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Cometta S, Donose BC, Juárez-Saldivar A, Ravichandran A, Xu Y, Bock N, Dargaville TR, Rakić AD, Hutmacher DW. Unravelling the physicochemical and antimicrobial mechanisms of human serum albumin/tannic acid coatings for medical-grade polycaprolactone scaffolds. Bioact Mater 2024; 42:68-84. [PMID: 39280579 PMCID: PMC11399811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related biomaterial infections are notoriously challenging to treat and can lead to chronic infection and persisting inflammation. To date, a large body of research can be reviewed for coatings which potentially prevent bacterial infection while promoting implant integration. Yet only a very small number has been translated from bench to bedside. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the stability, antibacterial mechanism, and biocompatibility of medical grade polycaprolactone (mPCL), coated with human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in blood plasma, and tannic acid (TA), a natural polyphenol with antibacterial properties. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that HSA and TA interact mainly through hydrogen-bonding, ionic and hydrophobic interactions, leading to smooth and regular assemblies. In vitro bacteria adhesion testing showed that coated scaffolds maintained their antimicrobial properties over 3 days by significantly reducing S. aureus colonization and biofilm formation. Notably, amplitude modulation-frequency modulation (AMFM) based viscoelasticity mapping and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data suggested that HSA/TA-coatings cause morphological and mechanical changes on the outer cell membrane of S. aureus leading to membrane disruption and cell death while proving non-toxic to human primary cells. These results support this antibiotic-free approach as an effective and biocompatible strategy to prevent biofilm-related biomaterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cometta
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Bogdan C Donose
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, 88740, Mexico
| | - Akhilandeshwari Ravichandran
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Yanan Xu
- Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Tim R Dargaville
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Aleksandar D Rakić
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling and Manufacturing (M3D Innovation), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
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2
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Hao L, Zhou J, Yang H, He C, Shu W, Song H, Liu Q. Anti-virulence potential of iclaprim, a novel folic acid synthesis inhibitor, against Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:432. [PMID: 39102054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus pose a significant global public problem. Therefore, new antibiotics and therapeutic strategies are needed to combat this pathogen. This investigation delves into the effects of iclaprim, a newly discovered inhibitor of folic acid synthesis, on S. aureus virulence. The phenotypic and genotypic effects of iclaprim were thoroughly examined in relation to virulence factors, biofilm formation, and dispersal, as well as partial virulence-encoding genes associated with exoproteins, adherence, and regulation in S. aureus MW2, N315, and ATCC 25923. Then, the in vivo effectiveness of iclaprim on S. aureus pathogenicity was explored by a Galleria mellonella larvae infection model. The use of iclaprim at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) resulted in a reduction of α-hemolysin (Hla) production and a differential effect on the activity of coagulase in S. aureus strains. The results of biofilm formation and eradication assay showed that iclaprim was highly effective in depolymerizing the mature biofilm of S. aureus strains at concentrations of 1 MIC or greater, however, inhibited the biofilm-forming ability of only strains N315 and ATCC 25923 at sub-MICs. Interestingly, treatment of strains with sub-MICs of iclaprim resulted in significant stimulation or suppression of most virulence-encoding genes expression. Iclaprim did not affect the production of δ-hemolysin or staphylococcal protein A (SpA), nor did it impact the total activity of proteases, nucleases, and lipases. In vivo testing showed that sub-MICs of iclaprim significantly improves infected larvae survival. The present study offered valuable insights towards a better understating of the influence of iclaprim on different strains of S. aureus. The findings suggest that iclaprim may have potential as an anti-virulence and antibiofilm agent, thus potentially mitigating the pathogenicity of S. aureus and improving clinical outcomes associated with infections caused by this pathogen. KEY POINTS: • Iclaprim effectively inhibits α-hemolysin production and biofilm formation in a strain-dependent manner and was an excellent depolymerizing agent of mature biofilm • Iclaprim affected the mRNA expression of virulence-encoding genes associated with exoproteins, adherence, and regulation • In vivo study in G. mellonella larvae challenged with S. aureus exhibited that iclaprim improves larvae survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang Middle Rd., Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Shu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyue Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang Middle Rd., Shanghai, 200071, China.
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3
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Singh K, Singh VK, Mishra R, Sharma A, Pandey A, Srivastava SK, Chaurasia H. Design, Synthesis, DFT, docking Studies, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel benzimidazole containing sulphonamide derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107473. [PMID: 38820940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In silico approaches have been employed to design a new series of benzimidazole-containing sulphonamide derivatives and qualified compounds have been synthesized to analyze their potential as antimicrobial agents. Antibacterial screening of all synthesized compounds was done using the broth microdilution method against several human pathogenic bacteria, viz. Gram-positive bacteria [B. cerus (NCIN-2156), B. subtilis (ATCC-6051), S. aureus (NCIM-2079)] and Gram-negative bacteria [P. aeruginosa (NCIM-2036), E. coli (NCIM-2065), and a drug-resistant strain of E. coli (U-621)], and the compounds presented admirable MIC values, ranging between 100-1.56 µg/mL. The combinatorial analysis showed the magnificent inhibitory efficiency of the tested compounds, acquired equipotent to ten-fold more potency compared to original MIC values. An immense synergistic effect was exhibited by the compounds during combination studies with reference drugs chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole was presented as fractional inhibitory concentration (∑FIC). Enzyme inhibition studies of all synthesized compounds were done by using peptidyl transferase and dihydropteroate synthase enzymes isolated from E. coli and S. aureus and each of the compound presented the admirable IC50 values, where the lead compound 3 bound to peptidyl transferase (of S. aureus with IC50 363.51 ± 2.54 µM and E. coli IC50 1.04 ± 0.08 µM) & dihydropteroate synthase (of S. aureus IC50 3.51 ± 0.82 µM and E. coli IC50 2.77 ± 0.65 µM), might account for the antimicrobial effect, exhibited excellent inhibition potential. Antifungal screening was also performed employing food poisoning methods against several pathogenic fungal species, viz A. flavus, F. oxysporum, A. niger, and A. brassicae. The obtained result indicated that few compounds can prove to be a potent drug regimen against dreaded MDR strains of microbes. Structural activity relationship (SAR) analysis and docking studies reveal that the presence of electron-withdrawing, polar, and more lipophilic substituents positively favor the antibacterial activity, whereas, electron-withdrawing, more polar, and hydrophilic substituents favor the antifungal activities. A robust coherence has been found in in-silico and in-vitro biological screening results of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Singh
- Photophysical and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College (A constituent P.G. College of University of Allahabad), Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Vishal K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Bio-organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- Photophysical and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College (A constituent P.G. College of University of Allahabad), Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Archana Pandey
- Photophysical and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College (A constituent P.G. College of University of Allahabad), Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Santosh K Srivastava
- Photophysical and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College (A constituent P.G. College of University of Allahabad), Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Himani Chaurasia
- Photophysical and Therapeutic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College (A constituent P.G. College of University of Allahabad), Prayagraj 211002, India.
