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Kim I, Kim D. Residential mobility according to health status in South Korea's largest metropolitan city during the COVID-19 pandemic using generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data. Health Place 2024; 88:103265. [PMID: 38735151 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study examines whether residential mobility differed according to health status in Seoul, the largest metropolitan city in South Korea, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, people who moved had better health status in the baseline year than those who did not. However, during the pandemic, the residential mobility of people with poor health status increased, particularly in 2019-2020. This pattern appeared to be driven by the 55-74 age group. The effect of health status on residential mobility was not attenuated, even after adjusting for covariates at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhan Kim
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duwon Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Kosin University College of Health and Welfare, 194, Wachi-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Gravagna K, Wolfson C, Basta NE. Influenza vaccine coverage and factors associated with non-vaccination among caregiving and care-receiving adults in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). BMC Public Health 2024; 24:924. [PMID: 38553696 PMCID: PMC10981287 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccination is recommended for those at increased risk of influenza complications and their household contacts to help reduce influenza exposure. Adults who require care often experience health issues that could increase the risk of severe influenza and have close contact with caregivers. Assessing influenza vaccination prevalence in caregivers and care recipients can provide important information about uptake. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) estimate influenza non-vaccination prevalence and (2) assess factors associated with non-vaccination among caregivers aged ≥ 45 years and among care recipients aged ≥ 65 years. METHODS We conducted an analysis of cross-sectional data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging collected 2015-2018. We estimated non-vaccination prevalence and reported adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals from logistic regression models to identify factors associated with non-vaccination among caregivers and care recipients. RESULTS Of the 23,500 CLSA participants who reported providing care, 41.4% (95% CI: 40.8%, 42.0%) reported not receiving influenza vaccine in the previous 12 months. Among the 5,559 participants who reported receiving professional or non-professional care, 24.8% (95% CI: 23.7%, 26.0%) reported not receiving influenza vaccine during the same period. For both groups, the odds of non-vaccination were higher for those who had not visited a family doctor in the past year, were daily smokers, and those who identified as non-white. DISCUSSION Identifying groups at high risk of severe influenza and their close contacts can inform public health efforts to reduce the risk of influenza. Our results suggest sub-optimal influenza vaccination uptake among caregivers and care recipients. Efforts are needed to increase influenza vaccination and highlight the direct and indirect benefits for caregiver-care recipient pairs. CONCLUSION The proportions of both caregivers and care recipients who had not been vaccinated for influenza was high, despite the benefits of vaccination. Influenza vaccination campaigns could target undervaccinated, high-risk groups to increase coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Gravagna
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Christina Wolfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole E Basta
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Baranyi G, Williamson L, Feng Z, Carnell E, Vieno M, Dibben C. Higher air pollution exposure in early life is associated with worse health among older adults: A 72-year follow-up study from Scotland. Health Place 2024; 86:103208. [PMID: 38367322 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution increases the risk of mortality and morbidity. However, limited evidence exists on the very long-term associations between early life air pollution exposure and health, as well as on potential pathways. This study explored the relationship between fine particle (PM2.5) exposure at age 3 and limiting long-term illness (LLTI) at ages 55, 65 and 75 using data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort 1936, a representative administrative cohort study. We found that early life PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher odds of LLTI in mid-to-late adulthood (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14 per 10 μg m-3 increment) among the 2085 participants, with stronger associations among those growing up in disadvantaged families. Path analyses suggested that 15-21% of the association between early life PM2.5 concentrations and LLTI at age 65 (n = 1406) was mediated through childhood cognitive ability, educational qualifications, and adult social position. Future research should capitalise on linked administrative and health data, and explore causal mechanisms between environment and specific health conditions across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Baranyi
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Lee Williamson
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Longitudinal Studies Centre - Scotland, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Carnell
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Vieno
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Dibben
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Wallbing U, Nilsson S, Lundberg M, Wigert H, Kemani MK. Help overcoming pain early, a brief person-centred intervention for adolescents with chronic pain in a school setting, may improve symptoms of insomnia. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1264355. [PMID: 38034879 PMCID: PMC10682372 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1264355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims Chronic pain and symptoms of insomnia affect large numbers of adolescents and early interventions are prioritized. The aim of the current study was to evaluate potential secondary effects of the intervention, Help Overcoming Pain Early (HOPE), on symptoms of insomnia and self-rated health. Methods The study included non-randomized aggregated data from the active and control conditions in a previously conducted randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of HOPE, after the participants in the control condition also had received the intervention. Symptoms of insomnia were assessed with the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale and self-rated health was assessed with one item, at the start of the intervention, post intervention, and at a six-month follow-up. Baseline variables included age, gender, pain localization, pain impact, school absence and symptoms of depression (assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children). Inferential analyzes were performed using Linear Mixed Models (LMM). Effect sizes were evaluated by calculating Cohen's d. Results There were statistically significant improvements in symptoms of insomnia at the six-month follow-up, and statistically significant improvements in self-rated health at the end of the intervention and at the six-month follow-up. Effect sizes were small across outcomes and assessments. Discussion and conclusion Results illustrated significant but small improvements in symptoms of insomnia and self-rated health in adolescents with chronic pain following the HOPE intervention. Although caution is needed when assessing the findings, results illustrate the potential utility of an accessible brief early intervention in a school context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wallbing
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Nilsson
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mari Lundberg
- University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Wigert
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Neonatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mike K. Kemani
- Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical Unit Medical Psychology, Theme Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tsuchiya K, Schulz AJ, Niño MD, Caldwell CH. Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Citizenship Status, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrant Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01731-1. [PMID: 37566180 PMCID: PMC11134944 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Both racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status are manifestations of racism. Few empirical studies have examined the role of multiple stressors and how both stressors are interlinked to influence health among immigrant young adults. Informed by the theory of stress proliferation, the current study seeks to examine the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on health. We used the third wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) to examine the influence of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on self-rated health (SRH) among immigrant young adults (N = 3344). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination was initially associated with SRH. After adjusting for both predictors, those experiencing perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and non-citizen youth were less likely to report better health than youth who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination or citizen youth. In fully adjusted multivariate regression models, racial/ethnic discrimination remained significant, while citizenship status was no longer associated with SRH. To test stress proliferation, an interaction term was included to assess whether the relationship between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and SRH varied by citizenship status. The interaction term was significant; non-citizen young adults who experienced racial/ethnic discrimination were less likely to report better health in comparison to citizen young adults and those who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Results suggest that the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status may be influential for health among immigrant young adults. These findings underscore the need for further assessment of the role of stress proliferation on immigrant young adults' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Tsuchiya
- Social and Behavioural Health Sciences Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Amy Jo Schulz
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Michael David Niño
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
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Hoggard LS, Volpe VV, Hatton VL, Jones SJ, Tikhonov AA, Davis SE. "Now I just need something sweet": Racism, emotional eating, and health among African Americans. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:114947. [PMID: 35410763 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Environmental Affordances Model theorizes that systemic racism disproportionately exposes African Americans in the United States to chronic everyday stressors (e.g., individual racism) while simultaneously shaping the availability of coping resources (e.g., fast food outlets) and engagement in self-regulatory strategies (e.g., emotional eating). Greater engagement in self-regulatory strategies is theorized to preserve mental health while contributing to medical morbidities and mortality. OBJECTIVE However, few studies have tested the Environmental Affordances Model, limiting our understanding of how the proposed pathways operate in the lives of African Americans. METHODS In the present study, the associations between systemic racism (institutional racism, cultural racism, neighborhood disadvantage), chronic everyday stressors (exposure to individual racism), emotional eating, and mental (anxiety symptomatology) and physical (self-rated overall physical health) health are assessed in a sample of 751 African Americans aged 18 to 88. RESULTS The path analysis reveals that institutional and cultural racism are both positively associated with individual racism. Neighborhood disadvantage is inversely associated with individual racism. Individual racism is significantly associated with greater anxiety symptomatology but is unrelated to self-rated overall physical health. Institutional and cultural racism are associated with emotional eating although individual racism and neighborhood disadvantage are not. Moreover, engagement in emotional eating exacerbates, rather than mitigates, the impacts of individual racism on anxiety symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that institutional and cultural racism contribute to individual racism experiences and emotional eating whereas emotional eating exacerbates associations among individual racism and anxiety symptomatology.
