1
|
Zou Y, Sabljić I, Horbach N, Dauphinee AN, Åsman A, Sancho Temino L, Minina EA, Drag M, Stael S, Poreba M, Ståhlberg J, Bozhkov PV. Thermoprotection by a cell membrane-localized metacaspase in a green alga. Plant Cell 2024; 36:665-687. [PMID: 37971931 PMCID: PMC10896300 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are restricted to animals, while other organisms, including plants, possess metacaspases (MCAs), a more ancient and broader class of structurally related yet biochemically distinct proteases. Our current understanding of plant MCAs is derived from studies in streptophytes, and mostly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with 9 MCAs with partially redundant activities. In contrast to streptophytes, most chlorophytes contain only 1 or 2 uncharacterized MCAs, providing an excellent platform for MCA research. Here we investigated CrMCA-II, the single type-II MCA from the model chlorophyte Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). Surprisingly, unlike other studied MCAs and similar to caspases, CrMCA-II dimerizes both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, activation of CrMCA-II in vivo correlated with its dimerization. Most of CrMCA-II in the cell was present as a proenzyme (zymogen) attached to the plasma membrane (PM). Deletion of CrMCA-II by genome editing compromised thermotolerance, leading to increased cell death under heat stress. Adding back either wild-type or catalytically dead CrMCA-II restored thermoprotection, suggesting that its proteolytic activity is dispensable for this effect. Finally, we connected the non-proteolytic role of CrMCA-II in thermotolerance to the ability to modulate PM fluidity. Our study reveals an ancient, MCA-dependent thermotolerance mechanism retained by Chlamydomonas and probably lost during the evolution of multicellularity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Sabljić
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Horbach
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adrian N Dauphinee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Åsman
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucia Sancho Temino
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcin Poreba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coppola M, Mach L, Gallois P. Plant cathepsin B, a versatile protease. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1305855. [PMID: 38463572 PMCID: PMC10920296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant proteases are essential enzymes that play key roles during crucial phases of plant life. Some proteases are mainly involved in general protein turnover and recycle amino acids for protein synthesis. Other proteases are involved in cell signalling, cleave specific substrates and are key players during important genetically controlled molecular processes. Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease that can do both because of its exopeptidase and endopeptidase activities. Animal cathepsin B has been investigated for many years, and much is known about its mode of action and substrate preferences, but much remains to be discovered about this potent protease in plants. Cathepsin B is involved in plant development, germination, senescence, microspore embryogenesis, pathogen defence and responses to abiotic stress, including programmed cell death. This review discusses the structural features, the activity of the enzyme and the differences between the plant and animal forms. We discuss its maturation and subcellular localisation and provide a detailed overview of the involvement of cathepsin B in important plant life processes. A greater understanding of the cell signalling processes involving cathepsin B is needed for applied discoveries in plant biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Coppola
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Merchán-Gaitán JB, Mendes JHL, Nunes LEC, Buss DS, Rodrigues SP, Fernandes PMB. The Role of Plant Latex in Virus Biology. Viruses 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38257746 PMCID: PMC10819414 DOI: 10.3390/v16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
At least 20,000 plant species produce latex, a capacity that appears to have evolved independently on numerous occasions. With a few exceptions, latex is stored under pressure in specialized cells known as laticifers and is exuded upon injury, leading to the assumption that it has a role in securing the plant after mechanical injury. In addition, a defensive effect against insect herbivores and fungal infections has been well established. Latex also appears to have effects on viruses, and laticifers are a hostile environment for virus colonization. Only one example of successful colonization has been reported: papaya meleira virus (PMeV) and papaya meleira virus 2 (PMeV2) in Carica papaya. In this review, a summary of studies that support both the pro- and anti-viral effects of plant latex compounds is provided. The latex components represent a promising natural source for the discovery of new pro- and anti-viral molecules in the fields of agriculture and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - João H. L. Mendes
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | - Lucas E. C. Nunes
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | - David S. Buss
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Silas P. Rodrigues
- Multidisciplinary Core for Research in Biology, Campus Duque de Caxias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25240-005, RJ, Brazil; (J.H.L.M.); (L.E.C.N.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barghahn S, Saridis G, Mantz M, Meyer U, Mellüh JC, Misas Villamil JC, Huesgen PF, Doehlemann G. Combination of transcriptomic, proteomic, and degradomic profiling reveals common and distinct patterns of pathogen-induced cell death in maize. Plant J 2023; 116:574-596. [PMID: 37339931 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is crucial for plant development, as well as in decision-making in plant-microbe interactions. Previous studies revealed components of the molecular network controlling RCD, including different proteases. However, the identity, the proteolytic network as well as molecular components involved in the initiation and execution of distinct plant RCD processes, still remain largely elusive. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome, proteome, and N-terminome of Zea mays leaves treated with the Xanthomonas effector avrRxo1, the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1), or the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) to dissect plant cellular processes related to cell death and plant immunity. We found highly distinct and time-dependent biological processes being activated on transcriptional and proteome levels in response to avrRxo1, FB1, and SA. Correlation analysis of the transcriptome and proteome identified general, as well as trigger-specific markers for cell death in Zea mays. We found that proteases, particularly papain-like cysteine proteases, are specifically regulated during RCD. Collectively, this study characterizes distinct RCD responses in Z. mays and provides a framework for the mechanistic exploration of components involved in the initiation and execution of cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Barghahn
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georgios Saridis
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Meyer
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Johana C Misas Villamil
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Piau M, Schmitt-Keichinger C. The Hypersensitive Response to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2000. [PMID: 37896777 PMCID: PMC10612061 DOI: 10.3390/v15102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles in detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity and in the cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats but receptor-like kinases with leucine-rich repeats, known to localize at the cell surface, have also been involved in response to viruses. In the present review we report on the progress that has been achieved in the last decade on the role of these leucine-rich proteins in antiviral immunity, with a special focus on our current understanding of the hypersensitive response.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ivanov PA, Gasanova TV, Repina MN, Zamyatnin AA. Signaling and Resistosome Formation in Plant Innate Immunity to Viruses: Is There a Common Mechanism of Antiviral Resistance Conserved across Kingdoms? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13625. [PMID: 37686431 PMCID: PMC10487714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific proteins, including coat proteins, movement proteins, replication proteins, and suppressors of RNA interference are capable of triggering the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a type of cell death in plants. The main cell death signaling pathway involves direct interaction of HR-inducing proteins with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLR) proteins encoded by plant resistance genes. Singleton NLR proteins act as both sensor and helper. In other cases, NLR proteins form an activation network leading to their oligomerization and formation of membrane-associated resistosomes, similar to metazoan inflammasomes and apoptosomes. In resistosomes, coiled-coil domains of NLR proteins form Ca2+ channels, while toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor-type (TIR) domains form oligomers that display NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. This review is intended to highlight the current knowledge on plant innate antiviral defense signaling pathways in an attempt to define common features of antiviral resistance across the kingdoms of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Tatiana V. Gasanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Maria N. Repina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Šoln K, Žnidaršič N, Klemenčič M, Koce JD. Fallopia japonica and Fallopia × bohemica extracts cause ultrastructural and biochemical changes in root tips of radish seedlings. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e14032. [PMID: 37882300 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica) are invasive plants that use allelopathy as an additional mechanism for colonization of the new habitat. Allelochemicals affect the growth of roots of neighboring plants. In the present study, we analyze the early changes associated with the inhibited root growth of radish seedlings exposed to aqueous extracts of knotweed rhizomes for 3 days. Here, we show that cells in the root cap treated with the knotweed extracts exhibited reduced cell length and displayed several ultrastructural changes, including the increased abundance of dilated ER cisternae filled with electron-dense material (ER bodies) and the accumulation of dense inclusions. Moreover, mitochondrial damage was exhibited in the root cap and the meristem zone compared to the non-treated radish seedlings. Furthermore, malfunction of the intracellular redox balance system was detected as the increased total antioxidative capacity. We also detected increased metacaspase-like proteolytic activities and, in the case of 10% extract of F. japonica, increased caspase-like proteolytic activities. These ultrastructural and biochemical effects could be the reason for the more than 60% shorter root length of treated radish seedlings compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He H, Shiragaki K, Tezuka T. Understanding and overcoming hybrid lethality in seed and seedling stages as barriers to hybridization and gene flow. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1219417. [PMID: 37476165 PMCID: PMC10354522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1219417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid lethality is a type of reproductive isolation barrier observed in two developmental stages, hybrid embryos (hybrid seeds) and hybrid seedlings. Hybrid lethality has been reported in many plant species and limits distant hybridization breeding including interspecific and intergeneric hybridization, which increases genetic diversity and contributes to produce new germplasm for agricultural purposes. Recent studies have provided molecular and genetic evidence suggesting that underlying causes of hybrid lethality involve epistatic interaction of one or more loci, as hypothesized by the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model, and effective ploidy or endosperm balance number. In this review, we focus on the similarities and differences between hybrid seed lethality and hybrid seedling lethality, as well as methods of recovering seed/seedling activity to circumvent hybrid lethality. Current knowledge summarized in our article will provides new insights into the mechanisms of hybrid lethality and effective methods for circumventing hybrid lethality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kumpei Shiragaki
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tezuka
- Laboratory of Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- Education and Research Field, School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Stael S, Van Breusegem F. Mechanisms controlling plant proteases and their substrates. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1047-1058. [PMID: 36755073 PMCID: PMC10070405 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, proteolysis is emerging as an important field of study due to a growing understanding of the critical involvement of proteases in plant cell death, disease and development. Because proteases irreversibly modify the structure and function of their target substrates, proteolytic activities are stringently regulated at multiple levels. Most proteases are produced as dormant isoforms and only activated in specific conditions such as altered ion fluxes or by post-translational modifications. Some of the regulatory mechanisms initiating and modulating proteolytic activities are restricted in time and space, thereby ensuring precision activity, and minimizing unwanted side effects. Currently, the activation mechanisms and the substrates of only a few plant proteases have been studied in detail. Most studies focus on the role of proteases in pathogen perception and subsequent modulation of the plant reactions, including the hypersensitive response (HR). Proteases are also required for the maturation of coexpressed peptide hormones that lead essential processes within the immune response and development. Here, we review the known mechanisms for the activation of plant proteases, including post-translational modifications, together with the effects of proteinaceous inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maekawa T, Kashkar H, Coll NS. Dying in self-defence: a comparative overview of immunogenic cell death signalling in animals and plants. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:258-268. [PMID: 36195671 PMCID: PMC9950082 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Host organisms utilise a range of genetically encoded cell death programmes in response to pathogen challenge. Host cell death can restrict pathogen proliferation by depleting their replicative niche and at the same time dying cells can alert neighbouring cells to prepare environmental conditions favouring future pathogen attacks. As expected, many pathogenic microbes have strategies to subvert host cell death to promote their virulence. The structural and lifestyle differences between animals and plants have been anticipated to shape very different host defence mechanisms. However, an emerging body of evidence indicates that several components of the host-pathogen interaction machinery are shared between the two major branches of eukaryotic life. Many proteins involved in cell death execution or cell death-associated immunity in plants and animals exert direct effects on endomembrane and loss of membrane integrity has been proposed to explain the potential immunogenicity of dying cells. In this review we aim to provide a comparative view on how cell death processes are linked to anti-microbial defence mechanisms in plants and animals and how pathogens interfere with these cell death programmes. In comparison to the several well-defined cell death programmes in animals, immunogenic cell death in plant defence is broadly defined as the hypersensitive response. Our comparative overview may help discerning whether specific types of immunogenic cell death exist in plants, and correspondingly, it may provide new hints for previously undiscovered cell death mechanism in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
- CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang Z, Wang HQ, Chen J, Chang JD, Zhao FJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity and detoxification of trace metals and metalloids in plants. J Integr Plant Biol 2023; 65:570-593. [PMID: 36546407 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up a wide range of trace metals/metalloids (hereinafter referred to as trace metals) from the soil, some of which are essential but become toxic at high concentrations (e.g., Cu, Zn, Ni, Co), while others are non-essential and toxic even at relatively low concentrations (e.g., As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg). Soil contamination of trace metals is an increasing problem worldwide due to intensifying human activities. Trace metal contamination can cause toxicity and growth inhibition in plants, as well as accumulation in the edible parts to levels that threatens food safety and human health. Understanding the mechanisms of trace metal toxicity and how plants respond to trace metal stress is important for improving plant growth and food safety in contaminated soils. The accumulation of excess trace metals in plants can cause oxidative stress, genotoxicity, programmed cell death, and disturbance in multiple physiological processes. Plants have evolved various strategies to detoxify trace metals through cell-wall binding, complexation, vacuolar sequestration, efflux, and translocation. Multiple signal transduction pathways and regulatory responses are involved in plants challenged with trace metal stresses. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in trace metal toxicity, detoxification, and regulation, as well as strategies to enhance plant resistance to trace metal stresses and reduce toxic metal accumulation in food crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Han-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia-Dong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garcia N, Kalicharan RE, Kinch L, Fernandez J. Regulating Death and Disease: Exploring the Roles of Metacaspases in Plants and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010312. [PMID: 36613753 PMCID: PMC9820594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified over twenty years ago and distantly related to animal caspases are a group of cysteine proteases known as metacaspases. Throughout the years, much like caspase roles in metazoans, metacaspases have been shown to be involved in regulating cellular death in non-metazoan organisms. Yet, continued research on metacaspases describes these proteins as intricate and multifunctional, displaying striking diversity on distinct biological functions. In this review, we intend to describe the recent advances in our understanding of the divergence of metacaspase functionality in plants and fungi. We will dissect the duality of metacaspase activity in the context of plant-pathogen interactions, providing a unique lens from which to characterize metacaspases in the development, immunity, and stress responses of plants, and the development and virulence of fungi. Furthermore, we explore the evolutionary trajectory of fungal metacaspases to delineate their structure and function. Bridging the gap between metacaspase roles