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Moja L, Zanichelli V, Mertz D, Gandra S, Cappello B, Cooke GS, Chuki P, Harbarth S, Pulcini C, Mendelson M, Tacconelli E, Ombajo LA, Chitatanga R, Zeng M, Imi M, Elias C, Ashorn P, Marata A, Paulin S, Muller A, Aidara-Kane A, Wi TE, Were WM, Tayler E, Figueras A, Da Silva CP, Van Weezenbeek C, Magrini N, Sharland M, Huttner B, Loeb M. WHO's essential medicines and AWaRe: recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30 Suppl 2:S1-S51. [PMID: 38342438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) prioritizes medicines that have significant global public health value. The EML can also deliver important messages on appropriate medicine use. Since 2017, in response to the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics on the EML have been reviewed and categorized into three groups: Access, Watch, and Reserve, leading to a new categorization called AWaRe. These categories were developed taking into account the impact of different antibiotics and classes on antimicrobial resistance and the implications for their appropriate use. The 2023 AWaRe classification provides empirical guidance on 41 essential antibiotics for over 30 clinical infections targeting both the primary health care and hospital facility setting. A further 257 antibiotics not included on the EML have been allocated an AWaRe group for stewardship and monitoring purposes. This article describes the development of AWaRe, focussing on the clinical evidence base that guided the selection of Access, Watch, or Reserve antibiotics as first and second choices for each infection. The overarching objective was to offer a tool for optimizing the quality of global antibiotic prescribing and reduce inappropriate use by encouraging the use of Access antibiotics (or no antibiotics) where appropriate. This clinical evidence evaluation and subsequent EML recommendations are the basis for the AWaRe antibiotic book and related smartphone applications. By providing guidance on antibiotic prioritization, AWaRe aims to facilitate the revision of national lists of essential medicines, update national prescribing guidelines, and supervise antibiotic use. Adherence to AWaRe would extend the effectiveness of current antibiotics while helping countries expand access to these life-saving medicines for the benefit of current and future patients, health professionals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moja
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Veronica Zanichelli
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Mertz
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases, Research Methods and Recommendations, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sumanth Gandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Bernadette Cappello
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graham S Cooke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pem Chuki
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Programme, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Infection Prevention and Control and Antimicrobial Resistance, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Celine Pulcini
- APEMAC, and Centre régional en antibiothérapie du Grand Est AntibioEst, Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Marc Mendelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Loice Achieng Ombajo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ronald Chitatanga
- Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Centre, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Christelle Elias
- Service Hygiène et Epidémiologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Per Ashorn
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Sarah Paulin
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arno Muller
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Teodora Elvira Wi
- Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wilson Milton Were
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Tayler
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), World Health Organisation, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Carmem Pessoa Da Silva
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nicola Magrini
- NHS Clinical Governance, Romagna Health Authority, Ravenna, Italy; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Guideline Development, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mike Sharland
- Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infections, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Benedikt Huttner
- Health Products Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases, Research Methods and Recommendations, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Yang Y, Jiang L, Zhu HR, Sun WX, Mao JY, Miao JW, Wang YC, He SM, Wang DD, Chen X. Remedial Dosing Recommendations for Sirolimus Delayed or Missed Dosages Caused by Poor Medication Compliance in Pediatric Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Patients. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:877-886. [PMID: 38454763 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128299479240213151714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed or missed dosages caused by poor medication compliance significantly affected the treatment of diseases in children. AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the influence of delayed or missed dosages on sirolimus pharmacokinetics (PK) in pediatric tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients and to recommend remedial dosages for nonadherent patients. METHODS A published sirolimus population PK model in pediatric TSC patients was used to assess the influence of different nonadherence scenarios and recommend optimally remedial dosages based on Monte Carlo simulation. Thirteen nonadherent scenarios were simulated in this study, including delayed 2h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h, 16 h, 18 h, 20 h, 22 h, 23.5 h, and missed one dosage. Remedial dosing strategies contained 10-200% of scheduled dosages. The optimal remedial dosage was that with the maximum probability of returning the individual therapeutic range. RESULTS For delayed or missed sirolimus dosages in pediatric TSC patients, when the delayed time was 0-8 h, 8-10 h, 10-18 h, 18-22.7 h, 22.7-24 h, 70%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20% scheduled dosages were recommended to take immediately. When one dosage was missed, 120% of scheduled dosages were recommended at the next dose. CONCLUSION It was the first time to recommend remedial dosages for delayed or missed sirolimus therapy caused by poor medication compliance in pediatric TSC patients based on Monte Carlo simulation. Meanwhile, the present study provided a potential solution for delayed or missed dosages in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changzhou Children's Hospital of Nantong University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu 225400, China
| | - Hai-Rong Zhu