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Muñoz KA, Ulrich RJ, Vasan AK, Sinclair M, Wen PC, Holmes JR, Lee HY, Hung CC, Fields CJ, Tajkhorshid E, Lau GW, Hergenrother PJ. A Gram-negative-selective antibiotic that spares the gut microbiome. Nature 2024; 630:429-436. [PMID: 38811738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens are increasingly prevalent and are typically treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, resulting in disruption of the gut microbiome and susceptibility to secondary infections1-3. There is a critical need for antibiotics that are selective both for Gram-negative bacteria over Gram-positive bacteria, as well as for pathogenic bacteria over commensal bacteria. Here we report the design and discovery of lolamicin, a Gram-negative-specific antibiotic targeting the lipoprotein transport system. Lolamicin has activity against a panel of more than 130 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, shows efficacy in multiple mouse models of acute pneumonia and septicaemia infection, and spares the gut microbiome in mice, preventing secondary infection with Clostridioides difficile. The selective killing of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria by lolamicin is a consequence of low sequence homology for the target in pathogenic bacteria versus commensals; this doubly selective strategy can be a blueprint for the development of other microbiome-sparing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca J Ulrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Archit K Vasan
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matt Sinclair
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Po-Chao Wen
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jessica R Holmes
- High-Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chien-Che Hung
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Fields
- High-Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gee W Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Paul J Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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5
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Parveen S, Shehzadi S, Shafiq N, Rashid M, Naz S, Mehmood T, Riaz R, S Almaary K, Nafidi HA, Bourhia M. A discovery of potent kaempferol derivatives as multi-target medicines against diabetes as well as bacterial infections: an in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38334277 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2308773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids demonstrate beneficial effects on human health because flavonoids contain important biological properties. Kaempferol is a flavonol, type of flavonoid found in eatable plants and in plants usually employed in ancient drugs (Moringa oleifera, Tilia spp., fern genus spp. and gingko etc.). Some medicinal studies have shown that the use of foods full of kaempferol decreases the risk of many (cancer, vascular) diseases. All the data of 50 kaempferol derivatives were collected from PubChem database. Through Schrödinger software, 3D-QSAR study was performed for 50 compounds by using method of field base. Conformer of kaempferol derivatives was docked against anti-diabetic, anti-microbial co-crystal structures and protein. To monitor the best anti-diabetic and antibacterial agent, particular kaempferol derivatives were downloaded from PubChem database. Virtual screening by molecular docking provided four lead compounds with four different proteins. These hit compounds were found to be potent inhibitor for diabetic enzymes alpha-amylase and DPP IV and had the potential to suppress DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase synthesis. Molecular dynamic simulation of docked complexes evaluates the value of root mean square fluctuation by iMOD server. Kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-(2, 3-di-Z-p-coumaroyl) rhamnoside (42) compound used as anti-diabetic and kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside (3) as antibacterial with good results can be used for drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Parveen
- Synthetic and Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saman Shehzadi
- Synthetic and Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Shafiq
- Synthetic and Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Rashid
- Synthetic and Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Naz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Riaz
- Synthetic and Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid S Almaary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, Morocco
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Periwal P, Verma V, Kumar D, Kumar A, Bhatia M, Thakur S, Parshad M. Novel azole-sulfonamide conjugates as potential antimicrobial candidates: synthesis and biological assessment. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:157-171. [PMID: 38205647 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Azole and sulfonamide molecular frameworks are endowed with potent antimicrobial activity. Materials & methods: A series of azole-sulfonamide conjugates were synthesized using click reaction of N-propargylated imidazole with azide of sulfonamide and its antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated. Results: The compounds 7c, 7i and 7r displayed promising antibacterial activities, better than the standards sulfonamide and norfloxacin. All molecules exhibited promising antifungal activity, more potent than fluconazole. Docking studies of the active conjugates signified the importance of hydrophobic interactions in hosting the molecules in the active site of dihydrofolate reductase. Conclusion: Azole-sulfonamide conjugates are more active than single sulfonamide moieties and 7c, 7i and 7r may prove valuable leads for further optimization as novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Periwal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Devinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Sourbh Thakur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry & Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mahavir Parshad
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
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Gujja V, Sadineni K, Epuru MR, Rao Allaka T, Banothu V, Gunda SK, Koppula SK. Synthesis and in Silico Studies of Some New 1,2,3-Triazolyltetrazole Bearing Indazole Derivatives as Potent Antimicrobial Agents. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301232. [PMID: 37988365 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazole and tetrazole derivatives bearing pyrrolidines are found to exhibit notable biological activity and have become useful scaffolds in medicinal chemistry for application in lead discovery and optimization. Novel indazole bearing 1,2,3-triazolyltetrazoles were designed as potential antimicrobial candidates. The structure of duel heterocyclics was validated by a spectroscopic technique of infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H and 13 C NMR), and mass spectral data. Compounds 4b, 4c, 4d, and 4h were found to have a stronger antibacterial effect against Gram-positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis, M. Luteus) and Gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) microorganisms with MICs ranging from 5±0.03-18±0.02 μM, respectively. Moreover, scaffolds 4a, 4h showed potent antifungal activity against A. flavus, M. gypsuem strains with MIC values of 10±0.02, 11±0.01 μM, which are similar activity that of the standard Itraconazole (MIC=8±0.02, 10±0.01 μM). The binding mode for compound 4 inside the catalytic pocket of S. aureus complexed with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and trimethoprim and produced a network of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions (3FRE). From in silico results, 4b demonstrated highly stable hydrogen binding amino acids Leu62(X) [N18…O, 2.47 Å], Arg44(X) [N17…N, 3.11 Å], Thr96(X) [N10…OG1, 3.05 Å], Gly94(X) [F7…N, 2.82 Å], and Gly43(X) [F7…N, 2.90 Å], which are plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient binding of the ligand in a crystal structure of antibacterial receptor. Furthermore, the physicochemical and ADME filtration molecular properties, estimation of toxicity, and bioactivity scores of these novel scaffolds were evaluated by using SwissADME and ADMETlab2.0 online protocols. Thus, the significant antimicrobial activity of indazole linked to duel heterocyclic compounds can be used for development of new antimicrobial agents with further modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Gujja
- Department of chemistry, Gitam deemed to be University, Hyderabad campus, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Kumaraswamy Sadineni
- Department of chemistry, Gitam deemed to be University, Hyderabad campus, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Manohar Reddy Epuru
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences and humanities, VFSTR, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
- Analytical Research and Development, I, nnovare Labs Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500090, India
| | - Tejeswara Rao Allaka
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science & Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500085, Telangana, India
| | - Venkanna Banothu
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500085, Telangana, India
| | - Shravan Kumar Gunda
- Bioinformatics Division, PGRRCDE, Osmania University, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Shiva Kumar Koppula
- Department of chemistry, Gitam deemed to be University, Hyderabad campus, Rudraram, Sangareddy, Hyderabad, 502329, Telangana, India
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8
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Smith N, Horswill AR, Wilson MA. X-ray-driven chemistry and conformational heterogeneity in atomic resolution crystal structures of bacterial dihydrofolate reductases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566054. [PMID: 37986818 PMCID: PMC10659368 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Bacterial DHFRs are targets of several important antibiotics as well as model enzymes for the role of protein conformational dynamics in enzyme catalysis. We collected 0.93 Å resolution X-ray diffraction data from both Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and E. coli (Ec) DHFRs bound to folate and NADP+. These oxidized ternary complexes should not be able to perform chemistry, however electron density maps suggest hydride transfer is occurring in both enzymes. Comparison of low- and high-dose EcDHFR datasets show that X-rays drive partial production of tetrahydrofolate. Hydride transfer causes the nicotinamide moiety of NADP+ to move towards the folate as well as correlated shifts in nearby residues. Higher radiation dose also changes the conformational heterogeneity of Met20 in EcDHFR, supporting a solvent gating role during catalysis. BsDHFR has a different pattern of conformational heterogeneity and an unexpected disulfide bond, illustrating important differences between bacterial DHFRs. This work demonstrates that X-rays can drive hydride transfer similar to the native DHFR reaction and that X-ray photoreduction can be used to interrogate catalytically relevant enzyme dynamics in favorable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588
