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Yang D, Guo S, Feng Y, Wu D, Li Y, Peng Z, Zhou S. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus kills liver cancer in vitro and in vivo. Future Virol 2023. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To construct and rescue a recombinant Newcastle disease virus that can express IP10 protein and evaluate its targeted killing effect on liver cancer in vivo and in vitro. Materials & methods: Fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot and ELISA were used to detect the expression and secretion of IP10 in cells. The H22 mouse liver cancer cells were used to establish subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice experimental animal tumor models, and the tumor growth of mice in each group was observed while receiving treatment with rLasota. Results: The recombinant Newcastle disease virus was successfully constructed and can kill tumor cells successfully. Conclusion: The rLasota-IP10-IRES-EGFP achieves antitumor effects by killing hepatocellular carcinoma cells, enhancing T-lymphocyte infiltration in tumor tissues and inhibiting neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangxi Colleges & Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, PR China
| | - Shunli Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangxi Colleges & Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, PR China
| | - Yisen Feng
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis & Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangxi Colleges & Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, PR China
| | - Yapei Li
- Department of Health Management, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhouyangfan Peng
- Department of Health Management, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sufang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangxi Colleges & Universities Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention & Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Gaungxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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2
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Jafari M, Kadkhodazadeh M, Shapourabadi MB, Goradel NH, Shokrgozar MA, Arashkia A, Abdoli S, Sharifzadeh Z. Immunovirotherapy: The role of antibody based therapeutics combination with oncolytic viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012806. [PMID: 36311790 PMCID: PMC9608759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the new drugs and targeted therapies have been approved for cancer therapy during the past 30 years, the majority of cancer types are still remain challenging to be treated. Due to the tumor heterogeneity, immune system evasion and the complex interaction between the tumor microenvironment and immune cells, the great majority of malignancies need multimodal therapy. Unfortunately, tumors frequently develop treatment resistance, so it is important to have a variety of therapeutic choices available for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Immunotherapy has lately shown clinical responses in malignancies with unfavorable outcomes. Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy is a cancer treatment strategy that employs naturally occurring or genetically-modified viruses that multiply preferentially within cancer cells. OVs have the ability to not only induce oncolysis but also activate cells of the immune system, which in turn activates innate and adaptive anticancer responses. Despite the fact that OVs were translated into clinical trials, with T-VECs receiving FDA approval for melanoma, their use in fighting cancer faced some challenges, including off-target side effects, immune system clearance, non-specific uptake, and intratumoral spread of OVs in solid tumors. Although various strategies have been used to overcome the challenges, these strategies have not provided promising outcomes in monotherapy with OVs. In this situation, it is increasingly common to use rational combinations of immunotherapies to improve patient benefit. With the development of other aspects of cancer immunotherapy strategies, combinational therapy has been proposed to improve the anti-tumor activities of OVs. In this regard, OVs were combined with other biotherapeutic platforms, including various forms of antibodies, nanobodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and dendritic cells, to reduce the side effects of OVs and enhance their efficacy. This article reviews the promising outcomes of OVs in cancer therapy, the challenges OVs face and solutions, and their combination with other biotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdie Jafari
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriyar Abdoli
- School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Zahra Sharifzadeh, ; Shahriyar Abdoli,
| | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Zahra Sharifzadeh, ; Shahriyar Abdoli,
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3
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Malogolovkin A, Gasanov N, Egorov A, Weener M, Ivanov R, Karabelsky A. Combinatorial Approaches for Cancer Treatment Using Oncolytic Viruses: Projecting the Perspectives through Clinical Trials Outcomes. Viruses 2021; 13:1271. [PMID: 34209981 PMCID: PMC8309967 DOI: 10.3390/v13071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs have fundamentally changed oncology and revived the fading hope for a cancer cure. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) became an indispensable tool for the treatment of many malignant tumors. Alongside ICI, the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials is demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Dozens of combinations of oncolytic viruses with conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy are widely used or studied, but it seems quite complicated to highlight the most effective combinations. Our review summarizes the results of clinical trials evaluating oncolytic viruses with or without genetic alterations in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, cytokines, antigens and other oncolytic viruses as well. This review is focused on the efficacy and safety of virotherapy and the most promising combinations based on the published clinical data, rather than presenting all oncolytic virus variations, which are discussed in comprehensive literature reviews. We briefly revise the research landscape of oncolytic viruses and discuss future perspectives in virus immunotherapy, in order to provide an insight for novel strategies of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Malogolovkin
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Karabelsky
- Gene Therapy Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Avenue, 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (N.G.); (A.E.); (M.W.); (R.I.)
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4
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Mondal M, Guo J, He P, Zhou D. Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2389-2402. [PMID: 32078405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently. The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is human adenovirus. Recently, ongoing extensive research has suggested that other viruses like herpes simplex virus (HSV) and measles virus can also be considered as potential candidates in cancer therapy. An HSV-based oncolytic virus, T-VEC, has completed phase Ш clinical trial and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in biological cancer therapy. Moreover, the vaccine strain of the measles virus has shown impressive results in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Considering their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and reduced side effects, the use of such engineered viruses in biological cancer therapy has the potential to establish a milestone in cancer research. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical advances in the use of oncolytic viruses in biological therapy for cancer. Additionally, this review evaluates the potential viral candidates for their benefits and shortcomings and sheds light on the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China.,Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jingao Guo
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
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5
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Antiviral interferons induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) drive a tumor-selective apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15160. [PMID: 31641164 PMCID: PMC6806003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strongly induces both type I and III antiviral interferons (IFNs-α/-β and IFN-λ, respectively) in tumor cells while it induces mainly type III IFN in normal cells. Impairment of antiviral type I IFN signaling in tumor cells is thought to be the reason for effective oncolysis. However, there is lack of clarity why lentogenic strain NDV can also induce oncolysis. NDV infection caused apoptosis in normal and tumor cells as demonstrated with the caspase-3 enzyme activation and annexin-V detection. The apoptosis response was inhibited by B18R protein (a type I IFN inhibitor) in tumor cells i.e. A549 and U87MG, and not in normal cells i.e. NB1RGB and HEK293. Similarly, UV-inactivated medium from NDV infection was shown to induce apoptosis in corresponding cells and the response was inhibited in A549 and U87MG cells with the addition of B18R protein. Treatment with combination of IFNs-α/-β/-λ or IFNs-α/-β or IFN-λ in NB1RGB, HEK293, A549 and U87MG showed that caspase activity in IFNs-α/-β/-λ group was the highest, followed with IFN-α/-β group and IFN-λ group. This suggests that tumor-selectivity of NDV is mainly because of the cumulative effect of type I and III in tumor cells that lead to higher apoptotic effect.
