1
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Morens DM, Park J, Taubenberger JK. Many potential pathways to future pandemic influenza. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadj2379. [PMID: 37851826 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Although influenza A viruses have caused pandemics for centuries, future pandemics cannot be predicted with our current understanding and resources. Concern about an H5N1 avian influenza pandemic has caused alarm since 1997, but there are many other possible routes to pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaekeun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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Gomaa M, Moatasim Y, El Taweel A, Mahmoud SH, El Rifay AS, Kandeil A, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, El-Shesheny R, Ali MA, Kayali G. We are underestimating, again, the true burden of H5N1 in humans. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013146. [PMID: 37643809 PMCID: PMC10465887 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira S El Rifay
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela P McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Abstract
The emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential occurred regularly throughout history. Major pandemics and epidemics such as plague, cholera, flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have already afflicted humanity. The world is now facing the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Many infectious diseases leading to pandemics are caused by zoonotic pathogens that were transmitted to humans due to increased contacts with animals through breeding, hunting and global trade activities. The understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of pathogens to humans allowed the establishment of methods to prevent and control infections. During centuries, implementation of public health measures such as isolation, quarantine and border control helped to contain the spread of infectious diseases and maintain the structure of the society. In the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, these containment methods have still been used nowadays to control COVID-19 pandemic. Global surveillance programs of water-borne pathogens, vector-borne diseases and zoonotic spillovers at the animal-human interface are of prime importance to rapidly detect the emergence of infectious threats. Novel technologies for rapid diagnostic testing, contact tracing, drug repurposing, biomarkers of disease severity as well as new platforms for the development and production of vaccines are needed for an effective response in case of pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Piret
- CHU de Québec - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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4
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Morens DM, Fauci AS. Emerging Pandemic Diseases: How We Got to COVID-19. Cell 2020; 182:1077-1092. [PMID: 32846157 PMCID: PMC7428724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases prevalent in humans and animals are caused by pathogens that once emerged from other animal hosts. In addition to these established infections, new infectious diseases periodically emerge. In extreme cases they may cause pandemics such as COVID-19; in other cases, dead-end infections or smaller epidemics result. Established diseases may also re-emerge, for example by extending geographically or by becoming more transmissible or more pathogenic. Disease emergence reflects dynamic balances and imbalances, within complex globally distributed ecosystems comprising humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment. Understanding these variables is a necessary step in controlling future devastating disease emergences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Abstract
The year 2018 marked the 100th anniversary of the deadliest event in human history. In 1918-1919, pandemic influenza spread globally and caused an estimated 50-100 million deaths associated with unexpected clinical and epidemiological features. The descendants of the 1918 virus continue to circulate as annual epidemic viruses causing significant mortality each year. The 1918 influenza pandemic serves as a benchmark for the development of universal influenza vaccines. Challenges to producing a truly universal influenza vaccine include eliciting broad protection against antigenically different influenza viruses that can prevent or significantly downregulate viral replication and reduce morbidity by preventing development of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Perhaps the most important goal of such vaccines is not to prevent influenza, but to prevent influenza deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Wang Q, Xu K, Xie W, Yang L, Chen H, Shi N, Bao C, Huang H, Zhang X, Liao Y, Jin H. Seroprevalence of H7N9 infection among humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:587-595. [PMID: 32157809 PMCID: PMC7431636 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in mainland China. The burden of H7N9 infection was estimated based on systematic review and meta-analysis. The systematic search for available literature was conducted using Chinese and English databases. We calculated the pooled seroprevalence of H7N9 infection and its 95% confidence interval by using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Out of 16 890 records found using Chinese and English databases, 54 articles were included in the meta-analysis. These included studies of a total of 64 107 individuals. The pooled seroprevalence of H7N9 infection among humans was 0.122% (95% CI: 0.023, 0.275). In high-risk populations, the highest pooled seroprevalence was observed among close contacts (1.075%, 95% CI: 0.000, 4.357). The seroprevalence among general population was (0.077%, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.180). Our study discovered that asymptomatic infection of H7N9 virus did occur, even if the seroprevalence among humans was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Haodi Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilan Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Influenza's Newest Trick. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02854-19. [PMID: 31822589 PMCID: PMC6904879 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02854-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are important pathogens for humans and for many birds and mammals. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the major surface proteins of this enveloped RNA virus. Influenza A viruses are important pathogens for humans and for many birds and mammals. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the major surface proteins of this enveloped RNA virus. Hemagglutinin requires proteolytic cleavage for activation, but because the viral genome does not encode its own protease, an exogenous serine protease must be provided by host cells. A novel, neuraminidase-dependent mechanism for hemagglutinin activation was described, in which a thrombin-like protease allows an influenza A/H7N6 virus, isolated from a mallard duck, to replicate systemically and induce enhanced disease in avian and mammalian model animals and to replicate in vitro in the absence of trypsin. Thrombin-like protease activation required the N6 neuraminidase, but also required the presence of a thrombin-like cleavage motif in the H7 hemagglutinin. This novel example of neuraminidase-dependent hemagglutinin activation demonstrates the extraordinary evolutionary flexibility of influenza A viruses and is a fascinating example of epistasis between the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes.
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8
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Taubenberger JK, Kash JC, Morens DM. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau5485. [PMID: 31341062 PMCID: PMC11000447 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 2018-2019 period marks the centennial of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic, which caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide. The unprecedented nature of the pandemic's sudden appearance and high fatality rate serve as a stark reminder of the threat influenza poses. Unusual features of the 1918-1919 pandemic, including age-specific mortality and the high frequency of severe pneumonias, are still not fully understood. Sequencing and reconstruction of the 1918 virus has allowed scientists to answer many questions about its origin and pathogenicity, although many questions remain. This Review summarizes key findings and still-to-be answered questions about this deadliest of human events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Koutsakos M, Kedzierska K, Subbarao K. Immune Responses to Avian Influenza Viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:382-391. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD. A Review of Laboratory-Acquired Infections in the Asia-Pacific: Understanding Risk and the Need for Improved Biosafety for Veterinary and Zoonotic Diseases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E36. [PMID: 30274433 PMCID: PMC6073996 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid review was performed to determine (1) the number and causes of reported laboratory-acquired infections (LAI) in the Asia-Pacific region; (2) their significance and threat to the community; (3) the primary risk factors associated with LAIs; (4) the consequences in the event of a LAI or pathogen escape; and (5) to make general recommendations regarding biosafety practices for diagnosis and research in the Asia-Pacific region. A search for LAI and zoonoses in the Asia-Pacific region using online search engines revealed a relatively low number of reports. Only 27 LAI reports were published between 1982 and 2016. The most common pathogens associated with LAIs were dengue virus, Arthroderma spp., Brucella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Rickettsia spp., and Shigella spp. Seventy-eight percent (21 out of 27 LAI reports) occurred in high-income countries (i.e., Australia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan) where laboratories were likely to comply with international biosafety standards. Two upper-middle income countries (China (2), and Malaysia (2)) and one lower-middle income country (India (2)) reported LAI incidents. The majority of the reports (fifty-two percent (14/27)) of LAIs occurred in research laboratories. Five LAI reports were from clinical or diagnostic laboratories that are considered at the frontier for zoonotic disease detection. Governments and laboratories in the Asia-Pacific region should be encouraged to report LAI cases as it provides a useful tool to monitor unintended release of zoonotic pathogens and to further improve laboratory biosafety. Non-reporting of LAI events could pose a risk of disease transmission from infected laboratory staff to communities and the environment. The international community has an important and continuing role to play in supporting laboratories in the Asia-Pacific region to ensure that they maintain the safe working environment for the staff and their families, and the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart D Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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11