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Douglas EJ, Laabei M. Staph wars: the antibiotic pipeline strikes back. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001387. [PMID: 37656158 PMCID: PMC10569064 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic chemotherapy is widely regarded as one of the most significant medical advancements in history. However, the continued misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has become synonymous with multidrug resistance and is a leading antimicrobial-resistant pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review focuses on (1) the targets of current anti-staphylococcal antibiotics and the specific mechanisms that confirm resistance; (2) an in-depth analysis of recently licensed antibiotics approved for the treatment of S. aureus infections; and (3) an examination of the pre-clinical pipeline of anti-staphylococcal compounds. In addition, we examine the molecular mechanism of action of novel antimicrobials and derivatives of existing classes of antibiotics, collate data on the emergence of resistance to new compounds and provide an overview of key data from clinical trials evaluating anti-staphylococcal compounds. We present several successful cases in the development of alternative forms of existing antibiotics that have activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Pre-clinical antimicrobials show promise, but more focus and funding are required to develop novel classes of compounds that can curtail the spread of and sustainably control antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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10
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Phan NKN, Huynh TKC, Nguyen HP, Le QT, Nguyen TCT, Ngo KKH, Nguyen THA, Ton KA, Thai KM, Hoang TKD. Exploration of Remarkably Potential Multitarget-Directed N-Alkylated-2-(substituted phenyl)-1 H-benzimidazole Derivatives as Antiproliferative, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28733-28748. [PMID: 37576624 PMCID: PMC10413844 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving lipophilicity for drugs to penetrate the lipid membrane and decreasing bacterial and fungal coinfections for patients with cancer pose challenges in the drug development process. Here, a series of new N-alkylated-2-(substituted phenyl)-1H-benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and HRMS spectrum analyses to address these difficulties. All the compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Results indicated that compound 2g exhibited the best antiproliferative activity against the MDA-MB-231 cell line and also displayed significant inhibition at minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8, 4, and 4 μg mL-1 against Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus compared with amikacin. The antifungal data of compounds 1b, 1c, 2e, and 2g revealed their moderate activities toward Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, with MIC values of 64 μg mL-1 for both strains. Finally, the molecular docking study found that 2g interacted with crucial amino acids in the binding site of complex dihydrofolate reductase with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Kim-Ngan Phan
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Kim-Chi Huynh
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, No.18, Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi City 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang-Phuc Nguyen
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Tuan Le
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Cam-Thu Nguyen
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Kim-Khanh-Huy Ngo
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Hong-An Nguyen
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Khoa Anh Ton
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Khac-Minh Thai
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, No.41-43, Dinh Tien Hoang Str.,
Dist. 1, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Kim-Dung Hoang
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, No.1A, TL29 Str., Thanh Loc Ward,
Dist. 12, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, No.18, Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi City 100000, Vietnam
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11
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Matos IDA, Goes Pinto AC, Ferraz MVF, Adan WCS, Rodrigues RP, Dos Santos JX, Kitagawa RR, Lins RD, Oliveira TB, Costa Junior NBD. Identification of potential Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors using QSAR, molecular docking, dynamics simulations and free energy calculation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:3835-3846. [PMID: 35356863 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2057361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the use of molecular docking simulations, quantitative structure-activity relationships studies and ADMETox predictions to analyse the molecular recognition of a series of 7-aryl-2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives on the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase and conducted a virtual screening to discover new potential inhibitors. A quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed using 40 compounds and two selected descriptors. These descriptors indicated the importance of pKa and molar refractivity for the inhibitory activity against SaDHFR. The values of R2train, CVLOO and R2test generated by the model were 0.808, 0.766, and 0.785, respectively. The integration between QSAR, molecular docking, ADMETox analysis and molecular dynamics simulations with binding free energies calculation, yielded the compounds PC-124127620, PC-124127795 and PC-124127805 as promising candidates to SaDHFR inhibitors. These compounds presented high potency, good pharmacokinetics and toxicological profile. Thus, these molecules are good potential antimicrobial agent to treatment of infect disease caused by S. aureus.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac de Araujo Matos
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristóvão-SE, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Goes Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristóvão-SE, Brazil
| | | | - Wenny Camilla Santos Adan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo-UFES, Vitória-ES, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pereira Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristóvão-SE, Brazil
| | - Juliane Xavier Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristóvão-SE, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo-UFES, Vitória-ES, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Branquinho Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristóvão-SE, Brazil
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12
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Boyer Z, Kessler H, Brosman H, Ruud KJ, Falkowski AF, Viollet C, Bourne CR, O’Reilly MC. Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Amino Dihydropyrimidines Toward the Analysis of their Antibacterial Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37907-37916. [PMID: 36312355 PMCID: PMC9607683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance among bacteria puts immense strain on public health. The discovery of new antibiotics that work through unique mechanisms is one important pillar toward combating this threat of resistance. A functionalized amino dihydropyrimidine was reported to exhibit antibacterial activity via the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase, an underexploited antibacterial target. Despite this promise, little is known about its structure-activity relationships (SAR) and mechanism of activity. Toward this goal, the aza-Biginelli reaction was optimized to allow for the preparation of focused libraries of functionalized amino dihydropyridines, which in some cases required the use of variable temperature NMR analysis for the conclusive assignment of compound identity and purity. Antibacterial activity was examined using microdilution assays, and compound interactions with dihydrofolate reductase were assessed using antimicrobial synergy studies alongside in vitro enzyme kinetics, differential scanning fluorimetry, and protein crystallography. Clear antibacterial SAR trends were unveiled (MIC values from >64 to 4 μg/mL), indicating that this compound class has promise for future development as an antibacterial agent. Despite this, the in vitro biochemical and biophysical studies performed alongside the synergy assays call the antibacterial mechanism into question, indicating that further studies will be required to fully evaluate the antibacterial potential of this compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
W. Boyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Hannah Kessler
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Hannah Brosman
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kirsten J. Ruud
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University
of Wisconsin−River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, United States
| | - Alan F. Falkowski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, University
of Wisconsin−River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, United States
| | - Constance Viollet
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Christina R. Bourne
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Matthew C. O’Reilly
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
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13
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Lade H, Joo HS, Kim JS. Molecular Basis of Non-β-Lactam Antibiotics Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1378. [PMID: 36290036 PMCID: PMC9598170 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most successful human pathogens with the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. MRSA has acquired resistance to almost all β-lactam antibiotics, including the new-generation cephalosporins, and is often also resistant to multiple other antibiotic classes. The expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is the primary basis for β-lactams resistance by MRSA, but it is coupled with other resistance mechanisms, conferring resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics. The multiplicity of resistance mechanisms includes target modification, enzymatic drug inactivation, and decreased antibiotic uptake or efflux. This review highlights the molecular basis of resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics recommended to treat MRSA infections such as macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, and others. A thorough understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates could help in developing promising therapies and molecular detection methods of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Lade
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea
| | - Hwang-Soo Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea
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14
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Molecular modelling, DFT, molecular dynamics simulations, synthesis and antimicrobial potential studies of heterocyclic nucleoside mimetics. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Wang L, Fan J, Zheng L, Chen L. Efficacy and Safety of Iclaprim for the Treatment of Skin Structures and Soft Tissue Infections: A Methodological Framework. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932688. [PMID: 35928265 PMCID: PMC9344044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most common infections worldwide. They manifest in a variety of forms, such as erysipelas, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. Antibiotics are the significant method for clinical treatment of SSTIs. This study reported a methodology framework to determine the efficacy and safety of iclaprim in treatment of SSTIs.Methods: We will search the PubMed, EMbase, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, and ClinicalTrials.gov from their inception to June 2022 for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies on iclaprim with SSTIs. Two authors will independently screen the eligible studies, assess the quality of the included papers, and extract the required information. Randomized controlled trials will be assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale will be used to evaluate observational studies. The quality of the evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation system. RevMan 5.3 will be used for the data synthesis and quantitative analysis.Results and Discussions: This study will provide the clinicians with more high-quality evidence to choose iclaprim for patients with SSTIs.Ethics and Dissemination: This systematic review and meta-analysis will be based on published data, so ethical approval is not necessary. The results of this meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Fan