in immunity and pathogenicity of plant-pathogen interactions can enable more effective and targeted phytopathogen control efforts to increase production of globally important food crops. Therefore, the exploitation and manipulation of metacaspases in plants or fungi represent new potential avenues for developing mitigation strategies against plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nalleli Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kalicharan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lisa Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jessie Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sett S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Resistance genes on the verge of plant-virus interaction. Trends Plant Sci 2022; 27:1242-1252. [PMID: 35902346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are acellular pathogens that cause severe infections in plants, resulting in worldwide crop losses every year. The lack of chemical agents to control viral diseases exacerbates the situation. Thus, to devise proper management strategies, it is important that the defense mechanisms of plants against viruses are understood. Resistance (R) genes regulate plant defense against invading pathogens by eliciting a hypersensitive response (HR). Compatible interaction between plant R gene and viral avirulence (Avr) protein activates the necrotic cell death response at the site of infection, resulting in the cessation of disease. Here, we review different aspects of R gene-mediated dominant resistance against plant viruses in dicotyledonous plants and possible ways for developing crops with better disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sett
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Welch T, Bayon C, Rudd JJ, Kanyuka K, Kettles GJ. Induction of distinct plant cell death programs by secreted proteins from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17880. [PMID: 36284131 PMCID: PMC9596407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death processes in eukaryotes shape normal development and responses to the environment. For plant-microbe interactions, initiation of host cell death plays an important role in determining disease outcomes. Cell death pathways are frequently initiated following detection of pathogen-derived molecules which can lead to resistance or susceptibility to disease depending on pathogen lifestyle. We previously identified several small secreted proteins (SSPs) from the wheat-infecting fungus Zymoseptoria tritici that induce rapid cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium-mediated delivery and expression (agroinfiltration). Here we investigated whether the execution of host cells was mechanistically similar in response to different Z. tritici SSPs. Using RNA sequencing, we found that transient expression of four Z. tritici SSPs led to massive transcriptional reprogramming within 48 h of agroinfiltration. We observed that distinct host gene expression profiles were induced dependent on whether cell death occurs in a cell surface immune receptor-dependent or -independent manner. These gene expression profiles involved differential transcriptional networks mediated by WRKY, NAC and MYB transcription factors. In addition, differential expression of genes belonging to different classes of receptor-like proteins and receptor-like kinases was observed. These data suggest that different Z. tritici SSPs trigger differential transcriptional reprogramming in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welch
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Carlos Bayon
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Wheat Pathogenomics Team, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Wheat Pathogenomics Team, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- grid.17595.3f0000 0004 0383 6532Cambridge Crop Research, National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE UK
| | - Graeme J. Kettles
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Gao C, Zhang Y, Huang H, Du Y, Wu L, Wu L. FTX271: A potential gene resource for plant antiviral transgenic breeding. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003478. [PMID: 36246260 PMCID: PMC9558137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flammutoxin (FTX), as well as its precursor TDP, is a protein from Flammulina velutipes with antiviral activity. Transgenic tobacco with the FTX271 (gene of FTX or TDP) can not only delay the onset time of symptoms but also alleviate the symptoms caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, FTX271 was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana, and the disease resistance mechanism activated by FTX271 was speculated by transcriptomic and proteomic techniques. The results showed that TDP was detected, and some genes, proteins and pathways were significant upregulated or enriched in transgenic tobacco, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade signal transduction pathway, the expression of hypersensitive response (HR) marker genes H1N1 and HSR203J, pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and the key genes COI1 and lipoxygenase gene LOX2 of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, indicating FTX271 may activate the MAPK pathway and increase the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and JA, which promoted the HR and inducible systemic resistance (ISR). ISR caused increased expression of peroxidase (POD) and other proteins involved in pathogen defense. In addition, transgenic tobacco may use sHSP-assisted photoreparation to alleviate the symptoms of TMV. In conclusion, JA-mediated ISR and sHSP-assisted photoreparation are activated by FTX271 to protect tobacco from TMV infection and alleviate the symptoms caused by the virus. The study provided a theoretical basis for the TMV resistance mechanism of FTX271, which may represent a potential gene resource for plant antiviral transgenic breeding.
Collapse
|
16
|
Šoln K, Klemenčič M, Koce JD. Plant cell responses to allelopathy: from oxidative stress to programmed cell death. Protoplasma 2022; 259:1111-1124. [PMID: 34993622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a plant-plant interaction in which one plant releases biologically active compounds that have negative effects on the fitness of the target plant. The most pronounced effects are inhibition of seed germination and growth of neighboring plants. The roots of these plants are in contact with the allelochemicals released into the soil, as the primary target of the allelopathic action. To date, the best documented allelopathic activities relate to some weeds and invasive alien plants that show rapid spread and successful growth. A better understanding of the mechanisms of allelopathy will help to improve crop production and to manage and prevent plant invasions. At the cellular level, allelochemicals induce a burst of reactive oxygen species in the target plants, which leads to oxidative stress, and can promote programmed cell death. Lipid peroxidation and cell membrane changes, protein modifications, and increased protease activities are the early signs of cell damage. When enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants cannot scavenge reactive oxidants, this can result in hydrolytic or necrotic degradation of the protoplast. Cell organelles then lose their integrity and function. In roots, the structure and activity of the apical meristem are changed, which affects root growth and water absorption. Such allelopathically active compounds might thus be applied to control and manage weeds and invasive plants in a more sustainable way, to reduce chemical pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lanubile A, De Michele R, Loi M, Fakhari S, Marocco A, Paciolla C. Cell death induced by mycotoxin fumonisin B 1 is accompanied by oxidative stress and transcriptional modulation in Arabidopsis cell culture. Plant Cell Rep 2022; 41:1733-1750. [PMID: 35751667 PMCID: PMC9304057 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 induces rapid programmed cell death in Arabidopsis cells, oxidative and nitrosative bursts, and differentially modulates cell death responsive genes. Glutathione is the main antioxidant involved in the stress response. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a fungal toxin produced by Fusarium spp. able to exert pleiotropic toxicity in plants. FB1 is known to be a strong inducer of the programmed cell death (PCD); however, the exact mechanism underling the plant-toxin interactions and the molecular events that lead to PCD are still unclear. Therefore, in this work, we provided a comprehensive investigation of the response of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana at the nuclear, transcriptional, and biochemical level after the treatment with FB1 at two different concentrations, namely 1 and 5 µM during a time-course of 96 h. FB1 induced oxidative and nitrosative bursts and a rapid cell death in Arabidopsis cell cultures, which resembled a HR-like PCD event. Different genes involved in the regulation of PCD, antioxidant metabolism, photosynthesis, pathogenesis, and sugar transport were upregulated, especially during the late treatment time and with higher FB1 concentration. Among the antioxidant enzymes and compounds studied, only glutathione appeared to be highly induced in both treatments, suggesting that it might be an important stress molecule induced during FB1 exposure. Collectively, these findings highlight the complexity of the signaling network of A. thaliana and provide information for the understanding of the physiological, molecular, and biochemical responses to counteract FB1-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lanubile
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Roberto De Michele
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, corso Calatafimi 414, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, via Amendola 122/0, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Safieh Fakhari