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Wen-Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jing-Yu Mao
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Jing-Wen Miao
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Yi-Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Su-Mei He
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
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Neupane DP, Ahn C, Yang YA, Lee GY, Song J. Malnutrition and maternal vaccination against typhoid toxin. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010731. [PMID: 35960787 PMCID: PMC9401117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are particularly susceptible to typhoid fever caused by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is prevalent in developing countries where diets can be less well-balanced. Here, using a murine model, we investigated the role of the macronutrient composition of the diet in maternal vaccination efficacies of two subunit vaccines targeting typhoid toxin: ToxoidVac and PltBVac. We found that maternal vaccinations protected all offspring against a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge in a balanced, normal diet (ND) condition, but the declined protection in a malnourished diet (MD) condition was observed in the PltBVac group. Despite the comparable antibody titers in both MD and ND mothers, MD offspring had a significantly lower level of typhoid toxin neutralizing antibodies than their ND counterparts. We observed a lower expression of the neonatal Fc receptor on the yolk sac of MD mothers than in ND mothers, agreeing with the observed lower antibody titers in MD offspring. Protein supplementation to MD diets, but not fat supplementation, increased FcRn expression and protected all MD offspring from the toxin challenge. Similarly, providing additional typhoid toxin-neutralizing antibodies to MD offspring was sufficient to protect all MD offspring from the toxin challenge. These results emphasize the significance of balanced/normal diets for a more effective maternal vaccination transfer to their offspring. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening systemic infectious disease caused by Salmonella Typhi, which is prevalent in developing countries where diets can be less well-balanced. Here, we used mice to study the role of nutrition in maternal vaccination efficacies of two subunit vaccines targeting Salmonella’s typhoid toxin. We found maternal vaccinations protected all offspring from a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge in a balanced/normal diet (ND) condition, but the lack of protection in a malnourished diet (MD) condition was observed in the PltBVac group. Our data indicate that the difference in maternal vaccination outcomes between ND and MD offspring was due to the less effective maternal antibody transfer from MD mothers to their offspring. Providing additional proteins to MD mothers or additional toxin-neutralizing antibodies to MD offspring saved all malnourished offspring from a lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge, highlighting the importance of balanced/normal diets for effective maternal vaccination outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga P. Neupane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Yi-An Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zahr N, Urien S, Aubry A, Chauvin C, Comets E, Llopis B, Tissot N, Noe G, Fourniols E, Jaureguiberry S, Bleibtreu A, Funck-Brentano C. Ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics during long-term treatment of osteoarticular infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2906-2913. [PMID: 34363656 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used in osteoarticular infections owing to its very good bone penetration. Very few pharmacokinetic data are available in this population. OBJECTIVES To investigate oral ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in adult patients treated for osteoarticular infections and propose guidance for more effective dosing. METHODS A retrospective population-pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on 92 consecutive hospitalized patients in the orthopaedic department. Ciprofloxacin plasma samples were obtained on one or two occasions during treatment. Plasma concentration was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography system coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Data analysis was performed using a non-linear mixed-effect approach via Monolix 2019R2. RESULTS A total of 397 plasma samples were obtained with 11.5% and 41.6% of patients being below the therapeutic target for Gram-negative and staphylococcal infections, respectively. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment model with a first-order absorption. Ciprofloxacin apparent plasma clearances and volumes of distribution were dependent on patients' fat-free mass according to the allometric rule. Elimination clearance was also positively related to renal function through the modification of diet in renal disease equation (MDRD) and rifampicin co-administration. When patients are co-treated with rifampicin, ciprofloxacin dosage should be increased by 50% to 60%. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that free-fat mass was a better size predictor than total body weight for ciprofloxacin clearance and volumes terms. Moreover, both MDRD and rifampicin status were significant predictors of individual ciprofloxacin clearance. Our study suggests that individual adjustment of ciprofloxacin dose in osteoarticular infections with less-susceptible bacteria might be indicated to reach required efficacy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Zahr
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-1901), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; INSERM, CIC-1901 and UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université Médecine, F-75013 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Unit, Laboratoire de Suivi Thérapeutique Pharmacologique Spécialisé, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Saik Urien
- 3AP-HP, Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Department of Pediatric and Perinatal Pharmacology, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Aubry
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Charlotte Chauvin
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-1901), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; INSERM, CIC-1901 and UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université Médecine, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Benoit Llopis
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-1901), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; INSERM, CIC-1901 and UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université Médecine, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nadine Tissot
