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Richards JH, Freeman DD, Detloff MR. Myeloid Cell Association with Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-like Behaviors in LysM-eGFP Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104433. [PMID: 38007034 PMCID: PMC11058038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects ∼500,000 people worldwide annually, with the majority developing chronic neuropathic pain. Following SCI, approximately 60% of these individuals are diagnosed with comorbid mood disorders, while only ∼21% of the general population will experience a mood disorder in their lifetime. We hypothesize that nociceptive and depressive-like dysregulation occurs after SCI and is associated with aberrant macrophage infiltration in segmental pain centers. We completed moderate unilateral C5 spinal cord contusion on LysM-eGFP reporter mice to visualize infiltrating macrophages. At 6-weeks post-SCI, mice exhibit nociceptive and depressive-like dysfunction compared to naïve and sham groups. There were no differences between the sexes, indicating that sex is not a contributing factor driving nociceptive or depressive-like behaviors after SCI. Utilizing hierarchical cluster analysis, we classified mice based on endpoint nociceptive and depressive-like behavior scores. Approximately 59.3% of the SCI mice clustered based on increased paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli and immobility time in the forced swim test. SCI mice displayed increased myeloid cell presence in the lesion epicenter, ipsilateral C7-8 dorsal horn, and C7-8 DRGs as evidenced by eGFP, CD68, and Iba1 immunostaining when compared to naïve and sham mice. This was further confirmed by SCI-induced alterations in the expression of genes indicative of myeloid cell activation states and their associated secretome in the dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. In conclusion, moderate unilateral cervical SCI caused the development of pain-related and depressive-like behaviors in a subset of mice and these behavioral changes are consistent with immune system activation in the segmental pain pathway. PERSPECTIVE: These experiments characterized pain-related and depressive-like behaviors and correlated these changes with the immune response post-SCI. While humanizing the rodent is impossible, the results from this study inform clinical literature to closely examine sex differences reported in humans to better understand the underlying shared etiologies of pain and depressive-like behaviors following central nervous system trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Richards
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Daniel D. Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Megan Ryan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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2
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Saad AE, Ashour DS, Rashad E. Immunomodulatory effects of chronic trichinellosis on Toxoplasma gondii RH virulent strain in experimental rats. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:417-434. [PMID: 36922743 PMCID: PMC10177679 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2191233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed parasitic infections could affect the host immunological responses and re-design the pathogenesis of each other. The impact of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) co-infection on the immune response remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible effect of chronic trichinellosis on the immune response of rats infected with T. gondii virulent RH strain. Animals were divided into four groups: group I: non-infected negative control; group II: infected with T. spiralis; group III: infected with T. gondii and group IV: infected with T. spiralis then infected with T. gondii 35 days post T. spiralis infection (co-infected group). The interaction between T. spiralis and T. gondii was evaluated by histopathological examination of liver and brain tissues, immunohistochemical expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and β-catenin in the brain tissues, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells percentages, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression in the spleen tissues. Along with, splenic interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression levels were measured 15 days post-Toxoplasma infection. Our study revealed that prior infection with T. spiralis leads to attenuation of Th1 response against T. gondii, including iNOS, TNF-α, and CD8+ T-cell response with improvement of the histopathological changes in the tissues. In conclusion, in the co-infected rats, a balanced immune response has been developed with the end result, improvement of the histopathological changes in the liver and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer E. Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Medical Parasitology sub-unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia S. Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman Rashad
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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3
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They shall not grow mold: Soldiers of innate and adaptive immunity to fungi. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101673. [PMID: 36459927 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Lee J, Kim J, Sin JI. B16 melanomas evade antitumor immunity by the loss of epitope presentation and the acquisition of tumor resistance to granzyme B. Cell Immunol 2021; 367:104394. [PMID: 34198057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas exhibit the highest rate of heterogeneity among cancer cell types. In this study, we tested the two types of B16 melanoma cells (B16-S0-1 and B16-S1-1) showing resistance to antitumor immunity. These cells expressed Trp2 protein. Contrary to B16 and B16-S0-1 cells, B16-S1-1 cells failed to stimulate IFN-γ responses in Trp2-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting that B16-S1-1 cells may have lost the ability to present antigen to Ag-specific CTLs in the context of MHC class I molecules. However, B16-S0-1 cells exhibited active Stat3 and decreased Bcl-2 expression, which were found to be not associated with immune escape. B16-S0-1 cells were more resistant to granzyme B-mediated caspase activation and apoptosis than B16 cells. Thus, these data show that B16 cells escape antitumor immune responses through the loss of epitope presentation to CTLs and the acquisition of tumor cell resistance to granzyme B-mediated caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, South Korea.
