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Cissé OH, Ma L, Kovacs JA. Retracing the evolution of Pneumocystis species, with a focus on the human pathogen Pneumocystis jirovecii. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0020222. [PMID: 38587383 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00202-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEvery human being is presumed to be infected by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii at least once in his or her lifetime. This fungus belongs to a large group of species that appear to exclusively infect mammals, with P. jirovecii being the only one known to cause disease in humans. The mystery of P. jirovecii origin and speciation is just beginning to unravel. Here, we provide a review of the major steps of P. jirovecii evolution. The Pneumocystis genus likely originated from soil or plant-associated organisms during the period of Cretaceous ~165 million years ago and successfully shifted to mammals. The transition coincided with a substantial loss of genes, many of which are related to the synthesis of nutrients that can be scavenged from hosts or cell wall components that could be targeted by the mammalian immune system. Following the transition, the Pneumocystis genus cospeciated with mammals. Each species specialized at infecting its own host. Host specialization is presumably built at least partially upon surface glycoproteins, whose protogene was acquired prior to the genus formation. P. jirovecii appeared at ~65 million years ago, overlapping with the emergence of the first primates. P. jirovecii and its sister species P. macacae, which infects macaques nowadays, may have had overlapping host ranges in the distant past. Clues from molecular clocks suggest that P. jirovecii did not cospeciate with humans. Molecular evidence suggests that Pneumocystis speciation involved chromosomal rearrangements and the mounting of genetic barriers that inhibit gene flow among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane H Cissé
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Grenl A, Blasi B. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review of the Genus Pneumocystis in Pet, Farm, Zoo, and Wild Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1081. [PMID: 37998885 PMCID: PMC10672670 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature search on Pneumocystis in 276 pet, farm, zoo, and wild mammal species resulted in 124 publications originating from 38 countries that were analyzed descriptively and statistically, for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were exactly defined. The range of recorded Pneumocystis prevalence was broad, yet in half of the citations a prevalence of ≤25% was documented. Prevalence was significantly dependent on the method used for Pneumocystis detection, with PCR revealing the highest percentages. Pet animals showed the lowest median Pneumocystis prevalence, followed by farm, wild, and zoo animals. In contrast, pet and farm animals showed higher proportions of high-grade infection levels compared to zoo and wild mammals. Only in individual cases, all of them associated with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, was an underlying immunosuppression confirmed. Acquired immunosuppression caused by other diseases was frequently discussed, but its significance, especially in highly immunosuppressive cases, needs to be clarified. This meta-analysis supported a potential influence of the social and environmental factors of the host on Pneumocystis transmission in wildlife, which must be further elucidated, as well as the genetic diversity of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (B.B.)
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Ruparell A, Gibbs M, Colyer A, Wallis C, Harris S, Holcombe LJ. Developing diagnostic tools for canine periodontitis: combining molecular techniques and machine learning models. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:163. [PMID: 37723566 PMCID: PMC10507867 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque microbes play a key role in the development of periodontal disease. Numerous high-throughput sequencing studies have generated understanding of the bacterial species associated with both canine periodontal health and disease. Opportunities therefore exist to utilise these bacterial biomarkers to improve disease diagnosis in conscious-based veterinary oral health checks. Here, we demonstrate that molecular techniques, specifically quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be utilised for the detection of microbial biomarkers associated with canine periodontal health and disease. RESULTS Over 40 qPCR assays targeting single microbial species associated with canine periodontal health, gingivitis