. [PMID: 34294131 PMCID: PMC8296652 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-coding RNA 886 (nc886) is coded from a maternally inherited metastable epiallele. We set out to investigate the determinants and dynamics of the methylation pattern at the nc886 epiallele and how this methylation status associates with nc886 RNA expression. Furthermore, we investigated the associations between the nc886 methylation status or the levels of nc886 RNAs and metabolic traits in the YFS and KORA cohorts. The association between nc886 epiallele methylation and RNA expression was also validated in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. RESULTS We confirm that the methylation status of the nc886 epiallele is mostly binomial, with individuals displaying either a non- or hemi-methylated status, but we also describe intermediately and close to fully methylated individuals. We show that an individual's methylation status is associated with the mother's age and socioeconomic status, but not with the individual's own genetics. Once established, the methylation status of the nc886 epiallele remains stable for at least 25 years. This methylation status is strongly associated with the levels of nc886 non-coding RNAs in serum, blood, and iPSC lines. In addition, nc886 methylation status associates with glucose and insulin levels during adolescence but not with the indicators of glucose metabolism or the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. However, the nc886-3p RNA levels also associate with glucose metabolism in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that nc886 metastable epiallele methylation is tuned by the periconceptional conditions and it associates with glucose metabolism through the expression of the ncRNAs coded in the epiallele region.
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Grants
- 755320 Horizon 2020 (Taxinomisis)
- WA 4081/1-1 German Research Foundation
- BB/S020845/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- 134309, 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378, 117787, 41071 Academy of Finland
- 286284 and 322098 Academy of Finland
- 01EA1902A Joint Programming Initiative A healthy diet for a healthy life (DIMENSION)
- 848146 Horizon 2020 (To_Aition)
- 9X047, 9S054, and 9AB059 Tampere University Hospital Medical Funds
- 742927 European Research Council (MULTIEPIGEN)
- 285902, 330809 and 338395 academy of finland
- X51001 Tampere University Hospital Medical Funds
- the Social Insurance Institution of Finland
- Kuopio, Tampere, and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
- Sydäntutkimussäätiö
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Tampereen Tuberkuloosisäätiö
- Emil Aaltosen Säätiö
- Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
- Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
- Diabetesliitto
- the Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation
- the Finnish Society of Clinical Chemistry
- Foundation of Clinical Chemistry
- Laboratoriolääketieteen edistämissäätiö sr.
- Orionin Tutkimussäätiö
- the Paulo Foundation
- Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- State of Bavaria
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Marttila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
- Gerontology Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Leena E Viiri
- Heart Group, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Pamela R Matias-Garcia
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Ceder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research At Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics and Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Heart Group, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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2
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Marttila S, Viiri LE, Mishra PP, Kühnel B, Matias-Garcia PR, Lyytikäinen LP, Ceder T, Mononen N, Rathmann W, Winkelmann J, Peters A, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Juonala M, Aalto-Setälä K, Raitakari O, Lehtimäki T, Waldenberger M, Raitoharju E. Methylation status of nc886 epiallele reflects periconceptional conditions and is associated with glucose metabolism through nc886 RNAs. Clin Epigenetics 2021. [PMID: 34294131 DOI: 10.1186/s13148‐021‐01132‐3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-coding RNA 886 (nc886) is coded from a maternally inherited metastable epiallele. We set out to investigate the determinants and dynamics of the methylation pattern at the nc886 epiallele and how this methylation status associates with nc886 RNA expression. Furthermore, we investigated the associations between the nc886 methylation status or the levels of nc886 RNAs and metabolic traits in the YFS and KORA cohorts. The association between nc886 epiallele methylation and RNA expression was also validated in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. RESULTS We confirm that the methylation status of the nc886 epiallele is mostly binomial, with individuals displaying either a non- or hemi-methylated status, but we also describe intermediately and close to fully methylated individuals. We show that an individual's methylation status is associated with the mother's age and socioeconomic status, but not with the individual's own genetics. Once established, the methylation status of the nc886 epiallele remains stable for at least 25 years. This methylation status is strongly associated with the levels of nc886 non-coding RNAs in serum, blood, and iPSC lines. In addition, nc886 methylation status associates with glucose and insulin levels during adolescence but not with the indicators of glucose metabolism or the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. However, the nc886-3p RNA levels also associate with glucose metabolism in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that nc886 metastable epiallele methylation is tuned by the periconceptional conditions and it associates with glucose metabolism through the expression of the ncRNAs coded in the epiallele region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Marttila