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6
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Enhance Cell Killing and Block Interferon-Beta Synthesis Elicited by Infection with an Oncolytic Parainfluenza Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050431. [PMID: 31083335 PMCID: PMC6563284 DOI: 10.3390/v11050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results have shown that infection with the cytoplasmic-replicating parainfluenza virus 5 mutant P/V-CPI- sensitizes cells to DNA damaging agents, resulting in the enhanced killing of airway cancer cells. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can also act with P/V-CPI- infection to enhance cancer cell killing. Using human small cell lung cancer and laryngeal cancer cell lines, 10 HDAC inhibitors were tested for their effect on viability of P/V-CPI- infected cells. HDAC inhibitors such as scriptaid enhanced caspase-3/7, -8 and -9 activity induced by P/V-CPI- and overall cell toxicity. Scriptaid-mediated enhanced killing was eliminated in lung cancer cells that were engineered to express a protein which sequesters double stranded RNA. Scriptaid also enhanced cancer cell killing by two other negative strand RNA viruses - the La Crosse virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Scriptaid treatment enhanced the spread of the P/V-CPI- virus through a population of cancer cells, and suppressed interferon-beta induction through blocking phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3). Taken together, these data support a role for combinations of a cytoplasmic-replicating RNA virus such as the P/V-CPI- mutant along with chemotherapeutic agents.
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7
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Matveeva OV, Kochneva GV, Zainutdinov SS, Ilyinskaya GV, Chumakov PM. Oncolytic Paramyxoviruses: Mechanism of Action, Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331803010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Antitumor effect of the Newcastle disease viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene is expressed through an oncolytic adenovirus effect in osteosarcoma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:197-207. [PMID: 29438228 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can specifically kill cancer cells and has less toxicity to normal cells. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein is an important structural protein in NDV pathogenesis and has been postulated as a promising candidate for antitumor therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer potential of recombinant adenovirus Ad-HN-PEG3p-E1a. An MTS assay was performed to determine viral proliferation after viral infection, the data showed that the proliferation ability of osteosarcoma cells decreased, whereas there was no significant change in normal hepatic cells. DAPI and Annexin V experiments showed that osteosarcoma cells were killed because of apoptosis, active oxygen content, and augmented mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Caspase Activity Assay Kits were used to detect the caspase-3 activities of the treated OS-732 for increased expression. Western blot analysis showed that cytochrome C increased significantly and apoptosis of the virus was confirmed in tumor cells. In-vivo experiments show that NDV has an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. The recombinant adenovirus, which is composed of a HN protein and progressive increment promoter PEG3p, could inhibit the growth of OS-732 and promote the apoptosis of tumor cells. However, there was no clear relationship with normal cell (L02) apoptosis.
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9
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Parainfluenza Virus Infection Sensitizes Cancer Cells to DNA-Damaging Agents: Implications for Oncolytic Virus Therapy. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01948-17. [PMID: 29343567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01948-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) with mutations in the P/V gene (P/V-CPI-) is restricted for spread in normal cells but not in cancer cells in vitro and is effective at reducing tumor burdens in mouse model systems. Here we show that P/V-CPI- infection of HEp-2 human laryngeal cancer cells results in the majority of the cells dying, but unexpectedly, over time, there is an emergence of a population of cells that survive as P/V-CPI- persistently infected (PI) cells. P/V-CPI- PI cells had elevated levels of basal caspase activation, and viability was highly dependent on the activity of cellular inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) such as Survivin and XIAP. In challenge experiments with external inducers of apoptosis, PI cells were more sensitive to cisplatin-induced DNA damage and cell death. This increased cisplatin sensitivity correlated with defects in DNA damage signaling pathways such as phosphorylation of Chk1 and translocation of damage-specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) to the nucleus. Cisplatin-induced killing of PI cells was sensitive to the inhibition of wild-type (WT) p53-inducible protein 1 (WIP1), a phosphatase which acts to terminate DNA damage signaling pathways. A similar sensitivity to cisplatin was seen with cells during acute infection with P/V-CPI- as well as during acute infections with WT PIV5 and the related virus human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2). Our results have general implications for the design of safer paramyxovirus-based vectors that cannot establish PI as well as the potential for combining chemotherapy with oncolytic RNA virus vectors.IMPORTANCE There is intense interest in developing oncolytic viral vectors with increased potency against cancer cells, particularly those cancer cells that have gained resistance to chemotherapies. We have found that infection with cytoplasmically replicating parainfluenza virus can result in increases in the killing of cancer cells by agents that induce DNA damage, and this is linked to alterations to DNA damage signaling pathways that balance cell survival versus death. Our results have general implications for the design of safer paramyxovirus-based vectors that cannot establish persistent infection, the repurposing of drugs that target cellular IAPs as antivirals, and the combined use of DNA-damaging chemotherapy agents in conjunction with oncolytic RNA virus vectors.
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10
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Xu X, Sun Q, Mei Y, Liu Y, Zhao L. Newcastle disease virus co-expressing interleukin 7 and interleukin 15 modified tumor cells as a vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:279-288. [PMID: 29224228 PMCID: PMC5797827 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL15) and IL7 are two cytokines essential for T cell development and homeostasis. In order to improve the antitumor activity by Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-modified tumor vaccine, we generated a recombinant NDV co-expressing IL15 and IL7 (LX/IL(15+7)) through incorporation of a 2A self-processing peptide into IL15 and IL7 using reverse genetics. B16 cells infected with LX/IL(15+7) expressed both IL15 and IL7 stably. The cytotoxicity assay showed that murine melanoma cells modified with LX/IL(15+7) could significantly enhance the antitumor immune response in vitro. Then, the antitumor effects of tumor vaccine modified with recombinant virus were tested in the murine tumor models. We observed strong antitumor responses induced by LX/IL(15+7)-modified tumor cells both in prophylaxis and therapeutic models. Although the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were both increased, the antitumor activity of the tumor vaccine modified with LX/IL(15+7) was dependent on CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our data strongly indicated that tumor vaccine modified with NDV strain LX/IL(15+7) is a promising agent for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Mei
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Medical Department, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Aznar MA, Tinari N, Rullán AJ, Sánchez-Paulete AR, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Melero I. Intratumoral Delivery of Immunotherapy-Act Locally, Think Globally. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:31-39. [PMID: 27994166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms have evolved to cope with local entry of microbes acting in a confined fashion but eventually inducing systemic immune memory. Indeed, in situ delivery of a number of agents into tumors can mimic in the malignant tissue the phenomena that control intracellular infection leading to the killing of infected cells. Vascular endothelium activation and lymphocyte attraction, together with dendritic cell-mediated cross-priming, are the key elements. Intratumoral therapy with pathogen-associated molecular patterns or recombinant viruses is being tested in the clinic. Cell therapies can be also delivered intratumorally, including infusion of autologous dendritic cells and even tumor-reactive T lymphocytes. Intralesional virotherapy with an HSV vector expressing GM-CSF has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of unresectable melanoma. Immunomodulatory monoclonal Abs have also been successfully applied intratumorally in animal models. Local delivery means less systemic toxicity while focusing the immune response on the malignancy and the affected draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Aznar
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Nicola Tinari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University and Foundation, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Antonio J Rullán
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain; and
| | - Alfonso R Sánchez-Paulete
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Health Research Institute of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; .,University Clinic, University of Navarra and Health Research Institute of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Masemann D, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S. Employing RNA viruses to fight cancer: novel insights into oncolytic virotherapy. Biol Chem 2017; 398:891-909. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Within recent decades, viruses that specifically target tumor cells have emerged as novel therapeutic agents against cancer. These viruses do not only act via their cell-lytic properties, but also harbor immunostimulatory features to re-direct the tumor microenvironment and stimulate tumor-directed immune responses. Furthermore, oncolytic viruses are considered to be superior to classical cancer therapies due to higher selectivity towards tumor cell destruction and, consequently, less collateral damage of non-transformed healthy tissue. In particular, the field of oncolytic RNA viruses is rapidly developing since these agents possess alternative tumor-targeting strategies compared to established oncolytic DNA viruses. Thus, oncolytic RNA viruses have broadened the field of virotherapy facilitating new strategies to fight cancer. In addition to several naturally occurring oncolytic viruses, genetically modified RNA viruses that are armed to express foreign factors such as immunostimulatory molecules have been successfully tested in early clinical trials showing promising efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the most promising RNA viruses in clinical development, to summarize the current knowledge of clinical trials using these viral agents, and to discuss the main issues as well as future perspectives of clinical approaches using oncolytic RNA viruses.