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Aitken Z, Bishop GM, Disney G, Emerson E, Kavanagh AM. Disability-related inequalities in health and well-being are mediated by barriers to participation faced by people with disability. A causal mediation analysis. Soc Sci Med 2022; 315:115500. [PMID: 36375266 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Large inequalities in health and well-being exist between people with and without disability, in part due to poor socio-economic circumstances, and potentially also related to societal factors including issues associated with accessibility and participation. To better understand the contribution of societal factors, we used a unique longitudinal survey of disability in Great Britain to quantify the extent to which barriers to participation contribute to poorer health and well-being. We used data from 2354 individuals who participated in three waves of the Life Opportunities Survey between 2009 and 2014 and compared five health and well-being outcomes (self-rated health, anxiousness, life satisfaction, life worth, happiness) between adults who acquired an impairment and those who remained disability-free. Causal mediation analysis was conducted to quantify how much of the effect of disability acquisition on each outcome was explained by barriers to participation in employment, economic life, transport, community, leisure and civic activities, social contact, and accessibility. People who recently acquired a disability had poorer health and well-being compared to people with no disability. Barriers to participation explained 15% of inequalities in self-rated health, 28% for anxiousness, 32% for life satisfaction, 37% for life worth, and 70% for happiness. A substantial proportion of the inequalities in health and well-being experienced by people with recently acquired disability were socially produced, driven by barriers to participation in different life domains. Furthermore, there was evidence that barriers to participation mediated the effect of well-being measured to a greater extent than the more clinically aligned measures, self-reported health and anxiousness. These findings highlight modifiable factors amenable to public health interventions that could lead to substantial improvements in health and well-being for people with disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Aitken
- Disability and Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Bishop
- Disability and Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Disney
- Disability and Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Emerson
- Centre for Disability Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M Kavanagh
- Disability and Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Gravagna K, Wolfson C, Sulis G, Buchan SA, McNeil S, Andrew MK, McMillan J, Kirkland S, Basta NE. Influenza vaccine coverage and factors associated with non-vaccination among adults at high risk for severe outcomes: An analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275135. [PMID: 36178943 PMCID: PMC9524702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza vaccination is recommended in Canada for older adults and those with underlying health conditions due to their increased risk of severe outcomes. Further research is needed to identify who within these groups is not receiving influenza vaccine to identify opportunities to increase coverage. Objectives We aimed to 1) estimate influenza non-vaccination prevalence and 2) assess factors associated with non-vaccination among Canadian adults aged ≥65 and adults aged 46–64 with ≥1 chronic medical condition (CMC) due to their high risk of severe influenza outcomes. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected from 2015–2018 among participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. For both groups of interest, we estimated non-vaccination prevalence and used logistic regression models to identify factors associated with non-vaccination. We report adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the investigated variables. Results Overall, 29.5% (95% CI: 28.9%, 30.1%) of the 23,226 participants aged ≥65 years and 50.4% (95% CI: 49.4%, 51.3%) of the 11,250 participants aged 46–64 years with ≥1 CMC reported not receiving an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months. For both groups, lack of recent contact with a family doctor and current smoking were independently associated with non-vaccination. Discussion Influenza vaccination helps prevent severe influenza outcomes. Yet, half of adults aged 46–64 years with ≥1 CMC and more than one-quarter of all adults aged ≥65 years did not receive a recommended influenza vaccine in the year prior to the survey. Innovation in vaccination campaigns for routinely recommended vaccines, especially among those without annual family doctor visits, may improve coverage. Conclusion Influenza vaccination coverage among Canadian adults aged 46–64 years with ≥1 CMC and adults aged ≥65 years remains suboptimal. Vaccination campaigns targeting those at high risk of severe outcomes without routine physician engagement should be evaluated to improve uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Gravagna
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina Wolfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giorgia Sulis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Buchan
- Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelly McNeil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melissa K. Andrew
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jacqueline McMillan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Kirkland
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nicole E. Basta
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Angel B, Ajnakina O, Albala C, Lera L, Márquez C, Leipold L, Bilovich A, Dobson R, Bendayan R. Grip Strength Trajectories and Cognition in English and Chilean Older Adults: A Cross-Cohort Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1230. [PMID: 36013179 PMCID: PMC9410389 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence about the link between cognitive and physical decline suggests the early changes in physical functioning as a potential biomarker for cognitive impairment. Thus, we compared grip-strength trajectories over 12-16 years in three groups classified according to their cognitive status (two stable patterns, normal and impaired cognitive performance, and a declining pattern) in two representative UK and Chilean older adult samples. The samples consisted of 7069 UK (ELSA) and 1363 Chilean participants (ALEXANDROS). Linear Mixed models were performed. Adjustments included socio-demographics and health variables. The Declined and Impaired group had significantly lower grip-strength at baseline when compared to the Non-Impaired. In ELSA, the Declined and Impaired showed a faster decline in their grip strength compared to the Non-Impaired group but differences disappeared in the fully adjusted models. In ALEXANDROS, the differences were only found between the Declined and Non-Impaired and they were partially attenuated by covariates. Our study provides robust evidence of the association between grip strength and cognitive performance and how socio-economic factors might be key to understanding this association and their variability across countries. This has implications for future epidemiological research, as hand-grip strength measurements have the potential to be used as an indicator of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Angel
- Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (B.A.); (L.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (O.A.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (R.B.)
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cecilia Albala
- Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (B.A.); (L.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Lydia Lera
- Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (B.A.); (L.L.); (C.M.)
- Latin Division, Keiser University eCampus, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33409, USA
| | - Carlos Márquez
- Public Health Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile; (B.A.); (L.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Leona Leipold
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (O.A.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (R.B.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Avri Bilovich
- Centre for the Study of Decision-Making Uncertainty, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Richard Dobson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (O.A.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (R.B.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Rebecca Bendayan
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (O.A.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (R.B.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley, NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Bacong AM, Hing AK, Morey B, Crespi CM, Kabamalan MM, Lee NR, Wang MC, de Castro AB, Gee GC. Health selection on self-rated health and the healthy migrant effect: Baseline and 1-year results from the health of Philippine Emigrants Study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000324. [PMID: 36082314 PMCID: PMC9450558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies of migration and health focus on a "healthy migrant effect" whereby migrants are healthier than individuals not migrating. Health selection remains the popular explanation of this phenomenon. However, studies are mixed on whether selection occurs and typically examine migrants post-departure. This study used a novel pre-migration dataset to identify which health and social domains differ between migrants and their non-migrant counterparts and their contribution to explaining variance in self-rated health by migrant status at pre-migration and 1-year later. Data were used from the baseline and 1-year follow-up of the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES). We used multivariable ordinary least squares regression to examine differences in self-rated health between migrants to the U.S. and a comparable group of non-migrants at baseline (premigration) and one year later, accounting for seven domains: physical health, mental health, health behavior, demographics, socioeconomic factors and healthcare utilization, psychosocial factors, and social desirability. A migrant advantage was present for self-rated health at baseline and 1-year. Accounting for all domains, migrants reported better self-rated health compared to non-migrants both at baseline (β = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.43) and at 1-year (β = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.10, 0.46). Migrant status, health behavior, and mental health accounted for most of the variance in self-rated health both at baseline and 1-year follow-up. This analysis provides evidence of migrant health selection and nuanced understanding to what is being captured by self-rated health in studies of migrant health that should be considered in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Matias Bacong
- University of California-Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Hing
- University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brittany Morey
- University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Crespi
- University of California-Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Nanette R. Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - May C. Wang
- University of California-Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - A. B. de Castro
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gilbert C. Gee
- University of California-Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Davidsen AS, Birkmose AR, Kragstrup J, Siersma V, Ertmann RK. The association of a past childbirth experience with a variety of early physical and mental symptoms in subsequent pregnancies. Midwifery 2022; 112:103406. [PMID: 35772244 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2022.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some women have a perceived negative experience of childbirth due to various reasons- e.g., obstetric complications or the feeling of loss of control. We do not know enough about the effects of a perceived negative experience of a childbirth on a woman's subsequent pregnancies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a previously perceived negative childbirth experience affects a woman's physical and mental well-being in a later pregnancy. METHODS A prospective cohort study in Danish general practice, based on information about women's childbirth experiences from the Pregnancy Health Record filled in by the general practitioner (GP) and data from an electronic questionnaire completed by the women. RESULTS A total of 1288 women were included in the analysis. Women who had given birth before were found to have a significantly higher risk of experiencing nausea, varicose veins and uterine contractions, and a lower risk of pelvic cavity pain in the current pregnancy. Women having given birth before were significantly more likely to assess their physical fitness as poor and to experience poor well-being. Women with a perceived negative experience of childbirth had more sleep problems and a higher prevalence of poor self-rated health than women with unproblematic childbirth experience. CONCLUSION This study showed that women with a previously perceived negative experience of childbirth are affected according to their mental health in their subsequent pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Davidsen
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna R Birkmose
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kragstrup
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volkert Siersma
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth K Ertmann
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Poor worker’s long working hours paradox: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2018. Ann Occup Environ Med 2022; 34:e2. [PMID: 35425616 PMCID: PMC8980752 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because income and working hours are closely related, the health impact of working hours can vary according to economic status. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between working hours and the risk of poor self-rated health according to household income level. Methods We used the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI and VII. The information on working hours and self-rated health was obtained from the questionnaire. After stratifying by household income level, the risk of poor self-rated health for long working hour group (≥ 52 hours a week), compared to the 35–51 working hour group as a reference, were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results Long working hours increased the risk of poor self-rated health in the group with the highest income, but not in the group with the lowest income. On the other hand, the overall weighted prevalence of poor self-rated health was higher in the low-income group. Conclusions The relationship between long working hours and the risk of poor self-rated health varied by household income level. This phenomenon, in which the health effects of long working hours appear to diminish in low-income households can be referred to as the ‘poor worker’s long working hours paradox’. Our findings suggest that the recent working hour restriction policy implemented by the Korean government should be promoted, together with a basic wage preservation to improve workers’ general health and well-being.