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland. .,Gerontology Research Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Leena E Viiri
- Heart Group, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Pamela R Matias-Garcia
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Ceder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research At Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics and Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Heart Group, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland. .,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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3
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Andersson White P, Ludvigsson J, Jones MP, Faresjo T. Inequalities in cardiovascular risks among Swedish adolescents (ABIS): a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e030613. [PMID: 32086351 PMCID: PMC7044991 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if socioeconomic status (SES) is predictive of cardiovascular risk factors among Swedish adolescents. Identify the most important SES variable for the development of each cardiovascular risk factor. Investigate at what age SES inequality in overweight and obesity occurs. DESIGN Longitudinal follow-up of a prospective birth cohort. SETTING All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) study includes data from children born between October 1997 and October 1999 in five counties of south east Sweden. PARTICIPANTS A regional ABIS-study subsample from three major cities of the region n=298 adolescents aged 16-18 years, and prospective data from the whole ABIS cohort for overweight and obesity status at the ages 2, 5, 8 and 12 years (n=2998-7925). OUTCOME MEASURES Blood pressure above the hypertension limit, overweight/obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force definition, low high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or borderline-high low-density lipoproteins according to National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on cholesterol levels in children. RESULTS For three out of four cardiovascular risk outcomes (elevated blood pressure, low HDL and overweight/obesity), there were increased risk in one or more of the low SES groups (p<0.05). The best predictor was parental occupational class (Swedish socioeconomic classification index) for elevated blood pressure (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.623), maternal educational level for overweight (area under the ROC curve 0.641) and blue-collar city of residence for low HDL (area under the ROC curve 0.641). SES-related differences in overweight/obesity were found at age 2, 5 and 12 and for obesity at age 2, 5, 8 and 12 years (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Even in a welfare state like Sweden, SES inequalities in cardiovascular risks are evident already in childhood and adolescence. Intervention programmes to reduce cardiovascular risk based on social inequality should start early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Andersson White
- Department of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Linköping University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Div. of Pediatrics, Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkopings universitet, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Michael P Jones
- Psychology Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tomas Faresjo
- Department of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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4
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Childhood socioeconomic status and lifetime health behaviors: The Young Finns Study. Int J Cardiol 2018; 258:289-294. [PMID: 29428239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in health behaviors partly explain the socioeconomic gap in cardiovascular health. We prospectively examined the association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors in adulthood, and the difference of lifestyle factors according to childhood SES in multiple time points from childhood to adulthood. METHODS AND RESULTS The sample comprised 3453 participants aged 3-18 years at baseline (1980) from the longitudinal Young Finns Study. The participants were followed up for 31 years (N = 1675-1930). SES in childhood was characterized as reported annual family income and classified on an 8-point scale. Diet, smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity were used as adult and life course lifestyle factors. Higher childhood SES predicted a healthier diet in adulthood in terms of lower consumption of meat (β ± SE -3.6 ± 0.99,p < 0.001), higher consumption of fish (1.1 ± 0.5, p = 0.04) and higher diet score (0.14 ± 0.044, p = 0.01). Childhood SES was also directly associated with physical activity index (0.059 ± 0.023, p = 0.009) and inversely with the risk of being a smoker (RR 0.90 95%CI 0.85-0.95, p < 0.001) and the amount of pack years (-0.47 ± 0.18, p = 0.01). Life course level of smoking was significantly higher and physical activity index lower among those below the median childhood SES when compared with those above the median SES. CONCLUSIONS These results show that childhood SES associates with several lifestyle factors 31 years later in adulthood. Therefore, attention could be paid to lifestyle behaviors of children of low SES families to promote cardiovascular health.