and early periodontitis were developed and validated. These were used to quantify levels of the respective taxa in canine subgingival plaque samples collected across periodontal health (PD0), gingivitis (PD1) and early periodontitis (PD2). When qPCR outputs were compared to the corresponding high-throughput sequencing data there were strong correlations, including a periodontal health associated taxa, Capnocytophaga sp. COT-339 (rs =0.805), and two periodontal disease associated taxa, Peptostreptococcaceae XI [G-4] sp. COT-019 (rs=0.902) and Clostridiales sp. COT-028 (rs=0.802). The best performing models, from five machine learning approaches applied to the qPCR data for these taxa, estimated 85.7% sensitivity and 27.5% specificity for Capnocytophaga sp. COT-339, 74.3% sensitivity and 67.5% specificity for Peptostreptococcaceae XI [G-4] sp. COT-019, and 60.0% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity for Clostridiales sp. COT-028. CONCLUSIONS A qPCR-based approach is an accurate, sensitive, and cost-effective method for detection of microbial biomarkers associated with periodontal health and disease. Taken together, the correlation between qPCR and high-throughput sequencing outputs, and early accuracy insights, indicate the strategy offers a prospective route to the development of diagnostic tools for canine periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avika Ruparell
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - Matthew Gibbs
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Alison Colyer
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Corrin Wallis
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Stephen Harris
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Lucy J Holcombe
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
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4
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Johnson LR, Hulsebosch SE, Viall AK, Danesi P, Woolard KD, Cook SE, Maggs DJ, Leonard BC. Oculosystemic pneumocystosis in 2 sibling Chihuahuas. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1179-1185. [PMID: 37134072 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sibling female and male Chihuahuas were evaluated for a 9-month history of tachypnea that failed to respond to fenbendazole, doxycycline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and prednisone. Physical examination identified tachypnea, hyperpnea, and harsh bronchovesicular lung sounds. Fundic examination disclosed diffuse chorioretinitis, manifested as multifocal chorioretinal granulomas in the female dog and occasional chorioretinal scars in the male dog. Thoracic radiographs indicated moderate to severe interstitial to broncho-interstitial infiltrates in both dogs. Serum and urine antigen and antibody testing in the female dog failed to identify infectious agents, but cytologic assessment of hepatic lymph node, liver, and splenic aspirates identified Pneumocystis trophozoites. Infection was confirmed in both dogs by 28S rRNA PCR sequencing from multiple tissue samples. The female dog responded well to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but the male dog was euthanized because of liver failure, presumably related to antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sarah E Cook
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020220. [PMID: 36836334 PMCID: PMC9960768 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis spp. are thought to adapt to the lungs of potentially all mammals. However, the full host range, fungal burden and severity of infection are unknown for many species. In this study, lung tissue samples originating from 845 animals of 31 different families of eight mammal orders were screened by in situ hybridization (ISH) using a universal 18S rRNA probe for Pneumocystis, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for determining histopathological lesions. A total of 216 (26%) samples were positive for Pneumocystis spp., encompassing 36 of 98 investigated mammal species, with 17 of them being described for the first time for the presence of Pneumocystis spp. The prevalence of Pneumocystis spp. as assessed by ISH varied greatly among different mammal species while the organism load was overall low, suggesting a status of colonization or subclinical infection. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia seemed to be very rare. For most of the Pneumocystis-positive samples, comparative microscopic examination of H&E- and ISH-stained serial sections revealed an association of the fungus with minor lesions, consistent with an interstitial pneumonia. Colonization or subclinical infection of Pneumocystis in the lung might be important in many mammal species because the animals may serve as a reservoir.
