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Taks EJ, Moorlag SJ, Föhse K, Simonetti E, van der Gaast-de Jongh CE, van Werkhoven CH, Bonten MJ, Oever JT, de Jonge MI, van de Wijgert JH, Netea MG. The impact of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination on antibody response after COVID-19 vaccination. iScience 2023; 26:108062. [PMID: 37860692 PMCID: PMC10583058 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies showed that BCG vaccination improves antibody responses of subsequent vaccinations. Similarly, in older volunteers we found an increased IgG receptor-binding domain (RBD) concentration after SARS-CoV-2 infection if they were recently vaccinated with BCG. This study aims to assess the effect of BCG on the serum antibody concentrations induced by COVID-19 vaccination in a population of adults older than 60 years. Serum was collected from 1,555 participants of the BCG-CORONA-ELDERLY trial a year after BCG or placebo, and we analyzed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations using a fluorescent-microsphere-based multiplex immunoassay. Individuals who received the full primary COVID-19 vaccination series before serum collection and did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2 between inclusion and serum collection were included in analyses (n = 945). We found that BCG vaccination before first COVID-19 vaccine (median 347 days [IQR 329-359]) did not significantly impact the IgG RBD concentration after COVID-19 vaccination in an older European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J.M. Taks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone J.C.F.M. Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Föhse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elles Simonetti
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christa E. van der Gaast-de Jongh
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. van Werkhoven
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J.M. Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap ten Oever
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marien I. de Jonge
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Germany
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Limoges MA, Quenum AJI, Chowdhury MMH, Rexhepi F, Namvarpour M, Akbari SA, Rioux-Perreault C, Nandi M, Lucier JF, Lemaire-Paquette S, Premkumar L, Durocher Y, Cantin A, Lévesque S, Dionne IJ, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Allard-Chamard H, Piché A, Ramanathan S. SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-specific B cell and antibody responses in pre-vaccination period COVID-19 convalescent males and females with or without post-covid condition. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223936. [PMID: 37809081 PMCID: PMC10551145 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following SARS-CoV-2 infection a significant proportion of convalescent individuals develop the post-COVID condition (PCC) that is characterized by wide spectrum of symptoms encompassing various organs. Even though the underlying pathophysiology of PCC is not known, detection of viral transcripts and antigens in tissues other than lungs raise the possibility that PCC may be a consequence of aberrant immune response to the viral antigens. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated B cell and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 antigens in PCC patients who experienced mild COVID-19 disease during the pre-vaccination period of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The study subjects included unvaccinated male and female subjects who developed PCC or not (No-PCC) after clearing RT-PCR confirmed mild COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 D614G and omicron RBD specific B cell subsets in peripheral circulation were assessed by flow cytometry. IgG, IgG3 and IgA antibody titers toward RBD, spike and nucleocapsid antigens in the plasma were evaluated by ELISA. Results The frequency of the B cells specific to D614G-RBD were comparable in convalescent groups with and without PCC in both males and females. Notably, in females with PCC, the anti-D614G RBD specific double negative (IgD-CD27-) B cells showed significant correlation with the number of symptoms at acute of infection. Anti-spike antibody responses were also higher at 3 months post-infection in females who developed PCC, but not in the male PCC group. On the other hand, the male PCC group also showed consistently high anti-RBD IgG responses compared to all other groups. Conclusions The antibody responses to the spike protein, but not the anti-RBD B cell responses diverge between convalescent males and females who develop PCC. Our findings also suggest that sex-related factors may also be involved in the development of PCC via modulating antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Limoges
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Fjolla Rexhepi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mozhdeh Namvarpour
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sara Ali Akbari
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Rioux-Perreault
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lucier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Lemaire-Paquette
- Unité de Recherche Clinique et épidémiologique, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yves Durocher
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Cantin
- Departments of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Lévesque
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CIUSSS de l’Estrie – CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle J. Dionne
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Research Centre on Aging, Affiliated with CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alain Piché
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Hsiao SH, Sue YM, Kao CC, Chang HW, Lin YC, Hung CS, Hsieh YC, Hong SY, Chung CL, Chang JH, Su YS, Liu MC, Lai KSL, Chien KL, Wang JCC, Cheng CY, Fang TC. Comparison of Humoral Antibody Responses and Seroconversion Rates between Two Homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA-1273 Vaccination in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1161. [PMID: 37514977 PMCID: PMC10383458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodialysis patients are at an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and are excluded from preauthorization COVID-19 vaccine trials; therefore, their immunogenicity is uncertain. METHODS To compare the antibody responses to homologous ChAdOx1 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in hemodialysis patients, 103 age- and sex-matched hemodialysis patients with two homologous prime-boost vaccinations were recruited to detect anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG levels and seroconversion rates (SCRs) 14 days after a prime dose (PD14), before and 28 days after a boost dose (pre-BD0 and BD28). RESULTS Both mRNA-1273 and ChAdOx1 vaccinations elicited immunogenicity in study subjects, and the former induced higher anti-RBD IgG levels than the latter. The SCRs of both groups increased over time and varied widely from 1.82% to 97.92%, and were significantly different at PD14 and pre-BD0 regardless of different thresholds. At BD28, the SCRs of the ChAdOx1 group and the mRNA-1273 group were comparable using a threshold ≥ 7.1 BAU/mL (93.96% vs. 97.92%) and a threshold ≥ 17 BAU/mL (92.73% vs. 97.92%), respectively, but they were significantly different using a threshold ≥ 20.2% of convalescent serum anti-RBD levels (52.73% vs. 95.83%). The seroconversion (≥20.2% of convalescent level) at BD28 was associated with mRNA-1273 vaccination after being adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and the presence of solicited reactogenicity after a prime vaccination. CONCLUSION Our prospective, observational cohort indicates that a full prime-boost mRNA-1273 vaccination is likely to provide higher immune protection in hemodialysis patients compared to ChAdOx1, and this population with a prime-boost ChAdOx1 vaccination should be prioritized for a third dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsin Hsiao
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Mou Sue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University-Research Center of Urology and Kidney (RCUK), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Kao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University-Research Center of Urology and Kidney (RCUK), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chung Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University-Research Center of Urology and Kidney (RCUK), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sheng Hung
