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Title PO, Singhal S, Grundler MC, Costa GC, Pyron RA, Colston TJ, Grundler MR, Prates I, Stepanova N, Jones MEH, Cavalcanti LBQ, Colli GR, Di-Poï N, Donnellan SC, Moritz C, Mesquita DO, Pianka ER, Smith SA, Vitt LJ, Rabosky DL. The macroevolutionary singularity of snakes. Science 2024; 383:918-923. [PMID: 38386744 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Snakes and lizards (Squamata) represent a third of terrestrial vertebrates and exhibit spectacular innovations in locomotion, feeding, and sensory processing. However, the evolutionary drivers of this radiation remain poorly known. We infer potential causes and ultimate consequences of squamate macroevolution by combining individual-based natural history observations (>60,000 animals) with a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny that we anchored with genomic data (5400 loci) from 1018 species. Due to shifts in the dynamics of speciation and phenotypic evolution, snakes have transformed the trophic structure of animal communities through the recurrent origin and diversification of specialized predatory strategies. Squamate biodiversity reflects a legacy of singular events that occurred during the early history of snakes and reveals the impact of historical contingency on vertebrate biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal O Title
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Michael C Grundler
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117, USA
| | - R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - Maggie R Grundler
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ivan Prates
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Natasha Stepanova
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marc E H Jones
- Science Group: Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians and Birds Section, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lucas B Q Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Guarino R Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Craig Moritz
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Daniel O Mesquita
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Eric R Pianka
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laurie J Vitt
- Sam Noble Museum and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Piccoli C, Belluardo F, Lobón-Rovira J, Oliveira Alves I, Rasoazanany M, Andreone F, Rosa GM, Crottini A. Another step through the crux: a new microendemic rock-dwelling Paroedura (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from south-central Madagascar. Zookeys 2023; 1181:125-154. [PMID: 37841030 PMCID: PMC10568478 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1181.108134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an integrative taxonomic approach including genetic and morphological data, we formally describe a new microendemic gecko species belonging to the Paroedurabastardi clade, previously referred to as P.bastardi D. We name this taxon currently known from Anja Reserve and Tsaranoro Valley Forest (south-central Madagascar), as P.manongavatosp. nov. The new species differs from other species of the P.bastardi clade by ≥ 12.4% uncorrected p-distance at the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and it forms a monophyletic group in the COI mtDNA phylogenetic tree. It lacks haplotype sharing at the nuclear KIAA1239 and CMOS genes with the other species of the same complex, including the syntopic P.rennerae. Given its limited extent of occurrence and high levels of habitat fragmentation linked to forest clearances and fires, we propose the IUCN Red List Category of Critically Endangered, based on the B1ab(iii) criterion. The conservation value of Anja Reserve and Tsaranoro Valley Forest is remarkable. Preserving the remaining deciduous forest habitat is of paramount importance to protect these narrow-range reptile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Piccoli
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalMuseo Regionale di Scienze NaturaliTurinItaly
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, PortugalUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
- MRSN, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Turin, ItalyBIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - Francesco Belluardo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalMuseo Regionale di Scienze NaturaliTurinItaly
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, PortugalUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Javier Lobón-Rovira
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalMuseo Regionale di Scienze NaturaliTurinItaly
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, PortugalUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Ivo Oliveira Alves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalMuseo Regionale di Scienze NaturaliTurinItaly
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, PortugalUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Malalatiana Rasoazanany
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, MadagascarUniversité d’AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Franco Andreone
- MRSN, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Turin, ItalyBIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de VairãoVairãoPortugal
| | - Gonçalo M. Rosa
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, NW1 4RY London, UKInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalCentre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & Global Change and Sustainability InstituteLisboaPortugal
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalMuseo Regionale di Scienze NaturaliTurinItaly
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, PortugalUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, PortugalUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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Pedro Selvatti A, Romero Rebello Moreira F, Cardoso de Carvalho D, Prosdocimi F, Augusta de Moraes Russo C, Carolina Martins Junqueira A. Phylogenomics reconciles molecular data with the rich fossil record on the origin of living turtles. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 183:107773. [PMID: 36977459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Although a consensus exists that all living turtles fall within either Pleurodira or Cryptodira clades, estimating when these lineages split is still under debate. Most molecular studies date the split in the Triassic Period, whereas a Jurassic age is unanimous among morphological studies. Each hypothesis implies different paleobiogeographical scenarios to explain early turtle evolution. Here we explored the rich turtle fossil record with the Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) and the traditional node dating (ND) methods using complete mitochondrial genomes (147 taxa) and a set of nuclear orthologs with over 10 million bp (25 taxa) to date the major splits in Testudines. Our results support an Early Jurassic split (191-182 Ma) for the crown Testudines with great consistency across different dating methods and datasets, with a narrow confidence interval. This result is independently supported by the oldest fossils of Testudines that postdate the Middle Jurassic (174 Ma), which were not used for calibration in this study. This age coincides with the Pangaea fragmentation and the formation of saltwater barriers such as the Atlantic Ocean and the Turgai Strait, supporting that diversification in Testudines was triggered by vicariance. Our ages of the splits in Pleurodira coincide with the geologic events of the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Conversely, the early Cryptodira radiation remained in Laurasia, and its diversification ensued as all its major lineages expanded their distribution into every continent during the Cenozoic. We provide the first detailed hypothesis of the evolution of Cryptodira in the Southern Hemisphere, in which our time estimates are correlated with each contact between landmasses derived from Gondwana and Laurasia. Although most South American Cryptodira arrived through the Great American Biotic Interchange, our results indicate that the Chelonoidis ancestor probably arrived from Africa through the chain islands of the South Atlantic during the Paleogene. Together, the presence of ancient turtle diversity and the vital role that turtles occupy in marine and terrestrial ecosystems underline South America as a chief area for conservation.