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Evaluation of the oncolytic potential of R 2B Mukteshwar vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in a colon cancer cell line (SW-620). Arch Virol 2017; 162:2705-2713. [PMID: 28578522 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Virotherapy is emerging as an alternative treatment of cancer. Among the candidate oncolytic viruses (OVs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has emerged as a promising non-engineered OV. In the present communication, we explored the oncolytic potential of R2B Mukteshwar strain of NDV using SW-620 colon cancer cells. SW-620 cells were xenografted in nude mice and after evaluation of the safety profile, 1 x 107 plaque forming units (PFU) of NDV were inoculated as virotherapeutic agent via the intratumoral (I/T) and intravenous (I/V) route. Tumor growth inhibition was compared with their respective control groups by gross volume and histopathological evaluation. Antibody titer and virus survival were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI)/serum neutralization test (SNT) and real-time PCR, respectively. During the safety trial, the test strain did not produce any abnormal symptoms nor weight loss in BALB/c mice. Significant tumor lytic activity was evident when viruses were injected via the I/T route. There was a 43 and 57% tumor growth inhibition on absolute and relative tumor volume basis, respectively, compared with mock control. On the same basis, the I/V route treatment resulted in 40 and 16% of inhibition, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed that the virus caused apoptosis, followed by necrosis, but immune cell infiltration was not remarkable. The virus survived in 2/2 mice until day 10 and in 3/6 mice by day 19, with both routes of administration. Anti-NDV antibodies were generated at moderate level and the titer reached a maximum of 1:32 and 1:64 via the I/T and I/V routes, respectively. In conclusion, the test NDV strain was found to be safe and showed oncolytic activity against the SW-620 cell line in mice.
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Review: Oncolytic virotherapy, updates and future directions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102617-102639. [PMID: 29254276 PMCID: PMC5731986 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viral strains that can infect and kill malignant cells while spare their normal counterparts. OVs can access cells through binding to receptors on their surface or through fusion with the plasma membrane and establish a lytic cycle in tumors, while leaving normal tissue essentially unharmed. Multiple viruses have been investigated in humans for the past century. IMLYGIC™ (T-VEC/Talimogene Laherparepvec), a genetically engineered Herpes Simplex Virus, is the first OV approved for use in the United States and the European Union for patients with locally advanced or non-resectable melanoma. Although OVs have a favorable toxicity profile and are impressively active anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo the majority of OVs have limited clinical efficacy as a single agent. While a virus-induced antitumor immune response can enhance oncolysis, when OVs are used systemically, the antiviral immune response can prevent the virus reaching the tumor tissue and having a therapeutic effect. Intratumoral administration can provide direct access to tumor tissue and be beneficial in reducing side effects. Immune checkpoint stimulation in tumor tissue has been noted after OV therapy and can be a natural response to viral-induced oncolysis. Also for immune checkpoint inhibition to be effective in treating cancer, an immune response to tumor neoantigens and an inflamed tumor microenvironment are required, both of which treatment with an OV may provide. Therefore, direct and indirect mechanisms of tumor killing provide rationale for clinical trials investigating the combination of OVs other forms of cancer therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
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15
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Foreman PM, Friedman GK, Cassady KA, Markert JM. Oncolytic Virotherapy for the Treatment of Malignant Glioma. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:333-344. [PMID: 28265902 PMCID: PMC5398989 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common primary brain tumor and carries a grim prognosis, with a median survival of just over 14 months. Given the poor outcomes with standard-of-care treatments, novel treatment strategies are needed. The concept of virotherapy for the treatment of malignant tumors dates back more than a century and can be divided into replication-competent oncolytic viruses and replication-deficient viral vectors. Oncolytic viruses are designed to selectively target, infect, and replicate in tumor cells, while sparing surrounding normal brain. A host of oncolytic viruses has been evaluated in early phase human trials with promising safety results, but none has progressed to phase III trials. Despite the 25 years that has passed since the initial publication of genetically engineered oncolytic viruses for the treatment of glioma, much remains to be learned about the use of this therapy, including its mechanism of action, optimal treatment paradigm, appropriate targets, and integration with adjuvant agents. Oncolytic viral therapy for glioma remains promising and will undoubtedly impact the future of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Foreman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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16
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Wu Y, He J, Geng J, An Y, Ye X, Yan S, Yu Q, Yin J, Zhang Z, Li D. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing human TRAIL as a potential candidate for hepatoma therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 802:85-92. [PMID: 28246027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have shown oncolytic therapeutic efficacy in preclinical studies and are currently proved for clinical trials. We have previously reported, for the first time, NDV Anhinga strain has an efficient cancer therapeutic efficacy in hepatoma. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) functions as a cytokine to selectively kill various cancer cells without toxicity to most normal cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential use of recombinant soluble TRAIL as a cancer therapeutic agent. In this study, we have showed administration of a recombinant NDV Anhinga strain expressing soluble TRAIL (NDV/Anh-TRAIL) results in an efficient suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma without significant toxicity. The results show that recombinant NDV Anhinga strain expressing soluble TRAIL is a promising candidate for hepatoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Jinjiao He
- College of life science and technology, Xinxiang University, Jinsui Avenue, Hongqi District, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- The Pathology Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Yiyuan Street 37, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | - Ying An
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road E., Xinxiang, China
| | - Shijun Yan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jiechao Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Deshan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
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Genetic Modification of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Cancer Therapy. J Virol 2016; 90:5343-5352. [PMID: 27009956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00136-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinical development of a mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as an oncolytic agent for cancer therapy has been hampered by its select agent status due to its pathogenicity in avian species. Using reverse genetics, we have generated a lead candidate oncolytic NDV based on the mesogenic NDV-73T strain that is no longer classified as a select agent for clinical development. This recombinant NDV has a modification at the fusion protein (F) cleavage site to reduce the efficiency of F protein cleavage and an insertion of a 198-nucleotide sequence into the HN-L intergenic region, resulting in reduced viral gene expression and replication in avian cells but not in mammalian cells. In mammalian cells, except for viral polymerase (L) gene expression, viral gene expression is not negatively impacted or increased by the HN-L intergenic insertion. Furthermore, the virus can be engineered to express a foreign gene while still retaining the ability to grow to high titers in cell culture. The recombinant NDV selectively replicates in and kills tumor cells and is able to drive potent tumor growth inhibition following intratumoral or intravenous administration in a mouse tumor model. The candidate is well positioned for clinical development as an oncolytic virus. IMPORTANCE Avian paramyxovirus type 1, NDV, has been an attractive oncolytic agent for cancer virotherapy. However, this virus can cause epidemic disease in poultry, and concerns about the potential environmental and economic impact of an NDV outbreak have precluded its clinical development. Here we describe generation and characterization of a highly potent oncolytic NDV variant that is unlikely to cause Newcastle disease in its avian host, representing an essential step toward moving NDV forward as an oncolytic agent. Several attenuation mechanisms have been genetically engineered into the recombinant NDV that reduce chicken pathogenicity to a level that is acceptable worldwide without impacting viral production in cell culture. The selective tumor replication of this recombinant NDV, both in vitro and in vivo, along with efficient tumor cell killing makes it an attractive oncolytic virus candidate that may provide clinical benefit to patients.