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Ya Hong
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Li Chung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Hwa Chang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shih Su
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Shu-Leung Lai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Ling Chien
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jude Chu-Chun Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University-Research Center of Urology and Kidney (RCUK), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chao Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University-Research Center of Urology and Kidney (RCUK), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Prather AA, Dutcher EG, Robinson J, Lin J, Blackburn E, Hecht FM, Mason AE, Fromer E, Merino B, Frazier R, O'Bryan J, Drury S, Epel ES. Predictors of long-term neutralizing antibody titers following COVID-19 vaccination by three vaccine types: the BOOST study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6505. [PMID: 37160978 PMCID: PMC10170073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic continue, it is critical to understand the impact of vaccination type on neutralizing antibody response durability as well as to identify individual difference factors related to decline in neutralization. This was a head-to-head comparison study following 498 healthy, community volunteers who received the BNT162b2 (n = 287), mRNA-1273 (n = 149), and Ad26.COV2.S (n = 62). Participants completed questionnaires and underwent blood draws prior to vaccination, 1 month, and 6 months after the vaccination series, and neutralizing antibody (nAB) titers at 1- and 6-months post vaccination were quantified using a high-throughput pseudovirus assay. Over 6 months of follow-up, nABs declined in recipients of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, while nABs in recipients of Ad26.COV2.S showed a significant increase. At the 6-month time point, nABs to Ad26.COV2.S were significantly higher than nABs to BNT162b2 and equivalent to mRNA-1273. Irrespective of follow-up timing, being older was associated with lower nAB for participants who received BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S but not for those who received mRNA-1273. A higher baseline BMI was associated with a lower nAB for Ad26.COV2.S recipients but not for recipients of other vaccines. Women and non-smokers showed higher nAB compared to men and current smokers, respectively. The durability of neutralizing antibody responses differed by vaccine type and several sociodemographic factors that predicted response. These findings may inform booster recommendations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric A Prather
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, 675 18th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Ethan G Dutcher
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, 675 18th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ashley E Mason
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elena Fromer
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, 675 18th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Bresh Merino
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, 675 18th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Remi Frazier
- Academic Research Systems, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Julia O'Bryan
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, 675 18th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Stacy Drury
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Center for Health and Community, University of California, 675 18th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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5
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Spiegel K, Rey AE, Cheylus A, Ayling K, Benedict C, Lange T, Prather AA, Taylor DJ, Irwin MR, Van Cauter E. A meta-analysis of the associations between insufficient sleep duration and antibody response to vaccination. Curr Biol 2023; 33:998-1005.e2. [PMID: 36917932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a major strategy to control a viral pandemic. Simple behavioral interventions that might boost vaccine responses have yet to be identified. We conducted meta-analyses to summarize the evidence linking the amount of sleep obtained in the days surrounding vaccination to antibody response in healthy adults. Authors of the included studies provided the information needed to accurately estimate the pooled effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and to examine sex differences.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 The association between self-reported short sleep (<6 h/night) and reduced vaccine response did not reach our pre-defined statistical significant criteria (total n = 504, ages 18-85; overall ES [95% CI] = 0.29 [-0.04, 0.63]). Objectively assessed short sleep was associated with a robust decrease in antibody response (total n = 304, ages 18-60; overall ES [95% CI] = 0.79 [0.40, 1.18]). In men, the pooled ES was large (overall ES [95% CI] = 0.93 [0.54, 1.33]), whereas it did not reach significance in women (overall ES [95% CI] = 0.42 [-0.49, 1.32]). These results provide evidence that insufficient sleep duration substantially decreases the response to anti-viral vaccination and suggests that achieving adequate amount of sleep during the days surrounding vaccination may enhance and prolong the humoral response. Large-scale well-controlled studies are urgently needed to define (1) the window of time around inoculation when optimizing sleep duration is most beneficial, (2) the causes of the sex disparity in the impact of sleep on the response, and (3) the amount of sleep needed to protect the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Spiegel
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR 5292, PAM Team, F-69500 Bron, France.
| | - Amandine E Rey
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR 5292, FORGETTING Team, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Anne Cheylus
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR 5292, PAM Team, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Kieran Ayling
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Medicine, Applied Health Research Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christian Benedict
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology (Sleep Science Laboratory), Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aric A Prather
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Daniel J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- The Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The multifaceted interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the endocrine system has been a major area of scientific research over the past two years. While common endocrine/metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes have been recognized among significant risk factors for COVID-19 severity, several endocrine organs were identified to be targeted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). New-onset endocrine disorders related to COVID-19 were reported while long-term effects, if any, are yet to be determined. Meanwhile, the "stay home" measures during the pandemic caused interruption in the care of patients with pre-existing endocrine disorders and may have impeded the diagnosis and treatment of new ones. This review aims to outline this complex interaction between COVID-19 and endocrine disorders by synthesizing the current scientific knowledge obtained from clinical and pathophysiological studies, and to emphasize considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Hanife Oguz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Bulent Okan Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey;
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7