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Chao CY, Shih CC, Wang CJ, Wu JS, Lu FH, Chang CJ, Yang YC. Low socioeconomic status may increase the risk of central obesity in incoming university students in Taiwan. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 8:e201-98. [PMID: 24847662 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Madsen M, Andersen PK, Gerster M, Andersen AMN, Christensen K, Osler M. Are the educational differences in incidence of cardiovascular disease explained by underlying familial factors? A twin study. Soc Sci Med 2014; 118:182-90. [PMID: 24768271 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To isolate the effect of education from the influence of potential underlying factors, we investigated the association of education with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) using twin data to adjust for familial factors shared within twins, including genetic make-up and childhood environment. The study was based on data from the Danish Twin Registry linked to administrative and heath registers in Statistics Denmark. A total of 11,968 monozygotic and 20,464 dizygotic same sexed twins were followed from 1980 to 2009, including more than 8000 events of CVD. Unpaired and intra-pair analyses were compared. In the unpaired analyses, an inverse educational gradient in CVD- and IHD risk was observed. This association was not replicated in the intra-pair analyses that control for shared familial factors exploiting that twins share their intrauterine- and childhood environment and are matched partly or fully on genetic setup. The attenuation of association of education with CVD and IHD in the intra-pair analyses suggests that shared familial factors account for a substantial part of the observed association of education with CVD and IHD in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Madsen
- Unit of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, 5000 Odense, Denmark; The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, Odense, Denmark; Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Per K Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Gerster
- Unit of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Marie N Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Social Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Unit of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, 5000 Odense, Denmark; The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, Odense, Denmark; Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Merete Osler
- Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej 9B, Odense, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section of Social Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 57, 84-85, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Laitinen TT, Pahkala K, Venn A, Woo JG, Oikonen M, Dwyer T, Mikkilä V, Hutri-Kähönen N, Smith KJ, Gall SL, Morrison JA, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Magnussen CG, Juonala M. Childhood lifestyle and clinical determinants of adult ideal cardiovascular health: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study, the Princeton Follow-Up Study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 169:126-32. [PMID: 24075574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association recently defined ideal cardiovascular health by simultaneous presence of seven health behaviors and factors. The concept is associated with cardiovascular disease incidence, and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. To effectively promote ideal cardiovascular health already early in life, childhood factors predicting future ideal cardiovascular health should be investigated. Our aim was thus to comprehensively explore childhood determinants of adult ideal cardiovascular health in population based cohorts from three continents. METHODS The sample comprised a total of 4409 participants aged 3-19 years at baseline from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS; N = 1883) from Finland, Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study (CDAH; N = 1803) from Australia and Princeton Follow-up Study (PFS; N = 723) from the United States. Participants were re-examined 19-31 years later when aged 30-48 years. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, independent childhood predictors of adult ideal cardiovascular health were family socioeconomic status (P < 0.01; direct association) and BMI (P < 0.001; inverse association) in all cohorts. In addition, blood pressure (P = 0.007), LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.001) and parental smoking (P = 0.006) in the YFS, and own smoking (P = 0.001) in CDAH were inversely associated with future ideal cardiovascular health. CONCLUSIONS Among several lifestyle and clinical indicators studied, higher family socioeconomic status and non-smoking (parental/own) in childhood independently predict ideal cardiovascular health in adulthood. As atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are rooted in childhood, our findings suggest that special attention could be paid to children who are from low socioeconomic status families, and who smoke or whose parents smoke, to prevent cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi T Laitinen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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8
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García-Elorriaga G, Rey-Pineda GD. Human immunodeficiency virus, atherosclerosis and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. World J Clin Infect Dis 2012; 2:54-62. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v2.i4.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is an obligate, intracellular bacterium associated with a wide variety of acute and chronic diseases. C. pneumoniae infection is characterized by persistence and immunopathological damage to host target tissues, including the lung. Over the past 20 years, a variety of studies have investigated a possible link between C. pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis, because of its role in all stages of atherosclerosis, from initial inflammatory lesions to plaque rupture. In the current highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are experiencing health problems that accompany the aging process, mainly the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is renewed interest in a link between atherosclerotic CVD and as yet poorly defined environmental exposures, including infectious agents. On the one hand, the patient with HIV and lipodystrophy caused by HAART and exacerbated by C. pneumoniae infection could be a factor of risk for atherosclerosis. An assessment of the therapy against C. pneumoniae and HAART should always be conducted. It is advisable that HIV-acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients undergo a serological test to determine exposure to C. pneumoniae and to assess treatment options. On the other hand, in patients with a positive serology to C. pneumoniae, an increment of the body mass index has been found; therefore, it is probable that the recurrent infection may play an important role in creating adverse endothelial conditions allowing the infection by C. pneumoniae in its chronic form, to damage the endothelial surface. Vascular studies would be necessary for corroboration.