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N-Myc expression enhances the oncolytic effects of vesicular stomatitis virus in human neuroblastoma cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16005. [PMID: 27626059 PMCID: PMC5008254 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-myc oncogene amplification is associated but not present in all cases of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Since oncogene expression could often modulate sensitivity to oncolytic viruses, we wanted to examine if N-myc expression status would determine virotherapy efficacy to high-risk NB. We showed that induction of exogenous N-myc in a non-N-myc-amplified cell line background (TET-21N) increased susceptibility to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (mutant VSVΔM51) and alleviated the type I IFN-induced antiviral state. Cells with basal N-myc, on the other hand, were less susceptible to virus-induced oncolysis and established a robust IFN-mediated antiviral state. The same effects were also observed in NB cell lines with and without N-myc amplification. Microarray analysis showed that N-myc overexpression in TET-21N cells downregulated IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) with known antiviral functions. Furthermore, virus infection caused significant changes in global gene expression in TET-21N cells overexpressing N-myc. Such changes involved ISGs with various functions. Therefore, the present study showed that augmented susceptibility to VSVΔM51 by N-myc at least involves downregulation of ISGs with antiviral functions and alleviation of the IFN-stimulated antiviral state. Our studies suggest the potential utility of N-myc amplification/overexpression as a predictive biomarker of virotherapy response for high-risk NB using IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses.
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Oncolysis by paramyxoviruses: preclinical and clinical studies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30019-5. [PMID: 26640815 PMCID: PMC4667943 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies demonstrate that a broad spectrum of human malignant cells can be killed by oncolytic paramyxoviruses, which include cells of ecto-, endo-, and mesodermal origin. In clinical trials, significant reduction in size or even complete elimination of primary tumors and established metastases are reported. Different routes of viral administration (intratumoral, intravenous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, or intrapleural), and single- versus multiple-dose administration schemes have been explored. The reported side effects are grade 1 and 2, with the most common among them being mild fever. Some advantages in using paramyxoviruses as oncolytic agents versus representatives of other viral families exist. The cytoplasmic replication results in a lack of host genome integration and recombination, which makes paramyxoviruses safer and more attractive candidates for widely used therapeutic oncolysis in comparison with retroviruses or some DNA viruses. The list of oncolytic paramyxovirus representatives includes attenuated measles virus (MV), mumps virus (MuV), low pathogenic Newcastle disease (NDV), and Sendai (SeV) viruses. Metastatic cancer cells frequently overexpress on their surface some molecules that can serve as receptors for MV, MuV, NDV, and SeV. This promotes specific viral attachment to the malignant cell, which is frequently followed by specific viral replication. The paramyxoviruses are capable of inducing efficient syncytium-mediated lyses of cancer cells and elicit strong immunomodulatory effects that dramatically enforce anticancer immune surveillance. In general, preclinical studies and phase 1–3 clinical trials yield very encouraging results and warrant continued research of oncolytic paramyxoviruses as a particularly valuable addition to the existing panel of cancer-fighting approaches.
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20
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Cancer therapy with Newcastle disease virus: rationale for new immunotherapeutic combinations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yan Y, Jia L, Zhang J, Liu Y, Bu X. Effect of recombinant Newcastle disease virus transfection on lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vivo.. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2569-2576. [PMID: 25364430 PMCID: PMC4214503 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been reported to selectively duplicate in and then destroy tumor cells, whilst sparing normal cells. However, the effect of NDV on lung cancer has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, recombinant NDV (rl-RVG) was applied to lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell tumor-bearing mice to explore its effect on the proliferation of the cells and the immune response of the mice. Following rl-RVG transfection, RVG and NDV gene expression, decreased tumor growth, subcutaneous tumor necrosis, tumor apoptosis and an increased number of cluster of differentiation (CD)3−/CD49+ natural killer cells were more evident in the rl-RVG group. The present study demonstrated that rl-RVG transfection effectively restrained lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell growth in vivo, which may have been accomplish by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and regulating the cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China ; Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Medicine College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Bu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212002, P.R. China
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22
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Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. Multimodal cancer therapy involving oncolytic newcastle disease virus, autologous immune cells, and bi-specific antibodies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:224. [PMID: 25309868 PMCID: PMC4160967 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This paper summarizes (i) the peculiarities of this virus as an anti-cancer and immune stimulatory agent and (ii) the approaches to further harness this virus as a vector to combat cancer. Special emphasis is given on combining virus therapy with cell therapy and on improving tumor targeting. The review will include some of the authors work on NDV, bi-specific antibodies, and cell therapy as building blocks for a new perspective of multimodal cancer therapy. The broad anti-tumor immune reactivation includes innate and adaptive, tumor antigen (TA) specific and TA independent activities
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23
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Zhao L, Mei Y, Sun Q, Guo L, Wu Y, Yu X, Hu B, Liu X, Liu H. Autologous tumor vaccine modified with recombinant new castle disease virus expressing IL-7 promotes antitumor immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:735-45. [PMID: 24943214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autologous tumor vaccine modified with nonlytic Newcastle disease virus (ATV-NDV) is a promising vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. IL-7 plays a critical role in lymphocyte development and homeostasis. To improve the efficacy of ATV-NDV, we inserted the murine IL-7 gene into the genome of nonlytic NDV strain LX using reverse genetic system. The insertion of the IL-7 gene neither affected the main features of NDV replication nor its tumor selectivity. The gene product was biologically active and stable. Then we tested the antitumor effects of the autologous tumor vaccine modified with LX/(IL-7) in the murine tumor models. We showed that tumor cells modified with LX/IL-7 induced a strong antitumor activity both in prophylaxis and therapeutic models. The IFN-γ production and the cytotoxicity of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells were significantly enhanced after immunization with tumor cells modified with LX/(IL-7) in both models. Although the tumor-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells were both increased and their IFN-γ productions also were upregulated, the antitumor activity of the tumor vaccine modified with LX/(IL-7) was dependent on CD8(+) T cells. Our results demonstrated that the autologous tumor vaccine modified with NDV strain LX/(IL-7) could promote the antitumor immune responses mediated by CD8(+) T cells and significantly improve the efficacy of the ATV-NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; and
| | - Linghua Guo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; and
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme represents the most common primary malignant tumor of the adult CNS. Unfortunately, the median survival after surgical intervention alone is less than 6 months and the addition of radiotherapy can extend this time to only 9 months. Consequently, efforts aimed at developing new therapies have focused on new treatment strategies that specifically target tumor cells and spare normal cells. One such modality, gene therapy, has shown promise in the spectrum of agents utilized against brain tumors. This review highlights the principles of gene therapy and discusses the results of recent clinical trials in which gene therapy has been employed against malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej S Lesniak