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Łysek-Gładysińska M, Starz M, Borowiec-Sęk A, Sufin I, Wieczorek A, Chrapek M, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Sufin P, Głuszek S, Adamus-Białek W. The Levels of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein IgG Antibodies Before and After the Third Dose of Vaccination Against COVID-19. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:145-160. [PMID: 36660373 PMCID: PMC9843475 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s394760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has been going on for almost three years, and so far, many preventive and therapeutic strategies have been developed. The issue of subsequent booster vaccinations is currently being discussed. We aimed to analyze how the third dose of vaccination against COVID-19 correlates with the dynamics of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels in a group of healthy people. Patients and Methods The prospective study included 93 participants before and after a second booster of COVID-19 vaccination, from whom 4 blood samples were collected at intervals. The levels of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 in serum were identified using the chemiluminescent immunoassay specific for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 protein. The analysis of the results was performed using appropriate statistical methods, considering p <0.05 as a statistically significant value. Results The IgG levels were significantly higher and less diverse after the same follow-up time from the second booster vaccination compared to the first booster. The antibody levels were positively correlated with female, healthcare workers, the elderly and participants with a negative COVID-19 history. Furthermore, the increase in IgG antibodies after the second booster vaccination correlated inversely with the baseline level of antibodies before the vaccination. The latest results showed that antibody levels dropped 1.5-fold after approx. 10 months from the second booster vaccination but still remained at a protective level. Conclusion Booster vaccinations seem to better stimulate immune memory, and in the case of borderline IgG level induces the greatest increase in antibodies. It is worth considering the individual parameters of patients and measuring antibodies before vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Wieczorek
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chrapek
- Department of Mathematics, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | | | | | - Stanisław Głuszek
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Wioletta Adamus-Białek
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland,Correspondence: Wioletta Adamus-Białek, Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Medical Sciences, IX Wieków Kielc 19a, Kielce, 25-516, Poland, Tel +48 788 860 604, Email
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8
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Kling KD, Janulis P, Demonbreun AR, Sancilio A, Berzins B, Krueger K, Achenbach C, Price R, Sullivan M, Caputo M, Hockney S, Zembower T, McDade TW, Taiwo B. No difference in anti-spike antibody and surrogate viral neutralization following SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in persons with HIV compared to controls (CO-HIV Study). Front Immunol 2023; 13:1048776. [PMID: 36700200 PMCID: PMC9868861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination will enable accurate counseling and inform evolving vaccination strategies. Little is known about antibody response following booster vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods We enrolled SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated PLWH and controls without HIV in similar proportions based on age and comorbidities. Participants completed surveys on prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and comorbidities, and provided self-collected dried blood spots (DBS). Quantitative anti-spike IgG and surrogate viral neutralization assays targeted wild-type (WT), Delta, and Omicron variants. We also measured quantitative anti-nucleocapsid IgG. The analysis population had received full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination plus one booster dose. Bivariate analyses for continuous outcomes utilized Wilcoxon tests and multivariate analysis used linear models. Results The analysis population comprised 140 PLWH and 75 controls with median age 58 and 55 years, males 95% and 43%, and DBS collection on 112 and 109 days after the last booster dose, respectively. Median CD4 count among PLWH was 760 cells/mm3 and 91% had an undetectable HIV-1 viral load. Considering WT, Delta, and Omicron variants, there was no significant difference in mean quantitative anti-spike IgG between PLWH (3.3, 2.9, 1.8) and controls (3.3, 2.9, 1.8), respectively (p-values=0. 771, 0.920, 0.708). Surrogate viral neutralization responses were similar in PLWH (1.0, 0.9, and 0.4) and controls (1.0, 0.9, 0.5), respectively (p-values=0.594, 0.436, 0.706). Conclusions PLWH whose CD4 counts are well preserved and persons without HIV have similar anti-spike IgG antibody levels and viral neutralization responses after a single SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall D. Kling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patrick Janulis
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexis R. Demonbreun
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amelia Sancilio
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Baiba Berzins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Karen Krueger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chad Achenbach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachelle Price
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Margaret Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew Caputo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sara Hockney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Teresa Zembower
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thomas W. McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Babafemi Taiwo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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9
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Shapiro JR, Roberts CW, Arcovio K, Reade L, Klein SL, Dhakal S. Effects of Biological Sex and Pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:75-110. [PMID: 37695426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 in humans and has resulted in the death of millions of people worldwide. Similar numbers of infections have been documented in males and females; males, however, are more likely than females to be hospitalized, require intensive care unit, or die from COVID-19. The mechanisms that account for this are multi-factorial and are likely to include differential expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 molecules that are required for viral entry into hosts cells and sex differences in the immune response, which are due to modulation of cellular functions by sex hormones and differences in chromosomal gene expression. Furthermore, as comorbidities are also associated with poorer outcomes to SARS-CoV-2 infection and several comorbidities are overrepresented in males, these are also likely to contribute to the observed sex differences. Despite their relative better prognosis following infection with SARS-CoV-2, females do have poorer outcomes during pregnancy. This is likely to be due to pregnancy-induced changes in the immune system that adversely affect viral immunity and disruption of the renin-angiotensin system. Importantly, vaccination reduces the severity of disease in males and females, including pregnant females, and there is no evidence that vaccination has any adverse effects on the outcomes of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Kasandra Arcovio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lisa Reade
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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10
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Ou X, Jiang J, Lin B, Liu Q, Lin W, Chen G, Wen J. Antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination in people with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13078. [PMID: 36535669 PMCID: PMC9835425 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine is critical in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. However, obesity's effect on immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines is still unknown. We performed a meta-analysis of the literature and compared antibody responses with COVID-19 vaccines among persons with and without obesity. We used Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify all related studies up to April 2022. The Stata.14 software was used to analyze the selected data. Eleven studies were included in the present meta-analysis. Five of them provided absolute values of antibody titers in the obese group and non-obese group. Overall, we found that the obese population was significantly associated with lower antibody titers (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.228, 95% CI [-0.437, -0.019], P < 0.001) after COVID-19 vaccination. Significant heterogeneity was present in most pooled analyses but was reduced after subgroup analyses. No publication bias was observed in the present analysis. The Trim and Fill method did not change the results in the primary analysis. The present meta-analysis suggested that obesity was significantly associated with decreased antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Future studies should be performed to unravel the mechanism of response to the COVID-19 vaccine in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jialin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Bingqian Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Qinyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Junping Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial HospitalShengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