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O'Donovan G, Inan-Eroglu E, Stamatakis E, Hamer M. Alcohol drinking in one's thirties and forties is associated with body mass index in men, but not in women: A longitudinal analysis of the 1970 British Cohort Study. Prev Med 2021; 153:106811. [PMID: 34560097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate longitudinal associations between alcohol drinking and body mass index (BMI). Alcohol drinking (exposure), BMI (outcome), smoking habit, occupation, longstanding illness, and leisure time physical activity (potential confounders) were assessed at ages 30, 34, 42, and 46 in the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study. Multilevel models were used to cope with the problem of correlated observations. There were 15,708 observations in 5931 men and 14,077 observations in 5656 women. Drinking was associated with BMI in men. According to the regression coefficients, BMI was expected to increase by 0.36 (95% confidence interval: 0.11, 0.60) kg/m2 per year in men who drank once a week and by 0.40 (0.14, 0.15) kg/m2 per year in men who drank most days. In ten years, BMI was expected to increase by 5.4 kg/m2 in men who drank and by 2.9 kg/m2 in men who drank and were physically active. Drinking was not associated with BMI in women. Rather, BMI was expected to increase by 0.25 (0.07, 0.43) kg/m2 per year in women who were former smokers. In ten years, BMI was expected to increase by 4.3 kg/m2 in women who were former smokers and by 0.8 kg/m2 in women who were former smokers and who were physically active. Associations between drinking and BMI were similar after further adjustment for problematic drinking and diet. These longitudinal data suggest that drinking is associated with BMI in men and that drinking is not associated with BMI in women independent of other lifestyle risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary O'Donovan
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
| | - Elif Inan-Eroglu
- The Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre Epidemiology Unit, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Mark Hamer
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute Sport Exercise Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Tsur N, Haller CS. Self-Rated Health Among Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Close Relatives: The Role of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:449-456. [PMID: 33883538 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is accompanied by significant declines in self-rated health (SRH). Although such deteriorations in SRH are related to various consequences of sTBI, the effect of posttraumatic reactions (i.e., posttraumatic stress [PTS] symptoms) has been tested insufficiently to date, especially among civilians. The present investigation is based on Trajectories of Recovery After Severe Traumatic brain injury-Matters In families (TRAST-MI), a unique study among civilians with sTBI and their families. Previous research revealed that civilian sTBI has effects beyond the injured patient, influencing their close relatives as well. The aim of this study was to assess the association between PTS symptoms and SRH among patients with civilian sTBI and their close relatives. METHODS Patients with sTBI (assessed by an Abbreviated Injury Scale of the head region score >3) and their close relatives participated in TRAST-MI. One hundred twenty-six patient-relative dyads were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months after the injury. RESULTS Multilevel modeling revealed that patients' PTS symptoms were associated with consequent SRH (slope = 0.42; p < .001), and relatives' PTS symptoms were associated with their respective SRH (slope = 0.2; p = .012). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study reveal that SRH of both patients with sTBI and their relatives are negatively affected by their own PTS symptoms. These findings underline the understanding that sTBI is not merely a medical trauma but rather a comprehensive psychosocial trauma, which has consequences for the whole family system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Tsur
- From the Bob Shapell School of Social Work (Tsur), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Psychology (Haller), Harvard University, Cambridge; Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center (Haller), Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Cognicreate LLC (Haller), Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Association between Depression, Lifestyles, Sleep Quality and Sense of Coherence in a Population with Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020585. [PMID: 33578822 PMCID: PMC7916624 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
People with cardiovascular risk have more depression than the general population. Depression and cardiovascular risk have been commonly linked to lower sense of coherence (SOC) values, unhealthy lifestyles, and poor sleep quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between depression, health-related lifestyles, sleep quality, and SOC in a population with cardiovascular risk. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 310 participants (aged 35–75 years) with cardiovascular risk. Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, cardiovascular risk, SOC score, depression levels, sleep quality, and lifestyles (physical activity, diet quality (measured as the adherence to the Mediterranean diet), and tobacco and alcohol consumption) were determined. The regression analysis showed significant associations between depression levels and sex (odds ratio (OR): 2.29; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.07), diet (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99), body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.12), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.18, 5.48), sleep quality (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.46), and SOC (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.98). Protective effects of male sex, a lower BMI, no CVD, a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet, a high sleep quality, and a higher SOC were found. In conclusion, among lifestyles determined, only diet was associated with depression levels. SOC and sleep quality were also found as significant predictors for depression levels.
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Dumas SE, Dongchung TY, Sanderson ML, Bartley K, Levanon Seligson A. A comparison of the four healthy days measures (HRQOL-4) with a single measure of self-rated general health in a population-based health survey in New York City. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:315. [PMID: 32972402 PMCID: PMC7517637 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) can be used to track health disparities, assess the impact of chronic diseases, and predict mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s “Healthy Days Measures” (HRQOL-4) assesses four key domains: self-rated general health, physical health, mental health, and activity limitations. The domains are not easily combined to summarize overall HRQOL, and some evidence suggests that self-rated general health may be an adequate proxy indicator for overall HRQOL. This study compares self-rated general health as a solitary measure of HRQOL with two summary indices of the HRQOL-4 as a predictor of adverse health conditions in a representative sample of adult New York City residents. Methods The 2017 NYC Social Determinants of Health survey implemented by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene collected data from a representative sample of New Yorkers (n = 2335) via phone, mail, and web. We compared the information criteria and predictive power of self-rated general health with two alternative summary indices of the HRQOL-4 in predicting self-reported health conditions (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, non-specific psychological distress, and a summary indicator for at least one those four morbidities). Results Overall, 19.1% (95% CI: 16.9, 21.5) of respondents reported that they had fair or poor general health. Self-rated general health was significantly associated with days of poor physical health, poor mental health, and activity limitations (p < 0.001 for each). While the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria suggested that the summary indices of the HRQOL-4 produced marginally better models for predicting adverse health conditions, self-rated general health had slightly higher predictive power than did the summary indices in all models of physical health outcomes as measured by Tjur’s pseudo-R2 and the area under the curve. Conclusion We found very small differences between self-rated general health and the summary indices of the HRQOL-4 in predicting health conditions, suggesting self-rated general health is an appropriate proxy measure of overall HRQOL. Because it can be measured with a single question rather than four, it might be the most simple, efficient, and cost-effective method of summarizing HRQOL in large population-based surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Dumas
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY, 11101, USA.
| | - Tenzin Yangchen Dongchung
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Michael L Sanderson
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Katherine Bartley
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Amber Levanon Seligson
- Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY, 11101, USA
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17
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Oh SH, Kim JS. Importance of lifestyle, stress, and chronic diseases in self-rated health of Korean doctors. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2020. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2020.63.9.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of medical services and the health of patients can be guaranteed when the doctors are healthy. In this study, we used the data from the 2016 Korean Physician Survey and analyzed the relationship of lifestyle, stress, and chronic diseases status with the self-rated health of Korean doctors. Among 7,631 doctors in Korea, 2,336 (30.6%) reported their self-rated health as ‘good’, 4,462 (58.5%) as ‘moderate’, and 833 (10.9%) as ‘bad’. The multinominal logistic regression analysis, showed that factors related to the self-rated health were age, type of healthcare facility, smoking, exercise, sleep duration, stress, and chronic diseases status. Since doctors’ lifestyle, stress, and chronic disease status were closely related to their self-rated health, it is imperative to prepare measures to protect doctors’ health in an intensive medical environment, where too many patients require treatment, due to the characteristics of the medical system in Korea.