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5
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Nguyen TG. The therapeutic implications of activated immune responses via the enigmatic immunoglobulin D. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:107-122. [PMID: 33410368 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1861265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody and the least appreciated member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family. Since its discovery over half a century ago, the essence of its function in the immune system has been somewhat enigmatic and less well-defined than other antibody classes. Membrane-bound IgD (mIgD) is mostly recognized as B-cell receptor (BCR) while secreted IgD (sIgD) has been recently implicated in 'arming' basophils and mast cells in mucosal innate immunity. Activations of immune responses via mIgD-BCR or sIgD by specific antigens or anti-IgD antibody thereby produce a broad and complex mix of cellular, antibody and cytokine responses from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such broadly activated immune responses via IgD were initially deemed to potentiate and exacerbate the onset of autoimmune and allergic conditions. Paradoxically, treatments with anti-IgD antibody suppressed and ameliorated autoimmune conditions and allergic inflammations in mouse models without compromising the host's general immune defence, demonstrating a unique and novel therapeutic application for anti-IgD antibody treatment. Herein, this review endeavored to collate and summarize the evidence of the unique characteristics and features of activated immune responses via mIgD-BCR and sIgD that revealed an unappreciated immune-regulatory function of IgD in the immune system via an amplifying loop of anti-inflammatory Th2 and tolerogenic responses, and highlighted a novel therapeutic paradigm in harnessing these immune responses to treat human autoimmune and allergic conditions.
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6
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Dean O, Anjum S, Hess B, Hammoud DA, Athas D, Wheat J, Williamson PR. Central Nervous System Histoplasma-Associated Post-infectious Inflammatory Response Syndrome (Histo-PIIRS). J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:545-551. [PMID: 33387157 PMCID: PMC7776302 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of central nervous system (CNS) histoplasmosis in a previously healthy adult with hepatitis C (HCV) presenting with neurological symptoms refractory to antifungal therapy and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting 4 months after initial diagnosis. Persistent symptoms were thought to be inflammatory rather than infectious given negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum fungal antigens. The patient promptly improved after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. Elevated CSF cytokines and regional enhancement on brain MRI resolved with corticosteroid treatment. This is the first case of Histoplasma-associated post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (Histo-PIIRS) documented by CSF cytokine reduction in response to corticosteroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Dean
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bld 10, Rm 11C208, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seher Anjum
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bld 10, Rm 11C208, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bryan Hess
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deena Athas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | | | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bld 10, Rm 11C208, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Nguyen TG. Harnessing Newton’s third-law paradigm to treat autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammations. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:813-824. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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8
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Prado MK, Fontanari C, Souza CO, Gardinassi LG, Zoccal KF, de Paula-Silva FW, Peti AP, Sorgi CA, Meirelles AF, Ramos SG, Alves-Filho JC, Faccioli LH. IL-22 Promotes IFN-γ-Mediated Immunity against Histoplasma capsulatum Infection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E865. [PMID: 32517114 PMCID: PMC7356283 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is the agent of histoplasmosis, one of the most frequent mycoses in the world. The infection initiates with fungal spore inhalation, transformation into yeasts in the lungs and establishment of a granulomatous disease, which is characterized by a Th1 response. The production of Th1 signature cytokines, such as IFN-γ, is crucial for yeast clearance from the lungs, and to prevent dissemination. Recently, it was demonstrated that IL-17, a Th17 signature cytokine, is also important for fungal control, particularly in the absence of Th1 response. IL-22 is another cytokine with multiple functions on host response and disease progression. However, little is known about the role of IL-22 during histoplasmosis. In this study, we demonstrated that absence of IL-22 affected the clearance of yeasts from the lungs and increased the spreading to the spleen. In addition, IL-22 deficient mice (Il22-/-) succumbed to infection, which correlated with reductions in the numbers of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells, reduced IFN-γ levels, and diminished nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2) expression in the lungs. Importantly, treatment with rIFN-γ mitigated the susceptibility of Il22-/- mice to H. capsulatum infection. These data indicate that IL-22 is crucial for IFN-γ/NO production and resistance to experimental histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana K.B. Prado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fontanari
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Camila O.S. Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. Gardinassi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Karina F. Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Francisco W.G. de Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Ana P.F. Peti
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Carlos A. Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Alyne F.G. Meirelles
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
| | - Simone G. Ramos
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - José C. Alves-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Lúcia H. Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (M.K.B.P.); (C.F.); (C.O.S.S.); (L.G.G.); (K.F.Z.); (F.W.G.P.-S.); (A.P.F.P.); (C.A.S.); (A.F.G.M.)