- Division of Neurological Surgery, The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC3026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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25
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Fournier P, Schirrmacher V. Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus as Cutting Edge between Tumor and Host. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:936-75. [PMID: 24833054 PMCID: PMC3960873 DOI: 10.3390/biology2030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) replicate selectively in tumor cells and exert anti-tumor cytotoxic activity. Among them, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), a bird RNA virus of the paramyxovirus family, appears outstanding. Its anti-tumor effect is based on: (i) oncolytic activity and (ii) immunostimulation. Together these activities facilitate the induction of post-oncolytic adaptive immunity. We will present milestones during the last 60 years of clinical evaluation of this virus. Two main strategies of clinical application were followed using the virus (i) as a virotherapeutic agent, which is applied systemically or (ii) as an immunostimulatory agent combined with tumor cells for vaccination of cancer patients. More recently, a third strategy evolved. It combines the strategies (i) and (ii) and includes also dendritic cells (DCs). The first step involves systemic application of NDV to condition the patient. The second step involves intradermal application of a special DC vaccine pulsed with viral oncolysate. This strategy, called NDV/DC, combines anti-cancer activity (oncolytic virotherapy) and immune-stimulatory properties (oncolytic immunotherapy) with the high potential of DCs (DC therapy) to prime naive T cells. The aim of such treatment is to first prepare the cancer-bearing host for immunocompetence and then to instruct the patient's immune system with information about tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) of its own tumor together with danger signals derived from virus infection. This multimodal concept should optimize the generation of strong polyclonal T cell reactivity targeted against the patient's TAAs and lead to the establishment of a long-lasting memory T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fournier
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker Schirrmacher
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, enormous advances have occurred in the structural and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). As a result, not only the complete sequence of the viral genome has been fully determined, but also a clearer understanding of the viral proteins and their respective roles in the life cycle has been achieved. This article reviews the progress in the molecular biology of NDV with emphasis on the new technologies. It also identifies the fundamental problems that need to be addressed and attempts to predict some research opportunities in NDV that can be realized in the near future for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease(s).
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27
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Zhao L, Liu H. Newcastle disease virus: A promising agent for tumour immunotherapy. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:725-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences; Soochow University; Suzhou; China
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28
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Zamarin D, Palese P. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus for cancer therapy: old challenges and new directions. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:347-67. [PMID: 22393889 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus, which has been demonstrated to possess significant oncolytic activity against mammalian cancers. This review summarizes the research leading to the elucidation of the mechanisms of NDV-mediated oncolysis, as well as the development of novel oncolytic agents through the use of genetic engineering. Clinical trials utilizing NDV strains and NDV-based autologous tumor cell vaccines will expand our knowledge of these novel anticancer strategies and will ultimately result in the successful use of the virus in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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29
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Friedman GK, Cassady KA, Beierle EA, Markert JM, Gillespie GY. Targeting pediatric cancer stem cells with oncolytic virotherapy. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:500-10. [PMID: 22430386 PMCID: PMC3607376 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also termed "cancer-initiating cells" or "cancer progenitor cells," which have the ability to self-renew, proliferate, and maintain the neoplastic clone, have recently been discovered in a wide variety of pediatric tumors. These CSCs are thought to be responsible for tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance, aggressiveness, and recurrence due to inherent resistance to current treatment modalities such as chemotherapy and radiation. Oncolytic virotherapy offers a novel, targeted approach for eradicating pediatric CSCs using mechanisms of cell killing that differ from conventional therapies. Moreover, oncolytic viruses have the ability to target specific features of CSCs such as cell-surface proteins, transcription factors, and the CSC microenvironment. Through genetic engineering, a wide variety of foreign genes may be expressed by oncolytic viruses to augment the oncolytic effect. We review the current data regarding the ability of several types of oncolytic viruses (herpes simplex virus-1, adenovirus, reovirus, Seneca Valley virus, vaccinia virus, Newcastle disease virus, myxoma virus, vesicular stomatitis virus) to target and kill both CSCs and tumor cells in pediatric tumors. We highlight advantages and limitations of each virus and potential ways in which next-generation engineered viruses may target resilient CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics [G.K.F., K.A.C.], University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Kevin A. Cassady
- Department of Pediatrics [G.K.F., K.A.C.], University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Department of Surgery [E.A.B, J.M.M., G.Y.G], University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Surgery [E.A.B, J.M.M., G.Y.G], University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery [E.A.B, J.M.M., G.Y.G], University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233
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30
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Patil SS, Gentschev I, Nolte I, Ogilvie G, Szalay AA. Oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients. J Transl Med 2012; 10:3. [PMID: 22216938 PMCID: PMC3398296 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. Several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. However, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. An 'ideal' virus has yet to be identified. This review is focused on the prospective use of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of canine tumors - a knowledge that will undoubtedly contribute to the development of oncolytic viral agents for canine cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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31
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Cytolytic effects and apoptosis induction of Newcastle disease virus strain AF2240 on anaplastic astrocytoma brain tumor cell line. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2051-62. [PMID: 21671106 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of genus Avulavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Interest of using NDV as an anticancer agent has arisen from its ability to kill tumor cells with limited toxicity to normal cells. In this investigation, the cytotolytic properties of NDV strain AF2240 were evaluated on brain tumor cell line, anaplastic astrocytoma (U-87MG), by using MTT assay. Cytological observations were studied using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to show the apoptogenic features of NDV on U-87MG. DNA laddering in agarose gel electrophoresis and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP-X nick end-labeling staining assay confirmed that the mode of cell death was by apoptosis. However, analysis of the cellular DNA content by flowcytometery showed that there was a loss of treated U-87MG cells in all cell cycle phases (G1, S and G2/M) accompanied with increasing in sub-G1 region (apoptosis peak). Early apoptosis was observed 6 h post-inoculation by annexin-V flow-cytometry method. It could be concluded that NDV strain AF2240 is a potent antitumor agent that induce apoptosis and its cytotoxicity increasing while increasing of time and virus titer.