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18
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Liang SW, Chen RN, Liu LL, Li XG, Chen JB, Tang SY, Zhao JB. The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Guangdong College Students: The Difference Between Seeking and Not Seeking Psychological Help. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2231. [PMID: 33013582 PMCID: PMC7499802 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has considerably psychologically impacted Chinese college students. Several types of online mental health services were widely implemented for college students during the outbreak. This study investigated the relationship between college students' mental health status and psychological help-seeking behavior to test the phases-decision-making model (PDM). Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among college students in Guangdong Province using an online platform. In total, 4,164 students were assigned to the "counseling group" or "non-counseling group" according to whether they had sought psychological help because of the COVID-19 outbreak; the groups were matched based on age, sex, and grade. Demographics, perceived mental health, and experience with seeking psychological help were recorded. Fear, depression, and trauma were assessed by the COVID-19 Fear Screening Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Impact of Event Scale-6. Results The fear, depression, and trauma scores were significantly higher in the counseling group than in the non-counseling group (P s < 0.001). Fear (OR = 1.27, p < 0.001), depression (OR = 1.02, p = 0.032), trauma (OR = 1.08, p < 0.001), poor perceived mental health status (OR = 3.61, p = 0.001), and experience with seeking psychological help (OR = 7.06, p < 0.001) increased the odds of seeking psychological help. Conclusion During the COVID-19 epidemic, the rate of psychological help-seeking was still low, and college students in poor psychological condition sought psychological counseling more. Fear, depression, trauma, experience with seeking psychological help, and perceived mental health can effectively predict psychological help-seeking behavior. These findings emphasized the importance of closely monitoring college students' psychological status, providing psychological intervention, and improving the probability of seeking psychological help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wei Liang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Ning Chen
- Mental Health Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Guo Li
- Mental Health Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Bin Chen
- Mental Health Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yao Tang
- Mental Health Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Mental Health Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Yin J, Lassale C, Steptoe A, Cadar D. Exploring the bidirectional associations between loneliness and cognitive functioning over 10 years: the English longitudinal study of ageing. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1937-1948. [PMID: 31056641 PMCID: PMC6929532 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population ages, cognitive decline and dementia have become major health concerns in the UK. Loneliness has been linked to cognitive decline, but the reverse causality of this association remains unclear. This study aims to examine whether there is a bidirectional relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in older English adults (age 50 years and over) over a 10-year follow-up. METHODS Data came from a nationally representative sample of 5885 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), free of stroke or dementia and followed every 2 years up to wave 7 (2014-15). At each wave, cognitive function was measured with word recall and verbal fluency tests, and loneliness was measured with the abridged version of the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Bivariate dual change score models were used to assess the multivariate associations between loneliness and cognitive function, used interchangeably as exposures and outcomes. RESULTS Greater loneliness at baseline was associated with poorer memory [β intercept = -0.03, standard error (SE) = 0.01, P = 0.016] and verbal fluency (β intercept = -0.01, SE = 001, P = 0.027) at baseline, and with a stronger linear rate of decline in both memory (β linear slope = -0.07, SE = 001, P ≤ 0.001) and verbal fluency (β linear slope = -0.09, SE = 0.03, P = 0.003) over a 10-year follow-up period, although the performance on verbal fluency did not change substantially on average over this period. We also found that higher baseline memory, but not verbal fluency, predicted a slower change in loneliness (β linear slope = -0.01, SE = 001, P = 0.004) and that a linear decline in memory was associated with an acceleration in loneliness (β quadratic slope = -0.02, SE = 001, P ≤ 0.001) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Higher loneliness is associated with poorer cognitive function at baseline and contributes to a worsening in memory and verbal fluency over a decade. These factors seem, however, to be partially intertwined, since baseline memory and its rate of decline also contribute to an increase in loneliness over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK
| | - Camille Lassale
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK.,Department of Behavioural Science in Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK.,Department of Behavioural Science in Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorina Cadar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK.,Department of Behavioural Science in Health, University College London, London, UK
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is increasing recognition that positive affective states have a protective association for all-cause mortality. However, positive states of happiness and excitement vary over time, and little is known about the association of fluctuations in positive affect with survival. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of positive affect instability, conceptualized as fluctuations in momentary positive affect, with mortality in a population-based sample of older adults in England. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This survey study used data from a longitudinal survey collected in wave 2 (2004) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a nationally representative sample of older men and women living in England, with follow-up continuing until March 2018. Participants included people aged 50 years or older at recruitment. Data were analyzed from September 2019 to April 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Positive and negative affect were measured at 4 time points over the course of 1 day: soon after waking, 30 minutes after waking, at 7:00 pm, and at bedtime. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 3834 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 64.0 [7.4] years; 2082 [54.3%] women) with a mean (SD) follow-up of 12.25 (2.60) years. Adjusting for demographic characteristics, baseline illness, health behaviors, and mean level and instability in negative affect, Cox proportional hazards regression showed that high positive affect instability was associated with greater mortality, with a hazard ratio of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.04-1.49; P = .02). Associations did not differ by age, suggesting that the increased mortality risk associated with high positive affect instability was not restricted to older ages. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that temporal fluctuations in positive affect were associated with mortality risk in older adults. These findings illustrate the value of incorporating dynamic assessments of positive affect in distal health outcomes such as mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Hetlevik Ø, Meland E, Hufthammer KO, Breidablik HJ, Jahanlu D, Vie TL. Self-rated health in adolescence as a predictor of 'multi-illness' in early adulthood: A prospective registry-based Norwegian HUNT study. SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100604. [PMID: 32509958 PMCID: PMC7265049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-rated health (SRH) is a marker of future health and a possible predictor of future multimorbidity, which is a major challenge for population health and health care. There is a lack of studies on adolescent SRH and patterns of health problems across the transitional period from adolescence to early adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify groups of people with similar health problems in early adulthood and explore the predictive value of adolescent SRH on the group classification after a period of 10–19 years. Data from 8828 adolescents participating in the Young HUNT-1 survey (1995–1997) were linked to the Norwegian registry of general practitioner (GP) claims, which includes diagnoses recorded in GP consultations in 2006–2014. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of patients with similar health problems in early adulthood and explored SRH as a predictor of class membership using latent class regression, adjusting for baseline chronic disease, frequency of health care attendance, sex and age. The mean age at baseline was 16 years, and 50% of the participants were female. SRH was reported as very good by 28%, good by 61% and not good by 11%. We identified five groups of patient classification (classes): Healthy (35%), Infections and general problems (26%), Musculoskeletal problems (21%), Psychological problems (6%) and Multi-illness (13%). We found a gradual increase in the probability of belonging to the Healthy class with better SRH, and an inverse pattern for the Psychological and Multi-illness classes. This pattern remained after adjusting for baseline variables. In conclusion, there is a clear association between adolescent SRH and the risk of having multi-illness in early adulthood, seen as a proxy for later multimorbidity. This finding warrants greater attention to SRH in adolescence as a possible indicator in targeted prevention of future health problems. Adolescent self-rated health (SRH) predicted health problems 10–19 years later. Patients were classified into five groups with similar patterns of health problems. Better SRH increased the probability of adults belonging to the healthiest group. Not good SRH tripled the risk for multi-illness compared to very good SRH. Low SRH in adolescence is a possible predictor of multimorbidity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Hetlevik
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eivind Meland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Hans J Breidablik
- Centre of Health Research, Førde Hospital Trust, PO Box1000, 6807, Førde, Norway
| | - David Jahanlu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tina L Vie
- Centre of Health Research, Førde Hospital Trust, PO Box1000, 6807, Førde, Norway
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Ahmad F, Othman N, Lou W. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Social Support and Coping Among Afghan Refugees in Canada. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:597-605. [PMID: 31832819 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD) is one of the common mental health conditions among Afghan refugees resettled in developed countries. The current study explores how social support, coping and other factors correlate with PTSD in this population. A survey was conducted with 49 adult Afghan refugees (males 41%, female 59%) who completed Harvard Trauma Questionnaire during their visit to a Community Health Centre in Toronto. Bivariate analysis and structural-equation-modeling (SEM) were used to examine associations and pathways between PTSD and other variables. Mean PTSD score was 2.53 (SD 0.92) with 53% showing symptoms of PTSD which was significantly associated with age, unemployment, social support and self-rated health. SEM showed that higher social support scores were significantly associated with lower PTSD scores, and the effect of coping and English language were mediated through social support. The high prevalence of PTSD, its association with social support and self-rated health are important issues to be considered for refugee resettlement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Ahmad
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, 4700 Keele Street, HNES Building, Rm 414, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Nasih Othman
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wendy Lou
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Dieteren CM, Brouwer WBF, van Exel J. How do combinations of unhealthy behaviors relate to attitudinal factors and subjective health among the adult population in the Netherlands? BMC Public Health 2020; 20:441. [PMID: 32245376 PMCID: PMC7126128 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health behaviours like smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption and physical activity (SNAP) are often studied separately, while combinations can be particularly harmful. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of lifestyle choices by studying the prevalence of (combinations of) unhealthy SNAP behaviours in relation to attitudinal factors (time orientation, risk attitude) and subjective health (self-rated health, life expectancy) among the adult Dutch population. Methods In total 1006 respondents, representative of the Dutch adult population (18–75 years) in terms of sex, age, and education, were drawn from a panel in 2016. They completed an online questionnaire. Groups comparisons and logistic regression analyses (crude and adjusted) were applied to analyse (combinations of) SNAP behaviours in relation to time orientation (using the Consideration of Future Consequences scale comprising Immediate (CFC-I) and Future (CFC-F) scales) and risk attitude (Health-Risk Attitude Scale; HRAS-6), as well as subjective health (visual analogue scale and subjective life expectancy). Results In the analyses, 989 respondents (51% men, average 52 years, 22% low, 48% middle, and 30% high educated) were included. About 8% of respondents engaged in four unhealthy SNAP behaviours and 18% in none. Self-rated health varied from 5.5 to 7.6 in these groups, whilst subjective life expectancy ranged between 73.7 and 85.5 years. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for socio-demographic variables, showed that smoking, excessive drinking and combining two or more unhealthy SNAP behaviours were significantly associated with CFC-I scores, which increased the odds by 30%, 18% and 19%, respectively. Only physical inactivity was significantly associated with CFC-F scores, which increased the odds by 20%. Three out of the four SNAP behaviours were significantly associated with HRAS-6, which increased the odds between 6% and 12%. An unhealthy diet, excessive drinking, and physical inactivity were significantly associated with SRH, which decreased the odds by 11%. Only smoking was significantly associated with subjective life expectancy, which decreased the odds by 3%. Conclusion Our findings suggest that attitudinal factors and subjective health are relevant in the context of understanding unhealthy SNAP behaviours and their clustering. This emphasizes the relevance of a holistic approach to health prevention rather than focusing on a single unhealthy SNAP behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Dieteren
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000, DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Werner B F Brouwer
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000, DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Job van Exel
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, P.O. Box 1738, 3000, DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bennasar-Veny M, Yañez AM, Pericas J, Ballester L, Fernandez-Dominguez JC, Tauler P, Aguilo A. Cluster Analysis of Health-Related Lifestyles in University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1776. [PMID: 32182922 PMCID: PMC7084566 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Health-related lifestyles in young adults are a public health concern because they affect the risk for developing noncommunicable diseases. Although unhealthy lifestyles tend to cluster together, most studies have analyzed their effects as independent factors. This study assessed the prevalence, association, and clustering of health-related lifestyles (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and quality of diet) among university students. This cross-sectional study examined a sample of student participants from the University of the Balearic Islands (n = 444; 67.8% females; mean age: 23.1 years). A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess health-related lifestyles. Men that consumed more alcohol, had less healthy diets, were more likely to be overweight, and performed more physical activity. Women had a higher prevalence of low weight and performed less physical activity. Physical activity had a negative association with time using a computer (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.95) and a positive association with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.32). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet had a negative association with tobacco consumption (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91), and positive associations with having breakfast every day (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.76) and consuming more daily meals (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.87). Cluster analysis indicated the presence of three distinct groups: Unhealthy lifestyles with moderate risk; unhealthy lifestyles with high risk; and healthy lifestyles with low risk. Health promotion interventions in the university environment that focus on multiple lifestyles could have a greater effect than interventions that target any single lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Bennasar-Veny
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (M.B.-V.); (J.P.); (J.C.F.-D.); (A.A.)