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Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. H5Nx Panzootic Bird Flu—Influenza’s Newest Worldwide Evolutionary Tour. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.161963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. H5Nx Panzootic Bird Flu—Influenza’s Newest Worldwide Evolutionary Tour. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [PMCID: PMC5324820 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Shimizu K, Wulandari L, Poetranto ED, Setyoningrum RA, Yudhawati R, Sholikhah A, Nastri AM, Poetranto AL, Candra AYR, Puruhito EF, Takahara Y, Yamagishi Y, Yamaoka M, Hotta H, Ustumi T, Lusida MI, Soetjipto, Shimizu YK, Soegiarto G, Mori Y. Seroevidence for a High Prevalence of Subclinical Infection With Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Among Workers in a Live-Poultry Market in Indonesia. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1929-1936. [PMID: 27923953 PMCID: PMC5142092 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. In Indonesia, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has become endemic in poultry and has caused sporadic deadly infections in human. Since 2012, we have conducted fixed-point surveillance of avian influenza viruses at a live-poultry market in East Java, Indonesia. In this study, we examined the seroprevalence of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection among market workers. Methods. Sera were collected from 101 workers in early 2014 and examined for antibody activity against avian A(H5N1) Eurasian lineage virus by a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. Results. By the HI assay, 84% of the sera tested positive for antibody activity against the avian virus. Further analysis revealed that the average HI titer in 2014 was 2.9-fold higher than in 2012 and that seroconversion occurred in 44% of paired sera (11 of 25) between 2012 and 2014. A medical history survey was performed in 2016; responses to questionnaires indicated that none of workers had had severe acute respiratory illness during 2013. Conclusions. This study provides evidence of a high prevalence of avian A(H5N1) virus infection in 2013 among workers at a live-poultry market. However, because no instances of hospitalizations were reported, we can conclude the virus did not manifest any clinical symptoms in workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Shimizu
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Laksmi Wulandari
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
| | - Emmanuel D Poetranto
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno A Setyoningrum
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Pediatrics
| | - Resti Yudhawati
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
| | - Amelia Sholikhah
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Pediatrics
| | - Aldise M Nastri
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Anna L Poetranto
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Adithya Y R Candra
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Edith F Puruhito
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Yusuke Takahara
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamagishi
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaoki Yamaoka
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takako Ustumi
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Maria I Lusida
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Soetjipto
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease
| | - Yohko K Shimizu
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Gatot Soegiarto
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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14
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Antigenic Fingerprinting of Antibody Response in Humans following Exposure to Highly Pathogenic H7N7 Avian Influenza Virus: Evidence for Anti-PA-X Antibodies. J Virol 2016; 90:9383-93. [PMID: 27512055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01408-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infections with H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses remain a major public health concern. Adaptation of low-pathogenic H7N7 to highly pathogenic H7N7 in Europe in 2015 raised further alarm for a potential pandemic. An in-depth understanding of antibody responses to HPAI H7 virus following infection in humans could provide important insight into virus gene expression as well as define key protective and serodiagnostic targets. Here we used whole-genome gene fragment phage display libraries (GFPDLs) expressing peptides of 15 to 350 amino acids across the complete genome of the HPAI H7N7 A/Netherlands/33/03 virus. The hemagglutinin (HA) antibody epitope repertoires of 15 H7N7-exposed humans identified clear differences between individuals with no hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers (<1:10) and those with HI titers of >1:40. Several potentially protective H7N7 epitopes close to the HA receptor binding domain (RBD) and neuraminidase (NA) catalytic site were identified. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis identified a strong correlation between HA1 (but not HA2) binding antibodies and H7N7 HI titers. A proportion of HA1 binding in plasma was contributed by IgA antibodies. Antibodies against the N7 neuraminidase were less frequent but targeted sites close to the sialic acid binding site. Importantly, we identified strong antibody reactivity against PA-X, a putative virulence factor, in most H7N7-exposed individuals, providing the first evidence for in vivo expression of PA-X and its recognition by the immune system during human influenza A virus infection. This knowledge can help inform the development and selection of the most effective countermeasures for prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatments of HPAI H7N7 avian influenza virus. IMPORTANCE An outbreak of pathogenic H7N7 virus occurred in poultry farms in The Netherlands in 2003. Severe outcome included conjunctivitis, influenza-like illness, and one lethal infection. In this study, we investigated convalescent-phase sera from H7N7-exposed individuals by using a whole-genome phage display library (H7N7-GFPDL) to explore the complete repertoire of post-H7N7-exposure antibodies. PA-X is a recently identified influenza virus virulence protein generated by ribosomal frameshifting in segment 3 of influenza virus coding for PA. However, PA-X expression during influenza virus infection in humans is unknown. We identified strong antibody reactivity against PA-X in most H7N7-exposed individuals (but not in unexposed adults), providing the first evidence for in vivo expression of PA-X and its recognition by the immune system during human infection with pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus.
