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Hao Y, Lu L, Liu A, Lin X, Xiao L, Kong X, Li K, Liang F, Xiong J, Qu L, Li Y, Li J. Integrating bioinformatic strategies in spatial life science research. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbac415. [PMID: 36198665 PMCID: PMC9677476 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As space exploration programs progress, manned space missions will become more frequent and farther away from Earth, putting a greater emphasis on astronaut health. Through the collaborative efforts of researchers from various countries, the effect of the space environment factors on living systems is gradually being uncovered. Although a large number of interconnected research findings have been produced, their connection seems to be confused, and many unknown effects are left to be discovered. Simultaneously, several valuable data resources have emerged, accumulating data measuring biological effects in space that can be used to further investigate the unknown biological adaptations. In this review, the previous findings and their correlations are sorted out to facilitate the understanding of biological adaptations to space and the design of countermeasures. The biological effect measurement methods/data types are also organized to provide references for experimental design and data analysis. To aid deeper exploration of the data resources, we summarized common characteristics of the data generated from longitudinal experiments, outlined challenges or caveats in data analysis and provided corresponding solutions by recommending bioinformatics strategies and available models/tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Anna Liu
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xiaoyue Kong
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Fengji Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianghui Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Lina Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of DGHD, MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Wei F, Neal CJ, Sakthivel TS, Seal S, Kean T, Razavi M, Coathup M. Cerium oxide nanoparticles protect against irradiation-induced cellular damage while augmenting osteogenesis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112145. [PMID: 34082956 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased bone loss and risk of fracture are two of the main challenges for cancer patients who undergo ionizing radiation (IR) therapy. This decline in bone quality is in part, caused by the excessive and sustained release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) have proven antioxidant and regenerative properties and the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CeONPs in reducing IR-induced functional damage in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). hBMSCs were supplemented with CeONPs at a concentration of either 1 or 10 μg/mL 24 h prior to exposure to a single 7 Gy irradiation dose. ROS levels, cellular proliferation, morphology, senescence, DNA damage, p53 expression and autophagy were evaluated as well as alkaline phosphatase, osteogenic protein gene expression and bone matrix deposition following osteogenic differentiation. Results showed that supplementation of CeONPs at a concentration of 1 μg/mL reduced cell senescence and significantly augmented cell autophagy (p = 0.01), osteogenesis and bone matrix deposition >2-fold (p = 0.0001) while under normal, non-irradiated culture conditions. Following irradiation, functional damage was attenuated and CeONPs at both 1 or 10 μg/mL significantly reduced ROS levels (p = 0.05 and 0.001 respectively), DNA damage by >4-fold (p < 0.05) while increasing autophagy >3.5-fold and bone matrix deposition 5-fold (p = 0.0001 in both groups). When supplemented with 10 μg/mL, p53 expression increased 3.5-fold (p < 0.05). We conclude that cellular uptake of CeONPs offered a significant, multifunctional and protective effect against IR-induced cellular damage while also augmenting osteogenic differentiation and subsequent new bone deposition. The use of CeONPs holds promise as a novel multifunctional therapeutic strategy for irradiation-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Craig J Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Tamil Selvan Sakthivel
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Centre, Nanoscience Technology Center (NSTC), Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Thomas Kean
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
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Wang H, Dong J, Li G, Tan Y, Zhao H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Hu Z, Cao X, Shi F, Zhang S. The small protein MafG plays a critical role in MC3T3-E1 cell apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity and radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:175-181. [PMID: 33819748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity and radiation exposure-induced bone damage is one of the most significant alterations in astronauts after long-term spaceflight. However, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. Recent ground-based simulation studies have suggested that this impairment is likely mediated by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during spaceflight. The small Maf protein MafG is a basic-region leucine zipper-type transcription factor, and it globally contributes to regulation of antioxidant and metabolic networks. Our research investigated the role of MafG in the process of apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity and radiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. We found that simulated microgravity or radiation alone decreased MafG expression and elevated apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells, and combined simulated microgravity and radiation treatment aggravated apoptosis. Meanwhile, under normal conditions, increased ROS levels facilitated apoptosis and downregulated the expression of MafG in MC3T3-E1 cells. Overexpression of MafG decreased apoptosis induced by simulated microgravity and radiation. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of bone damage induced by microgravity and radiation during space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Rehabilitation Physiotherapy Department, Lintong Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center, PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, 710600, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gaozhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Willey JS, Britten RA, Blaber E, Tahimic CG, Chancellor J, Mortreux M, Sanford LD, Kubik AJ, Delp MD, Mao XW. The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:129-179. [PMID: 33902391 PMCID: PMC8274610 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2021.1885283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Both microgravity and radiation exposure in the spaceflight environment have been identified as hazards to astronaut health and performance. Substantial study has been focused on understanding the biology and risks associated with prolonged exposure to microgravity, and the hazards presented by radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPEs) outside of low earth orbit (LEO). To date, the majority of the ground-based analogues (e.g., rodent or cell culture studies) that investigate the biology of and risks associated with spaceflight hazards will focus on an individual hazard in isolation. However, astronauts will face these challenges simultaneously Combined hazard studies are necessary for understanding the risks astronauts face as they travel outside of LEO, and are also critical for countermeasure development. The focus of this review is to describe biologic and functional outcomes from ground-based analogue models for microgravity and radiation, specifically highlighting the combined effects of radiation and reduced weight-bearing from rodent ground-based tail suspension via hind limb unloading (HLU) and partial weight-bearing (PWB) models, although in vitro and spaceflight results are discussed as appropriate. The review focuses on the skeletal, ocular, central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, and stem cells responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | | | | | - Marie Mortreux
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Larry D. Sanford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | - Angela J. Kubik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
| | - Michael D. Delp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University
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5
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Pei W, Hu W, Chai Z, Zhou G. Current status of space radiobiological studies in China. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:1-7. [PMID: 31421843 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After successfully launching two space laboratories, namely, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2, China has announced her next plan of constructing the Chinese Space Station (CSS) in 2022. The CSS will provide not only platforms for Chinese scientists to carry out experimental studies in outer space but also opportunities for open international cooperation. In this article, we review the development of China's manned space exploration missions and the preliminary plan for CSS. Additionally, China has initiated space radiation research decades ago with both ground-based simulation research platform and space vehicles and has made noticeable progresses in several aspects. These include studies on human health risk assessment using mammalian cell cultures and animals as models. Furthermore, there have been numerous studies on assessing the space environment in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Academy of Space Life Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Academy of Space Life Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Academy of Space Life Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Academy of Space Life Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Bokhari RS, Metzger CE, Black JM, Franklin KA, Boudreaux RD, Allen MR, Macias BR, Hogan HA, Braby LA, Bloomfield SA. Positive impact of low-dose, high-energy radiation on bone in partial- and/or full-weightbearing mice. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 31231675 PMCID: PMC6547738 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts traveling beyond low Earth orbit will be exposed to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR); understanding how high energy ionizing radiation modifies the bone response to mechanical unloading is important to assuring crew health. To investigate this, we exposed 4-mo-old female Balb/cBYJ mice to an acute space-relevant dose of 0.5 Gy 56Fe or sham (n = ~8/group); 4 days later, half of the mice were also subjected to a ground-based analog for 1/6 g (partial weightbearing) (G/6) for 21 days. Microcomputed tomography (µ-CT) of the distal femur reveals that 56Fe exposure resulted in 65–78% greater volume and improved microarchitecture of cancellous bone after 21 d compared to sham controls. Radiation also leads to significant increases in three measures of energy absorption at the mid-shaft femur and an increase in stiffness of the L4 vertebra. No significant effects of radiation on bone formation indices are detected; however, G/6 leads to reduced % mineralizing surface on the inner mid-tibial bone surface. In separate groups allowed 21 days of weightbearing recovery from G/6 and/or 56Fe exposure, radiation-exposed mice still exhibit greater bone mass and improved microarchitecture vs. sham control. However, femoral bone energy absorption values are no longer higher in the 56Fe-exposed WB mice vs. sham controls. We provide evidence for persistent positive impacts of high-LET radiation exposure preceding a period of full or partial weightbearing on bone mass and microarchitecture in the distal femur and, for full weightbearing mice only and more transiently, cortical bone energy absorption values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihana S Bokhari