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging experimental treatment platform for cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses are replicative-competent viruses that are engineered to replicate selectively in cancer cells with specified oncogenic phenotypes. Multiple DNA and RNA viruses have been clinically tested in a variety of tumors. This review will provide a brief description of these novel anticancer biologics and will summarize the results of clinical investigation. To date oncolytic virotherapy has shown to be safe, and has generated clinical responses in tumors that are resistant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The major challenge for researchers is to maximize the efficacy of these viral therapeutics, and to establish stable systemic delivery mechanisms.
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33
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Khattar SK, Kumar S, Xiao S, Collins PL, Samal SK. Experimental infection of mice with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16776. [PMID: 21347313 PMCID: PMC3037383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nine serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds worldwide. APMV-1, also called Newcastle disease virus, was shown to be attenuated in non-avian species and is being developed as a potential vector for human vaccines. In the present study, we extended this evaluation to the other eight serotypes by evaluating infection in BALB/c mice. Mice were inoculated intranasally with a prototype strain of each of the nine serotypes and monitored for clinical disease, gross pathology, histopathology, virus replication and viral antigen distribution, and seroconversion. On the basis of multiple criteria, each of the APMV serotypes except serotype 5 was found to replicate in mice. Five of the serotypes produced clinical disease and significant weight loss in the following order of severity: 1, 2>6, 9>7. However, disease was short-lived. The other serotypes produced no evident clinical disease. Replication of all of the APMVs except APMV-5 in the nasal turbinates and lungs was confirmed by the recovery of infectious virus and by substantial expression of viral antigen in the epithelial lining detected by immunohistochemistry. Trace levels of infectious APMV-4 and -9 were detected in the brain of some animals; otherwise, no virus was detected in the brain, small intestine, kidney, or spleen. Histologically, infection with the APMVs resulted in lung lesions consistent with broncho-interstitial pneumonia of varying severity that were completely resolved at 14 days post infection. All of the mice infected with the APMVs except APMV-5 produced serotype-specific HI serum antibodies, confirming a lack of replication of APMV-5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all APMV serotypes except APMV-5 are capable of replicating in mice with minimal disease and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Khattar
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sa Xiao
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Siba K. Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Li P, Chen CH, Li S, Givi B, Yu Z, Zamarin D, Palese P, Fong Y, Wong RJ. Therapeutic effects of a fusogenic newcastle disease virus in treating head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2010; 33:1394-9. [PMID: 21928411 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a paramyxovirus that is pathogenic in birds but causes only mild flulike symptoms in human beings. NDV(F3aa)-GFP is a genetically modified, fusogenic NDV. We assessed the utility of NDV(F3aa)-GFP in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS At a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, NDV(F3aa)-GFP infection of 3 cell lines supported strong GFP expression by 36 hours. Four cell lines were highly sensitivite to viral cytotoxicity, with >75% of cells lysed by day 6 at MOI 0.1, and 2 other cell lines were partially susceptible. Murine SCC25 flank tumors exhibited robust GFP expression after a single intratumoral viral injection and showed near-complete tumor regression over 34 days. There were no adverse effects attributable to therapy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a fusogenic NDV exerts potent oncolytic effects against human head and neck cancer and support its continued investigation for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdong Li
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Song KY, Wong J, Gonzalez L, Sheng G, Zamarin D, Fong Y. Antitumor efficacy of viral therapy using genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus [NDV(F3aa)-GFP] for peritoneally disseminated gastric cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:589-96. [PMID: 20393691 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is a common and fatal clinical manifestation of gastric cancer with few effective therapies available. Natural Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been shown to be an effective oncolytic agent, and recent advances now allow genetic manipulation of this virus to improve cancer killing and safety. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a genetically engineered NDV in the treatment of peritoneally disseminated gastric carcinoma. NDV mutant virus containing a modified F cleavage site and insertion of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), NDV(F3aa)-GFP, was tested in vitro against human gastric cancer cells by standard cytotoxicity at different multiplicities of infection. To test NDV(F3aa)-GFP in vivo in a peritoneal carcinomatosis gastric tumor model, MKN-74 human gastric cancer cells were injected intraperitoneally (IP) in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Mice were treated with NDV(F3aa)-GFP either once or multiple times after tumor challenge. Effective killing of MKN-74 cells by NDV(F3aa)-GFP was found in vitro. This cancer killing was dose-related and correlated with viral replication. GFP expression was a good marker of infection. The virus was also effective as an antitumor therapy in a peritoneal cancer model that simulates clinical disease. Half the animals treated with virus had no evidence of disease. Genetically engineered NDV [NDV(F3aa)-GFP] administered IP is an effective antitumor therapy against peritoneal carcinomatosis from human gastric cancer in a xenograft model, without significant toxicity. These data provide further rationale for clinical trials involving NDV for peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Young Song
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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36
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Morton CL, Houghton PJ, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Maris JM, Keir ST, Wu J, Smith MA. Initial testing of the replication competent Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:295-303. [PMID: 20582972 PMCID: PMC3003870 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) is a non-recombinant, replication competent RNA virus that is undergoing phase 1 clinical trials in adults for tumors with neuroendocrine characteristics. Here we have evaluated the antitumor activity of NTX-010 administered systemically. PROCEDURES In vitro NTX-010 was tested against 23 cell lines exposed for 96 hr at 1 x 10(-4) to 10(4) viral particles (vp)/cell. In vivo NTX-010 was administered intravenously once at 3 x 10(12) vp/kg. Three measures of antitumor activity were used: (1) an objective response measure modeled after the clinical setting; (2) a treated to control (T/C) tumor volume measure; and (3) a time to event (fourfold increase in tumor volume for solid tumor models), measure based on the median event-free survival (EFS) of treated and control animals for each xenograft. RESULTS In vitro NTX-010 demonstrated a marked cytotoxic effect in a subset of the cell lines from the neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma panels. In vivo the most consistent activity was observed for the rhabdomyosarcoma and the neuroblastoma panels, with all four of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts and four of five neuroblastoma xenografts achieving CR or maintained CR. Objective responses were also observed in the rhabdoid tumor, Wilms tumor, and glioblastoma panels. CONCLUSIONS NTX-010 demonstrated a high level of activity both in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis of existing testing and molecular characterization data may help define the biological characteristics of cancer cells that are associated with response to NTX-010.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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37
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Type I interferon-sensitive recombinant newcastle disease virus for oncolytic virotherapy. J Virol 2010; 84:3835-44. [PMID: 20147405 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01553-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is tumor selective and intrinsically oncolytic because of its potent ability to induce apoptosis. Several studies have demonstrated that NDV is selectively cytotoxic to tumor cells but not normal cells due to defects in the interferon (IFN) antiviral responses of tumor cells. Many naturally occurring strains of NDV have an intact IFN-antagonistic function and can still replicate in normal human cells. To avoid potential toxicity issues with NDV, especially in cancer patients with immunosuppression, safe NDV-oncolytic vectors are needed. We compared the cell killing abilities of (i) a recombinant NDV (rNDV) strain, Beaudette C, containing an IFN-antagonistic, wild-type V protein (rBC), (ii) an isogenic recombinant virus with a mutant V protein (rBC-Edit virus) that induces increased IFN in infected cells and whose replication is restricted in normal human cells, and (iii) a recombinant LaSota virus with a virulent F protein cleavage site that is as interferon sensitive as rBC-Edit virus (LaSota V.F. virus). Our results indicated that the tumor-selective replication of rNDV is determined by the differential regulation of IFN-alpha and downstream antiviral genes induced by IFN-alpha, especially through the IRF-7 pathway. In a nude mouse model of human fibrosarcoma, we show that the IFN-sensitive NDV variants are as effective as IFN-resistant rBC virus in clearing the tumor burden. In addition, mice treated with rNDV exhibited no signs of toxicity to the viruses. These findings indicate that augmentation of innate immune responses by NDV results in selective oncolysis and offer a novel and safe virotherapy platform.