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Linli Zheng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingmin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The Research Units of West China (2018RU012, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lingmin Chen,
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16
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Mabkhot YN, Alsayari A, Bin Muhsinah A, Algarni H, Soliman SM, Kheder NA, Ghabbour HA, Asiri YI, Mahnash MH, Tasqeeruddin S, Sulthana SS, Hassan MZ. Synthesis, X-Ray Structural Analysis and Computational Studies of a Novel Bis(2-Thienyl)Disulfide Derivative. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1852281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yahia N. Mabkhot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. Algarni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saied M. Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Egypt
| | - Nabila A. Kheder
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yahya I. Asiri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater H. Mahnash
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Tasqeeruddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohd. Zaheen Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Mahwish N, Bairy LK, Srinivasamurthy S. Antivitamins: A Silver Lining in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221080378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivitamins are compounds that negate the biological effects of vitamins. They have been successfully exploited for the development of various classes of drugs. In the early 19th century, the antifolate prontosil was developed for the treatment of puerperal fever. Since then, numerous other antifolates have been used to treat a wide range of infections. Antifolates, such as methotrexate, are potent anticancer agents and antivitamin K, such as warfarin, are used as anticoagulants. Despite several years of research, most antivitamin-based drugs are limited to vitamin K and B9, and the development of antagonists for other vitamins is still in the nascent stage. In the era of antimicrobial resistance, antivitamins can be considered as a promising alternative to develop newer antimicrobials and are worth exploring further. This review discusses key antivitamins at different stages of development which have potential utility as antibiotic drug candidates. The summary of studies of antivitamins in clinical development is also narrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayesha Mahwish
- Department of Pharmacology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences (RAKCOMS), RAK Medical and Health Sciences University Ras Al Khaimah (RAKMHSU), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laxminarayana Kurady Bairy
- Department of Pharmacology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences (RAKCOMS), RAK Medical and Health Sciences University Ras Al Khaimah (RAKMHSU), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sureshkumar Srinivasamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Ras Al Khaimah College of Medical Sciences (RAKCOMS), RAK Medical and Health Sciences University Ras Al Khaimah (RAKMHSU), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Wang S, Reeve SM, Holt GT, Ojewole AA, Frenkel MS, Gainza P, Keshipeddy S, Fowler VG, Wright DL, Donald BR. Chiral evasion and stereospecific antifolate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009855. [PMID: 35143481 PMCID: PMC8865654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents a significant health care crisis. The mutation F98Y in Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase (SaDHFR) confers resistance to the clinically important antifolate trimethoprim (TMP). Propargyl-linked antifolates (PLAs), next generation DHFR inhibitors, are much more resilient than TMP against this F98Y variant, yet this F98Y substitution still reduces efficacy of these agents. Surprisingly, differences in the enantiomeric configuration at the stereogenic center of PLAs influence the isomeric state of the NADPH cofactor. To understand the molecular basis of F98Y-mediated resistance and how PLAs' inhibition drives NADPH isomeric states, we used protein design algorithms in the osprey protein design software suite to analyze a comprehensive suite of structural, biophysical, biochemical, and computational data. Here, we present a model showing how F98Y SaDHFR exploits a different anomeric configuration of NADPH to evade certain PLAs' inhibition, while other PLAs remain unaffected by this resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Reeve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Graham T. Holt
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adegoke A. Ojewole
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcel S. Frenkel
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pablo Gainza
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Santosh Keshipeddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infections Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dennis L. Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bruce R. Donald
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Singh VK, Chaurasia H, Mishra R, Srivastava R, Naaz F, Kumar P, Singh RK. Docking, ADMET prediction, DFT analysis, synthesis, cytotoxicity, antibacterial screening and QSAR analysis of diarylpyrimidine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Mali G, Shaikh BA, Garg S, Kumar A, Bhattacharyya S, Erande RD, Chate AV. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Densely Substituted Dihydropyrano[2,3- c]pyrazoles via a Taurine-Catalyzed Green Multicomponent Approach. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30734-30742. [PMID: 34805701 PMCID: PMC8600639 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient taurine-catalyzed green multicomponent approach has been described for the first time to synthesize densely substituted therapeutic core dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles. Applications of the developed synthetic strategies and technologies revealed the synthesis of a series of newly designed 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles containing isonicotinamide, spirooxindole, and indole moieties. Detailed in silico analysis of the synthesized analogues revealed their potential to bind wild-type and antibiotic-resistant variants of dihydrofolate reductase, a principal drug target enzyme for emerging antibiotic-resistant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. Hence, the synthesized dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives presented herein hold immense promise to develop future antistaphylococcal therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Mali
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Badrodin A. Shaikh
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, India
| | - Shivani Garg
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department
of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Rohan D. Erande
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Asha V. Chate
- Department
of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad 431004, India
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21
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Mishra R, Chaurasia H, Singh VK, Naaz F, Singh RK. Molecular modeling, QSAR analysis and antimicrobial properties of Schiff base derivatives of isatin. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Garg A, Singh A, Kumar A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: an experimental study. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:987-1001. [PMID: 34406075 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was conducted to explore the antibacterial potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Materials & methods: The percentage growth retardation, bacterial growth kinetics, biofilm, checkerboard and bacterial burden assays were conducted to check antibacterial potential of SERMs. Finally, docking study was also conducted to predict possible antibacterial mechanism of SERMs. Results: In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the antibacterial activity of SERMs against different tested strains of bacteria. The synergistic activity of SERMs in combination with standard antibacterial agents was also observed and tested further under in vivo conditions. In vivo results have shown decreased bacterial bioburden. Docking studies have predicted the multimodal antibacterial mechanism of SERMs. Conclusion: SERMs can be considered as promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.,Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Research, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
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23
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Chaurasia H, Singh VK, Mishra R, Yadav AK, Ram NK, Singh P, Singh RK. Molecular modelling, synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of benzimidazole nucleoside mimetics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105227. [PMID: 34399320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of new N-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl) benzimidazole derivatives has been designed using in silico methods and synthesized as probable antimicrobial agents. Further, the compounds were assessed for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Antibacterial screening was done by employing broth micro-dilution method and compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity (MIC, 50-1.56 µg/mL) against different human pathogenic bacteria, viz. B. cerus, B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and drug resistant strain (DRS) of E. coli. A great synergistic effect was observed during evaluation of ∑FIC, where a combination study was performed using standard references, viz. chloramphenicol and kanamycin. The MIC data obtained from different methods of combination approach revealed 4-128 fold more potency compared to compounds tested alone. The results clearly indicated the possibility of these compounds as active ingredients of drug regimen used against MDR strains. Antifungal screening were also performed employing two different methods, viz. serial dilution method and zone inhibition method, clearly indicated that compounds were also potentially active against several species of pathogenic fungal strains, viz. A. flavus, A. niger, F. oxysporum and C. albicans. The assessment of structure activity relationship (SAR) clearly revealed that presence of less polar and more hydrophobic substituents positively favours the antibacterial activity, conversely, more polar and hydrophilic substituents favours the antifungal activities. Thus, the results positively endorsed the compounds as potent antibacterial and antifungal agents which could be developed as possible drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Chaurasia
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Vishal K Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Richa Mishra
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Aditya K Yadav
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Nand K Ram
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Ramendra K Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India.