| | - Aina M. Yañez
- Research Group on Global Health & Human Development, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jordi Pericas
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (M.B.-V.); (J.P.); (J.C.F.-D.); (A.A.)
| | - Lluis Ballester
- Department of Specific Didactics and Pedagogy, Educational and Social Research and Training Research Group, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
| | - Juan Carlos Fernandez-Dominguez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (M.B.-V.); (J.P.); (J.C.F.-D.); (A.A.)
| | - Pedro Tauler
- Research Group on Evidence, lifestyles and Health Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
| | - Antoni Aguilo
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (M.B.-V.); (J.P.); (J.C.F.-D.); (A.A.)
- Research Group on Evidence, lifestyles and Health Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
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25
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Karahalios A, Pega F, Aitken Z, Milner A, Simpson JA, Kavanagh AM. The cumulative effect of living with disability on mental health in working-age adults: an analysis using marginal structural models. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:309-318. [PMID: 30903240 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that acquiring a disability is associated with a reduction in mental health, but they have not considered the cumulative impact of having a disability on mental health. We used acquisition of a non-psychological disability to estimate the association of each additional year lived with disability on mental health (measured using the Mental Component Summary score of the Short Form Health Survey). METHODS We used the first 13 waves of data (years 2001-2013) from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. The sample included 4113 working-age (18-65 years) adults who were disability-free at waves 1 and 2. We fitted marginal structural models with inverse probability weights to estimate the association of each additional year of living with disability on mental health, employing multiple imputation to handle the missing data. RESULTS Of the 4113 participants, 7.7 percent acquired a disability. On average, each additional year lived with disability was associated with a decrease in the mean Mental Component Summary score (β = - 0.42; 95% CI - 0.71, - 0.14). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that each additional year lived with non-psychological disability is associated with a decline in mental health among working-age Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Karahalios
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Frank Pega
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Burden of Disease Epidemiology, Equity and Cost-Effectiveness Programme (BODE3), Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Aitken
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison Milner
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie Street, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anne M Kavanagh
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Safreed-Harmon K, Anderson J, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Behrens GMN, d'Arminio Monforte A, Davidovich U, Del Amo J, Kall M, Noori T, Porter K, Lazarus JV. Reorienting health systems to care for people with HIV beyond viral suppression. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e869-e877. [PMID: 31776099 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and its increasing availability globally means that millions of people living with HIV now have a much longer life expectancy. However, people living with HIV have disproportionately high incidence of major comorbidities and reduced health-related quality of life. Health systems must respond to this situation by pioneering care and service delivery models that promote wellness rather than mere survival. In this Series paper, we review evidence about the emerging challenges of the care of people with HIV beyond viral suppression and identify four priority areas for action: integrating HIV services and non-HIV services, reducing HIV-related discrimination in health-care settings, identifying indicators to monitor health systems' progress toward new goals, and catalysing new forms of civil society engagement in the more broadly focused HIV response that is now needed worldwide. Furthermore, in the context of an increasing burden of chronic diseases, we must consider the shift that is underway in the HIV field in relation to burgeoning policy and programmatic efforts to promote healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Safreed-Harmon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jane Anderson
- Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV, Homerton University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat
- Department of Health Services Management, WHO Collaborating Centre on Health Systems and Policies in Small States, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany, Partner-site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antonella d'Arminio Monforte
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, L'Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Udi Davidovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julia Del Amo
- National Center for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; National Plan against HIV/AIDS/STIs, Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs and Welfare, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meaghan Kall
- HIV/STI Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Teymur Noori
- Surveillance and Response Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Surveillance and Response Unit University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Kall M, Marcellin F, Harding R, Lazarus JV, Carrieri P. Patient-reported outcomes to enhance person-centred HIV care. Lancet HIV 2019; 7:e59-e68. [PMID: 31776101 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Quality of life has been proposed as the fourth 90 to complement the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets to monitor the global HIV response, highlighting a need to address the holistic needs of people living with HIV beyond viral suppression. This proposal has instigated a wider discussion about the use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to improve the treatment and care of an ageing HIV population with increasing comorbidities and a disproportionate burden of social problems. PROs can provide a first-hand assessment of the impact of HIV treatment and care on patients' quality of life, including symptoms. The field of PRO measures is rapidly expanding but still no gold standard exists, raising concerns about tool selection. Challenges also remain in the collection, interpretation, and use of PRO data to improve the performance of the health system. An emerging concern is how to adapt PROs to different sociocultural and geographical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Kall
- HIV/STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Richard Harding
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery, and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix Marseille University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institution Française Publique de Recherche, Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé et Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France; Observatoire Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
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28
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Riediger ND, Bombak AE, Mudryj AN. Health-related behaviours and their relationship with self-rated health among Canadian adults. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:960. [PMID: 31319817 PMCID: PMC6637547 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-rated health (SRH) is a commonly used survey measure as a substitute for a clinical measure of health, which has demonstrated validity and reliability in a variety of populations. The referents that individuals incorporate into their self-evaluations have been shown to include health-related behaviours, though these relationships are not static. Our purpose was to describe and test for relationships between health-related behaviours and SRH among Canadian adults. METHODS We used pooled data from the Canadian Health Measures Surveys Cycles 3 (2012-13) and 4 (2014-15). All men and non-pregnant women aged 18 years and older were included (n = 6,789). We used binary logistic regression to test for relationships between health-related behaviours and SRH, including smoking status, adequate fruit and vegetable intake, inadequate sleep, alcohol use, and adequate physical activity. RESULTS The majority of respondents rated their health as good, very good, or excellent, though differences in SRH were found according to age group, highest level of household education, and income adequacy. Inadequate sleep was most strongly associated with poorer SRH among men and women combined, as compared to other health-related behaviours. Among women only, those who report heavy episodic drinking (OR, 2.64) or daily drinking (OR, 3.51) rated their health better, as compared to women who report low-risk alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Sleep quality is an important predictor of SRH for both men and women. Second, sex/gender differences must be considered in strategies to address alcohol use, as we may not be fully appreciating potentially health-affirming qualities associated with alcohol use among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Riediger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, 209 Human Ecology Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada. .,Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Andrea E Bombak
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Adriana N Mudryj
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, 209 Human Ecology Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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29
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Carter JL, Richards M, Hotopf M, Hatch SL. The roles of non-cognitive and cognitive skills in the life course development of adult health inequalities. Soc Sci Med 2019; 232:190-198. [PMID: 31100699 PMCID: PMC6783301 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that greater cognitive skill is protective against the development of socioeconomic health inequalities across the life course, but the relative role of non-cognitive skills has been less investigated in this context. Using the prospective UK 1958 National Child Development Study (N = 18,558), higher factor scores for adolescent non-cognitive skills (NCS; i.e. a combination of work habits and pro-social behaviours) and mean cognitive skill (CS) at age 16 were examined with a path analysis model in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course (at ages 16, 33 and 50) and poor self-reported health at age 50. Adjusting for adolescent NCS explained over a third of the association between education and health, but the path between social class at age 50 and health was unaffected. Adjustment for CS explained larger proportions of the paths to adult health inequalities; and paths between CS and SES across the life course were stronger than the same paths with NCS. However, NCS was still independently associated with paths to later health inequalities in fully adjusted models, and both types of skill had equivalent inverse direct effects with poor health (OR: 0.82 [95% CI 0.73,0.93] vs 0.83 [0.72,0.96], respectively). Since NCS retained independent associations with SES and health across the life course, they could be a target for policies aimed at ameliorating the production of health inequalities for a wide range of children, regardless of their cognitive skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Carter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK.
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Stephani L Hatch
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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The role of emotional eating in the links between racial discrimination and physical and mental health. J Behav Med 2019; 42:1091-1103. [PMID: 31079258 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental affordances (EA) model posits that maladaptive self-regulatory strategies (e.g., emotional eating) directly and indirectly heighten African Americans' risk for downstream medical morbidities while also potentially mitigating the psychological impact of stressors. We empirically tested the full EA model. In doing so, we investigated the associations among racial discrimination, depressive symptomatology, and physical health proxies as well as the intervening role of emotional eating in these associations among 150 African Americans aged 18-27. The increased frequency of experiencing racial discrimination was significantly associated with poorer self-reported health, greater depressive symptomatology, and more emotional eating. There was no significant association between emotional eating and physical health and emotional eating did not mediate the relation between racial discrimination and physical health. Finally, racial discrimination was associated with depressive symptomatology, but only among African Americans with mean or high levels of emotional eating.