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38
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Parker JN, Bauer DF, Cody JJ, Markert JM. Oncolytic viral therapy of malignant glioma. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:558-69. [PMID: 19560745 PMCID: PMC3980727 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches to treatment of malignant glioma, the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor, have included the use of a wide range of oncolytic viral vectors. These vectors, either naturally tumor-selective, or engineered as such, have shown promise in the handful of phase I and phase II clinical trials conducted in recent years. The strategies developed for each of the different viruses currently being studied and the history of their development are summarized here. In addition, the results of clinical trials in patients and their implication for future trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Nuss Parker
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David F. Bauer
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James J. Cody
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James M. Markert
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 Birmingham, Alabama
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Haseley A, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Chaudhury AR, Kaur B. Advances in oncolytic virus therapy for glioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:1-13. [PMID: 19149710 DOI: 10.2174/157488909787002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization grossly classifies the various types of astrocytomas using a grade system with grade IV gliomas having the worst prognosis. Oncolytic virus therapy is a novel treatment option for GBM patients. Several patents describe various oncolytic viruses used in preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate safety and efficacy. These viruses are natural or genetically engineered from different viruses such as HSV-1, Adenovirus, Reovirus, and New Castle Disease Virus. While several anecdotal studies have indicated therapeutic advantage, recent clinical trials have revealed the safety of their usage, but demonstration of significant efficacy remains to be established. Oncolytic viruses are being redesigned with an interest in combating the tumor microenvironment in addition to defeating the cancerous cells. Several patents describe the inclusion of tumor microenvironment modulating genes within the viral backbone and in particular those which attack the tumor angiotome. The very innovative approaches being used to improve therapeutic efficacy include: design of viruses which can express cytokines to activate a systemic antitumor immune response, inclusion of angiostatic genes to combat tumor vasculature, and also enzymes capable of digesting tumor extra cellular matrix (ECM) to enhance viral spread through solid tumors. As increasingly more novel viruses are being tested and patented, the future battle against glioma looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Haseley
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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40
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Abstract
Despite the advances in cancer therapies in the past century, malignant melanoma continues to present a significant clinical challenge due to lack of chemotherapeutic response. Systemic therapy with immunostimulatory agents such as interferon and interleukin-2 (IL-2) has shown some promise, though each is associated with significant side effects. Over the past 50 years, oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has emerged as an alternative candidate for cancer therapy. The establishment of reverse-genetics systems for the virus has allowed us to further manipulate the virus to enhance its oncolytic activity. Introduction of immunomodulatory molecules, especially IL-2, into the NDV genome was shown to enhance the oncolytic potential of the virus in a murine syngeneic colon carcinoma model. We hypothesize that a recombinant NDV expressing IL-2 would be an effective agent for therapy of malignant melanoma. We show that recombinant NDV possesses a strong cytolytic activity against multiple melanoma cell lines, and is effective in clearing established syngeneic melanoma tumors in mice. Moreover, introduction of murine IL-2 into NDV significantly enhanced its activity against syngeneic melanomas, resulting in increased overall animal survival and generation of antitumor immunity. These findings warrant further investigations of IL-2-expressing NDV as an antimelanoma agent in humans.
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41
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Walther W, Stein US. Newcastle disease virus: a promising vector for viral therapy, immune therapy, and gene therapy of cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 542:565-605. [PMID: 19565923 PMCID: PMC7122391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the avian paramyxovirus Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and describes properties that explain its oncolytic activity, its tumor-selective replication behavior, and its immune-stimulatory capacity with human cells. The strong interferon response of normal cells upon contact with NDV appears to be the basis for the good tolerability of the virus in cancer patients and for its immune stimulatory properties, whereas the weak interferon response of tumor cells explains the tumor selectivity of replication and oncolysis. Various concepts for the use of this virus for cancer treatment are pointed out and results from clinical studies are summarized. Reverse genetics technology has made it possible recently to clone the genome and to introduce new foreign genes thus generating new recombinant viruses. These can, in the future, be used to transfer new therapeutic genes into tumors and also to immunize against new emerging pathogens. The modular nature of gene transcription, the undetectable rate of recombination, and the lack of a DNA phase in the replication cycle make NDV a suitable candidate for the rational design of a safe and stable vaccine and gene therapy vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Walther
- Molecular Medicine (MDC), Max Delbrück Center for, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin, 13125 Germany
| | - Ulrike S. Stein
- Molecular Medicine (MDC), Max Delbrück Center for, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin, 13125 Germany
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42
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Dobrikova EY, Broadt T, Poiley-Nelson J, Yang X, Soman G, Giardina S, Harris R, Gromeier M. Recombinant oncolytic poliovirus eliminates glioma in vivo without genetic adaptation to a pathogenic phenotype. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1865-72. [PMID: 18766173 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, either naturally occurring or as a result of genetic manipulation, exhibit conditional replication in transformed cells. This principle is the basis for experimental therapeutic approaches exploiting the oncolytic potential of such agents without the danger of collateral damage to resistant normal tissues. One of the potential obstacles to these approaches is the possibility of genetic adaptation of oncolytic viruses upon replication in susceptible tumor tissues. Genetic variation can reverse genetic manipulations of parental viral genomes that determine attenuation of virulence, selective tumor cell tropism or other desirable traits. Alternatively, it may convey new properties not originally associated with parental strains, e.g., adaptation to a human host range. We examined genetic stability of an oncolytic nonpathogenic poliovirus recombinant considered for therapy of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This was done by serial passage experiments in glioma xenografts in vivo and investigation of phenotypic and genotypic markers of attenuation. Intratumoral inoculation of oncolytic poliovirus produced efficient tumor regress and elimination without altering temperature-sensitive growth, selective cytotoxicity, or genetic markers of attenuation of virus recovered from inoculated animals. Our studies demonstrate that active viral oncolysis of malignant glioma does not alter the conditional replication properties of oncolytic nonpathogenic poliovirus recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Dobrikova
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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43
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A hyperfusogenic F protein enhances the oncolytic potency of a paramyxovirus simian virus 5 P/V mutant without compromising sensitivity to type I interferon. J Virol 2008; 82:9369-80. [PMID: 18667520 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01054-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral fusogenic membrane proteins have been proposed as tools to increase the potency of oncolytic viruses, but there is a need for mechanisms to control the spread of fusogenic viruses in normal versus tumor cells. We have previously shown that a mutant of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) that harbors mutations in the P/V gene from the canine parainfluenza virus (P/V-CPI(-)) is a potent inducer of type I interferon (IFN) and apoptosis and is restricted for spread through normal but not tumor cells in vitro. Here, we have used the cytopathic P/V-CPI(-) as a backbone vector to test the hypothesis that a virus expressing a hyperfusogenic glycoprotein will be a more effective oncolytic vector but will retain sensitivity to IFN. A P/V mutant virus expressing an F protein with a glycine-to-alanine substitution in the fusion peptide (P/V-CPI(-)-G3A) was more fusogenic than the parental P/V-CPI(-) mutant. In two model prostate tumor cell lines which are defective in IFN production (LNCaP and DU145), the hyperfusogenic P/V-CPI(-)-G3A mutant had normal growth properties at low multiplicities of infection and was more effective than the parental P/V-CPI(-) mutant at cell killing in vitro. However, in PC3 cells which produce and respond to IFN, the hyperfusogenic P/V-CPI(-)-G3A mutant was attenuated for growth and spread. Killing of PC3 cells was equivalent between the parental P/V-CPI(-) mutant and the hyperfusogenic P/V-CPI(-)-G3A mutant. In a nude mouse model using LNCaP cells, the hyperfusogenic P/V-CPI(-)-G3A mutant was more effective than P/V-CPI(-) at reducing tumor burden. In the case of DU145 tumors, the two vectors based on P/V-CPI(-) were equally effective at limiting tumor growth. Together, our results provide proof of principle that a cytopathic SV5 P/V mutant can serve as an oncolytic virus and that the oncolytic effectiveness of P/V mutants can be enhanced by a fusogenic membrane protein without compromising sensitivity to IFN. The potential advantages of SV5-based oncolytic vectors are discussed.