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24
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Huang DB, Duncan LR, Edah YK, Rhomberg PR, Flamm RK, Huband MD. In vitro activity of iclaprim and comparator agents against Listeria monocytogenes clinical isolates from 2012 to 2018. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 25:14-17. [PMID: 33662644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the in vitro activity of iclaprim and comparators against 40 Listeria monocytogenes clinical isolates mostly (95%) from patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) from the USA, Australia/New Zealand, Latin America and Europe collected between 2012-2018. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) interpretations were based on CLSI criteria. RESULTS The iclaprim MIC90 value for all L. monocytogenes was 0.015 μg/mL. The MIC50/90 values for iclaprim were 4-fold lower than trimethoprim, the only FDA-approved dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, against all L. monocytogenes. CONCLUSION Iclaprim demonstrated lower MIC values than trimethoprim against a collection (2012-2018) of L. monocytogenes clinical isolates mostly from patients with BSI from the USA, Australia/New Zealand, Latin America and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, Princeton, NJ, USA; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trenton, NJ, USA.
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25
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Garcia Chavez M, Garcia A, Lee HY, Lau GW, Parker EN, Komnick KE, Hergenrother PJ. Synthesis of Fusidic Acid Derivatives Yields a Potent Antibiotic with an Improved Resistance Profile. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:493-505. [PMID: 33522241 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusidic acid (FA) is a potent steroidal antibiotic that has been used in Europe for more than 60 years to treat a variety of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Despite its clinical success, FA requires significantly elevated dosing (3 g on the first day, 1.2 g on subsequent days) to minimize resistance, as FA displays a high resistance frequency, and a large shift in minimum inhibitory concentration is observed for resistant bacteria. Despite efforts to improve on these aspects, all previously constructed derivatives of FA have worse antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than the parent natural product. Here, we report the creation of a novel FA analogue that has equivalent potency against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) as well as an improved resistance profile in vitro when compared to FA. Importantly, this new compound displays efficacy against an FA-resistant strain of S. aureus in a soft-tissue murine infection model. This work delineates the structural features of FA necessary for potent antibiotic activity and demonstrates that the resistance profile can be improved for this scaffold and target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garcia Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alfredo Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hyang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erica N. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kailey E. Komnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Roger Adams
Laboratory, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Fowler PW. How quickly can we predict trimethoprim resistance using alchemical free energy methods? Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190141. [PMID: 33178416 PMCID: PMC7653339 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens modern medicine and necessitates more personalized treatment of bacterial infections. Sequencing the whole genome of the pathogen(s) in a clinical sample offers one way to improve clinical microbiology diagnostic services, and has already been adopted for tuberculosis in some countries. A key weakness of a genetics clinical microbiology is it cannot return a result for rare or novel genetic variants and therefore predictive methods are required. Non-synonymous mutations in the S. aureus dfrB gene can be successfully classified as either conferring resistance (or not) by calculating their effect on the binding free energy of the antibiotic, trimethoprim. The underlying approach, alchemical free energy methods, requires large numbers of molecular dynamics simulations to be run. We show that a large number (N = 15) of binding free energies calculated from a series of very short (50 ps) molecular dynamics simulations are able to satisfactorily classify all seven mutations in our clinically derived testset. A result for a single mutation could therefore be returned in less than an hour, thereby demonstrating that this or similar methods are now sufficiently fast and reproducible for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Fowler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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27
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Azzam RA, Elsayed RE, Elgemeie GH. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a New Series of N-Sulfonamide 2-Pyridones as Dual Inhibitors of DHPS and DHFR Enzymes. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10401-10414. [PMID: 32426597 PMCID: PMC7226860 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim (TMP) drugs are normally used to inhibit the action of dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzymes, respectively. In this work, a new series of N-sulfonamide 2-pyridone derivatives that combine the inhibitory activities of DHPS and DHFR into one molecule were synthesized and evaluated for its in vitro antimicrobial activity and the ability to inhibit the action of both enzymes simultaneously. The synthesis was carried out via the reaction of novel benzothiazol sulfonylhydrazide with ketene dithioacetal derivatives, and the structures of the resultant compounds were confirmed using spectral and elemental techniques. Among the synthesized compounds, five compounds 3b, 5a, 5b, 11a, and 11b were found to possess significant antimicrobial activities against tested bacterial and fungi strains. The compounds were also examined for their cytotoxicity on HFB4 human dermal fibroblast cell line using MTT assay. The in vitro enzyme assay study of these compounds against DHPS and DHFR enzymes showed that compound 11a was the most potent inhibitor against both enzymes with IC50 values of 2.76 and 0.20 μg/mL, respectively. Docking studies showed that this compound has occupied both the p-aminobenzoic acid and pterin binding pockets of DHPS as well as the pterin binding pocket of DHFR. The results of these investigations confirmed that compound 11a is the most potent dual DHPS/DHFR inhibitor.
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28
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Noviello S, Corey GR, Holland TL, Lodise T, O'Riordan W, Wilcox MH, File TM, Dryden M, Balser B, Scaramucci A, Torres A, Huang DB. A pooled analysis of patients with wound infections in the Phase 3 REVIVE trials: randomized, double-blind studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of iclaprim versus vancomycin for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:625-630. [PMID: 32195649 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Iclaprim is a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) due to Gram-positive pathogens.Aim. This analysis evaluates patients with wound infections from two Phase 3 trials of ABSSSI.Methodology. Six-hundred-two patients with wound infections from two Phase 3, double-blinded, randomized, multicenter, active controlled trials (REVIVE-1/-2) were evaluated in a post hoc analysis of iclaprim 80 mg compared with vancomycin 15 mg kg-1 administered intravenously every 12 h for 5-14 days. The primary endpoint was to determine whether iclaprim was non-inferior (10 % margin) to vancomycin in achieving a ≥20 % reduction from baseline in lesion size 48-72 h after starting study drug (early clinical response [ECR]). Safety was assessed.Results. In REVIVE-1, ECR was 83.5 % with iclaprim versus 79.7 % with vancomycin (treatment difference 3.77%, 95 % CI -4.50%, 12.04%). In REVIVE-2, ECR was 82.7 % with iclaprim versus 76.3 % with vancomycin (treatment difference 6.38%, 95 % CI -3.35%, 16.12%). In the pooled dataset, iclaprim had similar ECR rates compared with vancomycin among wound infection patients (83.2 % vs 78.2 %) with a treatment difference of 5.01 % (95 % CI -1.29%, 11.32%). The safety profile was similar in iclaprim- and vancomycin-treated patients, except for a higher incidence of diarrhea with vancomycin (n=17) compared with iclaprim (n=6) and fatigue with iclaprim (n=17) compared with vancomycin (n=8).Conclusion. Based on early clinical response, iclaprim achieved non-inferiority to vancomycin with a similar safety profile in patients with wound infections suspected or confirmed as caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Iclaprim may be a valuable treatment option for wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Ralph Corey
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas Lodise
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | | | - Mark H Wilcox
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals & University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Matthew Dryden
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Winchester, UK
| | | | | | - Antoni Torres
- Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut D'investigacions August Pi I Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trenton, New Jersey, USA
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29
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Zhang TY, Li CS, Cui MY, Bai XQ, Chen JH, Song ZW, Feng B, Liu XK. Design, synthesis and evaluation of dihydrotriazine derivatives-bearing 5-aryloxypyrazole moieties as antibacterial agents. Mol Divers 2020; 25:861-876. [PMID: 32172491 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, a series of dihydrotriazine derivatives-bearing 5-aryloxypyrazole moieties were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by different spectral tools. The biological evaluation in vitro revealed that some of the target compounds exerted good antibacterial and antifungal activity in comparison with the reference drugs. Among these novel hybrids, compound 10d showed the most potent activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) of 0.5 µg/mL against S. aureus 4220, MRSA 3506 and E. coli 1924 strain. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds 6d, 6m, 10d and 10g was assessed in MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Growth kinetics study showed significant inhibition of bacterial growth when treated with different conc. of 10d. In vitro enzyme study implied that compound 10d exerted its antibacterial activity through DHFR inhibition. Moreover, significant inhibition of biofilm formation was observed in bacterial cells treated with MIC conc. of 10d as visualized by SEM micrographs. Twenty-nine target compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated in terms of their antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Zhang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Shi Li
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yue Cui
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qian Bai
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Hui Chen
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Wen Song
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Feng
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Kun Liu
- School of Pharmacy Medicine, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, 134002, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:329-364. [PMID: 32152527 PMCID: PMC7223789 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and effective antibacterial drugs to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially Gram-negative (G−ve) pathogens, is acknowledged as one of the world’s most pressing health issues; however, the discovery and development of new, nontoxic antibacterials is not a straightforward scientific task, which is compounded by a challenging economic model. This review lists the antibacterials, β-lactamase/β-lactam inhibitor (BLI) combinations, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) first launched around the world since 2009 and details the seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/BLI combinations launched since 2016. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, lead source, and administration route for the 44 small molecule antibacterials, eight β-lactamase/BLI combinations, and one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being evaluated in worldwide clinical trials at the end of October 2019 are described. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2016 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed. There has been an increase in the number of early stage clinical candidates, which has been fueled by antibiotic-focused funding agencies; however, there is still a significant gap in the pipeline for the development of new antibacterials with activity against β-metallolactamases, orally administered with broad spectrum G−ve activity, and new treatments for MDR Acinetobacter and gonorrhea.