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9
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IL-37 suppresses the sustained hepatic IFN-γ/TNF-α production and T cell-dependent liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:184-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Bueter CL, Deepe GS. Aeroallergens Exacerbate Histoplasma capsulatum Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3352-3361. [PMID: 30348735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergens such as house dust mites (HDM) and papain induce strong Th2 responses, including elevated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and marked eosinophilia in the airways. Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that induces a strong Th1 response marked by IFN-γ and TNF-α production, leading to rapid clearance in nonimmunocompromised hosts. Th1 responses are generally dominant and overwhelm the Th2 response when stimuli for both are present, although there are instances when Th2 stimuli downregulate a Th1 response. We determined if the Th2 response to allergens prevents the host from mounting a Th1 response to H. capsulatum in vivo. C57BL/6 mice exposed to HDM or papain and infected with H. capsulatum exhibited a dominant Th2 response early, characterized by enhanced eosinophilia and elevated Th2 cytokines in lungs. These mice manifested exacerbated fungal burdens, suggesting that animals skewed toward a Th2 response by an allergen are less able to clear the H. capsulatum infection despite an intact Th1 response. In contrast, secondary infection is not exacerbated by allergen exposure, indicating that the memory response may suppress the Th2 response to HDM and quickly clear the infection. In conclusion, an in vivo skewing toward Th2 by allergens exacerbates fungal infection, even though there is a concurrent and unimpaired Th1 response to H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Bueter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; and
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; and .,Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220
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11
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Chi G, Feng XX, Ru YX, Xiong T, Gao Y, Wang H, Luo ZL, Mo R, Guo F, He YP, Zhang GM, Tian DA, Feng ZH. TLR2/4 ligand-amplified liver inflammation promotes initiation of autoimmune hepatitis due to sustained IL-6/IL-12/IL-4/IL-25 expression. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:171-181. [PMID: 29793131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), a serious autoimmune liver disease, can be a lifelong illness, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). So far the mechanisms for disease initiation are largely unknown. Here we report that the amplified non-AIH liver inflammation could promote the initiation of AIH due to the sustained increase of IL-6, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-25 in the liver. The liver injury resulting from virus (adenovirus) or chemicals (CCl4) could induce an amplified (stronger/long-lasting) hepatic inflammation by releasing the ligands for TLR2/TLR4. The amplified inflammation resulted in the increase of multiple cytokines and chemokines in the liver. Among them, the sustained increase of IL-6/IL-12 resulted in the activation of STAT3 and STAT4 in hepatic CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, thus suppressing Foxp3 gene expression to reduce the suppressive function of Treg cells in the liver, but not those in the spleen. The increase of IL-12 and the impairment of Treg function promoted Th1 response in presence of self-mimicking antigen (human CYP2D6). Intriguingly, the amplified inflammation resulted in the increase of IL-4 and IL-25 in the liver. The moderate increase of IL-4 was sufficient for cooperating with IL-25 to initiate Th2 response, but inefficient in suppressing Th1 response, favoring the initiation of autoimmune response. Consequently, either adenovirus/CYP2D6 or CCl4/CYP2D6 could induce the autoimmune response and AIH in the mice, leading to hepatic fibrosis. The findings in this study suggest that the amplified non-AIH inflammation in the liver could be a driving force for the initiation of autoimmune response and AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xia Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying-Xia Ru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Long Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Mo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Pei He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - De-An Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Pereira PAT, Assis PA, Prado MKB, Ramos SG, Aronoff DM, de Paula-Silva FWG, Sorgi CA, Faccioli LH. Prostaglandins D 2 and E 2 have opposite effects on alveolar macrophages infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:195-206. [PMID: 29217623 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppresses macrophage effector mechanisms; however, little is known about the function of PGD2 in infected alveolar macrophages (AMs). Using serum-opsonized Histoplasma capsulatum (Ops-H. capsulatum) in vitro, we demonstrated that AMs produced PGE2 and PGD2 in a time-dependent manner, with PGE2 levels exceeding those of PGD2 by 48 h postinfection. Comparison of the effects of both exogenous PGs on AMs revealed that PGD2 increased phagocytosis and killing through the chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 lymphocytes receptor, whereas PGE2 had opposite effects, through E prostanoid (EP) receptor 2 (EP2)/EP4-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, PGD2 inhibited phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) phosphorylation, reduced IL-10 production, and increased leukotriene B4 receptor expression. In contrast, exogenous PGE2 treatment reduced PLC-γ phosphorylation, p38 and nuclear factor κB activation, TNF-α, H2O2, and leukotriene B4, but increased IL-1β production. Using specific compounds to inhibit the synthesis of each PG in vitro and in vivo, we found that endogenous PGD2 contributed to fungicidal mechanisms and controlled inflammation, whereas endogenous PGE2 decreased phagocytosis and