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44
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Kirn DH. Monthly Update: Oncologic, Endocrine & Metabolic: Replicating oncolytic viruses: An overview. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H Kirn
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, California & University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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45
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Fábián Z, Csatary CM, Szeberényi J, Csatary LK. p53-independent endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cytotoxicity of a Newcastle disease virus strain in tumor cell lines. J Virol 2007; 81:2817-30. [PMID: 17215292 PMCID: PMC1865991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02490-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes serious infections in birds, it is apparently nonpathogenic in mammalian species, including humans. Previous observations and small-scale clinical trials indicated that NDV exerts oncolytic effects. Isolates of NDV were found to have selective affinity to transformed cells. We previously showed that the attenuated NDV strain MTH-68/H causes apoptotic cell death in cultures of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. The aim of the present study was to extend MTH-68/H cytotoxicity testing with human tumor cell lines and to analyze certain biochemical aspects of its oncolytic effect. MTH-68/H was found to be able to kill a wide range of transformed cells by apoptosis. While caspase-8 and caspase-9 are not involved in MTH-68/H-induced apoptosis, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-12 was detected in virus-infected PC12 cells. A human glioblastoma cell line with repressible expression of the p53 protein did not show any difference in MTH-68/H sensitivity in its p53-expressing and p53-depleted states, indicating that the apoptotic process induced by MTH-68/H does not depend on p53. Apoptosis was accompanied by virus replication in two tumor cell lines tested (PC12 cells and HeLa human cervical cells), and signs of endoplasmic reticulum stress (phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and eIF2alpha) were also detected in transformed cells. In contrast, proliferation of nontransformed mouse and rat fibroblast cell lines and human primary fibroblasts was not affected by MTH-68/H treatment. MTH-68/H thus selectively kills tumor cell cultures by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to p53-independent apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fábián
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Szigeti 12, Hungary
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46
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Elankumaran S, Rockemann D, Samal SK. Newcastle disease virus exerts oncolysis by both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways of cell death. J Virol 2006; 80:7522-34. [PMID: 16840332 PMCID: PMC1563725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00241-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is tumor selective and intrinsically oncolytic. Here, we present evidence that genetically modified, recombinant NDV strains are cytotoxic to human tumor cell lines of ecto-, endo-, and mesodermal origin. We show that cytotoxicity against tumor cells is due to multiple caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis independent of interferon signaling competence. The signaling pathways of NDV-induced, cancer cell-selective apoptosis are not well understood. We demonstrate that NDV triggers apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial/intrinsic pathway and that it acts independently of the death receptor/extrinsic pathway. Caspase-8-methylated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells are as sensitive to NDV as other caspase-8-competent cells. This demonstrates that NDV is likely to act primarily through the mitochondrial death pathway. NDV infection results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the subsequent release of the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c, but the second mitochondrion-derived activator of caspase (Smac/DIABLO) is not released. In addition, we describe early activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In contrast, cleavage of caspase-8, which is predominantly activated by the death receptor pathway, is a TNF-related, apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced late event in NDV-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells. Our data, therefore, indicate that the death signal(s) generated by NDV in tumor cells ultimately converges at the mitochondria and that it acts independently of the death receptor pathway. Our cytotoxicity studies demonstrate that recombinant NDV could be developed as a cancer virotherapy agent, either alone or in combination with therapeutic transgenes. We have also shown that trackable oncolytic NDV could be developed without any reduction in oncolytic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Elankumaran
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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47
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Cutter JL, Kurozumi K, Chiocca EA, Kaur B. Gene therapeutics: the future of brain tumor therapy? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:1053-64. [PMID: 16831077 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.7.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive brain tumor that has no cure. Current treatments include gross resection of the tumor, radiation and chemotherapy. Despite valiant efforts, prognosis remains dismal. A promising new technique involves the use of oncolytic viruses that can specifically replicate and lyse in cancers, without spreading to normal tissues. Currently, these are being tested in relevant preclinical models and clinical trials as a therapeutic modality for many types of cancer. Results from recent clinical trials with oncolytic viruses have revealed the safety of this approach, although evidence for efficacy remains elusive. Oncolytic viral strategies are summarized in this review, with a focus on therapies used in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cutter
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-Oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 410 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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48
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49
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Merrill MK, Selznick LA, Gromeier M. Oncolytic viruses for the treatment of malignant glioma. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Sikorski CW, Lesniak MS. Immunotherapy for malignant glioma: current approaches and future directions. Neurol Res 2005; 27:703-16. [PMID: 16197807 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x49481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Traditional therapies for the treatment of malignant glioma have failed to make appreciable gains regarding patient outcome in the last decade. Therefore, immunotherapeutic approaches have become increasingly popular in the treatment of this cancer. This article reviews general immunology of the central nervous system and the immunobiology of malignant glioma to provide a foundation for understanding the rationale behind current glioma immunotherapies. A review of currently implemented immunological treatments is then provided with special attention paid to the use of vaccines, gene therapy, cytokines, dendritic cells and viruses. Insights into future and developing avenues of glioma immunotherapy, such as novel delivery systems, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Sikorski
- Division of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3026, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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