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11
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Friedman-Klabanoff DJ, Tjaden AH, Santacatterina M, Munawar I, Sanders JW, Herrington DM, Wierzba TF, Berry AA. Vaccine-induced seroconversion in participants in the North Carolina COVID-19 community Research Partnership. Vaccine 2022; 40:6133-6140. [PMID: 36117003 PMCID: PMC9464595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Well-regulated clinical trials have shown FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines to be immunogenic and highly efficacious. We evaluated seroconversion rates in adults reporting ≥ 1 dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort study of nearly 8000 adults residing in North Carolina to validate immunogenicity using a novel approach: at-home, participant administered point-of-care testing. Overall, 91.4% had documented seroconversion within 75 days of first vaccination (median: 31 days). Participants who were older and male participants were less likely to seroconvert (adults aged 41-65: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64, 0.73], adults aged 66-95: aHR 0.55 [95% CI: 0.50, 0.60], compared to those 18-40; males: aHR 0.92 [95% CI: 0.87, 0.98], compared to females). Participants with evidence of prior infection were more likely to seroconvert than those without (aHR 1.50 [95% CI: 1.19, 1.88]) and those receiving BNT162b2 were less likely to seroconvert compared to those receiving mRNA-1273 (aHR 0.84 [95% CI: 0.79, 0.90]). Reporting at least one new symptom after first vaccination did not affect time to seroconversion, but participants reporting at least one new symptom after second vaccination were more likely to seroconvert (aHR 1.11 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.17]). This data demonstrates the high community-level immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines, albeit with notable differences in older adults, and feasibility of using at-home, participant administered point-of-care testing for community cohort monitoring. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04342884.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeAnna J. Friedman-Klabanoff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding author at: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, 685 W. Baltimore St, Rm 480, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Ashley H. Tjaden
- Biostatistics Center, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Iqra Munawar
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - John W. Sanders
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - David M. Herrington
- Section on Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Thomas F. Wierzba
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Andrea A. Berry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Shrotri M, Fragaszy E, Nguyen V, Navaratnam AMD, Geismar C, Beale S, Kovar J, Byrne TE, Fong WLE, Patel P, Aryee A, Braithwaite I, Johnson AM, Rodger A, Hayward AC, Aldridge RW. Spike-antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination by demographic and clinical factors in a prospective community cohort study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5780. [PMID: 36184633 PMCID: PMC9526787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination constitutes the best long-term solution against Coronavirus Disease-2019; however, vaccine-derived immunity may not protect all groups equally, and the durability of protective antibodies may be short. We evaluate Spike-antibody responses following BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S vaccination amongst SARS-CoV2-naive adults across England and Wales enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Virus Watch). Here we show BNT162b2 recipients achieved higher peak antibody levels after two doses; however, both groups experience substantial antibody waning over time. In 8356 individuals submitting a sample ≥28 days after Dose 2, we observe significantly reduced Spike-antibody levels following two doses amongst individuals reporting conditions and therapies that cause immunosuppression. After adjusting for these, several common chronic conditions also appear to attenuate the antibody response. These findings suggest the need to continue prioritising vulnerable groups, who have been vaccinated earliest and have the most attenuated antibody responses, for future boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Shrotri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ellen Fragaszy
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Vincent Nguyen
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cyril Geismar
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Beale
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jana Kovar
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas E Byrne
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Parth Patel
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Aryee
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anne M Johnson
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Rodger
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew C Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert W Aldridge
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
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13
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Sheikh-Mohamed S, Isho B, Chao GY, Zuo M, Cohen C, Lustig Y, Nahass GR, Salomon-Shulman RE, Blacker G, Fazel-Zarandi M, Rathod B, Colwill K, Jamal A, Li Z, de Launay KQ, Takaoka A, Garnham-Takaoka J, Patel A, Fahim C, Paterson A, Li AX, Haq N, Barati S, Gilbert L, Green K, Mozafarihashjin M, Samaan P, Budylowski P, Siqueira WL, Mubareka S, Ostrowski M, Rini JM, Rojas OL, Weissman IL, Tal MC, McGeer A, Regev-Yochay G, Straus S, Gingras AC, Gommerman JL. Systemic and mucosal IgA responses are variably induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and are associated with protection against subsequent infection. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:799-808. [PMID: 35468942 PMCID: PMC9037584 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 infects the upper respiratory tract, we know little about the amount, type, and kinetics of antibodies (Ab) generated in the oral cavity in response to COVID-19 vaccination. We collected serum and saliva samples from participants receiving two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and measured the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab. We detected anti-Spike and anti-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) IgG and IgA, as well as anti-Spike/RBD associated secretory component in the saliva of most participants after dose 1. Administration of a second dose of mRNA boosted the IgG but not the IgA response, with only 30% of participants remaining positive for IgA at this timepoint. At 6 months post-dose 2, these participants exhibited diminished anti-Spike/RBD IgG levels, although secretory component-associated anti-Spike Ab were more stable. Examining two prospective cohorts we found that participants who experienced breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants had lower levels of vaccine-induced serum anti-Spike/RBD IgA at 2-4 weeks post-dose 2 compared to participants who did not experience an infection, whereas IgG levels were comparable between groups. These data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines that elicit a durable IgA response may have utility in preventing infection. Our study finds that a local secretory component-associated IgA response is induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccination that persists in some, but not all participants. The serum and saliva IgA response modestly correlate at 2-4 weeks post-dose 2. Of note, levels of anti-Spike serum IgA (but not IgG) at this timepoint are lower in participants who subsequently become infected with SARS-CoV-2. As new surges of SARS-CoV-2 variants arise, developing COVID-19 booster shots that provoke high levels of IgA has the potential to reduce person-to-person transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baweleta Isho