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How Have You Been? or ¿Como estás?: Does Language of Interview Influences Self-Rated Health Among Hispanic Subgroups? J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 20:766-775. [PMID: 28597233 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-017-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports language differences in poor/fair self-rated health (SRH) among adults from six Hispanic groups in the United States. Data are from the cross-sectional 1997-2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The total sample of Hispanic adults with valid information for the variables considered in the study (n = 156,374) included Mexican-Americans (Mex-Am; n = 43,628), Mexicans (n = 55,057), Puerto Ricans (n = 14,631), Cubans (n = 8,041), Dominicans (from Dominican Republican, n = 4,359) and Other Hispanics (n = 30,658). We compared percentage of the population that reported poor/fair SRH among Hispanic individuals by language of interview and across origins using bivariate tests of association. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to study the odds of reporting poor/fair SRH based on language among the overall population and each group. Among the six Hispanic origins Puerto Ricans (15.92%), Cubans (16.36%) and Dominicans (15.32%) reported poor/fair SRH at higher levels than the overall sample (12.32%). In the logistic regression model adjusting potential covariates, those interviewed in Spanish were at higher odds of reporting poor/fair SRH than those interviewed in English (OR = 1.47, p < 0.0001). In the stratified analysis, Mexican-Americans were the only group where language of interview did not affect the odds of reporting poor/fair SRH. There are differences by Hispanic origin for reporting poor/fair SRH, and also by language of interview. Achieving accurate measurement of health status among Hispanics is a concern for all researchers, in particular those who study differences in health status by race/ethnicity in the United States. Future, research should account for Hispanic background and language of interviews.
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Words hurt: Political rhetoric, emotions/affect, and psychological well-being among Mexican-origin youth. Soc Sci Med 2019; 228:240-251. [PMID: 30928882 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of political rhetoric on the targets of that rhetoric. Drawing from scholarship on anti-Mexican and anti-immigrant rhetoric found readily in various media and scholarship on emotions, we tested four hypotheses. Hypotheses 1 and 2 predicted that positive and negative political rhetoric would increase and decrease positive and negative emotions, respectively. Hypotheses 3 and 4 then predicted that emotional responses to positive or negative political rhetoric would influence perceived stress, subjective health, and subjective well-being. Data collection occurred between August 2016 and June 2017 at a university in California. A sample of 280 Mexican-origin youth, defined broadly as having at least one ancestor born in Mexico or the participant themselves born in Mexico, participated in an experiment where they were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: viewing (1) positive or (2) negative political rhetoric about immigrants and Latinos in general, or (3) neutral rhetoric as a control condition before providing qualitative responses to open-ended questions and completing measures of positive and negative affect, perceived stress, subjective health, and subjective well-being. Qualitative responses indicated that negative and positive political rhetoric elicited a range of negative emotions and positive emotions, respectively. Quantitative analysis with independent samples t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression models found that negative political rhetoric elicited higher negative affect than positive and neutral rhetoric, and positive rhetoric elicited higher positive affect than negative and neutral rhetoric. Negative emotional responses, in turn, were associated with participants' higher perceived stress, lower subjective health and lower subjective well-being. Conversely, positive emotional responses were associated with lower perceived stress, higher subjective health, and higher subjective well-being. Positive political rhetoric, by eliciting positive emotions, can have a salubrious effect. Altogether, these findings suggest that political rhetoric matters for the targets of that rhetoric.
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The association between visual impairment and dental care utilization in the Korean elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 81:18-24. [PMID: 30476806 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with visual impairment cannot recognize early-stage oral diseases, thus fail to receive prompt treatment. AIMS To evaluate the association between visual impairment and dental care utilization in patients aged ≥65 years. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed annual pooled data collected by the Korean Health Panel between 2011 and 2014; a total of 1472 patients and 13,285 dental visits were analyzed. Visual impairment was categorized as follows: normal vision, moderate vision impairment, and severe vision impairment. Dental treatments were categorized as conservative, prosthodontic, implant, periodontal, surgical, preventive, or others. All data were statistically analyzed using a negative binomial regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Frequency of dental care utilization. RESULTS Approximately 50% of the subjects had visual impairment. The frequency of dental care utilization for patients with severe vision impairment was 41% less than patients with normal vision. The dental care utilization for implant treatment was two times higher and periodontal treatment was 1.7 times lower than the conservative treatments among patients who reported moderate and severe vision impairment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Visual impairment has a negative association with dental care utilization among older adults. It is imperative to implement systematic interventions to prevent visual impairment from becoming a barrier to dental care in this population.
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Schrempft S, Jackowska M, Hamer M, Steptoe A. Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:74. [PMID: 30651092 PMCID: PMC6335852 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of social isolation and loneliness on health risk may be mediated by a combination of direct biological processes and lifestyle factors. This study tested the hypothesis that social isolation and loneliness are associated with less objective physical activity and more sedentary behavior in older adults. Methods Wrist-mounted accelerometers were worn over 7 days by 267 community-based men (n = 136) and women (n = 131) aged 50–81 years (mean 66.01), taking part in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA; wave 6, 2012–13). Associations between social isolation or loneliness and objective activity were analyzed using linear regressions, with total activity counts and time spent in sedentary behavior and light and moderate/vigorous activity as the outcome variables. Social isolation and loneliness were assessed with standard questionnaires, and poor health, mobility limitations and depressive symptoms were included as covariates. Results Total 24 h activity counts were lower in isolated compared with non-isolated respondents independently of gender, age, socioeconomic status, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, self-rated health, limiting longstanding illness, mobility limitations, depressive symptoms, and loneliness (β = − 0.130, p = 0.028). Time spent in sedentary behavior over the day and evening was greater in isolated participants (β = 0.143, p = 0.013), while light (β = − 0.143, p = 0.015) and moderate/vigorous (β = − 0.112, p = 0.051) physical activity were less frequent. Physical activity was greater on weekdays than weekend days, but associations with social isolation were similar. Loneliness was not associated with physical activity or sedentary behavior in multivariable analysis. Conclusions These findings suggest that greater social isolation in older men and women is related to reduced everyday objective physical activity and greater sedentary time. Differences in physical activity may contribute to the increased risk of ill-health and poor wellbeing associated with isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schrempft
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marta Jackowska
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, SW15 5PJ, UK.,Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark Hamer
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Dearden EK, Lloyd CD, Catney G. A spatial analysis of health status in Britain, 1991–2011. Soc Sci Med 2019; 220:340-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van Zwieten A, Saglimbene V, Teixeira-Pinto A, Howell M, Howard K, Craig JC, Wong G. The Impact of Age on Income-Related Health Status Inequalities from Birth to Adolescence: A Systematic Review with Cross-Country Comparisons. J Pediatr 2018; 203:380-390.e14. [PMID: 30266508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of age on associations between household income and overall health from birth to adolescence, and whether age patterns vary by country. It is uncertain whether income-related health inequalities remain stable, widen, or narrow as children age, which impacts optimal timing of equity-focused interventions. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review (CRD42016038583) of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SocINDEX (full-text), and EconLit (full-text) to April 2017. We included observational studies and trials in children and adolescents (0-18 years of age), examining age differences in associations between income and overall health (self-rated, clinician-rated, proxy-rated). One reviewer extracted data; 2 evaluated risk of bias. RESULTS Thirty-eight articles containing 43 studies (30 cross-sectional, 13 cohort) were identified, from high-income (n = 39) and middle-income (n = 4) countries. In the US (n = 21), positive income-health associations emerged in early childhood, and these inequalities typically widened progressively into adolescence. Relative to 0- to 3-year-olds, ratios of income-health coefficients ranged from 1.10-3.71 for 4-8 years of age, 1.26-3.86 for 9-12 years of age, 1.36-6.71 for 13-17 years. In the United Kingdom and Ireland (n = 8), inequalities emerged in early-to-mid childhood, but age patterns were less consistent. In other high-income countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea), inequalities mostly persisted or widened with age. In middle-income countries, inequalities appeared to narrow (Indonesia n = 2) or persist (Brazil n = 2) with age. Limitations are unclear/high risk of bias and dataset overlap for some studies. CONCLUSIONS In many countries, income-related health status inequalities persist or widen as children age. Interventions that improve health equity early in the life-course are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita van Zwieten
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Valeria Saglimbene
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Armando Teixeira-Pinto
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Howell
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Craig
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Center for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Tsur N, Levin Y, Abumock H, Solomon Z. One 'knows': self-rated health and telomere length among ex-prisoners of war. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1503-1518. [PMID: 30460867 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1509977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ill-health and early mortality are amongst the most significant ramifications of trauma. Furthermore, trauma alters the subjective perception and experience of the body. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which deteriorations in perceived health among traumatised individuals are associated with cellular health as manifested in telomere length. METHODS Specifically, 88 former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) evaluated their health (self-rated health; SRH) at 18 (T1), 35 (T2) and 42 (T3) years after the war, and were assessed for telomere length at T3. Health behaviour, BMI, morbidity and PTSD were also examined at T3. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that SRH was cross-sectionally correlated with telomere length. Furthermore, a significant sequential indirect effect was found, in which worse SRH in T1 was associated with shorter telomere length at T3, through worse SRH at T2 and at T3. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that long-term deteriorations in the subjective evaluations of health are implicated in actual cellular health among individuals exposed to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Tsur