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Downard KM. SEQUENCE-FREE PHYLOGENETICS WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:3-14. [PMID: 33169385 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An alternative, more rapid, sequence-free approach to build phylogenetic trees has been conceived and implemented. Molecular phylogenetics has continued to mostly focus on improvement in tree construction based on gene sequence alignments. Here protein-based phylogenies are constructed using numerical data sets ("phylonumerics") representing the masses of peptide segments recorded in a mass mapping experiment. This truly sequence-free method requires no gene sequences, nor their alignment, to build the trees affording a considerable time and cost-saving to conventional phylogenetics methods. The approach also calculates single point amino acid mutations from a comparison of mass pairs from different maps in the data set and displays these at branch nodes across the tree together with their frequency. Studies of the consecutive, and near-consecutive, ancestral and descendant mutations across interconnected branches of a mass tree allow putative adaptive, epistatic, and compensatory mutations to be identified in order to investigate mechanisms associated with evolutionary processes and pathways. A side-by-side comparison of this sequence-free approach and conventional gene sequence phylogenetics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Downard
- Infectious Disease Responses Laboratory, Prince of Wales Clinical Sciences, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Davidian AG, Dyomin AG, Galkina SA, Makarova NE, Dmitriev SE, Gaginskaya ER. 45S rDNA Repeats of Turtles and Crocodiles Harbor a Functional 5S rRNA Gene Specifically Expressed in Oocytes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6432055. [PMID: 34905062 PMCID: PMC8789306 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotic genomes, tandemly repeated copies of 5S rRNA genes are clustered outside the nucleolus organizer region (NOR), which normally encodes three other major rRNAs: 18S, 5.8S, and 28S. Our analysis of turtle rDNA sequences has revealed a 5S rDNA insertion into the NOR intergenic spacer in antisense orientation. The insertion (hereafter called NOR-5S rRNA gene) has a length of 119 bp and coexists with the canonical 5S rDNA clusters outside the NOR. Despite the ∼20% nucleotide difference between the two 5S gene sequences, their internal control regions for RNA polymerase III are similar. Using the turtle Trachemys scripta as a model species, we showed the NOR-5S rDNA specific expression in oocytes. This expression is concurrent with the NOR rDNA amplification during oocyte growth. We show that in vitellogenic oocytes, the NOR-5S rRNA prevails over the canonical 5S rRNA in the ribosomes, suggesting a role of modified ribosomes in oocyte-specific translation. The orders Testudines and Crocodilia seem to be the only taxa of vertebrates with such a peculiar rDNA organization. We speculate that the amplification of the 5S rRNA genes as a part of the NOR DNA during oogenesis provides a dosage balance between transcription of all the four ribosomal RNAs while producing a maternal pool of extra ribosomes. We further hypothesize that the NOR-5S rDNA insertion appeared in the Archelosauria clade during the Permian period and was lost later in the ancestors of Aves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya G Davidian
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander G Dyomin
- Laboratory of Cell Technologies, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Galkina
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda E Makarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena R Gaginskaya
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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6
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Sex Chromosomes and Master Sex-Determining Genes in Turtles and Other Reptiles. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111822. [PMID: 34828428 PMCID: PMC8622242 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among tetrapods, the well differentiated heteromorphic sex chromosomes of birds and mammals have been highly investigated and their master sex-determining (MSD) gene, Dmrt1 and SRY, respectively, have been identified. The homomorphic sex chromosomes of reptiles have been the least studied, but the gap with birds and mammals has begun to fill. This review describes our current knowledge of reptilian sex chromosomes at the cytogenetic and molecular level. Most of it arose recently from various studies comparing male to female gene content. This includes restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) experiments in several male and female samples, RNA sequencing and identification of Z- or X-linked genes by male/female comparative transcriptome coverage, and male/female transcriptomic or transcriptome/genome substraction approaches allowing the identification of Y- or W-linked transcripts. A few putative master sex-determining (MSD) genes have been proposed, but none has been demonstrated yet. Lastly, future directions in the field of reptilian sex chromosomes and their MSD gene studies are considered.