killing of the fungus and induced inflammation. These findings demonstrate that, although PGD2 acts as an immunostimulatory mediator to control H. capsulatum infection, PGE2 has immunosuppressive effects, and the balance between these two PGs may limit collateral immune damage at the expense of microbial containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A T Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Morgana K B Prado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Francisco W G de Paula-Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Sorgi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Pfeffer PE, Hopkins S, Cropley I, Lowe DM, Lipman M. An association between pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infections and biomarkers of Th2-type inflammation. Respir Res 2017; 18:93. [PMID: 28506264 PMCID: PMC5432982 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rising incidence of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAI) infection is unexplained but parallels the growing world-wide epidemic of allergic disease. We hypothesized an association between pulmonary MAI infection and Th2-type immune responses as seen in allergy. Methods Biomarkers of patient Th2-type immune responses (peripheral blood eosinophil counts and serum IgE levels) were compared between patients with positive pulmonary samples for tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection. A further comparison of clinical characteristics, including respiratory co-morbidities, and biomarkers, was conducted between patients culturing MAI NTM and those culturing NTM other than MAI. Results Patients culturing NTM from pulmonary samples had significantly higher peripheral blood eosinophil levels than those culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Furthermore, patients culturing MAI compared to those culturing NTM other than MAI had higher eosinophil counts (mean 0.29x109/L vs 0.15x109/L, p = 0.010) and IgE levels (geometric mean 138kU/L vs 47kU/L, p = 0.021). However there was no significant difference in the frequency of asthma between the two NTM groups. Conclusions There is an association between biomarkers of Th2-type immune responses and pulmonary MAI. Prospective and translational research could identify the direction of causation; and so determine whether our finding may be utilized within future management strategies for MAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Pfeffer
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ian Cropley
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David M Lowe
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Lipman
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
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14
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Fecher RA, Horwath MC, Friedrich D, Rupp J, Deepe GS. Inverse Correlation between IL-10 and HIF-1α in Macrophages Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:565-79. [PMID: 27271565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a transcription factor that regulates metabolic and immune response genes in the setting of low oxygen tension and inflammation. We investigated the function of HIF-1α in the host response to Histoplasma capsulatum because granulomas induced by this pathogenic fungus develop hypoxic microenvironments during the early adaptive immune response. In this study, we demonstrated that myeloid HIF-1α-deficient mice exhibited elevated fungal burden during the innate immune response (prior to 7 d postinfection) as well as decreased survival in response to a sublethal inoculum of H. capsulatum The absence of myeloid HIF-1α did not alter immune cell recruitment to the lungs of infected animals but was associated with an elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Treatment with mAb to IL-10 restored protective immunity to the mutant mice. Macrophages (Mϕs) constituted most IL-10-producing cells. Deletion of HIF-1α in neutrophils or dendritic cells did not alter fungal burden, thus implicating Mϕs as the pivotal cell in host resistance. HIF-1α was stabilized in Mϕs following infection. Increased activity of the transcription factor CREB in HIF-1α-deficient Mϕs drove IL-10 production in response to H. capsulatum IL-10 inhibited Mϕ control of fungal growth in response to the activating cytokine IFN-γ. Thus, we identified a critical function for Mϕ HIF-1α in tempering IL-10 production following infection. We established that transcriptional regulation of IL-10 by HIF-1α and CREB is critical for activation of Mϕs by IFN-γ and effective handling of H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Fecher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Michael C Horwath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Dirk Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220
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15
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Sahaza JH, Pérez-Torres A, Zenteno E, Taylor ML. Usefulness of the murine model to study the immune response against Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:143-52. [PMID: 24766724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is an overview of the primary events that are associated with the histoplasmosis immune response in the murine model. Valuable data that have been recorded in the scientific literature have contributed to an improved understanding of the clinical course of this systemic mycosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Data must be analyzed carefully, given that misinterpretation could be generated because most of the available information is based on experimental host-parasite interactions that used inappropriate proceedings, i.e., the non-natural route of infection with the parasitic and virulent fungal yeast-phase, which is not the usual infective phase of the etiological agent of this mycosis. Thus, due to their versatility, complexity, and similarities with humans, several murine models have played a fundamental role in exploring the host-parasite interaction during H. capsulatum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Sahaza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, DF 04510, Mexico; Unidad de Micología Médica y Experimental, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Filogenia del Sistema Inmune de Piel y Mucosas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Maria Lucia Taylor