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Biénès T, Vangrinsven E, Fastrès A, Garigliany MM, Billen F, Clercx C. Utility of fungal polymerase chain reaction on nasal swab samples in the diagnosis and monitoring of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1295-1302. [PMID: 35712784 PMCID: PMC9308428 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis (SNA) the utility of PCR in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease after treatment has not been assessed. Objectives To evaluate the presence of fungal DNA using quantitative PCR targeting Aspergillus fumigatus (Aspfum) and Aspergillus spp. (PanAsp), and PCR targeting multiple fungal species (PanFun), in samples obtained from nasal cavities of dogs with SNA, other nasal diseases and healthy dogs. Animals Sixty‐two dogs including 20 with SNA, 12 with cured SNA (of which 10 are from the SNA group), 20 dogs with Non‐SNA nasal disease, and 20 healthy dogs. Methods Prospective cross‐sectional study. Aspfum, PanAsp, and PanFun were performed on blindly collected nasal swabs obtained in anesthetized dogs. Results In SNA dogs, Aspfum and PanAsp were positive in 13/20 and 14/20 dogs. In all dogs in the 3 other groups, A. fumigatus DNA was not detected using Aspfum. PanAsp was positive in 3 non‐SNA dogs: 1 with cured SNA and 2 with Non‐SNA nasal disease. A Ct cut‐off value of 33.3 for Aspfum demonstrated 65% sensitivity and 100% specificity. A Ct cut‐off value of 34.5 for PanAsp demonstrated 70% sensitivity and 96.2% specificity. PanFun was positive in 16/20, 12/12, 19/20, and 7/20 dogs in the SNA, cured SNA, Non‐SNA, and healthy groups, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Aspfum and PanAsp on blindly collected nasal swabs can be useful for the detection of SNA at diagnosis and at cure, especially when more invasive methods are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Biénès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emilie Vangrinsven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aline Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Billen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Carpouron JE, de Hoog S, Gentekaki E, Hyde KD. Emerging Animal-Associated Fungal Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:611. [PMID: 35736094 PMCID: PMC9225262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) estimates that fungal diseases kill around 150 people each hour, and yet they are globally overlooked and neglected. Histoplasma and Talaromyces, which are associated with wildlife, cause systemic infections that are often lethal in patients with impaired cellular immunity. Dermatophytes that cause outbreaks in human hosts are often associated with domesticated animals. Changes in human behavior have been identified as a main cause of the emergence of animal-associated fungal diseases in humans, sometimes caused by the disturbance of natural habitats. An understanding of ecology and the transmission modes of causative agents is therefore essential. Here, we focus on fungal diseases contracted from wildlife and domesticated animals, their habitats, feces and carcasses. We discuss some basic fungal lifestyles and the risk of transmission to humans and illustrate these with examples from emerging and established diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eva Carpouron
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin David Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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Danesi P, Petini M, Falcaro C, Bertola M, Mazzotta E, Furlanello T, Krockenberger M, Malik R. Pneumocystis Colonization in Dogs Is as in Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063192. [PMID: 35328882 PMCID: PMC8955813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis is an atypical fungus that resides in the pulmonary parenchyma of many mammals, including humans and dogs. Immunocompetent human hosts are usually asymptomatically colonised or show subtle clinical signs, but some immunocompromised people can develop florid life-threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Since much less is known concerning Pneumocystis in dogs, we posit the question: can Pneumocystis colonization be present in dogs with inflammatory airway or lung disease caused by other pathogens or disease processes? In this study, Pneumocystis DNA was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 22/255 dogs (9%) with respiratory distress and/or chronic cough. Although young dogs (<1 year-of-age) and pedigree breeds were more often Pneumocystis-qPCR positive than older dogs and crossbreds, adult dogs with other infectious conditions and/or a history of therapy-resistant pulmonary disease could also be qPCR-positive, including two patients with suppression of the immune system. Absence of pathognomonic clinical or radiographic signs render it impossible to convincingly discriminate between overt PCP versus other lung/airway disease processes colonised by P. canis. It is possible that colonisation with P. canis might play a certain role as a co-pathogen in some canine patients with lower respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8084902
| | - Matteo Petini
- Clinica e Laboratorio Veterinario San Marco, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy; (M.P.); (T.F.)
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Bertola
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Mazzotta
- Parasitology, Mycology and Medical Enthomology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.F.); (M.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Clinica e Laboratorio Veterinario San Marco, Veggiano, 35030 Padua, Italy; (M.P.); (T.F.)