- 1Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Corinne E Metzger
- 1Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Jeremy M Black
- 2Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | | | - Ramon D Boudreaux
- 3Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- 4Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Brandon R Macias
- 1Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,5KBRwyle, Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Harry A Hogan
- 2Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,3Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Leslie A Braby
- 6Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
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7
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Lakhwani OP, Jindal M, Kaur O, Chandoke RK, Kapoor SK. Effect of bone bank processing on bone mineral density, histomorphometry & biomechanical strength of retrieved femoral head. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:S45-S50. [PMID: 29578194 PMCID: PMC5890595 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_739_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Standard processing of the bone grafts involves deep-freezing and sterilization with gamma irradiation which may alter mechanical properties of the bone graft. This study was aimed at measuring the effect of bone bank processing on the mechanical properties of bone allograft and its correlation with bone mineral density [BMD, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA Scan)] and histomorphometric indices. Methods: Femoral heads retrieved from patients undergoing hip replacement surgeries were used as the material. Twenty femoral heads were under taken in the study. Each femoral head was cut into two equal cubes. One cube was subjected to BMD measurement using DEXA Scan followed by unilateral compression test. Histomorphometric indices such as trabecular number (Tb. N.), trabecular separation (Tb. S.), trabecular thickness (Tb. T.) and bone volume (B.V.) were calculated on the same specimen by a computer software. The other cube was kept in deep freezer (−76°C) for a minimum of three weeks, followed by gamma irradiation and subjected to similar tests. Results: Results were compared in pre- and post-processed bone specimens. A significant loss of biomechanical strength (P<0.001) with mean a loss of 18.90 per cent was found in post-processed samples in uniaxial compression tests. Similarly, BMD (mean decrease by 13.8%, P<0.01) and histomorphometric indices such as Tb. T. (mean decrease by 12.37%, P<0.01), Tb. S. (mean increase by 12.60%, P<0.001) and B.V. (mean decrease by 20.84%, P<0.01) were found. However, Tb. N. was not significantly affected. Interpretation & conclusions: The current method of processing of bone allografts i.e. deep-freezing and gamma irradiation appeared to cause a significant reduction in the biomechanical strength of allogenic bone which was more suitable to be use in the morselized form. Appropriate consideration for decreased strength needs to be given when using allogenic bone graft as a structural graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Lakhwani
- Department of Orthopaedics, Employees' State Insurance Corporation - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - M Jindal
- Department of Orthopaedics, Employees' State Insurance Corporation - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Omkar Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Employees' State Insurance Corporation - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - R K Chandoke
- Department of Pathology, Employees' State Insurance Corporation - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - S K Kapoor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Employees' State Insurance Corporation - Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
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Yu K, Doherty AH, Genik PC, Gookin SE, Roteliuk DM, Wojda SJ, Jiang ZS, McGee-Lawrence ME, Weil MM, Donahue SW. Mimicking the effects of spaceflight on bone: Combined effects of disuse and chronic low-dose rate radiation exposure on bone mass in mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2017; 15:62-68. [PMID: 29198315 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During spaceflight, crewmembers are subjected to biomechanical and biological challenges including microgravity and radiation. In the skeleton, spaceflight leads to bone loss, increasing the risk of fracture. Studies utilizing hindlimb suspension (HLS) as a ground-based model of spaceflight often neglect the concomitant effects of radiation exposure, and even when radiation is accounted for, it is often delivered at a high-dose rate over a very short period of time, which does not faithfully mimic spaceflight conditions. This study was designed to investigate the skeletal effects of low-dose rate gamma irradiation (8.5 cGy gamma radiation per day for 20 days, amounting to a total dose of 1.7 Gy) when administered simultaneously to disuse from HLS. The goal was to determine whether continuous, low-dose rate radiation administered during disuse would exacerbate bone loss in a murine HLS model. Four groups of 16 week old female C57BL/6 mice were studied: weight bearing + no radiation (WB+NR), HLS + NR, WB + radiation exposure (WB+RAD), and HLS+RAD. Surprisingly, although HLS led to cortical and trabecular bone loss, concurrent radiation exposure did not exacerbate these effects. Our results raise the possibility that mechanical unloading has larger effects on the bone loss that occurs during spaceflight than low-dose rate radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanglun Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alison H Doherty
- Department of Medical Education, WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Paula C Genik