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9
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Kestilä P, Magnussen CG, Viikari JS, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Taittonen L, Jula A, Loo BM, Pietikäinen M, Jokinen E, Lehtimäki T, Kivimäki M, Juonala M, Raitakari OT. Socioeconomic Status, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Adults. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:815-21. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.241182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kestilä
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Costan G. Magnussen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S.A. Viikari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Taittonen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Britt-Marie Loo
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Pietikäinen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Jokinen
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- From the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (P.K., C.G.M., M.J., O.T.R.); Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia (C.G.M.); Departments of Medicine (J.S.A.V., M.J.) and Clinical Physiology (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Departments of Clinical Physiology (M. Kähönen) and Clinical Chemistry (T.L.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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10
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Khanolkar AR, Byberg L, Koupil I. Parental influences on cardiovascular risk factors in Swedish children aged 5–14 years. Eur J Public Health 2011; 22:840-7. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckr180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Ronnemaa T, Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Rasanen L, Pietikainen M, Hutri-Kahonen N, Taittonen L, Jokinen E, Marniemi J, Jula A, Telama R, Kahonen M, Lehtimaki T, Akerblom HK, Viikari JS. Cohort Profile: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37:1220-6. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Tabacchi G, Giammanco S, La Guardia M, Giammanco M. A review of the literature and a new classification of the early determinants of childhood obesity: from pregnancy to the first years of life. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Loucks EB, Magnusson KT, Cook S, Rehkopf DH, Ford ES, Berkman LF. Socioeconomic position and the metabolic syndrome in early, middle, and late life: evidence from NHANES 1999-2002. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:782-90. [PMID: 17697786 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether there is an association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and the metabolic syndrome at various ages, including adolescent, middle-aged and older participants in gender-specific analyses. METHODS Participants were from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SEP was measured by income and years of education. Metabolic syndrome was measured in adults using the American Heart Association guidelines and in adolescents using methods based on national reference data. Cross-sectional multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS In women aged 25 to 45 and 46 to 65 years, income below the poverty line (poverty income ratio [PIR] less than one) was associated with higher odds of metabolic syndrome compared with PIR greater than 3 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.24, 10.71, and OR = 2.54; CI = 1.38, 4.67, for the respective age groups) after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and menopause. Similar findings were observed for educational attainment. In adolescents, older adults (aged >65 years), and males, income and education were not related to the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates that SEP is associated with the metabolic syndrome in females aged 25 to 65 years and is less strongly associated in males, adolescents, or older participants. These findings provide physiologic mechanistic evidence linking SEP to risk for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Loucks
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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14
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Hanson MD, Chen E. Socioeconomic status and health behaviors in adolescence: a review of the literature. J Behav Med 2007; 30:263-85. [PMID: 17514418 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-007-9098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this review was to determine the direction of associations between SES and health behaviors during the period of adolescence. METHOD We searched the PsychInfo and Pubmed databases for studies that measured the association between SES and cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, marijuana use, diet, and physical activity in adolescents between 10- and 21-years old. RESULTS Associations between SES and health behaviors conformed to two patterns. First, low SES was associated with poorer diets, less physical activity, and greater cigarette smoking. Second, there was no clear pattern of associations between SES and alcohol consumption or marijuana use. CONCLUSION Results from this review indicate that, although some associations between SES and health behaviors exist during adolescence, the associations are not as robust as those in adulthood. Efforts to curb poor diet, inactivity, and smoking behaviors should target low SES adolescents, whereas efforts to curb teen drinking and marijuana use may be useful across the SES spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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15