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31
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Huang DB, Charrier C, Hawser S. Worldwide surveillance of Iclaprim activity: In Vitro susceptibility of gram-positive pathogens collected from patients with skin and skin structure infections from 2013 to 2017. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115013. [PMID: 32081524 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Iclaprim is a novel diaminopyrimidine, which inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, and it is active against Gram-positive pathogens including emerging drug-resistant pathogens. In vitro activity of iclaprim and comparators against 1365 Gram-positive clinical isolates from patients with skin and skin structure infections (SSSI) from the United States, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Europe, Africa or Middle East collected between 2013 and 2017 were tested. Susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) interpretations were based on CLSI criteria. MIC90 for all S.aureus, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. constellatus, S. dysgalactiae and S. intermedius were 0.12, 0.12, 0.5, 0.03, 0.5, ≤0.004, ≤0.004, 0.12, and 0.008 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC for iclaprim was 8 to 32-fold lower than trimethoprim, the only FDA approved dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, against all Gram-positive isolates including resistant phenotypes. Iclaprim demonstrated lower MICs than trimethoprim against a collection (2013-2017) of Gram-positive clinical isolates from patients with SSSI from the United States, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, Princeton, New Jersey; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trenton, New Jersey.
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32
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Koulenti D, Xu E, Song A, Sum Mok IY, Karageorgopoulos DE, Armaganidis A, Tsiodras S, Lipman J. Emerging Treatment Options for Infections by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E191. [PMID: 32019171 PMCID: PMC7074912 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are currently the mainstay of treatment for bacterial infections worldwide. However, due to the increased use of antimicrobials in both human and animal medicine, pathogens have now evolved to possess high levels of multi-drug resistance, leading to the persistence and spread of difficult-to-treat infections. Several current antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive bacteria will be rendered useless in the face of increasing resistance rates. There are several emerging antibiotics under development, some of which have been shown to be more effective with an improved safety profile than current treatment regimens against Gram-positive bacteria. We will extensively discuss these antibiotics under clinical development (phase I-III clinical trials) to combat Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We will delve into the mechanism of actions, microbiological spectrum, and, where available, the pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of these drugs, aiming to provide a comprehensive review to the involved stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Koulenti
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (E.X.); (A.S.); (I.Y.S.M.); (J.L.)
- 2nd Critical Care Department, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elena Xu
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (E.X.); (A.S.); (I.Y.S.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Andrew Song
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (E.X.); (A.S.); (I.Y.S.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Isaac Yin Sum Mok
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (E.X.); (A.S.); (I.Y.S.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (D.E.K.); (S.T.)
| | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (D.E.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Jeffrey Lipman
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (E.X.); (A.S.); (I.Y.S.M.); (J.L.)
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Nîmes (CHU), University of Montpellier, 30029 Nîmes, France
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33
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Bai XQ, Li CS, Cui MY, Song ZW, Zhou XY, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Zhang TY, Jiang TY. Synthesis and molecular docking studies of novel pyrimidine derivatives as potential antibacterial agents. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1165-1176. [PMID: 31792660 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-10019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the in vitro antibacterial evaluation of some new pyrimidine derivatives. Twenty-two target compounds were designed, synthesized and preliminarily explored for their antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial assay revealed that some target compounds exhibited significantly inhibitory efficiencies toward bacteria and fungal including drug-resistant pathogens. Compound 7c presented the most potent inhibitory activities against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus 4220), Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli 1924) and the fungus Candida albicans 7535, with an MIC of 2.4 μmol/L. Compound 7c was also the most potent, with MICs of 2.4 or 4.8 μmol/L against four multidrug-resistant, Gram-positive bacterial strains. The toxicity evaluation of the compounds 7c, 10a, 19d and 26b was assessed in human normal liver cells (L02 cells). Molecular docking simulation and analysis suggested that compound 7c has a good interaction with the active cavities of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In vitro enzyme study implied that compound 7c also displayed DHFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qian Bai
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Shi Li
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yue Cui
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Wen Song
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmary, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhou
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhang
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tie-Yan Jiang
- Changning Branch of Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, 200336, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Reeve SM, Si D, Krucinska J, Yan Y, Viswanathan K, Wang S, Holt GT, Frenkel MS, Ojewole AA, Estrada A, Agabiti SS, Alverson JB, Gibson ND, Priestley ND, Wiemer AJ, Donald BR, Wright DL. Toward Broad Spectrum Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors Targeting Trimethoprim Resistant Enzymes Identified in Clinical Isolates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1896-1906. [PMID: 31565920 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spread of plasmid borne resistance enzymes in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates is rendering trimethoprim and iclaprim, both inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), ineffective. Continued exploitation of these targets will require compounds that can broadly inhibit these resistance-conferring isoforms. Using a structure-based approach, we have developed a novel class of ionized nonclassical antifolates (INCAs) that capture the molecular interactions that have been exclusive to classical antifolates. These modifications allow for a greatly expanded spectrum of activity across these pathogenic DHFR isoforms, while maintaining the ability to penetrate the bacterial cell wall. Using biochemical, structural, and computational methods, we are able to optimize these inhibitors to the conserved active sites of the endogenous and trimethoprim resistant DHFR enzymes. Here, we report a series of INCA compounds that exhibit low nanomolar enzymatic activity and potent cellular activity with human selectivity against a panel of clinically relevant TMP resistant (TMPR) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Reeve
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Debjani Si
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jolanta Krucinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yongzhao Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kishore Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Graham T. Holt
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Marcel S. Frenkel
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 255 Nanaline H. Duke, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Adegoke A. Ojewole
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alexavier Estrada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Sherry S. Agabiti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jeremy B. Alverson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Nathan D. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Nigel D. Priestley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Bruce R. Donald
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, 308 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 255 Nanaline H. Duke, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Dennis L. Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Bassetti M, Carnelutti A, Castaldo N, Peghin M. Important new therapies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:2317-2334. [PMID: 31622115 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1675637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections represent a leading cause of infection-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. There has been a welcome increase in the number of agents available for the treatment of MRSA infection over the last decade and several clinical trials are currently investigating the role of new experimental strategies.Areas covered: The purpose of this manuscript is to review the efficacy and safety of recently approved anti-MRSA molecules as well as some newer agents currently under investigation with a specific focus on the potential role of these drugs in everyday clinical practice.Expert opinion: Many new drugs with an activity against MRSA have been recently approved or are in an advanced stage of development. All these compounds represent promising options to enhance our antibiotic armamentarium. However, data regarding the use of these new compounds in real-life terms are limited and their best placement in therapy and in terms of optimization of medical resources and balance of cost-effectiveness requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bassetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Infectious Disease Clinic, University of Genoa and Hospital Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Carnelutti
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Clinic, University of Udine and Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Nadia Castaldo
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Clinic, University of Udine and Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maddalena Peghin
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Clinic, University of Udine and Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