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Y.C. Chao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Zuo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carmit Cohen
- Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel,Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - George R. Nahass
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,University of Illinois-Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Rachel E. Salomon-Shulman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Grace Blacker
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alainna Jamal
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keelia Quinn de Launay
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alyson Takaoka
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Garnham-Takaoka
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anjali Patel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Fahim
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aimee Paterson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angel Xinliu Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazrana Haq
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shiva Barati
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois Gilbert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Green
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Philip Samaan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James M. Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga L. Rojas
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michal Caspi Tal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allison McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gili Regev-Yochay
- Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Sharon Straus
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Characterization of Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Absence of Comorbidities Regarding the Sex: An Epidemiological Study of the First Year of the Pandemic in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158895. [PMID: 35897265 PMCID: PMC9331852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The male sex, due to the presence of genetic, immunological, hormonal, social, and environmental factors, is associated with higher severity and death in Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. We conducted an epidemiological study to characterize the COVID-19 clinical profile, severity, and outcome according to sex in patients with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to the fact of this disease. We carried out an epidemiological analysis using epidemiological data made available by the OpenDataSUS, which stores information about SARS in Brazil. We recorded the features of the patients admitted to the hospital for SARS treatment due to the presence of COVID-19 (in the absence of comorbidities) and associated these characteristics with sex and risk of death. The study comprised 336,463 patients, 213,151 of whom were men. Male patients presented a higher number of clinical signs, for example, fever (OR = 1.424; 95%CI = 1.399−1.448), peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 95% (OR = 1.253; 95%CI = 1.232−1.274), and dyspnea (OR = 1.146; 95%CI = 1.125−1.166) as well as greater need for admission in intensive care unit (ICU, OR = 1.189; 95%CI = 1.168−1.210), and the use of invasive ventilatory support (OR = 1.306; 95%CI = 1.273−1.339) and noninvasive ventilatory support (OR = 1.238; 95%CI = 1.216−1.260) when compared with female patients. Curiously, the male sex was associated only with a small increase in the risk of death when compared with the female sex (OR = 1.041; 95%CI = 1.023−1.060). We did a secondary analysis to identify the main predictors of death. In that sense, the multivariate analysis enabled the prediction of the risk of death, and the male sex was one of the predictors (OR = 1.101; 95%CI = 1.011−1.199); however, with a small effect size. In addition, other factors also contributed to this prediction and presented a great effect size, they are listed below: older age (61−72 years old (OR = 15.778; 95%CI = 1.865−133.492), 73−85 years old (OR = 31.978; 95%CI = 3.779−270.600), and +85 years old (OR = 68.385; 95%CI = 8.164−589.705)); race (Black (OR = 1.247; 95%CI = 1.016−1.531), Pardos (multiracial background; OR = 1.585; 95%CI = 1.450−1.732), and Indigenous (OR = 3.186; 95%CI = 1.927−5.266)); clinical signs (for instance, dyspnea (OR = 1.231; 95%CI = 1.110−1.365) and SpO2 < 95% (OR = 1.367; 95%CI = 1.238−1.508)); need for admission in the ICU (OR = 3.069; 95%CI = 2.789−3.377); and for ventilatory support (invasive (OR = 10.174; 95%CI = 8.803−11.759) and noninvasive (OR = 1.609; 95%CI = 1.438−1.800)). In conclusion, in Brazil, male patients tend to present the phenotype of higher severity in COVID-19, however, with a small effect on the risk of death.
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15
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Munoz FM, Posavad CM, Richardson BA, Badell ML, Bunge K, Mulligan MJ, Parameswaran L, Kelly C, Olsen-Chen C, Novak RM, Brady RC, Pasetti M, DeFranco E, Gerber JS, Shriver M, Suthar MS, Moore K, Coler R, Berube B, Kim SH, Piper JM, Miller A, Cardemil C, Neuzil KM, Beigi R. COVID-19 booster vaccination during pregnancy enhances maternal binding and neutralizing antibody responses and transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn (DMID 21-0004). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.06.13.22276354. [PMID: 35734087 PMCID: PMC9216723 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.13.22276354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE COVID-19 vaccination is recommended during pregnancy for the protection of the mother. Little is known about the immune response to booster vaccinations during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To measure immune responses to COVID-19 primary and booster mRNA vaccination during pregnancy and transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of pregnant participants enrolled from July 2021 to January 2022, with follow up through and up to 12 months after delivery. SETTING Multicenter study conducted at 9 academic sites. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant participants who received COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and their newborns. EXPOSURES Primary or booster COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers after primary or booster COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy and antibody transfer to the newborn. Immune responses were compared between primary and booster vaccine recipients in maternal sera at delivery and in cord blood, after adjusting for days since last vaccination. RESULTS In this interim analysis, 167 participants received a primary 2-dose series and 73 received a booster dose of mRNA vaccine during pregnancy. Booster vaccination resulted in significantly higher binding and nAb titers, including to the Omicron BA.1 variant, in maternal serum at delivery and cord blood compared to a primary 2-dose series (range 0.55 to 0.88 log 10 higher, p<0.0001 for all comparisons). Although levels were significantly lower than to the prototypical D614G variant, nAb to Omicron were present at delivery in 9% (GMT ID50 12.7) of Pfizer and 22% (GMT ID50 14.7) of Moderna recipients, and in 73% (GMT ID50 60.2) of boosted participants (p<0.0001). Transplacental antibody transfer was efficient regardless of vaccination regimen (median transfer ratio range: 1.55-1.77 for binding IgG and 1.00-1.78 for nAb). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy elicited robust immune responses in mothers and efficient transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn. A booster dose during pregnancy significantly increased maternal and cord blood antibody levels, including against Omicron.Findings support continued use of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy, including booster doses. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov; Registration Number: NCT05031468 ; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05031468. KEY POINTS Question: What is the immune response after COVID-19 booster vaccination during pregnancy and how does receipt of a booster dose impact transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn?Findings: Receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during pregnancy elicited robust binding and neutralizing antibody responses in the mother and in the newborn. Booster vaccination during pregnancy elicited significantly higher antibody levels in mothers at delivery and cord blood than 2-dose vaccination, including against the Omicron BA.1 variant.Meaning: COVID-19 vaccines, especially booster doses, should continue to be strongly recommended during pregnancy.