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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Giannoulopoulos G, Lobetti R. Pneumocystosis in a lurcher puppy. Med Mycol Case Rep 2020; 30:15-18. [PMID: 33014701 PMCID: PMC7522037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-month-old lurcher with history of recurrent skin problems, presented with tachypnoea which had progressively become severe. Investigations included haematology, serum biochemistry, blood coagulation profile, diagnostic imaging, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Cytological evaluation of the BAL revealed the presence of Pneumocystis cysts. The patient was euthanased on humane grounds prior to treatment against Pneumocystosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of Pneumocystosis in a lurcher puppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giannoulopoulos
- Wilson Veterinary Group, 5-11 Tenters Street, Bishop Auckland, County Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, 6 Ballyclare Drive, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Riebold D, Lubig J, Wolf P, Wolf C, Russow K, Loebermann M, Slevogt H, Mohr E, Feldhusen F, Reisinger EC. First molecular detection of Pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpeslinnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoidesgray, 1834). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101531. [PMID: 32871298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungal organisms of the genus Pneumocystis may cause Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, but also domestic and wild mammals. Almost every animal species hosts its own genetically distinct Pneumocystis species, however information is sparse. In this study, 62 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were collected in North-East Germany. The lung tissues of the animals were analysed by a new designed specific pan-Pneumocystis mtLSU rRNA gene PCR and sequencing. With this PCR, detection and discrimination of all known Pneumocystis spp. in a single step should be possible. This first detection of Pneumocystis spp. in 29/62 (46.8%) red foxes and 29/37 (78.4%) raccoon dogs indicated, that they harbour two dissimilar strains, as seen by specific single nucleotide position changes (SNPs). Nevertheless, five samples with contrary SNPs showed a probable inter-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jacob Lubig
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany; Chair for Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Carola Wolf
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Kati Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elmar Mohr
- Chair for Animal Health and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Frerk Feldhusen
- State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety and Fishery Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALLF-MV), Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Germany
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Xue T, Ma Z, Liu F, Du W, He L, Wang J, An C. Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization and its association with pulmonary diseases: a multicenter study based on a modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 32197601 PMCID: PMC7085144 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the role of its colonization in pulmonary diseases has become a popular focus in recent years. The aim of this study was to develop a modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) DNA amongst non-HIV patients with various pulmonary diseases and use it to examine the prevalence and assess the association of P. jirovecii colonization with clinical characteristics of these diseases. Methods We modified the previously reported LAMP assay for P. jirovecii by adding real-time detection. This method was used to detect P. jirovecii colonization in pulmonary samples collected from 403 non-HIV patients with various pulmonary diseases enrolled from 5 hospitals in China. We determined the prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization in 7 types of pulmonary diseases and assessed the association of P. jirovecii colonization with clinical characteristics of these diseases. Results The modified LAMP assay showed no cross-reactivity with other common pulmonary microbes and was 1000 times more sensitive than that of conventional PCR. Using the modified LAMP assay, we detected P. jirovecii colonization in 281 (69.7%) of the 403 patients enrolled. P. jirovecii colonization was more common in interstitial lung diseases than in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (84.6% vs 64.5%, P < 0.05). Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD had a higher prevalence of P. jirovecii colonization compared to patients with stabilized COPD (67.4% vs 43.3%, P < 0.05). P. jirovecii colonization was associated with decreased pulmonary function, increased levels of 1,3-β-D-glucan and C-reactive protein, and decreased levels of CD4+ T-cell counts (P < 0.05 for each). Approximately 70% of P. jirovecii colonized patients had confections with other fungi or bacteria. Conclusions We developed a modified LAMP assay for detecting P. jirovecii. Our multi-center study of 403 patients supports that P. jirovecii colonization is a risk factor for the development of pulmonary diseases and highlights the need to further study the pathogenesis and transmission of P. jirovecii colonization in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqin Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory, the Eleventh Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Lvliang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli An