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15
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Hill AA, Dewé T, Kosmider R, Von Dobschuetz S, Munoz O, Hanna A, Fusaro A, De Nardi M, Howard W, Stevens K, Kelly L, Havelaar A, Stärk K. Modelling the species jump: towards assessing the risk of human infection from novel avian influenzas. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150173. [PMID: 26473042 PMCID: PMC4593676 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The scientific understanding of the driving factors behind zoonotic and pandemic influenzas is hampered by complex interactions between viruses, animal hosts and humans. This complexity makes identifying influenza viruses of high zoonotic or pandemic risk, before they emerge from animal populations, extremely difficult and uncertain. As a first step towards assessing zoonotic risk of influenza, we demonstrate a risk assessment framework to assess the relative likelihood of influenza A viruses, circulating in animal populations, making the species jump into humans. The intention is that such a risk assessment framework could assist decision-makers to compare multiple influenza viruses for zoonotic potential and hence to develop appropriate strain-specific control measures. It also provides a first step towards showing proof of principle for an eventual pandemic risk model. We show that the spatial and temporal epidemiology is as important in assessing the risk of an influenza A species jump as understanding the innate molecular capability of the virus. We also demonstrate data deficiencies that need to be addressed in order to consistently combine both epidemiological and molecular virology data into a risk assessment framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Hill
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
- Author for correspondence: A. A. Hill e-mail:
| | - T. Dewé
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - R. Kosmider
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - S. Von Dobschuetz
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - O. Munoz
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venizie, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Hanna
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - A. Fusaro
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venizie, Padua, Italy
| | - M. De Nardi
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venizie, Padua, Italy
| | - W. Howard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | | | - L. Kelly
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | | | - K. Stärk
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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16
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Raoult D. Is it the end of the nervous breakdown on avian influenza? Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:805. [PMID: 26106976 PMCID: PMC7130003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:75-98. [PMID: 25746173 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when Richard Pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. Numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (NHPs) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. Most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. Since the viral etiology of influenza was established in the early 1930s, studies in NHPs have been supplemented by a much larger number of experiments in mice, ferrets and human volunteers. However, the emergence of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus in 1976 and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in 1997 stimulated an increase in NHP research, because these agents are difficult to study in naturally infected patients and cannot be administered to human volunteers. In this paper, we review the published literature on the use of NHPs in influenza research from 1893 through the end of 2014. The first section summarizes observational studies of naturally occurring influenza-like syndromes in wild and captive primates, including serologic investigations. The second provides a chronological account of experimental infections of NHPs, beginning with Pfeiffer's study and covering all published research on seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, including vaccine and antiviral drug testing. The third section reviews experimental infections of NHPs with avian influenza viruses that have caused disease in humans since 1997. The paper concludes with suggestions for further studies to more clearly define and optimize the role of NHPs as experimental animals for influenza research.
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