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Noe S, Ochana N, Wiese C, Schabaz F, Von Krosigk A, Heldwein S, Rasshofer R, Wolf E, Jonsson-Oldenbuettel C. Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people living with HIV. Infection 2022; 50:617-623. [PMID: 34694595 PMCID: PMC8543429 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in people living with HIV and identify factors associated with the magnitude of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations. METHODS Retrospective analysis of electronic patient files in a big single HIV center in Munich, Germany. Non-parametric methods were used for descriptive and comparative statistics. Generalized linear models were used to analyze associations of general and HIV-specific variables with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations after standard vaccination. RESULT Overall, 665 people living with HIV were included into the analysis (median age: 53 [IQR: 43; 59]), 560 [84.2%] males). Median concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibodies was 1400 (IQR 664; 2130) BAU/mL. In 18 (2.7%) subjects, antibody concentrations below the threshold of 34 BAU/mL were found. Among PLWH with CD4 cell count < 200 cells/µL, median anti-SARS-CoV-2-Abs were 197 (IQR 44.6; 537.2) as compared to 1420 (IQR 687; 2216) for the group ≥ 200 cells/µL (p < 0.001). In a cumulative logit model, a vaccination scheme including an mRNA vaccine [OR: 4.64 (3.58; 6.02)], being female [OR: 2.14 (1.76; 2.61)], and having higher CD4 cells [OR per 100 cells/µL: 1.06 (1.04; 1.08)] were significantly associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations in higher quartiles, when adjusted for the time after vaccination. CONCLUSION We found a robust antibody response in people living with HIV undergoing standard vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. mRNA-containing vaccination schemes, being female, and having a higher CD4 cell count was associated with a higher concentration of antibodies in people living with HIV in our study sample. Particularly in the subgroup with CD4 cell counts < 200 cells/µL, antibody response was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Noe
- MVZ München Am Goetheplatz, Waltherstr. 32, 80337, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nino Ochana
- MVZ München Am Goetheplatz, Waltherstr. 32, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Wiese
- MVZ München Am Goetheplatz, Waltherstr. 32, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Farhad Schabaz
- MVZ München Am Goetheplatz, Waltherstr. 32, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Silke Heldwein
- MVZ München Am Goetheplatz, Waltherstr. 32, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Rasshofer
- MVZ München Am Goetheplatz, Waltherstr. 32, 80337, Munich, Germany
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17
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Ebinger JE, Joung S, Liu Y, Wu M, Weber B, Claggett B, Botting PG, Sun N, Driver M, Kao YH, Khuu B, Wynter T, Nguyen TT, Alotaibi M, Prostko JC, Frias EC, Stewart JL, Goodridge HS, Chen P, Jordan SC, Jain M, Sharma S, Fert-Bober J, Van Eyk JE, Minissian MB, Arditi M, Melmed GY, Braun JG, McGovern DPB, Cheng S, Sobhani K. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with variations in antibody response to BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers at an academic medical centre: a longitudinal cohort analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059994. [PMID: 35613792 PMCID: PMC9130668 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to understand the demographic and clinical factors associated with variations in longitudinal antibody response following completion of two-dose regiment of BNT162b2 vaccination. DESIGN This study is a 10-month longitudinal cohort study of healthcare workers and serially measured anti-spike protein IgG (IgG-S) antibody levels using mixed linear models to examine their associations with participant characteristics. SETTING A large, multisite academic medical centre in Southern California, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 843 healthcare workers met inclusion criteria including completion of an initial two-dose course of BNT162b2 vaccination, complete clinical history and at least two blood samples for analysis. Patients had an average age of 45±13 years, were 70% female and 7% with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Vaccine-induced IgG-S levels remained in the positive range for 99.6% of individuals up to 10 months after initial two-dose vaccination. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was the primary correlate of sustained higher postvaccination IgG-S levels (partial R2=0.133), with a 1.74±0.11 SD higher IgG-S response (p<0.001). Female sex (beta 0.27±0.06, p<0.001), younger age (0.01±0.00, p<0.001) and absence of hypertension (0.17±0.08, p=0.003) were also associated with persistently higher IgG-S responses. Notably, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection augmented the associations of sex (-0.42 for male sex, p=0.08) and modified the associations of hypertension (1.17, p=0.001), such that infection-naïve individuals with hypertension had persistently lower IgG-S levels whereas prior infected individuals with hypertension exhibited higher IgG-S levels that remained augmented over time. CONCLUSIONS While the IgG-S antibody response remains in the positive range for up to 10 months following initial mRNA vaccination in most adults, determinants of sustained higher antibody levels include prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, female sex, younger age and absence of hypertension. Certain determinants of the longitudinal antibody response appear significantly modified by prior infection status. These findings offer insights regarding factors that may influence the 'hybrid' immunity conferred by natural infection combined with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Ebinger
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandy Joung
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yunxian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brittany Weber
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick G Botting
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nancy Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew Driver
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yu Hung Kao
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Briana Khuu
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy Wynter
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Trevor-Trung Nguyen
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mona Alotaibi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - John C Prostko
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Edwin C Frias
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - James L Stewart
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stanley C Jordan
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory and Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Margo B Minissian
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Brawerman Nursing Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Smidt Heart Institute; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gil Y Melmed
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan G Braun
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Bae S, Ko JH, Choi JY, Park WJ, Lim SY, Ahn JY, Song KH, Lee KH, Song YG, Chan Kim Y, Park YS, Choi WS, Jeong HW, Kim SW, Kwon KT, Kang ES, Kim AR, Jang S, Kim B, Kim SS, Jang HC, Choi JY, Kim SH, Peck KR. Heterologous ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 vaccination induces strong neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 including delta variant with tolerable reactogenicity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1390.e1-1390.e7. [PMID: 35598855 PMCID: PMC9117169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed humoral responses and reactogenicity following the heterologous vaccination compared to the homologous vaccination groups. METHODS We enrolled healthcare workers (HCWs) who were either vaccinated with ChAdOx1 followed by BNT162b2 (heterologous group) or two doses of ChAdOx1 (ChAdOx1 group) or BNT162b2 (BNT162b2 group). Immunogenicity was assessed by measuring antibody titers against receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in all participants and neutralizing antibody titer in 100 participants per group. Reactogenicity was evaluated by a questionnaire-based survey. RESULTS We enrolled 499 HCWs (ChAdOx1, n=199; BNT162b2, n=200; heterologous ChAdOx1/BNT162b2, n=100). The geometric mean titer of anti-RBD antibody at 14 days after the booster dose was significantly higher in the heterologous group (11780.55 BAU/mL [95% CI, 10891.52-12742.14]) than in the ChAdOx1 (1561.51 [1415.03-1723.15]) or BNT162b2 (2895.90 [2664.01-3147.98]) groups (both P value<.001). The neutralizing antibody titer of the heterologous group (geometric mean ND50, 2367.74 [1970.03-2845.74]) was comparable to that of the BNT162b2 group (2118.63 [1755.88-2556.32], P >.05) but higher than that of the ChAdOx1 group (391.77 [326.16-470.59], P value<.001). Compared with those against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers against the delta variant at 14 days after the boosting were reduced by 3.0-fold in the heterologous group (geometric mean ND50. 