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sara E Gookin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Danielle M Roteliuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Samantha J Wojda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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9
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Grimm D, Grosse J, Wehland M, Mann V, Reseland JE, Sundaresan A, Corydon TJ. The impact of microgravity on bone in humans. Bone 2016; 87:44-56. [PMID: 27032715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing real weightlessness in space is a dream for many of us who are interested in space research. Although space traveling fascinates us, it can cause both short-term and long-term health problems. Microgravity is the most important influence on the human organism in space. The human body undergoes dramatic changes during a long-term spaceflight. In this review, we will mainly focus on changes in calcium, sodium and bone metabolism of space travelers. Moreover, we report on the current knowledge on the mechanisms of bone loss in space, available models to simulate the effects of microgravity on bone on Earth as well as the combined effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation on bone. The available countermeasures applied in space will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jirka Grosse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Germany, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Mann
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alamelu Sundaresan
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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Pani G, Verslegers M, Quintens R, Samari N, de Saint-Georges L, van Oostveldt P, Baatout S, Benotmane MA. Combined Exposure to Simulated Microgravity and Acute or Chronic Radiation Reduces Neuronal Network Integrity and Survival. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155260. [PMID: 27203085 PMCID: PMC4874625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During orbital or interplanetary space flights, astronauts are exposed to cosmic radiations and microgravity. However, most earth-based studies on the potential health risks of space conditions have investigated the effects of these two conditions separately. This study aimed at assessing the combined effect of radiation exposure and microgravity on neuronal morphology and survival in vitro. In particular, we investigated the effects of simulated microgravity after acute (X-rays) or during chronic (Californium-252) exposure to ionizing radiation using mouse mature neuron cultures. Acute exposure to low (0.1 Gy) doses of X-rays caused a delay in neurite outgrowth and a reduction in soma size, while only the high dose impaired neuronal survival. Of interest, the strongest effect on neuronal morphology and survival was evident in cells exposed to microgravity and in particular in cells exposed to both microgravity and radiation. Removal of neurons from simulated microgravity for a period of 24 h was not sufficient to recover neurite length, whereas the soma size showed a clear re-adaptation to normal ground conditions. Genome-wide gene expression analysis confirmed a modulation of genes involved in neurite extension, cell survival and synaptic communication, suggesting that these changes might be responsible for the observed morphological effects. In general, the observed synergistic changes in neuronal network integrity and cell survival induced by simulated space conditions might help to better evaluate the astronaut's health risks and underline the importance of investigating the central nervous system and long-term cognition during and after a space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pani
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group (CSI), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Department of Pharmacology and Bio-molecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Nada Samari
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Louis de Saint-Georges
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Patrick van Oostveldt
- Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group (CSI), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group (CSI), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Abderrafi Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ghosh P, Behnke BJ, Stabley JN, Kilar CR, Park Y, Narayanan A, Alwood JS, Shirazi-Fard Y, Schreurs AS, Globus RK, Delp MD. Effects of High-LET Radiation Exposure and Hindlimb Unloading on Skeletal Muscle Resistance Artery Vasomotor Properties and Cancellous Bone Microarchitecture in Mice. Radiat Res 2016; 185:257-66. [PMID: 26930379 DOI: 10.1667/rr4308.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Weightlessness during spaceflight leads to functional changes in resistance arteries and loss of cancellous bone, which may be potentiated by radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of hindlimb unloading (HU) and total-body irradiation (TBI) on the vasomotor responses of skeletal muscle arteries. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to control, HU (13-16 days), TBI (1 Gy (56)Fe, 600 MeV, 10 cGy/min) and HU-TBI groups. Gastrocnemius muscle feed arteries were isolated for in vitro study. Endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and -independent (Dea-NONOate) vasodilator and vasoconstrictor (KCl, phenylephrine and myogenic) responses were evaluated. Arterial endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and xanthine oxidase (XO) protein content and tibial cancellous bone microarchitecture were quantified. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilator responses were impaired in all groups relative to control, and acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was lower in the HU-TBI group relative to that in the HU and TBI groups. Reductions in endothelium-dependent vasodilation correlated with a lower cancellous bone volume fraction. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition abolished all group differences in endothelium-dependent vasodilation. HU and HU-TBI resulted in decreases in eNOS protein levels, while TBI and HU-TBI produced lower SOD-1 and higher XO protein content. Vasoconstrictor responses were not altered. Reductions in NO bioavailability (eNOS), lower anti-oxidant capacity (SOD-1) and higher pro-oxidant capacity (XO) may contribute to the deficits in NOS signaling in skeletal muscle resistance arteries. These findings suggest that the combination of insults experienced in spaceflight leads to impairment of vasodilator function in resistance arteries that is mediated through deficits in NOS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Ghosh