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Danesi P, Corrò M, Falcaro C, Carminato A, Furlanello T, Cocchi M, Krockenberger MB, Meyer W, Capelli G, Malik R. Molecular detection of Pneumocystis in the lungs of cats. Med Mycol 2020; 57:813-824. [PMID: 30566653 PMCID: PMC7107658 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pneumocystis comprises potential pathogens that reside normally in the lungs of a wide range of mammals. Although they generally behave as transient or permanent commensals, they can occasionally cause life-threatening pneumonia (Pneumocystis pneumonia; PCP) in immunosuppressed individuals. Several decades ago, the presence of Pneumocystis morphotypes (trophic forms and cysts) was described in the lungs of normal cats and cats with experimentally induced symptomatic PCP (after immunosuppression by corticosteroids); yet to date spontaneous or drug-induced PCP has not been described in the clinical feline literature, despite immunosuppression of cats by long-standing retrovirus infections or after kidney transplantation. In this study, we describe the presence of Pneumocystis DNA in the lungs of normal cats (that died of various unrelated causes; n = 84) using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) targeting the mitochondrial small and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (mtSSU rRNA and mtLSU rRNA). The presence of Pneumocystis DNA was confirmed by sequencing in 24/84 (29%) cats, with evidence of two different sequence types (or lineages). Phylogenetically, lineage1 (L1; 19 cats) and lineage 2 (L2; 5 cats) formed separate clades, clustering with Pneumocystis from domestic pigs (L1) and carnivores (L2), respectively. Results of the present study support the notion that cats can be colonized or subclinically infected by Pneumocystis, without histological evidence of damage to the pulmonary parenchyma referable to pneumocystosis. Pneumocystis seems most likely an innocuous pathogen of cats’ lungs, but its possible role in the exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disorders or viral/bacterial coinfections should be considered further in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Antonio Carminato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | | | - Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Molecular Diagnosis of Emmonsia-Like Fungi Occurring in Wild Animals. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:51-65. [PMID: 31325117 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using specific primers based on the ribosomal operon, positive DNA amplification was obtained from lungs of 11/215 tested small burrowing animals, both terrestrial and aquatic, and including frozen (n = 4) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (n = 7) samples. The main species detected in Europe in mice, otters and river rats was Emmonsia crescens. Two strains from otters and weasels were Blastomyces parvus. Two Australian wombats revealed the presence of a hitherto unknown species of the geophilic genus Emmonsiellopsis.
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14
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Petini M, Furlanello T, Danesi P, Zoia A. Nested-polymerase chain reaction detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. canis in a suspected immunocompromised Cavalier King Charles spaniel with multiple infections. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2019; 7:2050313X19841169. [PMID: 31065354 PMCID: PMC6487761 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x19841169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-month-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel female was referred due to a chronic cough refractory to antibiotic treatments. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, increased serum C-reactive protein, hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased total serum immunoglobulin G concentration. Thoracic radiographs showed a mild bronchial pattern. Cytology of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed a septic inflammation. Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp., and Pneumocystis carinii were identified by polymerase chain reaction testing, and Klebsiella pneumonia was cultured from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, Escherichia coli was also cultured from urine. Pneumocystis spp. identification was done by sequencing of genetic amplicons. The dog died due to cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to a spontaneous pneumothorax on the day following the procedure. This report documents the detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. canis in a suspected immunocompromised Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with concurrent pulmonary and urinary tract infections involving four different pathogens, and highlights the importance of the use of polymerase chain reaction testing to detect canine Pneumocystis spp. in cases with negative bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrizia Danesi
- Operative Unit of Mycology, Parasitology Lab, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Italy
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15
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Best MP, Boyd SP, Danesi P. Confirmed case of
Pneumocystis
pneumonia in a Maltese Terrier × Papillon dog being treated with toceranib phosphate. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:162-165. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MP Best
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre Albany Creek Queensland Australia
| | - SP Boyd
- QML Vetnostics Murrarie Queensland Australia
| | - P Danesi
- Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Legnaro (PD) Italy
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16
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Danesi P, Falcaro C, Ravagnan S, Da Rold G, Porcellato E, Corrò M, Iatta R, Cafarchia C, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Meyer W, Capelli G. Real-time PCR assay for screening Pneumocystis in free-living wild squirrels and river rats in Italy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:862-867. [PMID: 30204066 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718797379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a real-time PCR (rtPCR) targeting a 150-bp amplicon of the mitochondrial small subunit of ribosomal RNA (mtSSU rRNA) to screen for Pneumocystis DNA in lungs of wild squirrels ( Callosciurus finlaysonii, n = 85) and river rats ( Myocastor coypus, n = 43) in Italy. The rtPCR revealed Pneumocystis DNA in 20 of 85 (24%) squirrels and in 35 of 43 (81%) river rats, and was more sensitive than a nested PCR that targets a portion of the mtSSU rRNA and the mitochondrial large subunit of rRNA (mtLSU rRNA). Phylogenetic analysis based on mtSSU rRNA and mtLSU rRNA sequences showed distinct Pneumocystis sequence types in these rodents. The rtPCR assay should be reliable for screening large populations for this potential pathogen, thereby allowing cost-effective monitoring of the disease in wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Christian Falcaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Graziana Da Rold
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Elena Porcellato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Roberta Iatta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Danesi, Falcaro, Ravagnan, Da Rold, Porcellato, Corrò, Capelli).,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy (Iatta, Cafarchia).,Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy (Frangipane di Regalbono).,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School-Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia (Meyer)
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17
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Schiborra F, Scudder CJ, Littler RM, Lamb CR, McConnell JF, Maddox TW. CT findings in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in five dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:508-513. [PMID: 29577303 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a rare disease in dogs. It is primarily reported in cavalier King Charles spaniels and miniature dachshunds with suspected underlying immunodeficiency. This case series reports the findings in five dogs (four cavalier King Charles spaniels and one Bedlington terrier) with confirmed P. carinii pneumonia. Thoracic (CT) revealed ground glass opacity of the pulmonary parenchyma with a diffuse or multifocal distribution. The severity of this pattern was variable. Less consistent imaging findings included parenchymal bands, bronchial dilation and signs consistent with pulmonary hypertension. Four dogs recovered well with treatment and there was resolution of CT abnormalities in all dogs with follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schiborra
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C J Scudder
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - R M Littler
- Northwest Surgeons, Delamere House, Sutton Weaver, Cheshire, WA7 3FW, UK
| | - C R Lamb
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J F McConnell
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - T W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
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18
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Guija-De-Arespacochaga A, Klang A, Weissenböck H, Künzel F. Pneumocystosis in dogs: meta-analysis of 43 published cases including clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, and treatment. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:26-35. [PMID: 29145787 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated 43 published cases of dogs with confirmed Pneumocystis infection regarding the value of clinical parameters indicating the presence of the disease as well as tools for the detection of the pathogen. The assessed parameters included clinical signs, laboratory findings, results of thoracic radiography, autopsy, histopathology, methods for the detection of Pneumocystis, as well as medical therapy. Pneumocystosis was diagnosed most often in certain breeds (Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Miniature Dachshund) with a predisposition for impaired immunity. The median age of the dogs was 1 y. Chronic therapy-resistant respiratory signs, such as tachypnea, dyspnea, and cough, along with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hypogammaglobulinemia, were the most frequently described clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Pneumocystosis can be masked by coinfections with other respiratory pathogens, and the successful detection of Pneumocystis organisms is of major relevance. Several detection methods have been used in the past, but only a few provide reliable results. In 2017, the cytologic evaluation of Giemsa-stained bronchoalveolar lavage samples is generally used, even if sensitivity is only moderate. More reliable results can be achieved using special stains or sensitive molecular techniques. Fast and reliable detection of Pneumocystis is the essential basis for appropriate treatment and higher survival chances for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Guija-De-Arespacochaga
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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