872.01 [95% CI, 685.33-1109.54]), 4.0-fold in the BNT162b2 group (337.93 [262.78-434.57]), and 3.2-fold in the ChAdOx1 group (206.61 [144.05-296.34]). The local or systemic reactogenicity after the booster dose in the heterologous group was higher than that of the ChAdOx1 group but comparable to that of the BNT162b2 group. CONCLUSIONS Heterologous ChAdOx1 followed by BNT162b2 vaccination with a 12-week interval induced a robust humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 including the delta variant that was comparable to the homologous BNT162b2 vaccination and stronger than the homologous ChAdOx1 vaccination, with a tolerable reactogenicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Choi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - So Yun Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sundong Jang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hee-Chang Jang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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19
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Mori Y, Tanaka M, Kozai H, Hotta K, Aoyama Y, Shigeno Y, Aoike M, Kawamura H, Tsurudome M, Ito M. Antibody response of smokers to the COVID-19 vaccination: Evaluation based on cigarette dependence. Drug Discov Ther 2022; 16:78-84. [PMID: 35370256 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smokers may have lower antibody titers after vaccination with a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated antibody titers after COVID-19 vaccination based on the level of smokers' cigarette dependence. In this study, we measured the level of serum anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) immunoglobulin-G (IgG) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of 55 actively smoking Japanese social workers (firefighters, paramedics, and rescue workers) who had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Further, we assessed their cigarette dependence using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), measured their serum cotinine levels, and tested for their correlation with anti-RBD IgG levels. Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD protein IgG levels after BNT162b2 vaccination showed a significant negative correlation with FTND (ρ = -0.426, p = 0.001). In addition, serum cotinine level showed a significant positive correlation with FTND (ρ = 0.470, p = 0.000). However, no significant negative correlation was noted between serum cotinine and serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD protein IgG levels (ρ = -0.156, p = 0.256). Our results suggest that smokers with strong cigarette dependence have inadequate anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD protein IgG levels after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Mori
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Nursing Practicum Support, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hana Kozai
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hotta
- Center for Nursing Practicum Support, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Aoyama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shigeno
- Center for Emergency Medical Technician Practicum Support, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Aoike
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Kawamura
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Science, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Morihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Science, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Simon B, Rubey H, Gromann M, Knopf-Völkerer A, Hemedi B, Zehetmayer S, Kirsch B. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody and T Cell Response after a Third Vaccine Dose in Hemodialysis Patients Compared with Healthy Controls. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050694. [PMID: 35632450 PMCID: PMC9145549 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) patients have an increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we assess the impact of a third vaccine dose (3D) on antibody levels and T cell response in HD patients and a healthy control group in a prospective cohort study consisting of 60 HD patients and 65 healthy controls. Each participant received two doses of the BNT-162b2 mRNA vaccine and an mRNA vaccine 3D. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody response was measured 6 months after the second vaccine dose and 6 to 8 weeks after the 3D. We assessed INF-γ secretion 6–8 weeks post 3D in 24 healthy controls, 17 HD patients with a normal response, and 20 low responder HD patients. The groups were compared using univariate quantile regressions and multiple analyses. After the 3D, the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and INF-γ titers of most HD patients were comparable to those of healthy controls. A subgroup of HD patients who had shown a diminished antibody response after the first two vaccine doses developed a significantly lower antibody and INF-γ response compared to responder HD patients and controls even after the 3D. A new strategy is needed to protect low/non-responder HD patients from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Simon
- Institute for Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Mistelbach-Gänserndorf State Clinic, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Harald Rubey
- Institute for Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Mistelbach-Gänserndorf State Clinic, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Martin Gromann
- Department for Internal Medicine III-Nephrology and Diabetology, Mistelbach-Gänserndorf State Clinic, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Astrid Knopf-Völkerer
- Department for Internal Medicine III-Nephrology and Diabetology, Mistelbach-Gänserndorf State Clinic, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Boris Hemedi
- Department for Internal Medicine, Hainburg State Clinic, 2410 Hainburg, Austria
| | - Sonja Zehetmayer
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kirsch
- Department for Internal Medicine III-Nephrology and Diabetology, Mistelbach-Gänserndorf State Clinic, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
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21
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Humoral Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of the Standard ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination in Taiwan. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020312. [PMID: 35214770 PMCID: PMC8874464 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been widely administered against SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, data regarding its immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and potential differences in responses among Asian populations remain scarce. Methods: 270 participants without prior COVID-19 were enrolled to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination with a prime–boost interval of 8–9 weeks. Their specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, neutralizing antibody titers (NT50), platelet counts, and D-dimer levels were analyzed before and after vaccination. Results: The seroconversion rates of anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG at day 28 after a boost vaccination (BD28) were 100% and 95.19%, respectively. Anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG levels were highly correlated (r = 0.7891), which were 172.9 ± 170.4 and 179.3 ± 76.88 BAU/mL at BD28, respectively. The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of NT50 for all participants increased to 132.9 IU/mL (95% CI 120.0–147.1) at BD28 and were highly correlated with anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG levels (r = 0.8248 and 0.7474, respectively). Body weight index was statistically significantly associated with anti-RBD IgG levels (p = 0.035), while female recipients had higher anti-spike IgG levels (p = 0.038). The GMCs of NT50 declined with age (p = 0.0163) and were significantly different across age groups (159.7 IU/mL for 20–29 years, 99.4 IU/mL for ≥50 years, p = 0.0026). Injection-site pain, fever, and fatigue were the major reactogenicity, which were more pronounced after prime vaccination and in younger participants (<50 years). Platelet counts decreased and D-dimer levels increased after vaccination but were not clinically relevant. No serious adverse events or deaths were observed. Conclusion: The vaccine is well-tolerated and elicited robust humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after standard prime–boost vaccination in Taiwanese recipients.