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-1901), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; INSERM, CIC-1901 and UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université Médecine, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Noe
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-1901), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; INSERM, CIC-1901 and UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université Médecine, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Fourniols
- AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Orthopedia, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jaureguiberry
- AP-HP, Paris Saclay Université, Inserm 1018 Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Bicêtre Hospital, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Bleibtreu
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Paris, France
| | - Christian Funck-Brentano
- AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Investigation Center (CIC-1901), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; INSERM, CIC-1901 and UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université Médecine, F-75013 Paris, France
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5
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Hirt D, Oualha M, Pasquiers B, Blanot S, Rubinstazjn R, Glorion C, Messaoudi SE, Drummond D, Lopez V, Toubiana J, Béranger A, Boujaafar S, Zheng Y, Capito C, Winter S, Léger PL, Berthaud R, Gana I, Foissac F, Tréluyer JM, Bouazza N, Benaboud S. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in children to optimize dosing regimens. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:1687-1695. [PMID: 34160669 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral ciprofloxacin in children to optimize dosing scheme. METHODS Children treated with ciprofloxacin were included. Pharmacokinetics were described using non-linear mixed-effect modelling and validated with an external dataset. Monte Carlo simulations investigated dosing regimens to achieve a target AUC0-24 h/MIC ratio ≥ 125. RESULTS A total of 189 children (492 concentrations) were included. A two-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination best described the data. An allometric model was used to describe bodyweight (BW) influence, and effects of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and age were significant on ciprofloxacin clearance. CONCLUSION The recommended IV dose of 10 mg/kg q8h, not exceeding 400 mg q8h, would achieve AUC0-24 h to successfully treat bacteria with MICs ≤ 0.25 (e.g. Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Haemophilus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella). A dose increase to 600 mg q8h in children > 40 kg and to 15 mg/kg q8h (max 400 mg q8h, max 600 mg q8h if augmented renal clearance, i.e., eGFR > 200 mL/min/1.73 m2) in children < 40 kg would be needed for the strains with highest MIC (16% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 47% of Staphylococcus aureus). The oral recommended dose of 20 mg/kg q12h (not exceeding 750 mg) would cover bacteria with MICs ≤ 0.125 but may be insufficient for bacteria with higher MIC and a dose increase according bodyweight and eGFR would be needed. These doses should be prospectively confirmed, and a therapeutic drug monitoring could be used to refine them individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hirt
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France. .,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1018, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - M Oualha
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Médico-Chirurgicales Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - B Pasquiers
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France
| | - S Blanot
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - R Rubinstazjn
- Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - C Glorion
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - S El Messaoudi
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France
| | - D Drummond
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - V Lopez
- Service de Réanimation Cardiaque Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - J Toubiana
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale - Équipe Mobile D'infectiologie, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université de Paris, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - A Béranger
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Réanimation et Surveillance Continue Médico-Chirurgicales Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sana Boujaafar
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Yi Zheng
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Capito
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale et Urologique Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - S Winter
- Service d'hématologie, Immunologie et Rhumatologie Pédiatrique Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - P L Léger
- Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, 26 Avenue du Dr Arnold Netter, 75012, Paris, France
| | - R Berthaud
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Inès Gana
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - F Foissac
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - J M Tréluyer
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - N Bouazza
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Unite de Recherche Clinique Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, AP-HP, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - S Benaboud
- EA7323, Evaluation des Thérapeutiques et Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Université de Paris, 89 rue d'Assas, 75014, Paris, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
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6
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Sassen SDT, Mathôt RAA, Pieters R, de Haas V, Kaspers GJL, van den Bos C, Tissing WJE, Te Loo DMWW, Bierings MB, van Westreenen M, van der Sluis IM, Zwaan CM. Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ciprofloxacin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:e281-e288. [PMID: 31790556 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciprofloxacin is used as antimicrobial prophylaxis in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to decrease infections with gram-negative bacteria. However, there are no clear guidelines concerning prophylactic dose. AIMS To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKPD) of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in a pediatric ALL population. The effect of patient characteristics and antileukemic treatment on ciprofloxacin exposure, the area under the concentration time curve over minimal inhibitory concentration (AUC24/MIC) ratios, and emergence of resistance were studied. METHODS A total of 615 samples from 129 children (0-18 years) with ALL were collected in a multicenter prospective study. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed. Microbiological cultures were collected prior to and during prophylaxis. An AUC24/MIC of ≥125 was defined as target ratio. RESULTS A 1-compartment model with zero-order absorption and allometric scaling best described the data. No significant (P < .01) covariates remained after backward elimination and no effect of asparaginase or azoles were found. Ciprofloxacin AUC24 was 16.9 mg*h/L in the prednisone prophase versus 29.3 mg*h/L with concomitant chemotherapy. Overall, 100%, 81%, and 18% of patients at, respectively, MIC of 0.063, 0.125, and 0.25 mg/L achieved AUC24/MIC ≥ 125. In 13% of the patients, resistant bacteria were found during prophylactic treatment. CONCLUSION Ciprofloxacin exposure shows an almost 2-fold change throughout the treatment of pediatric ALL. Depending on the appropriateness of 125 as target ratio, therapeutic drug monitoring or dose adjustments might be indicated for less susceptible bacteria starting from ≥ 0.125 mg/L to prevent the emergence of resistance and reach required targets for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D T Sassen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V de Haas
- Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - G J L Kaspers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma's Children Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C van den Bos
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J E Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D M W W Te Loo
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M B Bierings
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands
| | - M van Westreenen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M van der Sluis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C M Zwaan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Sjögren E, Tarning J, Barnes KI, Jonsson EN. A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Framework for Prediction of Drug Exposure in Malnourished Children. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020204. [PMID: 33540928 PMCID: PMC7913226 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition in children is a global health problem, particularly in developing countries. The effects of an insufficient supply of nutrients on body composition and physiological functions may have implications for drug disposition and ultimately affect the clinical outcome in this vulnerable population. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can be used to predict the effect of malnutrition as it links physiological changes to pharmacokinetic (PK) consequences. However, the absence of detailed information on body composition and the limited availability of controlled clinical trials in malnourished children complicates the establishment and evaluation of a generic PBPK model in this population. In this manuscript we describe the creation of physiologically-based bridge to a malnourished pediatric population, by combining information on (a) the differences in body composition between healthy and malnourished adults and (b) the differences in physiology between healthy adults and children. Model performance was confirmed using clinical reference data. This study presents a physiologically-based translational framework for prediction of drug disposition in malnourished children. The model is readily applicable for dose recommendation strategies to address the urgent medicinal needs of this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sjögren
- Pharmetheus AB, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-737-750-545
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Karen I. Barnes
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa;
- WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) Pharmacology Scientific Working Group, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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8
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de Vroom SL, van Hest RM, van Daalen FV, Kuil SD, Mathôt RAA, Geerlings SE, Jager NGL. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment of ciprofloxacin in adult patients on general wards with adequate and impaired renal function. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106166. [PMID: 32941947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Limited prospective data on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment of ciprofloxacin in patients with adequate and impaired renal function (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2) are available in the literature. We aimed to investigate whether the PK/PD target (AUC/MIC ≥125) is attained in patients with adequate and impaired renal function receiving regular and reduced ciprofloxacin doses. This prospective observational cohort study included adult patients on general wards treated with ciprofloxacin. Three blood samples per patient were obtained for ciprofloxacin concentration measurement. Individual AUCs were calculated using a population PK model developed by non-linear mixed-effects modelling. Forty patients were included, of whom eight had impaired renal function and were treated with a guideline-recommended reduced dose. Using the clinical breakpoint MIC of the most isolated bacteria (Escherichia coli, 0.25 mg/L), AUC0-24/MIC ≥125 was attained in 13/32 (41%) patients with adequate renal function receiving regular doses and in 1/8 (13%) patients with impaired renal function receiving reduced doses. Median drug exposure (AUC0-24) for patients with impaired renal function was 19.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 14.2-23.3] mg/L•h, which was statistically significantly lower than that for patients with adequate renal function [29.3 (IQR 25.0-36.0) mg/L•h] (P < 0.01). AUC0-24/MIC ≥125 is not attained in the majority of adult patients on general wards for clinically relevant bacteria with MICs at or just below the clinical breakpoint. The risk of not attaining the target appears to be highest in patients with impaired renal function receiving guideline-recommended reduced doses, as drug exposure is significantly lower in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L de Vroom
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity (AI&II), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Reinier M van Hest
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Frederike V van Daalen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity (AI&II), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sacha D Kuil
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne E Geerlings
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity (AI&II), Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nynke G L Jager
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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9