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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16
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Kroetz DN, Deepe GS. The role of cytokines and chemokines in Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Cytokine 2011; 58:112-7. [PMID: 21871816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a prevalent fungal pathogen in the United States, infecting approximately 500,000 individuals each year. Host protection requires an intact cell-mediated immune response. In this review, we will discuss how cytokines and chemokines influence protective immunity in H. capsulatum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Kroetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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17
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Monoclonal antibodies to heat shock protein 60 alter the pathogenesis of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1357-67. [PMID: 19179416 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01443-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins with molecular masses of approximately 60 kDa (Hsp60) are widely distributed in nature and are highly conserved immunogenic molecules that can function as molecular chaperones and enhance cellular survival under physiological stress conditions. The fungus Histoplasma capsulatum displays an Hsp60 on its cell surface that is a key target of the cellular immune response during histoplasmosis, and immunization with this protein is protective. However, the role of humoral responses to Hsp60 has not been fully elucidated. We generated immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to H. capsulatum Hsp60. IgG1 and IgG2a MAbs significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected with H. capsulatum. An IgG2b MAb was not protective. The protective MAbs reduced intracellular fungal survival and increased phagolysosomal fusion of macrophages in vitro. Histological examination of infected mice showed that protective MAbs reduced the fungal burden and organ damage. Organs of infected animals treated with protective MAbs had significantly increased levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and decreased levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Hence, IgG1 and IgG2a MAbs to Hsp60 can modify H. capsulatum pathogenesis in part by altering the intracellular fate of the fungus and inducing the production of Th1-associated cytokines.
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18
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Szymczak WA, Deepe GS, Winters MS. The interface between virulence and host response to the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-008-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Deepe GS, Gibbons RS. TNF-alpha antagonism generates a population of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+ T cells that inhibit protective immunity in murine histoplasmosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1088-97. [PMID: 18178849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In both humans and mice, treatment with TNF-alpha antagonists is associated with serious infectious complications including disseminated histoplasmosis. The mechanisms by which inhibition of endogenous TNF-alpha alter protective immunity remain obscure. Herein, we tested the possibility that neutralization of this cytokine triggered the emergence of T cells that dampen immunity. The lungs of mice given mAb to TNF-alpha contained a higher proportion and number of CD4+CD25+ cells than controls. This elevation was not observed in IFN-gamma- or GM-CSF-deficient mice or in those given a high inoculum. Phenotypic analysis revealed that these cells lacked many of the characteristics of natural regulatory T cells, including Foxp3. CD4+CD25+ cells from TNF-alpha-neutralized mice suppressed Ag-specific, but not nonspecific, responses in vitro. Elimination of CD25+ cells in vivo restored protective immunity in mice given mAb to TNF-alpha and adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ cells inhibited immunity. In vitro and in vivo, the suppressive effect was reversed by mAb to IL-10. Thus, neutralization of TNF-alpha is associated with the induction of a population of regulatory T cells that alter protective immunity in an Ag-specific manner to Histoplasma capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Deepe GS, McGuinness M. Interleukin-1 and host control of pulmonary histoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:855-64. [PMID: 16941354 PMCID: PMC1634801 DOI: 10.1086/506946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that interleukin (IL)-1beta levels were elevated in the lungs of mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Hence, we examined the influence that IL-1beta and IL-1 signaling has on host defenses against pulmonary histoplasmosis. In IL-1 receptor 1 knockout (IL-1R(-/-)) mice challenged intratracheally, fungal recovery on day 7 after infection exceeded that in wild-type (WT) mice. Antibody neutralization of IL-1beta also exacerbated infection. For both groups of mice, the absence of bioactive cytokine led to a failure to control infection in a high proportion of mice. The absence of signaling had a modest effect on host resistance in mice with secondary histoplasmosis. Several perturbations in host defense mechanisms were detected in the lungs of IL-1R(-/-) mice. The number of CD4+ cells was decreased, and transcription of the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase was depressed transiently. IL-4 and IL-10 levels were elevated in the lungs of IL-1R(-/-) mice, compared with those in the lungs of WT mice. Conversely, interferon- gamma levels were decreased. Thus, IL-1 contributes to host resistance to infection with H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Deepe
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0560, USA.
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