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Kivimäki M, Smith GD, Elovainio M, Pulkki L, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Talttonen L, Raitakari OT, Viikari JSA. Socioeconomic circumstances in childhood and blood pressure in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16:737-42. [PMID: 16843680 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prospective evidence suggests an inverse association between socioeconomic circumstances in childhood and adolescence and blood pressure (BP) in adulthood, but uncertainty remains about whether this association is confounded by risk factors acting in utero, early infancy, and adulthood. The authors investigated this question in a population-based cohort of 2270 Finnish children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years at study entry. METHODS Information about early socioeconomic circumstances, birth weight, and breast-feeding were requested from participants or their mothers in 1980 and 1983. Adulthood socioeconomic position, lifestyle factors, and systolic BP were measured at ages 24 to 39 years in 2001. RESULTS There was a graded association between lower parental socioeconomic position in childhood and adolescence and higher systolic BP in adulthood for men and women in different birth cohorts and across different socioeconomic indicators. This association was independent of adulthood socioeconomic position. Adjustment for risk factors, including birth weight, breast-feeding, adult body mass index, smoking, and alcohol consumption, had little effect on the association between parental socioeconomic position and systolic BP. CONCLUSION Early socioeconomic disadvantage seems to carry a long-lasting harmful effect on BP that is not counteracted by risk profiles in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kivimäki
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Heisinki, Finland.
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16
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Kivimäki M, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Elovainio M, Vahtera J, Pulkki-Råback L, Taittonen L, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT. Early Socioeconomic Position and Blood Pressure in Childhood and Adulthood. Hypertension 2006; 47:39-44. [PMID: 16330678 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000196682.43723.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies have found an association between low socioeconomic position in childhood and high adult blood pressure. It is unclear whether this association is explained by a pathway directly linking disadvantage to elevated blood pressure in childhood and adolescence, which then tracks into adulthood. We assessed parental socioeconomic position and systolic blood pressure in 1807 children and adolescents ages 3 to 18 years at baseline. Adult systolic blood pressure was measured 21 years later at ages 24 to 39 years. There was strong tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood. Lower parental socioeconomic position was associated with higher blood pressure in childhood, adolescence (
P
<0.01), and adulthood (
P
<0.0001), with the mean age- and sex-adjusted systolic pressure differences between the highest and lowest socioeconomic groups varying between 2.9 and 4.3 mm Hg. With adjustment for blood pressure in childhood and adolescence, the regression coefficient between parental socioeconomic position and adult blood pressure attenuated by 32%. A similar level of attenuation (28%) occurred with adjustment for adult body mass index (BMI). With adjustment for both preadult blood pressure and adult BMI, the association between parental socioeconomic position and adult blood pressure was attenuated by 45%. Other factors, including birth weight and BMI in childhood and adolescence, had little impact on the association between parental socioeconomic position and adult blood pressure. These data suggest that early socioeconomic disadvantage influences later blood pressure in part through an effect on blood pressure in early life, which tracks into adulthood, and in part through an effect on BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Viikari JSA, Niinikoski H, Juonala M, Raitakari OT, Lagström H, Kaitosaari T, Rönnemaa T, Simell O. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in children and young adults. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:34-42. [PMID: 15702668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review covers two ongoing studies in Finland: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, which started in 1978, and the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children (STRIP), which started in 1989. In the cross-sectional Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, cardiovascular risk factors were first assessed in 1980 in 3596 children and adolescents covering ages between 3 and 18 y at 3-y intervals. The latest follow-up examination was performed in 2001, when risk factors and early markers of atherosclerosis in carotid and brachial arteries were examined in 2264 subjects from the original cohorts, now covering ages from 24 to 39 y. The results clearly show that an individual's coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor profile is regulated by early lifestyle-related factors and that exposure to risk factors in childhood induces changes in arteries that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in adulthood. In the STRIP study, 1062 infants were randomized into an intervention group (n = 540; low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet) or a control group (n = 522) at 7 mo of age. Fat, saturated fat and cholesterol intakes have been lower, while the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio has been higher in the intervention children than in the control children throughout the ongoing trial. During the first 7 y of life, serum cholesterol concentration was 0.2-0.3 mmol/l lower in the intervention boys than in the control boys, but the difference was negligible in girls. Neurological development of the intervention children at age 5 y was at least as good as that of the control children. Counselling had no effect on children's growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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18