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, corso Calatafimi 414, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriano Marocco
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Groux R, Fouillen L, Mongrand S, Reymond P. Sphingolipids are involved in insect egg-induced cell death in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2022; 189:2535-2553. [PMID: 35608326 PMCID: PMC9342989 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In Brassicaceae, hypersensitive-like programmed cell death (HR-like) is a central component of direct defenses triggered against eggs of the large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae). The signaling pathway leading to HR-like in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is mainly dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, but downstream components are unclear. Here, we found that treatment with P. brassicae egg extract (EE) triggered changes in expression of sphingolipid metabolism genes in Arabidopsis and black mustard (Brassica nigra). Disruption of ceramide (Cer) synthase activity led to a significant decrease of EE-induced HR-like whereas SA signaling and reactive oxygen species levels were unchanged, suggesting that Cer are downstream activators of HR-like. Sphingolipid quantifications showed that Cer with C16:0 side chains accumulated in both plant species and this response was largely unchanged in the SA-induction deficient2 (sid2-1) mutant. Finally, we provide genetic evidence that the modification of fatty acyl chains of sphingolipids modulates HR-like. Altogether, these results show that sphingolipids play a key and specific role during insect egg-triggered HR-like.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Groux
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, University of Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, University of Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang F, Das P, Pal N, Bhawal R, Zhang S, Bhattacharyya MK. A Phosphoproteomics Study of the Soybean root necrosis 1 Mutant Revealed Type II Metacaspases Involved in Cell Death Pathway. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:882561. [PMID: 35928708 PMCID: PMC9344878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The soybean root necrosis 1 (rn1) mutation causes progressive browning of the roots soon after germination and provides increased tolerance to the soil-borne oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae in soybean. Toward understanding the molecular basis of the rn1 mutant phenotypes, we conducted tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeling proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses of the root tissues of the rn1 mutant and progenitor T322 line to identify potential proteins involved in manifestation of the mutant phenotype. We identified 3,160 proteins. When the p-value was set at ≤0.05 and the fold change of protein accumulation between rn1 and T322 at ≥1.5 or ≤0.67, we detected 118 proteins that showed increased levels and 32 proteins decreased levels in rn1 as compared to that in T322. The differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) are involved in several pathways including cellular processes for processing environmental and genetic information, metabolism and organismal systems. Five pathogenesis-related proteins were accumulated to higher levels in the mutant as compared to that in T322. Several of the DAPs are involved in hormone signaling, redox reaction, signal transduction, and cell wall modification processes activated in plant-pathogen interactions. The phosphoproteomics analysis identified 22 phosphopeptides, the levels of phosphorylation of which were significantly different between rn1 and T322 lines. The phosphorylation levels of two type II metacaspases were reduced in rn1 as compared to T322. Type II metacaspase has been shown to be a negative regulator of hypersensitive cell death. In absence of the functional Rn1 protein, two type II metacaspases exhibited reduced phosphorylation levels and failed to show negative regulatory cell death function in the soybean rn1 mutant. We hypothesize that Rn1 directly or indirectly phosphorylates type II metacaspases to negatively regulate the cell death process in soybean roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Priyanka Das
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Narinder Pal
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Salguero-Linares J, Serrano I, Ruiz-Solani N, Salas-Gómez M, Phukan UJ, González VM, Bernardo-Faura M, Valls M, Rengel D, Coll NS. Robust transcriptional indicators of immune cell death revealed by spatiotemporal transcriptome analyses. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1059-1075. [PMID: 35502144 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of a pathogen by the plant immune system often triggers a form of regulated cell death traditionally known as the hypersensitive response (HR). This type of cell death occurs precisely at the site of pathogen recognition, and it is restricted to a few cells. Extensive research has shed light on how plant immune receptors are mechanistically activated. However, two central key questions remain largely unresolved: how does cell death zonation take place, and what are the mechanisms that underpin this phenomenon? Consequently, bona fide transcriptional indicators of HR are lacking, which prevents deeper insight into its mechanisms before cell death becomes macroscopic and precludes early or live observation. In this study, to identify the transcriptional indicators of HR we used the paradigmatic Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem and performed a spatiotemporally resolved gene expression analysis that compared infected cells that will undergo HR upon pathogen recognition with bystander cells that will stay alive and activate immunity. Our data revealed unique and time-dependent differences in the repertoire of differentially expressed genes, expression profiles, and biological processes derived from tissue undergoing HR and that of its surroundings. Furthermore, we generated a pipeline based on concatenated pairwise comparisons between time, zone, and treatment that enabled us to define 13 robust transcriptional HR markers. Among these genes, the promoter of an uncharacterized AAA-ATPase was used to obtain a fluorescent reporter transgenic line that displays a strong spatiotemporally resolved signal specifically in cells that will later undergo pathogen-triggered cell death. This valuable set of genes can be used to define cells that are destined to die upon infection with HR-triggering bacteria, opening new avenues for specific and/or high-throughput techniques to study HR processes at a single-cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Salguero-Linares
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Serrano
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nerea Ruiz-Solani
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Salas-Gómez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Manuel González
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Bernardo-Faura
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Rengel
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France; INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Basak S, Kundu P. Plant metacaspases: Decoding their dynamics in development and disease. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 180:50-63. [PMID: 35390704 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant metacaspases were evolved in parallel to well-characterized animal counterpart caspases and retained the similar histidine-cysteine catalytic dyad, leading to functional congruity between these endopeptidases. Although phylogenetic relatedness of the catalytic domain and functional commonality placed these proteases in the caspase family, credible counterarguments predominantly about their distinct substrate specificity raised doubts about the classification. Metacaspases are involved in regulating the PCD during development as well as in senescence. Balancing acts of metacaspase activity also dictate cell fate during defense upon the perception of adverse environmental cues. Accordingly, their activity is tightly regulated, while suppressing spurious activation, by a combination of genetic and post-translational modifications. Structural insights from recent studies provided vital clues on the functionality. This comprehensive review aims to explore the origin of plant metacaspases, and their regulatory and functional diversity in different plants while discussing their analogy to mammalian caspases. Besides, we have presented various modern methodologies for analyzing the proteolytic activity of these indispensable molecules in the healthy or stressed life of a plant. The review would serve as a repository of all the available pieces of evidence indicating metacaspases as the key regulator of PCD across the plant kingdom and highlight the prospect of studying metacaspases for their inclusion in a crop improvement program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Basak