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Sellmyer MA, Richman SA, Lohith K, Hou C, Weng CC, Mach RH, O'Connor RS, Milone MC, Farwell MD. Imaging CAR T Cell Trafficking with eDHFR as a PET Reporter Gene. Mol Ther 2019; 28:42-51. [PMID: 31668558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics have considerable promise across diverse medical specialties; however, reliable human imaging of the distribution and trafficking of genetically engineered cells remains a challenge. We developed positron emission tomography (PET) probes based on the small-molecule antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) that can be used to image the expression of the Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase enzyme (eDHFR) and tested the ability of [18F]-TMP, a fluorine-18 probe, to image primary human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells expressing the PET reporter gene eDHFR, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and Renilla luciferase (rLuc). Engineered T cells showed an approximately 50-fold increased bioluminescent imaging signal and 10-fold increased [18F]-TMP uptake compared to controls in vitro. eDHFR-expressing anti-GD2 CAR T cells were then injected into mice bearing control GD2- and GD2+ tumors. PET/computed tomography (CT) images acquired on days 7 and 13 demonstrated early residency of CAR T cells in the spleen followed by on-target redistribution to the GD2+ tumors. This was corroborated by autoradiography and anti-human CD8 immunohistochemistry. We found a high sensitivity of detection for identifying tumor-infiltrating CD8 CAR T cells, ∼11,000 cells per mm3. These data suggest that the [18F]-TMP/eDHFR PET pair offers important advantages that could better allow investigators to monitor immune cell trafficking to tumors in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Sarah A Richman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katheryn Lohith
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Hou
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chi-Chang Weng
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roddy S O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael C Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Farwell
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Trimethoprim and other nonclassical antifolates an excellent template for searching modifications of dihydrofolate reductase enzyme inhibitors. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 73:5-27. [PMID: 31578455 PMCID: PMC7102388 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new mechanisms of resistance among pathogens, the occurrence and transmission of genes responsible for antibiotic insensitivity, as well as cancer diseases have been a serious clinical problem around the world for over 50 years. Therefore, intense searching of new leading structures and active substances, which may be used as new drugs, especially against strain resistant to all available therapeutics, is very important. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has attracted a lot of attention as a molecular target for bacterial resistance over several decades, resulting in a number of useful agents. Trimethoprim (TMP), (2,4-diamino-5-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine) is the well-known dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor and one of the standard antibiotics used in urinary tract infections (UTIs). This review highlights advances in design, synthesis, and biological evaluations in structural modifications of TMP as DHFR inhibitors. In addition, this report presents the differences in the active site of human and pathogen DHFR. Moreover, an excellent review of DHFR inhibition and their relevance to antimicrobial and parasitic chemotherapy was presented.
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Kordus SL, Baughn AD. Revitalizing antifolates through understanding mechanisms that govern susceptibility and resistance. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:880-895. [PMID: 31303985 PMCID: PMC6595967 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, folate (vitamin B9) is an essential metabolic cofactor required for all actively growing cells. Specifically, folate serves as a one-carbon carrier in the synthesis of amino acids (such as methionine, serine, and glycine), N-formylmethionyl-tRNA, coenzyme A, purines and thymidine. Many microbes are unable to acquire folates from their environment and rely on de novo folate biosynthesis. In contrast, mammals lack the de novo folate biosynthesis pathway and must obtain folate from commensal microbiota or the environment using proton-coupled folate transporters. The essentiality and dichotomy between mammalian and bacterial folate biosynthesis and utilization pathways make it an ideal drug target for the development of antimicrobial agents and cancer chemotherapeutics. In this minireview, we discuss general aspects of folate biosynthesis and the underlying mechanisms that govern susceptibility and resistance of organisms to antifolate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lynn Kordus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA .
| | - Anthony David Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA .
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Motos A, Yang H, Yang M, Torres A. Perspectives on synthetic pharmacotherapy for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1439-1448. [PMID: 31095426 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1617852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nosocomial pneumonia is the second most common infection in hospital settings, resulting in substantial increases in morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. The rapid increase in resistance of nosocomial pathogens to many antibiotics and the high dissemination of resistance genes highlight the need for innovative approaches to combat difficult-to-treat nosocomial respiratory infections. Areas covered: This review summarizes the synthetic antimicrobials that are currently in development for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, focusing on antibiotics in the final phases of clinical development and on the strategies employed by novel synthetic antimicrobial peptides. Expert opinion: Several novel synthetic antimicrobials are currently in the pipeline, and it appears that new antimicrobial peptides or mimetics will soon be made available, expanding the opportunities to treat nosocomial pneumonia. However, the approval process for use in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia is arduous. Given that significant investments by pharmaceutical companies have ended in failure to obtain the approval of regulatory agencies, novel platforms for antimicrobial discovery are needed. The identification of new and fully synthetic chemical structures with activity against nosocomial pathogens needs to be followed by preclinical studies in large animals and by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in specific critically ill populations to assess lung penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Motos
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer , Barcelona , Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Minlan Yang
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic , Barcelona , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias , Madrid , Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer , Barcelona , Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Bai X, Chen Y, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhang T, Feng B. Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies of Dihydrotriazine Derivatives Bearing a Quinoline Moiety. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900056. [PMID: 30957398 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, three series of dihydrotriazine derivatives bearing a quinoline moiety (5a, 5b, 8a-8c, and 9a-9m) have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antibacterial agents. Compounds 8a-8c were found to be the most potent of all of the compounds tested with an MIC value of 1 μg/mL against several Gram-positive (S. aureus 4220 and MRSA CCARM 3506) and Gram-negative (E. coli 1924) strains of bacteria. In addition, 3-[4-amino-6-(phenethylamino)-2,5-dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-6-[(3-chlorobenzyl)oxy]quinolin-2-ol (8a) showed potent inhibitory activity (MIC=2 μg/mL) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2742, indicating that its antibacterial spectrum is similar to those of the positive controls gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) analyses and docking studies implicated the dihydrotriazine group in increasing the antimicrobial potency of the quinoline compounds. In vitro enzyme study implied that compound 8a also displayed DHFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Bai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, No. 965 Hospital of PLA, Jilin, 132011, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Linhao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, P. R. China
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A Pooled Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Iclaprim Versus Vancomycin for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections in Patients With Intravenous Drug Use: Phase 3 REVIVE Studies. Clin Ther 2019; 41:1090-1096. [PMID: 31030995 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of iclaprim versus vancomycin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) in patients who were intravenous drug users (IVDUs). METHODS A total of 621 patients who were IVDUs from 2 parallel Phase III, double-blind, randomized (1:1), active-controlled, multinational, multicenter trials (REVIVE-1 and REVIVE-2) were analyzed separately and pooled. This post hoc analysis summarizes the efficacy and safety profile of iclaprim 80 mg fixed dose compared with vancomycin 15 mg/kg administered intravenously during 2 h every 12 h for 5-14 days among this population. The primary end point of these studies was to determine whether iclaprim was noninferior (10% margin) to vancomycin in achieving a ≥20% reduction in lesion size at 48-72 h after initiation of treatment with the study drug (early clinical response) in the intent-to-treat population. The safety profile was assessed based on adverse events and laboratory parameters. FINDINGS Iclaprim had higher early clinical response rates (85.8%; 95% CI, 81.5%-89.4%) compared with vancomycin (79.8%; 95% CI, 74.8%-84.2%) among patients with ABSSSIs who were IVDUs, with a treatment difference of +6.00% (95% CI, 0.06-12.0). The safety profile was similar in the iclaprim and vancomycin arms, with 3.7% and 5.0%, respectively, of patients discontinuing study therapy because of adverse events and 1.9% and 3.4%, respectively, of patients developing serious adverse events. IMPLICATIONS Iclaprim had a higher early clinical response rate and favorable safety profile compared with vancomycin for the treatment of ABSSSIs in patients who were IVDUs. Iclaprim may be a valuable treatment option for ABSSSIs in this patient population.