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Abstract
Obesity is often established in adolescence, and advances are being made in identifying its genetic underpinnings. We examine issues related to the eventual likelihood of genetic tests for obesity targeted to adolescents: family involvement; comprehension of the test's meaning; how knowledge of genetic status may affect psychological adaptation; minors' ability to control events; parental/child autonomy; ability to make informed medical decisions; self-esteem; unclear distinctions between early/late onset for this condition; and social stigmatization. The public health arena will be important in educating families about possible future genetic tests for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Segal
- Research Center for Health Care Decision-making, Inc., Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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20
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Mikkilä V, Räsänen L, Raitakari OT, Pietinen P, Viikari J. Longitudinal changes in diet from childhood into adulthood with respect to risk of cardiovascular diseases: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:1038-45. [PMID: 15220946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess nutrient intakes relevant in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among young adults in Finland and to find past and present determinants of quality of diet. DESIGN Prospective study, 21 years of follow-up. SETTING The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, Finland. SUBJECTS At baseline in 1980: 3569 children aged 3-18 y participated (83% of those invited), and every second of them (1780) were selected to the dietary study. At follow-ups in 1986 and 2001: 1200 and 1037 of the original sample, respectively, participated. METHODS Food consumption was assessed using 48-h dietary recall. Intakes in 2001 were compared with those obtained in 1980 and 1986. Nutrients selected for further examination were those implicated in the risk of CVD: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and n-3 fatty acids, fibre and salt. An index describing the quality of adulthood diet was constructed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent childhood and adulthood determinants of the quality index. RESULTS The average intakes showed substantial changes since 1980. Intakes of fat and saturated fat had decreased, while the consumption of vegetables and fruit had increased. However, a great disparity was present between the recommended levels and actual intakes for many of the nutrients, particularly salt, saturated fat and fibre. Intake of fat and consumption of vegetables in childhood and physical activity in adulthood were important health behavioural determinants of the cardiovascular quality of the adult diet. Socio-demographic factors, including education of the subject and their parents, had no significant associations with diet. CONCLUSIONS While intakes of energy and nutrients have changed favourably in Finnish young adults between 1980 and 2001 with regard to the risk of CVD, they are still far from recommended levels. Childhood diet is a significant determinant of adult diet even after 21 y. SPONSORSHIP This study was supported by the Academy of Finland (grant 77841) and Juho Vainio Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mikkilä
- Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Kozyrskyj AL, Hildes-Ripstein GE. Assessing health status in Manitoba children: acute and chronic conditions. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2003. [PMID: 12580390 DOI: 10.1007/bf03403618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous child health status measures have been developed, ranging from assessments of physical and mental health to activity continuums. Our objective was to report the regional distribution of physical morbidity among children in Manitoba. METHODS Using Manitoba's population-based prescription and health care data for 1998/99, the prevalence of children with lower respiratory tract infections, four chronic conditions (asthma, cardiovascular disease, Type 1 diabetes mellitus and seizure disorders) and physical disabilities, including spina bifida and cerebral palsy, was determined for 12 Regional Health Authorities and 12 Winnipeg Community Areas, ranked by a measure of population healthiness, the premature mortality rate (PMR). Prescription rates were also reported by neighbourhood income quintile, derived from census data. RESULTS Hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection was highest in infants (6%) and increased with successive decreases in neighbourhood income or in the population healthiness of a region. On the basis of a physician diagnosis or prescription drug for asthma, 10% of school-age children had asthma. Asthma treatment rates in northern Manitoba were substantially lower than in Winnipeg. Treatment rates for cardiovascular conditions, Type I diabetes and seizure disorders approached 1% in adolescents and there were no regional differences in the distribution of these conditions. The prevalence of physical disability was highest in northern Manitoba. CONCLUSION A minority of Manitoba children suffer from chronic and serious acute health problems in childhood, but the burden of illness is not evenly distributed among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB
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22
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Chen E, Matthews KA, Boyce WT. Socioeconomic differences in children's health: how and why do these relationships change with age? Psychol Bull 2002; 128:295-329. [PMID: 11931521 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health are well documented in adulthood, but far less is known about its effects in childhood. The authors reviewed the literature and found support for a childhood SES effect, whereby each decrease in SES was associated with an increased health risk. The authors explored how this relationship changed as children underwent normal developmental changes and proposed 3 models to describe the temporal patterns. The authors found that a model's capacity to explain SES-health relationships varied across health outcomes. Childhood injury showed stronger relationships with SES at younger ages, whereas smoking showed stronger relationships with SES in adolescence. Finally, the authors proposed a developmental approach to exploring mechanisms that link SES and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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23
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Gnavi R, Spagnoli TD, Galotto C, Pugliese E, Carta A, Cesari L. Socioeconomic status, overweight and obesity in prepuberal children: a study in an area of Northern Italy. Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 16:797-803. [PMID: 11297221 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007645703292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether socio-economical status (SES) is associated with overweight and obesity in prepuberal children. In an area of North-Western Italy a sample of 1420 children, aged 10-11 years, had his/her height and weight recorded, (overweight and obesity were defined, respectively, as relative body weight > or = 120% and > or = 140%), and parents were requested to compile a questionnaire exploring some demographic and social conditions. 23% of the sample resulted overweight or obese. Prevalence rate ratios (PRR) of overweight and obesity (together) were calculated, adjusting for parents' age, parents' area of birth, and school district. PRR for mother's lowest educational level compared to the highest was 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19-2.13), while for father's education was 1.21 (0.90-1.63). PRRs for 'unemployed' or 'manual' mother compared to 'upper non manual' were respectively 1.83 (1.20-2.79) and 2.20 (1.31-3.68), while for 'unemployed' or 'manual' father were 2.63 (1.97-2.63), and 1.63 (1.27-2.09). The cultural resources of the mother, and the economical resources of the family seem to influence the prevalence of weight gain in prepuberal children. This should be taken into account when planning programs for the prevention or reduction of obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gnavi
- Regione Piemonte-ASL 5, Servizio di Epidemiologia, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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24
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Leino M, Raitakari OT, Porkka KV, Helenius HY, Viikari JS. Cardiovascular risk factors of young adults in relation to parental socioeconomic status: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Ann Med 2000; 32:142-51. [PMID: 10766406 DOI: 10.3109/07853890009011764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The socioeconomic status (SES) of the family influences the cardiovascular risk status of children and adolescents; however, it is not as well known whether parental SES has any effect on the risk factor profile of young adults. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relations of different aspects of parental SES, namely occupation, education, income and living area, to the common cardiovascular risk factors of their offspring (n = 919) aged 18, 21 and 24 years as a part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 1986. Subjects from farming families and rural areas had the highest serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values, and the lowest diastolic blood pressure compared with subjects from other occupational groups and subjects from urban regions. The diet of young adults from farming families and from rural areas contained more saturated fatty acids and less monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the body mass index was lower in subjects from urban regions compared with rural regions, and physical inactivity was less common in the urban group. Subjects with the highest parental occupational status smoked less compared with those with the lowest status. Parental education related inversely to physical inactivity and directly to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. The income level of the family associated positively with frequent inebriation by alcoholic beverages and inversely with the percentage of dietary energy from fat. In conclusion, there were modest inverse associations between different indicators of the SES of parents and some of the traditional risk factors of their offspring in young adulthood, which may contribute to the future risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leino
- Cardiorespiratory Research Unit, University of Turku, Finland.