- a I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,b Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Yafit Levin
- b Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Heba Abumock
- c The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center , Petah Tikva , Israel.,d Sackler School of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- a I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel-Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,b Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel.,e Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center , Petah Tikva , Israel
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Markwick A, Ansari Z, Clinch D, McNeil J. Perceived racism may partially explain the gap in health between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Victorians: A cross-sectional population based study. SSM Popul Health 2018; 7:010-10. [PMID: 30623008 PMCID: PMC6317510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a persistent gap in the health of Aboriginal Victorians compared with non-Aboriginal Victorians, where Aboriginal Victorians have poorer health. Currently, the most commonly touted explanation for this gap revolves around health behaviours known as ‘lifestyle risk factors’. Yet the gap in health is similarly matched by persistent gaps in social and economic outcomes that reflect past and ongoing discrimination of Aboriginal peoples across Australia. Perceived racism has been implicated as a key determinant of the gap in health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples across the world. We sought to determine the contribution of perceived racism to the gap in health and how this compared with the contribution of lifestyle risk factors and other determinants of health such as socioeconomic status. Methods We combined data from 2011, 2012 and 2014 Victorian Population Health Surveys (VPHS) to obtain a sample size of 33,833 Victorian adults, including 387 Aboriginal adults. The VPHS is a population-representative, cross-sectional, computer-assisted telephone interview survey conducted annually. Using logistic regression, poor self-reported health status was the dependent variable and Aboriginal status was the primary independent variable of interest. Secondary independent variables included age, sex, perceived racism, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle risk factors. Results Aboriginal Victorians were almost twice as likely as non-Aboriginal Victorians to report poor health; OR=1.9 (95% confidence interval; 1.3–2.6). Perceived racism explained 34% of the gap in self-reported health status between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Victorians, followed by: smoking (32%), unhealthy bodyweight (20%), socioeconomic status (15%), excessive consumption of alcohol (13%), and abstinence from alcohol consumption (13%). In contrast, physical inactivity made no contribution. Together, perceived racism and smoking explained 58% of the gap, while all secondary independent variables explained 82% of the gap. Conclusions Perceived racism may be an independent health risk factor that explains more than a third of the health gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Victorians; equivalent in strength to smoking. The recognised failure of the Australian government’s Closing the Gap strategy may be due in part to the failure to consider other determinants of the health gap beyond the lifestyle risk factors, namely racism, which may act to damage health through multiple pathways at multiple points along the causal chain. Aboriginal Victorians have poorer health than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Racism explained more than a third of the gap in self-reported health status. Racism may be a health risk factor that is equivalent in strength to smoking. Racism and smoking explained 58% of the gap in self-reported health status. The failure of policies to reduce the health gap may be due to not addressing racism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Markwick
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Zahid Ansari
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Darren Clinch
- Aboriginal Health and Wellbeing Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, 50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - John McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Developing an openly accessible multi-dimensional small area index of 'Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards' for Great Britain, 2016. Health Place 2018; 54:11-19. [PMID: 30216748 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Health geographers have been long concerned with understanding how the accessibility of individuals to certain environmental features may influence health and wellbeing. Such insights are increasingly being adopted by policy makers for designing healthy neighbourhoods. To support and inform decision making, there is a need for small area national level data. This paper details the creation of a suite of open access health indicators, including a novel multidimensional index summarising 14 health-related features of neighbourhoods for Great Britain. We find no association of our overall index with physical health measures, but a significant association to mental wellbeing.
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Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-positive adults age ≥ 50 in San Francisco to evaluate the frequency of loneliness, characteristics of those who reported loneliness, and the association of loneliness with functional impairment and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Participants (N = 356) were predominately male (85%); 57% were white; median age was 56. 58% reported any loneliness symptoms with 24% reporting mild, 22% moderate and 12% severe loneliness. Lonely participants were more likely to report depression, alcohol and tobacco use, and have fewer relationships. In unadjusted models, loneliness was associated with functional impairment and poor HRQoL. In adjusted models, low income and depression remained associated with poor HRQoL, while low income, higher VACS index and depression were associated with functional impairment. A comprehensive care approach, incorporating mental health and psychosocial assessments with more traditional clinical assessments, will be needed to improve health outcomes for the aging HIV-positive population.
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van der Wel KA, Saltkjel T, Chen WH, Dahl E, Halvorsen K. European health inequality through the 'Great Recession': social policy matters. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2018; 40:750-768. [PMID: 29500841 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the association between the Great Recession and educational inequalities in self-rated general health in 25 European countries. We investigate four different indicators related to economic recession: GDP; unemployment; austerity and a 'crisis' indicator signifying severe simultaneous drops in GDP and welfare generosity. We also assess the extent to which health inequality changes can be attributed to changes in the economic conditions and social capital in the European populations. The paper uses data from the European Social Survey (2002-2014). The analyses include both cross-sectional and lagged associations using multilevel linear regression models with country fixed effects. This approach allows us to identify health inequality changes net of all time-invariant differences between countries. GDP drops and increasing unemployment were associated with decreasing health inequalities. Austerity, however, was related to increasing health inequalities, an association that grew stronger with time. The strongest increase in health inequality was found for the more robust 'crisis' indicator. Changes in trust, social relationships and in the experience of economic hardship of the populations accounted for much of the increase in health inequality. The paper concludes that social policy has an important role in the development of health inequalities, particularly during times of economic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil A van der Wel
- Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Saltkjel
- Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wen-Hao Chen
- Social Analysis and Modelling Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Espen Dahl
- Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Halvorsen
- Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Hetlevik Ø, Vie TL, Meland E, Breidablik HJ, Jahanlu D. Adolescent self-rated health predicts general practice attendance in adulthood: Results from the Young-HUNT1 survey. Scand J Public Health 2018; 47:37-44. [PMID: 29708028 DOI: 10.1177/1403494818772212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Self-rated health (SRH) is a predictor of future health. However, the association between SRH in adolescence and health problems and health care utilization in adulthood has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine adolescent SRH as a predictor of general practitioner consultations in adulthood. METHODS SRH was registered in the Young-HUNT1 survey in 1995-1997 ( N=8828, mean age 16 years, 88% participation rate). General practitioner consultations during 2006-2014 were obtained from a national claims database. The predictive value of adolescent SRH on general practitioner consultations in adulthood was analysed by regression models estimating the relative risks (RR) for the total number of consultations and consultations for psychological, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal or respiratory problems. Age, sex and baseline measures of chronic disease and health care attendance were used as the adjusting variables. RESULTS SRH was reported as 'very good' by 28.4%, 'good' by 60.6% and 'not good' by 11.0% of the respondents. The increases in consultation rates were 21% (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.15-1.27) and 52% (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.40-1.64) when comparing respondents with 'very good' SRH to those with 'good' and 'not good' SRH, respectively. We also demonstrated a dose-response association between adolescent SRH and general practitioner consultations for psychological, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal or respiratory problems. CONCLUSIONS SRH in adolescence is a predictor for general practitioner consultations in adult life. Previous research shows that SRH is influenced by factors such as well-being, health behaviour, functional status and body satisfaction. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate whether population-based and clinical interventions can improve SRH by improving these factors among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Hetlevik
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Tina L Vie
- 2 Centre of Health Research, Førde Hospital Trust, Norway
| | - Eivind Meland
- 1 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - David Jahanlu
- 3 Department of Life Sciences and Health, Norway.,4 Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norway
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Associations Between Household Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Health Problems Among Non-Smoking Adolescents in the Republic of Korea. J Prim Prev 2018; 38:385-402. [PMID: 28343288 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-017-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between household secondhand smoke exposure (HSHSE) and health status among non-smoking adolescents in Korea using two subsamples obtained from nationally representative cross-sectional secondary data: males (n = 25,653) and females (n = 31,187). Two self-reported HSHSE measures included exposure to household secondhand smoke during the week before the survey (yes or no) and number of days of HSHSE (1-7 days); and five self-reported health problems included asthma, perceived stress, depression, suicidal ideation, and self-rated health. For each subsample, this study performed (1) multivariate logistic regressions to examine HSHSE effects on asthma, depression, and suicidal ideation; and (2) multiple linear regressions to examine HSHSE effects on perceived stress and self-rated health. The rate and number of days of HSHSE were significantly higher among females (30.1% and 3.4 days) than among males (25.9% and 3.1 days). In both subsamples, HSHSE was associated with all five health problems (ORs 1.15-1.32; βs: 0.04-0.14). An increase in the number of days of HSHSE was positively associated with (1) greater perceived stress and poorer self-rated health in both subsamples (βs: 0.01-0.04), and (2) greater odds of asthma, depression, and suicidal ideation in the female subsample (ORs 1.03-1.12). Given the findings related to the strong associations (1) between HSHSE and physical, mental, and general health problems; and (2) between days of HSHSE and a greater number of health problems in females, health professionals should actively implement interventions that encourage adult smokers to stop smoking in their homes.