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A review of GI conditions critical to oral drug absorption in malnourished children. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 137:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Williams PCM, Berkley JA. Guidelines for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition: a systematic review of the evidence for antimicrobial therapy. Paediatr Int Child Health 2018; 38:S32-S49. [PMID: 29790840 PMCID: PMC5972636 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2017.1409453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affects nearly 20 million children worldwide and is responsible for up to 1 million deaths per year in children under the age of 5 years. Current WHO guidelines recommend oral amoxicillin for children with uncomplicated malnutrition and parenteral benzylpenicillin and gentamicin for those with complicated malnutrition. Because of cost pressures and increasing antimicrobial resistance, the administration of empirical antibiotics for children with SAM has recently been debated. Methods A systematic review of the current published literature was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial treatment of children with SAM in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Results The initial search found 712 papers, eight of which met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment of the studies was performed as per the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. International guidelines and clinical data registries were also reviewed which identified inconsistencies in current first- and second-line therapies and dosing regimens. Conclusion Current evidence supports the continued use of broad-spectrum oral amoxicillin for treating children with uncomplicated SAM as outpatients. There is no strong evidence to justify changing the current parenteral therapy guidelines for children admitted with complicated SAM, although they should be clarified to harmonise the dosage regimen of amoxicillin for the treatment of SAM to 40 mg/kg twice daily, and to continue parenteral antimicrobials beyond 2 days if indicated by the clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A. Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Facchin A, Bui S, Leroux S, Nacka F, Koehl B, Maksoud E, Fayon M, Jacqz-Aigrain E. Variability of ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in children: impact on dose range in sickle cell patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:3423-3429. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Facchin
- Département de Pharmacologie Pédiatrique et pharmacogénétique, CHU Robert Debré APHP, Paris, France
- Ecole Doctorale MTCI, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - S Bui
- Département de Pédiatrie, CIC1401, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Leroux
- Département de Pharmacologie Pédiatrique et pharmacogénétique, CHU Robert Debré APHP, Paris, France
| | - F Nacka
- Département de Pédiatrie, CIC1401, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - B Koehl
- Service d’hématologie, Centre de référence de la drépanocytose, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
- Département de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - E Maksoud
- Département de Pharmacologie Pédiatrique et pharmacogénétique, CHU Robert Debré APHP, Paris, France
| | - M Fayon
- Département de Pédiatrie, CIC1401, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Jacqz-Aigrain
- Département de Pharmacologie Pédiatrique et pharmacogénétique, CHU Robert Debré APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Centre d’investigation clinique, CIC1426, INSERM, Paris, France
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12
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Oldenkamp R, Huijbregts MAJ, Ragas AMJ. Uncertainty and variability in human exposure limits - a chemical-specific approach for ciprofloxacin and methotrexate. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:261-78. [PMID: 26648512 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure limits (HELs) for chemicals with a toxicological threshold are traditionally derived using default assessment factors that account for variations in exposure duration, species sensitivity and individual sensitivity. The present paper elaborates a probabilistic approach for human hazard characterization and the derivation of HELs. It extends the framework for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in hazard characterization recently proposed by WHO-IPCS, i.e. by the incorporation of chemical-specific data on human variability in toxicokinetics. The incorporation of human variability in toxicodynamics was based on the variation between adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Furthermore, sources of interindividual variability and uncertainty are propagated separately throughout the derivation process. The outcome is a two-dimensional human dose distribution that quantifies the population fraction exceeding a pre-selected critical effect level with an estimate of the associated uncertainty. This enables policy makers to set separate standards for the fraction of the population to be protected and the confidence level of the assessment. The main sources of uncertainty in the human dose distribution can be identified in order to plan new research for reducing uncertainty. Additionally, the approach enables quantification of the relative risk for specific subpopulations. The approach is demonstrated for two pharmaceuticals, i.e. the antibiotic ciprofloxacin and the antineoplastic methotrexate. For both substances, the probabilistic HEL is mainly influenced by uncertainty originating from: (1) the point of departure (PoD), (2) extrapolation from sub-acute to chronic toxicity and (3) interspecies extrapolation. However, when assessing the tails of the two-dimensional human dose distributions, i.e. the section relevant for the derivation of human exposure limits, interindividual variability in toxicodynamics also becomes important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Oldenkamp
- a Department of Environmental Science , Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- a Department of Environmental Science , Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- a Department of Environmental Science , Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is associated with increased severity of common infectious diseases, and death amongst children with SAM is almost always as a result of infection. The diagnosis and management of infection are often different in malnourished versus well-nourished children. The objectives of this brief are to outline the evidence underpinning important practical questions relating to the management of infectious diseases in children with SAM and to highlight research gaps. Overall, the evidence base for many aspects covered in this brief is very poor. The brief addresses antimicrobials; antipyretics; tuberculosis; HIV; malaria; pneumonia; diarrhoea; sepsis; measles; urinary tract infection; nosocomial Infections; soil transmitted helminths; skin infections and pharmacology in the context of SAM. The brief is structured into sets of clinical questions, which we hope will maximise the relevance to contemporary practice.