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Yang X, Telama R, Leino M, Viikari J. Factors explaining the physical activity of young adults: the importance of early socialization. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1999; 9:120-7. [PMID: 10220848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a part of the large project Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns, the purpose of the present study was to examine how adult physical activity is influenced by early physical activity and current social and health-related factors. A total of 2411 children and adolescents aged 9, 12, 15 and 18 years were randomly selected from five university towns and their rural surroundings in 1980. They were followed up for 12 years by means of questionnaires. In 1992 they were 21, 24, 27 and 30 years old. The results showed that early physical activity and current social and health-related behaviours were significantly related to the level of adult physical activity. Multivariable analyses indicated that early physical activity, in particular, was the best predictor of adult physical activity in all groups, with the exception of the 21-year-old women. The social and health-related factors such as occupation, employment status and smoking also predicted physical activity in some age-gender groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- LIKES Research Center, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Murray LJ, O'Reilly DP, Ong GM, O'Neill C, Evans AE, Bamford KB. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. Heart 1999; 81:239-44. [PMID: 10026343 PMCID: PMC1728950 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.81.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine, within a representative population group of men and women, whether alteration of the lipid profile might underlie the reported association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross sectional survey in an area with a high incidence of ischaemic heart disease. SUBJECTS 400 randomly selected participants in the World Health Organisation MONICA project's third population survey in Northern Ireland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Stored sera were examined by microimmunofluorescence for IgG antibodies to C pneumoniae at a dilution of 1 in 64. Mean total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were compared between seropositive and seronegative individuals with adjustment for age, measures of socioeconomic status, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and the season during which blood had been taken. RESULTS In seropositive men, adjusted mean serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were 0.5 mmol/l (9.2%) higher and 0.11 mmol/l (9.3%) lower, respectively, than in seronegative men. Differences in women did not achieve statistical significance, but both total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were higher (3.6% and 5.8%, respectively) in seropositive than in seronegative individuals. CONCLUSIONS There is serological evidence that C pneumoniae infection is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile in men. Altered lipid levels may underlie the association between C pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Murray
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, Mulhouse Building, Institute of Clinical Science, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK.
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Åkerblom HK, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Uhari M. Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study: general outline and recent developments. Ann Med 1999; 31:45-54. [PMID: 28850277 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.1999.11904399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a collaborative effort of all university departments of paediatrics and several other institutions in Finland to study the risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) and their determinants in children and adolescents in different parts of the country. The main cross-sectional study carried out in 1980 included 3596 3-18-year-old subjects. Follow-up studies have been performed in 1983, 1986, 1989 and 1992; in the last of these studies the subjects were 15-30 years old. The findings in anthropometry, obesity and blood pressure have been rather similar to reports from other countries in Europe. However, serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were higher than in other countries, 4.83 mmol/L and 3.09 mmol/L, respectively in 1980. By 1992 a decrease of 8% took place, probably as a result of dietary changes. Apolipoprotein phenotypes E4E4 or E4E3 were relatively frequent (34%) in the sample. Tracking and clustering have also been studied. Serum insulin levels predicted the clustering of the typical risk factor profile associated with insulin resistance syndrome. The dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P/S) ratio increased from 0.26 in 1980 to 0.39 in 1992, with no significant changes in the total energy derived from fat. 'Hard-driving' was found to be the psychological risk factor most consistently related to the CHD risk factor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans K Åkerblom
- a Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- b Department of Medicine , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- c Department of Cardiology , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,d Department of Clinical Physiology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Matti Uhari
- e Department of Paediatrics , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland
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