- a Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Brad J Behnke
- b Department of Kinesiology and the Johnson Cancer Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - John N Stabley
- c Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Cody R Kilar
- d Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Yoonjung Park
- e Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Anand Narayanan
- f Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807; and
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- g Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035
| | - Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- g Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035
| | - Ann-Sofie Schreurs
- g Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035
| | - Ruth K Globus
- g Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035
| | - Michael D Delp
- a Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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12
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Hellweg CE, Dilruba S, Adrian A, Feles S, Schmitz C, Berger T, Przybyla B, Briganti L, Franz M, Segerer J, Spitta LF, Henschenmacher B, Konda B, Diegeler S, Baumstark-Khan C, Panitz C, Reitz G. Space experiment "Cellular Responses to Radiation in Space (CellRad)": Hardware and biological system tests. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 7:73-89. [PMID: 26553641 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One factor contributing to the high uncertainty in radiation risk assessment for long-term space missions is the insufficient knowledge about possible interactions of radiation with other spaceflight environmental factors. Such factors, e.g. microgravity, have to be considered as possibly additive or even synergistic factors in cancerogenesis. Regarding the effects of microgravity on signal transduction, it cannot be excluded that microgravity alters the cellular response to cosmic radiation, which comprises a complex network of signaling pathways. The purpose of the experiment "Cellular Responses to Radiation in Space" (CellRad, formerly CERASP) is to study the effects of combined exposure to microgravity, radiation and general space flight conditions on mammalian cells, in particular Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells that are stably transfected with different plasmids allowing monitoring of proliferation and the Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) pathway by means of fluorescent proteins. The cells will be seeded on ground in multiwell plate units (MPUs), transported to the ISS, and irradiated by an artificial radiation source after an adaptation period at 0 × g and 1 × g. After different incubation periods, the cells will be fixed by pumping a formaldehyde solution into the MPUs. Ground control samples will be treated in the same way. For implementation of CellRad in the Biolab on the International Space Station (ISS), tests of the hardware and the biological systems were performed. The sequence of different steps in MPU fabrication (cutting, drilling, cleaning, growth surface coating, and sterilization) was optimized in order to reach full biocompatibility. Different coatings of the foil used as growth surface revealed that coating with 0.1 mg/ml poly-D-lysine supports cell attachment better than collagen type I. The tests of prototype hardware (Science Model) proved its full functionality for automated medium change, irradiation and fixation of cells. Exposure of HEK cells to the β-rays emitted by the radiation source dose-dependently decreased cell growth and increased NF-κB activation. The signal of the fluorescent proteins after formaldehyde fixation was stable for at least six months after fixation, allowing storage of the MPUs after fixation for several months before the transport back to Earth and evaluation of the fluorescence intensity. In conclusion, these tests show the feasibility of CellRad on the ISS with the currently available transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hellweg
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Shahana Dilruba
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Astrid Adrian
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, TSPOE 3 / Payloads - Life Science, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Feles
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmitz
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Bartos Przybyla
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Luca Briganti
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, TSPOE 3 / Payloads - Life Science, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Franz
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, TSPOE 3 / Payloads - Life Science, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Segerer
- Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, TSPOE 3 / Payloads - Life Science, 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Luis F Spitta
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Bernd Henschenmacher
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Bikash Konda
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diegeler
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Christa Baumstark-Khan