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Key Words
- Antibiotics,
- Children,
- Diarrhoea,
- HIV,
- Infection,
- Malaria
- Malnutrition,
- Measles,
- Pneumonia,
- Sepsis,
- Tuberculosis,
- Urinary tract infection,
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14
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Cios A, Wyska E, Szymura-Oleksiak J, Grodzicki T. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of ciprofloxacin in the elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Exp Gerontol 2014; 57:107-13. [PMID: 24862289 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of ciprofloxacin (CPX) in the elderly patients and to examine the impact of patient-dependent variables on pharmacokinetic parameter values of this drug. The study was conducted in a group of 44 patients at the age of 44-96years, hospitalized due to pneumonia lobaris or bronchopneumonia. Patients received CPX at a dose of 200mg every 12h as a constant rate infusion over 0.5h. Concentrations of CPX in serum were measured by HPLC with UV detection. Population pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that CPX concentration versus time data were best described by a one-compartment model. The mean values of volume of distribution and clearance of CPX in the patients above 65years of age were 78.41±13.17L and 18.39±4.15L/h, respectively. The creatinine clearance influenced CPX clearance according to the equation: CLCPX (L/h)=8.0+0.21·CLCr, while the volume of distribution of CPX was dependent on the body weight of the patient as follows: VdCPX (L)=22.72+0.86·WT. In summary, the developed population model can be used to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of CPX in the elderly patients and to select on the basis of these parameters and MIC values an optimal dosage regimen of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Cios
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szymura-Oleksiak
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 9 Medyczna St, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grodzicki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 10 Sniadeckich St, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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15
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Brent B, Obonyo N, Maitland K. Tailoring management of severe and complicated malnutrition: more research is required first. Pathog Glob Health 2013; 106:197-9. [PMID: 23265419 DOI: 10.1179/2047772412z.00000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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16
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Holford N, Heo YA, Anderson B. A pharmacokinetic standard for babies and adults. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2941-52. [PMID: 23650116 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic behavior of medicines used in humans follows largely predictable patterns across the human age range from premature babies to elderly adults. Most of the differences associated with age are in fact due to differences in size. Additional considerations are required to describe the processes of maturation of clearance processes and postnatal changes in body composition. Application of standard approaches to reporting pharmacokinetic parameters is essential for comparative human pharmacokinetic studies from babies to adults. A standardized comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in children and adults is shown for 46 drugs. Appropriate size scaling shows that children (over 2 years old) are similar to adults. Maturation changes are generally completed within the first 2 years of postnatal life; consequently babies may be considered as immature children, whereas children are just small adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Holford
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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17
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Pallecchi L, Bartoloni A, Riccobono E, Fernandez C, Mantella A, Magnelli D, Mannini D, Strohmeyer M, Bartalesi F, Rodriguez H, Gotuzzo E, Rossolini GM. Quinolone resistance in absence of selective pressure: the experience of a very remote community in the Amazon forest. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1790. [PMID: 22953012 PMCID: PMC3429404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinolones are potent broad-spectrum bactericidal agents increasingly employed also in resource-limited countries. Resistance to quinolones is an increasing problem, known to be strongly associated with quinolone exposure. We report on the emergence of quinolone resistance in a very remote community in the Amazon forest, where quinolones have never been used and quinolone resistance was absent in 2002. METHODS The community exhibited a considerable level of geographical isolation, limited contact with the exterior and minimal antibiotic use (not including quinolones). In December 2009, fecal carriage of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli was investigated in 120 of the 140 inhabitants, and in 48 animals reared in the community. All fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were genotyped and characterized for the mechanisms of plasmid- and chromosomal-mediated quinolone resistance. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Despite the characteristics of the community remained substantially unchanged during the period 2002-2009, carriage of quinolone-resistant E. coli was found to be common in 2009 both in humans (45% nalidixic acid, 14% ciprofloxacin) and animals (54% nalidixic acid, 23% ciprofloxacin). Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates of human and animal origin showed multidrug resistance phenotypes, a high level of genetic heterogeneity, and a combination of GyrA (Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn) and ParC (Ser80Ile) substitutions commonly observed in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of E. coli. CONCLUSIONS Remoteness and absence of antibiotic selective pressure did not protect the community from the remarkable emergence of quinolone resistance in E. coli. Introduction of the resistant strains from antibiotic-exposed settings is the most likely source, while persistence and dissemination in the absence of quinolone exposure is likely mostly related with poor sanitation. Interventions aimed at reducing the spreading of resistant isolates (by improving sanitation and water/food safety) are urgently needed to preserve the efficacy of quinolones in resource-limited countries, as control strategies based only on antibiotic restriction policies are unlikely to succeed in those settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pallecchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Dipartimento Area Critica Medico Chirurgica, Clinica Malattie Infettive, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
- Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Riccobono
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Mantella
- Dipartimento Area Critica Medico Chirurgica, Clinica Malattie Infettive, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Donata Magnelli
- Dipartimento Area Critica Medico Chirurgica, Clinica Malattie Infettive, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Mannini
- Dipartimento Area Critica Medico Chirurgica, Clinica Malattie Infettive, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Marianne Strohmeyer
- Dipartimento Area Critica Medico Chirurgica, Clinica Malattie Infettive, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bartalesi
- Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Emergenza, Urgenza e dei Servizi Diagnostici, U. O. Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
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18
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Talbert A, Thuo N, Karisa J, Chesaro C, Ohuma E, Ignas J, Berkley JA, Toromo C, Atkinson S, Maitland K. Diarrhoea complicating severe acute malnutrition in Kenyan children: a prospective descriptive study of risk factors and outcome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38321. [PMID: 22675542 PMCID: PMC3366921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) accounts for two million deaths worldwide annually. In those hospitalised with SAM, concomitant infections and diarrhoea are frequent complications resulting in adverse outcome. We examined the clinical and laboratory features on admission and outcome of children with SAM and diarrhoea at a Kenyan district hospital. Methods A 4-year prospective descriptive study involving 1,206 children aged 6 months to 12 years, hospitalized with SAM and managed in accordance with WHO guidelines. Data on clinical features, haematological, biochemical and microbiological findings for children with diarrhoea (≥3 watery stools/day) were systematically collected and analyzed to identify risk factors associated with poor outcome. Results At admission 592 children (49%) had diarrhoea of which 122 (21%) died compared to 72/614 (12%) deaths in those without diarrhoea at admission (Χ2 = 17.6 p<0.001). A further 187 (16%) children developed diarrhoea after 48 hours of admission and 33 died (18%). Any diarrhoea during admission resulted in a significantly higher mortality 161/852 (19%) than those uncomplicated by diarrhoea 33/351 (9%) (Χ2 = 16.6 p<0.001). Features associated with a fatal outcome in children presenting with diarrhoea included bacteraemia, hyponatraemia, low mid-upper arm circumference <10 cm, hypoxia, hypokalaemia and oedema. Bacteraemia had the highest risk of death (adjusted OR 6.1; 95% C.I 2.3, 16.3 p<0.001); and complicated 24 (20%) of fatalities. Positive HIV antibody status was more frequent in cases with diarrhoea at admission (23%) than those without (15%, Χ2 = 12.0 p = 0.001) but did not increase the risk of death in diarrhoea cases. Conclusion Children with SAM complicated by diarrhoea had a higher risk of death than those who did not have diarrhoea during their hospital stay. Further operational and clinical research is needed to reduce mortality in children with SAM in the given setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Talbert
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Nahashon Thuo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Japhet Karisa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles Chesaro
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ohuma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Ignas
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James A. Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Toromo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sarah Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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