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Various abiotic and biotic agents disturb the fine balance between cellular oxidants and antioxidants. The resulting oxidative stress occurs either due to the increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or weak antioxidative system that cannot scavenge ROS burst. In addition to their harmful role, ROS can also act as signaling molecules, and oxidative stress is often the initial step in the programmed cell death. Here we describe two parameters of oxidative stress that can be measured spectrophotometrically: lipid peroxidation via the content of the by-product malondialdehyde, and the amount of all non-enzymatic antioxidants named as total antioxidative capacity. Both methods are presented using young radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings after treatment with extract from the invasive plant species Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stael S, Miller LP, Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Van Breusegem F. Detection of Damage-Activated Metacaspase Activity by Western Blot in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:127-137. [PMID: 35583778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metacaspases are cysteine proteases that are present in plants, protists, fungi, and bacteria. Previously, we found that physical damage, e.g., pinching with forceps or grinding on liquid nitrogen of plant tissues, activates Arabidopsis thaliana METACASPASE 4 (AtMCA4). AtMCA4 subsequently cleaves PROPEP1, the precursor pro-protein of the plant elicitor peptide 1 (Pep1). Here, we describe a protein extraction method to detect activation of AtMCA4 by Western blot with antibodies against endogenous AtMCA4 and a PROPEP1-YFP fusion protein. It is important to (1) keep plant tissues at all times on liquid nitrogen prior to protein extraction, and (2) denature the protein lysate as fast as possible, as metacaspase activation ensues quasi immediately because of tissue damage inherent to protein extraction. In theory, this method can serve to detect damage-induced alterations of any protein-of-interest in any organism for which antibodies or fusion proteins are available, and hence, will greatly aid the study of rapid damage-activated proteolysis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luke P Miller
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Álvaro D Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gaspar ML, Pawlowska TE. Innate immunity in fungi: Is regulated cell death involved? PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010460. [PMID: 35587923 PMCID: PMC9119436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Gaspar
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Teresa E. Pawlowska
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gong P, Kang J, Sadeghnezhad E, Bao R, Ge M, Zhuge Y, Shangguan L, Fang J. Transcriptional Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Grapevine ( Vitis L.) Reveals Hypersensitive Responses to Plasmopara viticola. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846504. [PMID: 35572700 PMCID: PMC9097084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew is the most serious disease of grapevine cultivars that affects the rate of resistance/susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. In this study, we used the susceptible cultivar "Zitian Seedless" and the resistant cultivar "Kober 5BB" as materials to determine the transcriptome differences and phenotypes of the leaves after inoculation with downy mildew. The differences in microstructures and molecular levels were compared and analyzed. Fluorescence staining and microscopic observations confirmed that hypersensitive cell death occurred around the stomata in "Kober 5BB" infected by downy mildew zoospores. Meanwhile, transcriptomic profiling indicated that there were 11,713 and 6,997 gene expression differences between the resistant and susceptible cultivars at 72 h after inoculation when compared to control (0 h), respectively. The differentially expressed genes of the two cultivars are significantly enriched in different pathways, including response to plant-pathogen interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the results of functional enrichment analysis showed that H2O2 metabolism, cell death, reactive oxygen response, and carbohydrate metabolism are also involved in the defense response of "Kober 5BB," wherein a total of 322 key genes have been identified. The protein interaction network showed that metacaspases (MCAs), vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), and Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) play an important role in the execution of hypersensitive responses (HR). In conclusion, we demonstrated that HR cell death is the key strategy in the process of grape defense against downy mildew, which may be mediated or activated by Caspase-like proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Gong
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoxuan Bao
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqing Ge
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxian Zhuge
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang F, Wu F, Yu M, Shabala S. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins: a missing link in controlling cell fate and plant adaptation to hostile environment? J Exp Bot 2022; 73:631-635. [PMID: 34661650 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a tightly regulated genetically controlled process that leads to cell suicide and eliminates cells that are either no longer needed or damaged/harmful. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins have recently emerged as a novel class of Ca2+-permeable channels that operate in plant immune responses. This viewpoint argues that the unique structure of this channel, its permeability to other cations, and specificity of its operation make it an ideal candidate to mediate cell signaling and adaptive responses not only to pathogens but also to a broad range of abiotic stress factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huang
- College of Life and Oceanography Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Feihua Wu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan Guangdong 528000, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Salguero-Linares J, Lema-Asqui S, Salas-Gómez M, Froilán-Soares A, Coll NS. Detection and Quantification of the Hypersensitive Response Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:193-204. [PMID: 35583783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the hypersensitive response (HR) is a programmed cell death modality that occurs upon recognition of harmful non-self. It occurs at the site of pathogen infection, thus preventing pathogens to live off plant tissue and proliferate. Shedding light on the molecular constituents underlying this process requires robust and quantitative methods that can determine whether plants lacking functional genes are defective in HR execution compared to wild-type controls. In this chapter, we provide two quantitative protocols in which we measure cell death from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected with avirulent HR-causing bacterial strains. Firstly, we use trypan blue staining to quantify the stained area of leaves upon bacterial infection using a personalized macro in the Image J (Fiji) software. Alternately, we incorporate an electrolyte leakage protocol in order to measure HR caused by different avirulent bacterial strains at different bacterial titers. We encourage users to perform a combination of both methods when assessing HR in different plant genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Salguero-Linares
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193
| | - Saul Lema-Asqui
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador, 170513
| | - Marta Salas-Gómez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193
| | - Andrea Froilán-Soares
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Demir F, Kuppusamy M, Perrar A, Huesgen PF. Profiling Sequence Specificity of Proteolytic Activities Using Proteome-Derived Peptide Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:159-174. [PMID: 35583780 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Substrate sequence specificity is a fundamental characteristic of proteolytic enzymes. Hundreds of proteases are encoded in plant genomes, but the vast majority of them have not been characterized and their distinct specificity remains largely unknown. Here we present our current protocol for profiling sequence specificity of plant proteases using Proteomic Identification of Cleavage Sites (PICS). This simple, cost-effective protocol is suited for detailed, time-resolved specificity profiling of purified or enriched proteases. The isolated active protease or fraction with enriched protease activity together with a suitable control are incubated with split aliquots of proteome-derived peptide libraries, followed by identification of specifically cleaved peptides using quantitative mass spectrometry. Detailed specificity profiles are obtained by alignment of many individual cleavage sites. The chapter covers preparation of complementary peptide libraries from heterologous sources, the cleavage assay itself, as well as mass spectrometry data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maithreyan Kuppusamy
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Perrar
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Aging-related Disorders, CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Aging-related Disorders, CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department for Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bojórquez-Velázquez E, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Zamora-Briseño JA, Ruiz-May E. Efficient Protein Extraction Protocols for NanoLC-MS/MS Proteomics Analysis of Plant Tissues with High Proteolytic Activity: A Case Study with Pineapple Pulp. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2512:281-290. [PMID: 35818012 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2429-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is an essential tool to uncover the regulatory processes of fruit biology. In fruits with high proteolytic activity, the inhibition of endogenous proteases is key for successful protein extraction. In this chapter, we describe an efficient protocol for total protein extraction to deal with this inconvenience using pineapple pulp as an example. We corroborated the efficacy of our protein extraction protocols by carrying out nano LC-MS/MS analyses using a highly sensitive hybrid mass spectrometer. In doing so, we were able to identify over 3000 proteins in pineapple pulp. Our contribution paves the way for massive comparative proteomics scrutiny in pineapple fruits, as well as others plant tissues with high protease activity such as papaya, fig, and kiwi fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esaú Bojórquez-Velázquez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - José M Elizalde-Contreras