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - Corinna Panitz
- Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Günther Reitz
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
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13
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Canciani B, Ruggiu A, Giuliani A, Panetta D, Marozzi K, Tripodi M, Salvadori PA, Cilli M, Ohira Y, Cancedda R, Tavella S. Effects of long time exposure to simulated micro- and hypergravity on skeletal architecture. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 51:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Walb MC, Black PJ, Payne VS, Munley MT, Willey JS. A reproducible radiation delivery method for unanesthetized rodents during periods of hind limb unloading. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 6:10-4. [PMID: 26097807 PMCID: PMC4470431 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the spaceflight environment has long been known to be a health challenge concerning many body systems. Both microgravity and/or ionizing radiation can cause acute and chronic effects in multiple body systems. The hind limb unloaded (HLU) rodent model is a ground-based analogue for microgravity that can be used to simulate and study the combined biologic effects of reduced loading with spaceflight radiation exposure. However, studies delivering radiation to rodents during periods of HLU are rare. Herein we report the development of an irradiation protocol using a clinical linear accelerator that can be used with hind limb unloaded, unanesthetized rodents that is capable of being performed at most academic medical centers. A 30.5 cm×30.5 cm×40.6 cm30.5 cm×30.5 cm×40.6 cm rectangular chamber was constructed out of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheets (0.64 cm thickness). Five centimeters of water-equivalent material were placed outside of two PMMA inserts on either side of the rodent that permitted the desired radiation dose buildup (electronic equilibrium) and helped to achieve a flatter dose profile. Perforated aluminum strips permitted the suspension dowel to be placed at varying heights depending on the rodent size. Radiation was delivered using a medical linear accelerator at an accelerating potential of 10 MV. A calibrated PTW Farmer ionization chamber, wrapped in appropriately thick tissue-equivalent bolus material to simulate the volume of the rodent, was used to verify a uniform dose distribution at various regions of the chamber. The dosimetry measurements confirmed variances typically within 3%, with maximum variance <10% indicated through optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSLD) measurements, thus delivering reliable spaceflight-relevant total body doses and ensuring a uniform dose regardless of its location within the chamber. Due to the relative abundance of LINACs at academic medical centers and the reliability of their dosimetry properties, this method may find great utility in the implementation of future ground-based studies that examine the combined spaceflight challenges of reduced loading and radiation while using the HLU rodent model.
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Takasu M, Yamagami T, Nakamura Y, Komoto D, Kaichi Y, Tani C, Date S, Kiguchi M, Awai K. Multidetector computed tomography-based microstructural analysis reveals reduced bone mineral content and trabecular bone changes in the lumbar spine after transarterial chemoembolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110106. [PMID: 25329933 PMCID: PMC4199685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well recognized that therapeutic irradiation can result in bone damage. However, long-term bone toxicity associated with computed tomography (CT) performed during interventional angiography has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and trabecular microstructural changes in patients after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy using an interventional-CT system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spinal microarchitecture was examined by 64-detector CT in 81 patients who underwent TACE, 35 patients with chronic hepatitis, and 79 controls. For each patient, the volumetric CT dose index (CTDIv) during TACE (CTDIv (TACE)), the dose-length product (DLP) during TACE (DLP (TACE)), and CTDIv and DLP of routine dynamic CT scans (CTDIv (CT) and DLP (CT), respectively), were calculated as the sum since 2008. Using a three dimensional (3D) image analysis system, the tissue bone mineral density (tBMD) and trabecular parameters of the 12th thoracic vertebra were calculated. Using tBMD at a reported cutoff value of 68 mg/cm3, the prevalence of osteoporosis was assessed. RESULTS The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly greater in the TACE vs. the control group (39.6% vs. 18.2% for males, P<0.05 and 60.6% vs. 34.8% for females, P<0.01). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that sex, age, and CTDIv (CT) significantly affected the risk of osteoporosis. Of these indices, CTDIv (CT) had the highest area under the curve (AUC) (0.735). Correlation analyses of tBMD with cumulative radiation dose revealed weak correlations between tBMD and CTDIv (CT) (r2 = 0.194, P<0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly higher in post TACE patients than in control subjects. The cumulative radiation dose related to routine dynamic CT studies was a significant contributor to the prevalence of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takasu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamagami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komoto
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Kaichi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tani
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shuji Date
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masao Kiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuo Awai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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