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22
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Hall VG, Ferreira VH, Wood H, Ierullo M, Majchrzak-Kita B, Manguiat K, Robinson A, Kulasingam V, Humar A, Kumar D. Delayed-interval BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination enhances humoral immunity and induces robust T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:380-385. [PMID: 35115679 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Delayed dosing intervals are a strategy to immunize a greater proportion of the population. In an observational study, we compared humoral and cellular responses in health care workers receiving two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine at standard (3- to 6-week) and delayed (8- to 16-week) intervals. In the delayed-interval group, anti-receptor-binding domain antibody titers were significantly enhanced compared to the standard-interval group. The 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50) and PRNT90 titers against wild-type (ancestral) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Alpha, Beta and Delta variants were higher in the delayed-interval group. Spike-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing interferon-γ and interleukin-2 were comparable between the two groups. Here, we show that the strategy of delaying second doses of mRNA vaccination may lead to enhanced humoral immune responses, including improved virus neutralization against wild-type and variant SARS-CoV-2 viruses. This finding has potentially important implications as vaccine implementation continues across a greater proportion of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Hall
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- National Microbiology Laboratory & Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Matthew Ierullo
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Beata Majchrzak-Kita
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathy Manguiat
- National Microbiology Laboratory & Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Alyssia Robinson
- National Microbiology Laboratory & Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Atul Humar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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23
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Fonseca MHG, Souza TDFGD, Araújo FMDC, Andrade LOMD. Dynamics of antibody response to CoronaVac vaccine. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2139-2148. [PMID: 35060174 PMCID: PMC9015561 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CoronaVac was the first vaccine approved in Brazil for use in healthcare workers (HCWs). However, there is limited information about it, with little long‐term evidence on post‐vaccination antibody persistence. This study evaluated the antibody response to SARS‐CoV‐2 in 1237 HCWs after the first (1D), second dose (2D), and 6 months postvaccination (6mA2D) with CoronaVac. The seropositivity was 88% at 1D, increasing to 99.8% at 2D, but decreasing to 97.9% at 6mA2D, which was also observed at the analyzed antibody levels. Interestingly, the levels in females were higher than males, and we found a positive correlation with previous SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Participants with comorbidities had lower levels suggesting the need to monitor for a potential booster dose. Our findings suggest that CoronaVac induced a robust antibody response that wanes significantly over time. Further longitudinal studies are needed to identify whether the antibodies will decline or plateau at a lower level. Our findings suggest that CoronaVac induced a robust antibody response that wanes significantly over time.
In our study, two doses of CoronaVac were capable of induction an antibody response in people ≥51 years old.
The seropositivity and the levels of antibodies were higher in females when compared to males.
We found a positive correlation with previous SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, previously infected participants had a significantly higher antibody response than previously uninfected participants.
Our findings suggest that patients with chronic diseases may need a booster shot of CoronaVac vaccine.
Individuals with immune‐mediated diseases developed a significant humoral response following the administration of two doses of CoronaVac, albeit with lower antibody titers.
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24
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Sarkar A, Harty S, Moeller AH, Klein SL, Erdman SE, Friston KJ, Carmody RN. The gut microbiome as a biomarker of differential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1115-1134. [PMID: 34756546 PMCID: PMC8492747 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to exact a devastating global toll. Ascertaining the factors underlying differential susceptibility and prognosis following viral exposure is critical to improving public health responses. We propose that gut microbes may contribute to variation in COVID-19 outcomes. We synthesise evidence for gut microbial contributions to immunity and inflammation, and associations with demographic factors affecting disease severity. We suggest mechanisms potentially underlying microbially mediated differential susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These include gut microbiome-mediated priming of host inflammatory responses and regulation of endocrine signalling, with consequences for the cellular features exploited by SARS-CoV-2 virions. We argue that considering gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms may offer a lens for appreciating differential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, potentially contributing to clinical and epidemiological approaches to understanding and managing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Sarkar
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Siobhán Harty
- Tandy Court, Spitalfields, Dublin 8, D08 RP20, Ireland
| | - Andrew H Moeller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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25
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Dalle Carbonare L, Valenti MT, Bisoffi Z, Piubelli C, Pizzato M, Accordini S, Mariotto S, Ferrari S, Minoia A, Bertacco J, Li Vigni V, Dorelli G, Crisafulli E, Alberti D, Masin L, Tiberti N, Longoni SS, Lopalco L, Beretta A, Zipeto D. Serology study after BTN162b2 vaccination in participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 in two different waves versus naïve. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:38. [PMID: 35602204 PMCID: PMC9053253 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in individuals with waning immunity generated by a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the patterns of IgA and IgM responses in previously infected and in naïve individuals are still poorly understood.
Methods
We performed a serology study in a cohort of BTN162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients who were immunologically naïve (N, n = 50) or had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (P.I., n = 51) during the first (n = 25) or second (n = 26) pandemic waves in Italy, respectively. We measured IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) and IgG against the nucleocapsid (N) proteins, as well as the neutralizing activity of sera collected before vaccination, after the first and second dose of vaccine.
Results
Most P.I. individuals from the first pandemic wave who showed declining antibody titres responded to the first vaccine dose with IgG-S and pseudovirus neutralization titres that were significantly higher than those observed in N individuals after the second vaccine dose. In all recipients, a single dose of vaccine was sufficient to induce a potent IgA response that was not associated with serum neutralization titres. We observed an unconventional pattern of IgM responses that were elicited in only half of immunologically naïve subjects even after the second vaccine dose.
Conclusions
The response to a single dose of vaccine in P.I. individuals is more potent than that observed in N individuals after two doses. Vaccine-induced IgA are not associated with serum neutralization.
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26
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Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias in COVID-19 disease severity is hypothesized to be mediated by sex differential immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis is based on data from other viral infections, including influenza viruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and others that have demonstrated sex-specific immunity to viral infections. Although males are more susceptible to most viral infections, females possess immunological features that render them more vulnerable to distinct immune-related disease outcomes. Both sex chromosome complement and related genes as well as sex steroids play important roles in mediating the development of sex differences in immunity to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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