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu X, Chen Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Qin G, Chen T, Tian S. Molecular mechanisms underlying multi-level defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens. Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhac066. [PMID: 35591926 PMCID: PMC9113409 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The horticultural industry helps to enrich and improve the human diet while contributing to growth of the agricultural economy. However, fungal diseases of horticultural crops frequently occur during pre- and postharvest periods, reducing yields and crop quality and causing huge economic losses and wasted food. Outcomes of fungal diseases depend on both horticultural plant defense responses and fungal pathogenicity. Plant defense responses are highly sophisticated and are generally divided into preformed and induced defense responses. Preformed defense responses include both physical barriers and phytochemicals, which are the first line of protection. Induced defense responses, which include innate immunity (pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity), local defense responses, and systemic defense signaling, are triggered to counterstrike fungal pathogens. Therefore, to develop regulatory strategies for horticultural plant resistance, a comprehensive understanding of defense responses and their underlying mechanisms is critical. Recently, integrated multi-omics analyses, CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, high-throughput sequencing, and data mining have greatly contributed to identification and functional determination of novel phytochemicals, regulatory factors, and signaling molecules and their signaling pathways in plant resistance. In this review, research progress on defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens and novel regulatory strategies to regulate induction of plant resistance are summarized, and then the problems, challenges, and future research directions are examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Šoln K, Klemenčič M. Determination of Caspase-Like Activities in Roots by the Use of Fluorogenic Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:119-126. [PMID: 35583777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Activity of proteases in tissues can be influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One of the activities that is regularly monitored in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to metazoans is the -aspase-like activity: activity of proteases, which cleave their substrates after the negatively charged amino acid residues, especially the aspartic acid. This activity is also known as the caspase-like activity, since the caspases, metazoan cysteine proteases, are one of the best characterized proteases with Asp-directed activities. Plants do not contain caspases; however, various plant proteases have been shown to exhibit caspase-like activity including saspases, phytaspases, and legumains (VPEs). The activity of these proteases can change in plants in response to stress. Here we present a simple method for monitoring of the caspase-like protease activity in roots, which have been treated with allelopathic extracts, using a set of commercially available caspase substrates. We show that activity towards some, but not all, caspase substrates is upregulated in treated but not control samples. The protocol can be used also for other plant tissues as well as for other stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Klemenčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Elmore JM, Griffin BD, Walley JW. Advances in functional proteomics to study plant-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2021; 63:102061. [PMID: 34102449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection triggers complex signaling networks in plant cells that ultimately result in either susceptibility or resistance. We have made substantial progress in dissecting many of these signaling events, and it is becoming clear that changes in proteome composition and protein activity are major drivers of plant-microbe interactions. Here, we highlight different approaches to analyze the functional proteomes of hosts and pathogens and discuss how they have been used to further our understanding of plant disease. Global proteome profiling can quantify the dynamics of proteins, posttranslational modifications, and biological pathways that contribute to immune-related outcomes. In addition, emerging techniques such as enzyme activity-based profiling, proximity labeling, and kinase-substrate profiling are being used to dissect biochemical events that operate during infection. Finally, we discuss how these functional approaches can be integrated with other profiling data to gain a mechanistic, systems-level view of plant and pathogen signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
| | - Brianna D Griffin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kumar A, Harloff HJ, Melzer S, Leineweber J, Defant B, Jung C. A rhomboid-like protease gene from an interspecies translocation confers resistance to cyst nematodes. New Phytol 2021; 231:801-813. [PMID: 33866563 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are severe pests in crop production worldwide. Chemical control of nematodes has been continuously reduced in recent decades owing to environmental and health concerns. Therefore, breeding nematode-resistant crops is an important aim if we are to secure harvests. The beet cyst nematode impairs root development and causes severe losses in sugar beet production. The only sources for resistance are distantly related wild species of the genus Patellifolia. Nematode resistance had been introduced into the beet genome via translocations from P. procumbens. We sequenced three translocations and identified the translocation breakpoints. By comparative sequence analysis of three translocations, we localized the resistance gene Hs4 within a region c. 230 kb in size. A candidate gene was characterized by CRISPR-Cas-mediated knockout and overexpression in susceptible roots. The gene encodes a rhomboid-like protease, which is predicted to be bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Gene knockout resulted in complete loss of resistance, while overexpression caused resistance. The data confirm that the Hs4 gene alone protects against the pest. Thus, it constitutes a previously unknown mechanism of plants to combat parasitic nematodes. Its function in a nonrelated species suggests that the gene can confer resistance in crop species from different plant families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avneesh Kumar
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Harloff
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Siegbert Melzer
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Johanna Leineweber
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Birgit Defant
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, D-24098, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Two sides of the same story in grapevine-pathogen interactions. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:3367-3380. [PMID: 33631010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are an integral part of plant defence systems, and their role in plant-pathogen interactions is unequivocal. Emerging evidence suggests that different protease families contribute to the establishment not only of hypersensitive response, priming, and signalling, but also of recognition events through complex proteolytic cascades. Moreover, they play a crucial role in pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern (PAMP/MAMP)-triggered immunity as well as in effector-triggered immunity. However, despite important advances in our understanding of the role of proteases in plant defence, the contribution of proteases to pathogen defence in grapevine remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the main grapevine pathosystems and explore the role of serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases from both the host and pathogen point of views.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mooney BC, Mantz M, Graciet E, Huesgen PF. Cutting the line: manipulation of plant immunity by bacterial type III effector proteases. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:3395-3409. [PMID: 33640987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and their hosts are engaged in an evolutionary arms race. Pathogen-derived effectors promote virulence by targeting components of a host's innate immune system, while hosts have evolved proteins that sense effectors and trigger a pathogen-specific immune response. Many bacterial effectors are translocated into host cells using type III secretion systems. Type III effector proteases irreversibly modify host proteins by cleavage of peptide bonds and are prevalent among both plant and animal bacterial pathogens. In plants, the study of model effector proteases has yielded important insights into the virulence mechanisms employed by pathogens to overcome their host's immune response, as well as into the mechanisms deployed by their hosts to detect these effector proteases and counteract their effects. In recent years, the study of a larger number of effector proteases, across a wider range of pathogens, has yielded novel insights into their functions and recognition. One key limitation that remains is the lack of methods to detect protease cleavage at the proteome-wide level. We review known substrates and mechanisms of plant pathogen type III effector proteases and compare their functions with those of known type III effector proteases of mammalian pathogens. Finally, we discuss approaches to uncover their function on a system-wide level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Mooney