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Surveillance of iclaprim activity: in vitro susceptibility of Gram-positive skin infection pathogens collected from 2015 to 2016 from North America and Europe. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 93:154-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bryant AE, Gomi S, Katahira E, Huang DB, Stevens DL. The effects of iclaprim on exotoxin production in methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:456-466. [PMID: 30676310 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular protein toxins contribute to the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. The present study compared the effects of iclaprim and trimethoprim - two folic acid synthesis inhibitors - with nafcillin and vancomycin on production of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), alpha haemolysin (AH) and toxic-shock syndrome toxin I (TSST-1) in methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (MRSA and VISA, respectively). METHODOLOGY Northern blotting and RT-PCR were used to assess gene transcription; toxin-specific bioassays were used to measure protein toxin production. RESULTS As shown previously, sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of nafcillin increased and prolonged MRSA toxin gene transcription and enhanced PVL, TSST-1 and AH production. Sub-inhibitory doses of iclaprim and trimethoprim delayed maximal AH gene (hla) transcription and suppressed AH production; both drugs delayed, but neither reduced, maximal TSST-1 production. Trimethoprim significantly increased lukF-PV expression and PVL production compared to both untreated and iclaprim-treated cultures. Higher concentrations of iclaprim and trimethoprim markedly suppressed MRSA growth, mRNA synthesis and toxin production. In VISA, iclaprim, vancomycin and nafcillin variably increased tst and hla expression, but only nafcillin increased toxin production. Despite its ability to increase hla expression, iclaprim was the most potent inhibitor of AH production. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, due to its ability to suppress toxin production, iclaprim should be effective against severe staphylococcal infections caused by toxin-producing MRSA and VISA strains, especially given its ability to concentrate at sites of infection such as skin and skin structures and the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Bryant
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumiko Gomi
- 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Eva Katahira
- 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - Dennis L Stevens
- 1 University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA
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Huang DB. Extracellular and intracellular activity of iclaprim against Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 53:106-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Noviello S, Huang DB, Corey GR. Iclaprim: a differentiated option for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:793-803. [PMID: 30317894 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1536545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Iclaprim is a selective bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor. Although there are alternative options for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), iclaprim is differentiated from other available antibiotics. Areas covered: Iclaprim is under clinical development for ABSSSI. This review summarizes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, microbiology, clinical development program, and the differentiation of iclaprim from other antibiotics. Expert commentary: Iclaprim has a different mechanism of action (DHFR inhibitor) compared to most other antibiotics, is active and rapidly bactericidal against Gram-positive pathogens including antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and suppresses bacterial exotoxins (alpha hemolysin, Panton Valentine leukocidin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1). Compared to trimethoprim, iclaprim has lower MIC90s, can be given without a sulfonamide, overcomes select trimethoprim resistance, and does not cause hyperkalemia. Iclaprim is administered as a fixed dose, does not require dose adjustment in renally-impaired or obese patients, and was not associated with nephrotoxicity in the Phase 3 pivotal REVIVE studies. Iclaprim represents a novel, alternative option for the treatment of severe skin and skin structure infections due to Gram-positive bacteria, particularly in patients at risk of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David B Huang
- a Motif BioSciences , Princeton , NJ , USA.,b Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Trenton , NJ , USA
| | - G Ralph Corey
- c Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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46
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Huang DB, Dryden M. Iclaprim, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor antibiotic in Phase III of clinical development: a review of its pharmacology, microbiology and clinical efficacy and safety. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:957-969. [PMID: 29742926 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iclaprim is under clinical development for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) and nosocomial pneumonia most often due to Gram-positive bacteria, including infections due to drug-resistant bacteria. In two recent Phase III studies of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, intravenous iclaprim 80 mg every 12 h was noninferior to dose-adjusted vancomycin. Additional studies are planned for patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Iclaprim represents an alternative for the treatment of severe skin and pulmonary infections due to Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, 5 Independence Way, Suite 300 Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 5 Independence Way, Suite 300 Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Matthew Dryden
- Department of Microbiology & Infection, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Romsey Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO22 5DG, UK
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Zhang TY, Yu ZK, Jin XJ, Li MY, Sun LP, Zheng CJ, Piao HR. Synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial activities of aryl substituted dihydrotriazine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1657-1662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Huang DB, File TM, Dryden M, Corey GR, Torres A, Wilcox MH. Surveillance of iclaprim activity: In vitro susceptibility of gram-positive pathogens collected from 2012 to 2014 from the United States, Asia Pacific, Latin American and Europe. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 90:329-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Foster TJ. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Current status and future prospects. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:430-449. [PMID: 28419231 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major targets for antibiotics in staphylococci are (i) the cell envelope, (ii) the ribosome and (iii) nucleic acids. Several novel targets emerged from recent targeted drug discovery programmes including the ClpP protease and FtsZ from the cell division machinery. Resistance can either develop by horizontal transfer of resistance determinants encoded by mobile genetic elements viz plasmids, transposons and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome or by mutations in chromosomal genes. Horizontally acquired resistance can occur by one of the following mechanisms: (i) enzymatic drug modification and inactivation, (ii) enzymatic modification of the drug binding site, (iii) drug efflux, (iv) bypass mechanisms involving acquisition of a novel drug-resistant target, (v) displacement of the drug to protect the target. Acquisition of resistance by mutation can result from (i) alteration of the drug target that prevents the inhibitor from binding, (ii) derepression of chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps and (iii) multiple stepwise mutations that alter the structure and composition of the cell wall and/or membrane to reduce drug access to its target. This review focuses on development of resistance to currently used antibiotics and examines future prospects for new antibiotics and informed use of drug combinations.
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Huang DB, Strader CD, MacDonald JS, VanArendonk M, Peck R, Holland T. An Updated Review of Iclaprim: A Potent and Rapidly Bactericidal Antibiotic for the Treatment of Skin and Skin Structure Infections and Nosocomial Pneumonia Caused by Gram-Positive Including Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy003. [PMID: 29423421 PMCID: PMC5798018 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New antibiotics are needed because of the increased morbidity and mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Iclaprim, a bacterial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, not currently approved, is being studied for the treatment of skin infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by Gram-positve bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Iclaprim showed noninferiority at -10% to linezolid in 1 of 2 phase 3 studies for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections with a weight-based dose (0.8 mg/kg) but did not show noninferiority at -10% to linezolid in a second phase 3 study. More recently, iclaprim has shown noninferiority at -10% to vancomycin in 2 phase 3 studies for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections with an optimized fixed dose (80 mg). A phase 3 study for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia is upcoming. If, as anticipated, iclaprim becomes available for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections, it will serve as an alternative to current antibiotics for treatment of severe infections. This article will provide an update to the chemistry, preclinical, pharmacology, microbiology, clinical and regulatory status of iclaprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Motif BioSciences, New York, New York; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
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