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Bennett R, Waterhouse P. Work and family transitions and the self-rated health of young women in South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2018. [PMID: 29533878 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transition to adulthood has important implications for supporting young adults and understanding the roots of diversity in wellbeing later in life. In South Africa, the end of Apartheid means today's youth are experiencing their transition to adulthood in a changed social and political context which offers opportunities compared to the past but also threats. This paper presents the first national level analysis of the patterning of key transitions (completion of education, entry into the labour force, motherhood and marriage or cohabitation), and the association between the different pathways and health amongst young women. With the use of longitudinal data from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (2008-2015), this paper employs sequence analysis to identify common pathways to adulthood amongst women aged 15-17 years at baseline (n = 429) and logistic regression modelling to examine the association between these pathways and self-rated health. The sequence analysis identified five pathways: 1. 'Non-activity commonly followed by motherhood', 2. 'Pathway from school, motherhood then work', 3. 'Motherhood combined with schooling', 4. 'Motherhood after schooling', and 5. 'Schooling to non-activity'. After controlling for baseline socio-economic and demographic characteristics and health, the regression results show young women who followed pathways characterised by early motherhood and economic inactivity (1, 3 and 4) had poorer self-rated health compared to women whose pathways were characterised by combining motherhood and economic activity (2) and young women who were yet to become economically active or mothers (5). Therefore, policies should seek to prevent adolescent childbearing, support young mothers to continue their educational careers and enable mothers in work and seeking work to balance their work and care responsibilities. Further, the findings highlight the value of taking a holistic approach to health and provide further evidence for the need to consider work-family balance in the development agenda.
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Avendano M, Panico L. Do flexible work policies improve parents' health? A natural experiment based on the UK Millennium Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 72:244-251. [PMID: 29273629 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence of the impact of policies to promote work-family balance on family health. Exploiting the introduction of the UK Flexible Working Act (2003), we examined whether a policy that grants parents the right to request flexible work influences their health and well-being. METHODS Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study, we focus on 6424 mothers employed in 2001-2002, when the cohort child was 9 months old, until their child's seventh birthday. We used a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to compare changes in outcomes before and after the policy among mothers most likely to benefit and mothers unlikely to benefit from the policy. RESULTS Flexible working increased in a small group of mothers (n=548) whose employer did not offer work flexibility before the reform (treatment group). By contrast, among mothers whose employer already offered flexible work before the reform (control group, n=5810), there was little change or a slight decline in flexible working. DiD estimates suggest that the policy was associated with an increase in flexible working (37.5 percentage points, 95% CI 32.9 to 41.6), but it had no impact on self-rated health (-1.6 percentage points, 95% CI -4.4 to 1.1), long-term illness (-1.87 percentage points, 95% CI -4.3 to 0.5) or life satisfaction scores (β=0.04, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.16). CONCLUSION The Flexible Working Act increased flexible working only among a small group of mothers who had not yet the right to request work flexibility, but it had no impact on their health and well-being. Policies promoting work flexibility may require stronger incentives for both parents and employers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Avendano
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Paris, France
| | - Lidia Panico
- Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Paris, France
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Daoud N, Soskolne V, Mindell JS, Roth MA, Manor O. Ethnic inequalities in health between Arabs and Jews in Israel: the relative contribution of individual-level factors and the living environment. Int J Public Health 2017; 63:313-323. [PMID: 29273838 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-1065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ethnic inequalities in health (EIH) are unjust public health problem that emerge across societies. In Israel, despite uniform healthcare coverage, marked EIH persist between Arabs and Jews. METHODS We draw on the ecosocial approach to examine the relative contributions of individual socioeconomic status (SES), psychosocial and health behavioral factors, and the living environment (neighborhood problems, social capital, and social participation) to explaining ethnic differences in self-rated health (SRH). Data were derived from two nationwide studies conducted in 2004-2005 of stratified samples of Arabs (N = 902) and Jews (N = 1087). RESULTS Poor SRH was significantly higher among Arabs after adjustment for age and gender [odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.94 (1.57-2.40)]. This association was reversed following adjustment for all possible mediators: OR (95% CI) = 0.70(0.53-0.92). The relative contribution of SES and the living environment was sizable, each attenuating the EIH by 40%, psychosocial factors by 25%, and health behaviors by 16%. CONCLUSIONS Arabs in Israel have poorer SRH than Jews. Polices to reduce this inequality should mainly focus on improving the SES and the living conditions of the Arabs, which might enhance health behaviors and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaya Daoud
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, 84015, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Varda Soskolne
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Marilyn A Roth
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Orly Manor
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
ABSTRACTUnderstanding the nature and extent of unmet need for social care among older people is a critical policy priority in the United Kingdom and beyond, as national governments juggle the provision of adequate social care for a growing older population with competing funding priorities. Several factors can heighten the experience of unmet need among older people, for instance their family environment, and their health and socio-economic status. This paper contributes empirical evidence on the patterns of unmet need for social care among older people in England today, focusing on the individual characteristics associated with experiencing unmet need in relation to mobility tasks, activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The results show that about 55 per cent of older individuals with an ADL difficulty had unmet need, compared to 24 per cent of those with an IADL difficulty and 80 per cent of those with a mobility difficulty. Characteristics reflecting greater vulnerability were more strongly associated with the risk of experiencing unmet need for ADLs, and such vulnerability was greater for particular ADLs (e.g. bathing), and for a higher number of ADLs. The findings reaffirm the complexity of conceptualising and empirically investigating unmet need in later life, and add to our understanding of the challenges of providing adequate and appropriate social care to older people.
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Ram B, Shankar A, Nightingale CM, Giles-Corti B, Ellaway A, Cooper AR, Page A, Cummins S, Lewis D, Whincup PH, Cook DG, Rudnicka AR, Owen CG. Comparisons of depression, anxiety, well-being, and perceptions of the built environment amongst adults seeking social, intermediate and market-rent accommodation in the former London Olympic Athletes' Village. Health Place 2017; 48:31-39. [PMID: 28917115 PMCID: PMC5711255 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Living Environments in London (ENABLE London) study provides a unique opportunity to examine differences in mental health and well-being amongst adults seeking social, intermediate (affordable rent), and market-rent housing in a purpose built neighbourhood (East Village, the former London 2012 Olympic Athletes' Village), specifically designed to encourage positive health behaviours. Multi-level logistic regression models examined baseline differences in levels of depression, anxiety and well-being across the housing groups. Compared with the intermediate group, those seeking social housing were more likely to be depressed, anxious and had poorer well-being after adjustment for demographic and health status variables. Further adjustments for neighbourhood perceptions suggest that compared with the intermediate group, perceived neighbourhood characteristics may be an important determinant of depression amongst those seeking social housing, and lower levels of happiness the previous day amongst those seeking market-rent housing. These findings add to the extensive literature on inequalities in health, and provide a strong basis for future longitudinal work that will examine change in depression, anxiety and well-being after moving into East Village, where those seeking social housing potentially have the most to gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Ram
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Aparna Shankar
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | - Anne Ellaway
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle, Bristol, UK
| | - Angie Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | | | - Daniel Lewis
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Alicja R Rudnicka
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Saltkjel T, Holm Ingelsrud M, Dahl E, Halvorsen K. A fuzzy set approach to economic crisis, austerity and public health. Part II: How are configurations of crisis and austerity related to changes in population health across Europe? Scand J Public Health 2017; 45:48-55. [PMID: 28850012 DOI: 10.1177/1403494817707125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Based on the ideal type classification of European countries done in Part I of this paper, Part II explores whether the real 'danger' to public health is the interplay between austerity and crisis, rather than recession itself. METHODS We constructed two fuzzy sets of changes in population health based on a pooled file of European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data (2008 and 2013) including 29 European countries. The linear probability analyses of 'limiting long-standing illness' and 'less than good' health were restricted to the age group 20-64 years. We performed fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and studied whether configurations of 'severe crisis' and 'austerity' were linked to changes in population health. RESULTS Overall, the results of this fsQCA do not support the 'crisis-austerity' thesis. Results on 'less than good' health were highly inconsistent, while results on 'limiting long-standing illness', contrary to the thesis, showed a two-path model. Countries with either no severe crisis or no austerity were subsets of the set of countries that experienced deteriorated health. Results also show that several countries combined both paths. CONCLUSIONS This fuzzy set analysis does not support Stuckler and Basu's 'crisis-austerity' thesis, as those European countries that experienced recession and austerity were not consistently the countries with deteriorating health. There may be multiple reasons for this result, including analytical approach and operationalization of key concepts, but also resilient forces such as family support. We suggest more research on the topic based on more recent data and possibly other, or more, dimensions of austerity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Saltkjel
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Dahl
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Halvorsen
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Benson PR. The impact of child and family stressors on the self-rated health of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Associations with depressed mood over a 12-year period. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361317697656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Employing a cohort sequential design and multilevel modeling, the effects of child and family stressors and maternal depressed mood on the self-rated health of 110 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder were assessed over a 12-year period when children in the study were 7–19 years old. Findings indicate a significant decline in self-rated health over time. In addition, child and family stressors, as well as maternal depressed mood, exerted significant between-persons effects on self-rated health such that mothers who reported more stressors and depressed mood across the study period were less likely to rate themselves in better health across that period. In addition, a significant within-person relationship between maternal depressed mood and self-rated health was found, indicating that at times when mothers reported higher levels of depressed mood than usual (their personal average across the study), they were significantly less likely to report better self-rated health. Finally, maternal depressed mood partially mediated the between-persons effects of child and family stressors on self-rated health such that increased stressors led to increased maternal depressed mood which, in turn, led to poorer maternal self-rated health. Findings suggest that chronic stressors erode maternal health over time and that depression may be an important mechanism linking stressors to decreased maternal health.
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