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Winter N, Novatchkova M, Bachmair A. Cellular Control of Protein Turnover via the Modification of the Amino Terminus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073545. [PMID: 33805528 PMCID: PMC8037982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first amino acid of a protein has an important influence on its metabolic stability. A number of ubiquitin ligases contain binding domains for different amino-terminal residues of their substrates, also known as N-degrons, thereby mediating turnover. This review summarizes, in an exemplary way, both older and more recent findings that unveil how destabilizing amino termini are generated. In most cases, a step of proteolytic cleavage is involved. Among the over 500 proteases encoded in the genome of higher eukaryotes, only a few are known to contribute to the generation of N-degrons. It can, therefore, be expected that many processing paths remain to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Winter
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Vienna BioCenter, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna BioCenter, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Berenguer E, Minina EA, Carneros E, B�r�ny I, Bozhkov PV, Testillano PS. Suppression of Metacaspase- and Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death Improves Stress-Induced Microspore Embryogenesis in Brassica napus. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 61:2097-2110. [PMID: 33057654 PMCID: PMC7861468 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a biotechnological process that allows us to rapidly obtain doubled-haploid plants for breeding programs. The process is initiated by the application of stress treatment, which reprograms microspores to embark on embryonic development. Typically, a part of the microspores undergoes cell death that reduces the efficiency of the process. Metacaspases (MCAs), a phylogenetically broad group of cysteine proteases, and autophagy, the major catabolic process in eukaryotes, are critical regulators of the balance between cell death and survival in various organisms. In this study, we analyzed the role of MCAs and autophagy in cell death during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus. We demonstrate that this cell death is accompanied by the transcriptional upregulation of three BnMCA genes (BnMCA-Ia, BnMCA-IIa and BnMCA-IIi), an increase in MCA proteolytic activity and the activation of autophagy. Accordingly, inhibition of autophagy and MCA activity, either individually or in combination, suppressed cell death and increased the number of proembryos, indicating that both components play a pro-cell death role and account for decreased efficiency of early embryonic development. Therefore, MCAs and/or autophagy can be used as new biotechnological targets to improve in vitro embryogenesis in Brassica species and doubled-haploid plant production in crop breeding and propagation programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Berenguer
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Elena Carneros
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ivett B�r�ny
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Microbial and Plant Biotechnology Department, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Laboratory, Margarita Salas Center of Biological Research, CIB Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dunker F, Oberkofler L, Lederer B, Trutzenberg A, Weiberg A. An Arabidopsis downy mildew non-RxLR effector suppresses induced plant cell death to promote biotroph infection. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:718-732. [PMID: 33063828 PMCID: PMC7853606 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of obligate biotrophic pathogens is limited by lack of knowledge concerning the molecular function of virulence factors. We established Arabidopsis host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) to explore gene functions of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, including CYSTEINE-RICH PROTEIN (HaCR)1, a potential secreted effector gene of this obligate biotrophic pathogen. HaCR1 HIGS resulted in H. arabidopsidis-induced local plant cell death and reduced pathogen reproduction. We functionally characterized HaCR1 by ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. HaCR1 was capable of inhibiting effector-triggered plant cell death. Consistent with this, HaCR1 expression in N. benthamiana led to stronger disease symptoms caused by the hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, but reduced disease symptoms caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Expressing HaCR1 in transgenic Arabidopsis confirmed higher susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis and to the bacterial hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Increased H. arabidopsidis infection was in accordance with reduced PATHOGENESIS RELATED (PR)1 induction. Expression of full-length HaCR1 was required for its function, which was lost if the signal peptide was deleted, suggesting its site of action in the plant apoplast. This study provides phytopathological and molecular evidence for the importance of this widespread, but largely unexplored class of non-RxLR effectors in biotrophic oomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dunker
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lorenz Oberkofler
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lederer
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Arne Weiberg
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4 evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) networks, to regulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens. Exclusive heterodimers between EDS1 and SAG101 or PAD4 create essential surfaces for resistance signaling. Phylogenomic information, together with functional studies in Arabidopsis and tobacco, identify a coevolved module between the EDS1-SAG101 heterodimer and coiled-coil (CC) HET-S and LOP-B (CCHELO) domain helper NLRs that is recruited by intracellular Toll-interleukin1-receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors to confer host cell death and pathogen immunity. EDS1-PAD4 heterodimers have a different and broader activity in basal immunity that transcriptionally reinforces local and systemic defenses triggered by various NLRs. Here, we consider EDS1 family protein functions across seed plant lineages in the context of networking with receptor and helper NLRs and downstream resistance machineries. The different modes of action and pathway connectivities of EDS1 family members go some way to explaining their central role in biotic stress resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by the plant immune system leads to defense responses that are often accompanied by a form of regulated cell death known as the hypersensitive response (HR). HR shares some features with regulated necrosis observed in animals. Genetically, HR can be uncoupled from local defense responses at the site of infection and its role in immunity may be to activate systemic responses in distal parts of the organism. Recent advances in the field reveal conserved cell death-specific signaling modules that are assembled by immune receptors in response to pathogen-derived effectors. The structural elucidation of the plant resistosome-an inflammasome-like structure that may attach to the plasma membrane on activation-opens the possibility that HR cell death is mediated by the formation of pores at the plasma membrane. Necrotrophic pathogens that feed on dead tissue have evolved strategies to trigger the HR cell death pathway as a survival strategy. Ectopic activation of immunomodulators during autoimmune reactions can also promote HR cell death. In this perspective, we discuss the role and regulation of HR in these different contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Pitsili
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ujjal J Phukan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gu J, Sun J, Liu N, Sun X, Liu C, Wu L, Liu G, Zeng F, Hou C, Han S, Zhen W, Wang D. A novel cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, TaCRK2, contributes to leaf rust resistance in wheat. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:732-746. [PMID: 32196909 PMCID: PMC7170779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases in wheat production worldwide. The hypersensitive reaction (HR) is an important defence response against P. triticina infection. In this study, the physiological races 165 and 260 of P. triticina were combined with a line derived from the bread wheat cultivar Thatcher with the leaf rust resistance locus Lr26 to form compatible and incompatible combinations, respectively. Based on an RNA-Seq database of the interaction systems, a new wheat cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, TaCRK2, is specifically induced and up-regulated in the incompatible combination. We identified that TaCRK2 was regulated in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. Knockdown of TaCRK2 by virus-induced gene silencing and RNAi leads to a dramatic increase in HR area and the number of haustorial mother cells at the single infection site. In addition, urediniospores, a P. triticina-specific pathogenic marker in compatible combinations, were observed on leaf surfaces of silenced plants at approximately 15 days after inoculation in the incompatible combination. Moreover, transcription levels of TaPR1, TaPR2, and TaPR5 were obviously reduced in TaCRK2-silenced plants. TaCRK2 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana induced strong HR-like cell death. Finally, transient expression of green fluorescent protein fused with TaCRK2 in N. benthamiana indicated that TaCRK2 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, TaCRK2 plays an important role in the resistance to P. triticina infection and has a positive regulation effect on the HR cell death process induced by P. triticina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jiawei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | | | - Lizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Fanli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chunyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Shengfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Wenchao Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of HebeiCollege of AgronomyHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Noman A, Aqeel M, Qari SH, Al Surhanee AA, Yasin G, Alamri S, Hashem M, M Al-Saadi A. Plant hypersensitive response vs pathogen ingression: Death of few gives life to others. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104224. [PMID: 32360524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a defense action against pathogen ingression. Typically, HR is predictable with the appearance of the dead, brown cells along with visible lesions. Although death during HR can be limited to the cells in direct contact with pathogens, yet cell death can also spread away from the infection site. The variety in morphologies of plant cell death proposes involvement of different pathways for triggering HR. It is considered that, despite the differences, HR in plants performs the resembling functions like that of animal programmed cell death (PCD) for confining pathogen progression. HR, in fact, crucially initiates systemic signals for activation of defense in distal plant parts that ultimately results in systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Therefore, HR can be separated from other local immune actions/responses at the infection site. HR comprises of serial events inclusive of transcriptional reprograming, Ca2+ influx, oxidative bursts and phyto-hormonal signaling. Although a lot of work has been done on HR in plants but many questions regarding mechanisms and consequences of HRs remain unaddressed.We have summarized the mechanistic roles and cellular events of plant cells during HR in defense regulation. Roles of different genes during HR have been discussed to clarify genetic control of HR in plants. Generally existing ambiguities about HR and programmed cell death at the reader level has been addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Sameer Hasan Qari
- Biology Department, Al-jumum University College, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameena A Al Surhanee
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau ud din Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research center for advance materials science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, PO Box 9004 Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Assuit University, Botany and Microbiology department, Assuit. 71516, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moyano L, Lopéz-Fernández MP, Carrau A, Nannini JM, Petrocelli S, Orellano EG, Maldonado S. Red light delays programmed cell death in non-host interaction between Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and tobacco plants. Plant Sci 2020; 291:110361. [PMID: 31928670 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Light modulates almost every aspect of plant physiology, including plant-pathogen interactions. Among these, the hypersensitive response (HR) of plants to pathogens is characterized by a rapid and localized programmed cell death (PCD), which is critical to restrict the spread of pathogens from the infection site. The aim of this work was to study the role of light in the interaction between Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and non-host tobacco plants. To this end, we examined the HR under different light treatments (white and red light) by using a range of well-established markers of PCD. The alterations found at the cellular level included: i) loss of membrane integrity and nuclei, ii) RuBisCo and DNA degradation, and iii) changes in nuclease profiles and accumulation of cysteine proteinases. Our results suggest that red light plays a role during the HR of tobacco plants to Pto DC3000 infection, delaying the PCD process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moyano
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P Lopéz-Fernández
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Analía Carrau
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Julián M Nannini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvana Petrocelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G Orellano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sara Maldonado
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen P, Wang YZ, Liu QZ, Li WH, Li HQ, Li XY, Zhang YT. Transcriptomic analysis reveals recovery strategies in strawberry roots after using a soil amendment in continuous cropping soil. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 31900117 PMCID: PMC6942283 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In strawberry cultivation, continuous cropping (CC) obstacles seriously threaten production. A patented soil amendment (SA) can effectively relieve the CC obstacles to strawberry cultivation, but knowledge of the recovery mechanisms underlying this phenomenon is limited. RESULTS In this study, transcriptomic profiling of strawberry roots in soil with and without the SA was conducted using RNA-Seq technology to reveal gene expression changes in response to SA treatment. In total, 188 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 144 upregulated and 44 downregulated DEGs, were identified. SA treatment resulted in genotype-dependent responses, and the response pattern, including an overall increase in the expression of nutrient transport genes and a decrease in the expression of defense response genes, may be a possible mechanism underlying recovery strategies in strawberry roots after the application of the SA to CC soil. We also found that 9 Hsp genes involved in plant defense pathways were all downregulated in the SA-treated roots. CONCLUSIONS This research indicated that strawberry plants reallocated defense resources to development when SA treatment alleviated the stress caused by a CC soil environment. The present study provides an opportunity to reveal the fundamental mechanisms of the tradeoff between growth and defense in strawberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Laboratory of Entomology and Nematology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming-yuan West Road #2, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yu-zhu Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Qi-zhi Liu
- Laboratory of Entomology and Nematology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming-yuan West Road #2, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei-hua Li
- Laboratory of Entomology and Nematology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming-yuan West Road #2, Beijing, 100193 China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - He-qin Li
- Laboratory of Entomology and Nematology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming-yuan West Road #2, Beijing, 100193 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Xing-yue Li
- Laboratory of Entomology and Nematology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming-yuan West Road #2, Beijing, 100193 China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu, 610066 China
| | - Yun-tao Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097 China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang Y, Xu K, Pei D, Yu D, Zhang J, Li X, Chen G, Yang H, Zhou W, Li C. ShORR-1, a Novel Tomato Gene, Confers Enhanced Host Resistance to Oidium neolycopersici. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1400. [PMID: 31787994 PMCID: PMC6854008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A previous complementary cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis examined responses to the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On) of the resistant cultivar Solanum habrochiates G1.1560, carrying the Ol-1 resistance gene, and susceptible cultivar S. lycopersicum Moneymaker (MM). Among other findings, a differentially expressed transcript-derived fragment (DE-TDF) (M14E72-213) was upregulated in near isogenic line (NIL)-Ol-1, but absent in MM. This DE-TDF showed high homology to a gene of unknown function, which we named ShORR-1 (Solanum habrochaites Oidium Resistance Required-1). However, MM homolog of ShORR-1 (named ShORR-1-M) was still found with 95.26% nucleic acid sequence similarity to ShORR-1 from G1.1560 (named ShORR-1-G); this was because the cut sites of restriction enzymes in the previous complementary cDNA-AFLP analysis was absent in ShORR-1-M and differs at 13 amino acids from ShORR-1-G. Transient expression in onion epidermal cells showed that ShORR-1 is a membrane-localized protein. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of ShORR-1-G in G1.1560 plants increased susceptibility to On. Furthermore, overexpressing of ShORR-1-G conferred MM with resistance to On, involving extensive hydrogen peroxide accumulation and formation of abnormal haustoria. Knockdown of ShORR-1-M in MM did not affect its susceptibility to On, while overexpressing of ShORR-1-M enhanced MM's susceptibility to On. We also found that changes in transcript levels of six well-known hormone signaling and defense-related genes are involved in ShORR-1-G-mediated resistance to On. The results indicate that ShORR-1-M and ShORR-1-G have antagonistic effects in tomato responses to On, and that ShORR-1 is essential for Ol-1-mediated resistance in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Dongli Pei
- Department of Life Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Grain Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwei Li,
| |
Collapse
|