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Kratochvíl L, Gamble T, Rovatsos M. Sex chromosome evolution among amniotes: is the origin of sex chromosomes non-random? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200108. [PMID: 34304592 PMCID: PMC8310715 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are a great example of a convergent evolution at the genomic level, having evolved dozens of times just within amniotes. An intriguing question is whether this repeated evolution was random, or whether some ancestral syntenic blocks have significantly higher chance to be co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes owing to their gene content related to gonad development. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolutionary history of sex determination and sex chromosomes in amniotes and evaluate the hypothesis of non-random emergence of sex chromosomes. The current data on the origin of sex chromosomes in amniotes suggest that their evolution is indeed non-random. However, this non-random pattern is not very strong, and many syntenic blocks representing putatively independently evolved sex chromosomes are unique. Still, repeatedly co-opted chromosomes are an excellent model system, as independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosome offers a great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on the sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control for the genomic background and gene identity. Future studies should use these systems more to explore the convergent/divergent evolution of sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
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Walker JF, Smith SA, Hodel RGJ, Moyroud E. Concordance-based approaches for the inference of relationships and molecular rates with phylogenomic datasets. Syst Biol 2021; 71:943-958. [PMID: 34240209 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene tree conflict is common and finding methods to analyze and alleviate the negative effects that conflict has on species tree analysis is a crucial part of phylogenomics. This study aims to expand the discussion of inferring species trees and molecular branch lengths when conflict is present. Conflict is typically examined in two ways: inferring its prevalence, and inferring the influence of the individual genes (how strongly one gene supports any given topology compared to an alternative topology). Here, we examine a procedure for incorporating both conflict and the influence of genes in order to infer evolutionary relationships. All supported relationships in the gene trees are analyzed and the likelihood of the genes constrained to these relationships is summed to provide a likelihood for the relationship. Consensus tree assembly is conducted based on the sum of likelihoods for a given relationship and choosing relationships based on the most likely relationship assuming it does not conflict with a relationship that has a higher likelihood score. If it is not possible for all most likely relationships to be combined into a single bifurcating tree then multiple trees are produced and a consensus tree with a polytomy is created. This procedure allows for more influential genes to have greater influence on an inferred relationship, does not assume conflict has arisen from any one source, and does not force the dataset to produce a single bifurcating tree. Using this approach on three empirical datasets, we examine and discuss the relationship between influence and prevalence of gene tree conflict. We find that in one of the datasets, assembling a bifurcating consensus tree solely composed of the most likely relationships is impossible. To account for conflict in molecular rate analysis we also introduce a concordance-based approach to the summary and estimation of branch lengths suitable for downstream comparative analyses. We demonstrate through simulation that even under high levels of stochastic conflict, the mean and median of the concordant rates recapitulate the true molecular rate better than using a supermatrix approach. Using a large phylogenomic dataset, we examine rate heterogeneity across concordant genes with a focus on the branch subtending crown angiosperms. Notably, we find highly variable rates of evolution along the branch subtending crown angiosperms. The approaches outlined here have several limitations, but they also represent some alternative methods for harnessing the complexity of phylogenomic datasets and enrich our inferences of both species' relationships and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Walker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607 U.S.A
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard G J Hodel
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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9
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Le Roy N, Stapane L, Gautron J, Hincke MT. Evolution of the Avian Eggshell Biomineralization Protein Toolkit - New Insights From Multi-Omics. Front Genet 2021; 12:672433. [PMID: 34046059 PMCID: PMC8144736 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.672433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian eggshell is a remarkable biomineral, which is essential for avian reproduction; its properties permit embryonic development in the desiccating terrestrial environment, and moreover, are critically important to preserve unfertilized egg quality for human consumption. This calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bioceramic is made of 95% calcite and 3.5% organic matrix; it protects the egg contents against microbial penetration and mechanical damage, allows gaseous exchange, and provides calcium for development of the embryonic skeleton. In vertebrates, eggshell occurs in the Sauropsida and in a lesser extent in Mammalia taxa; avian eggshell calcification is one of the fastest known CaCO3 biomineralization processes, and results in a material with excellent mechanical properties. Thus, its study has triggered a strong interest from the researcher community. The investigation of eggshell biomineralization in birds over the past decades has led to detailed characterization of its protein and mineral constituents. Recently, our understanding of this process has been significantly improved using high-throughput technologies (i.e., proteomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and bioinformatics). Presently, more or less complete eggshell proteomes are available for nine birds, and therefore, key proteins that comprise the eggshell biomineralization toolkit are beginning to be identified. In this article, we review current knowledge on organic matrix components from calcified eggshell. We use these data to analyze the evolution of selected matrix proteins and underline their role in the biological toolkit required for eggshell calcification in avian species. Amongst the panel of eggshell-associated proteins, key functional domains are present such as calcium-binding, vesicle-binding and protein-binding. These technical advances, combined with progress in mineral ultrastructure analyses, have opened the way for new hypotheses of mineral nucleation and crystal growth in formation of the avian eggshell, including transfer of amorphous CaCO3 in vesicles from uterine cells to the eggshell mineralization site. The enrichment of multi-omics datasets for bird species is critical to understand the evolutionary context for development of CaCO3 biomineralization in metazoans, leading to the acquisition of the robust eggshell in birds (and formerly dinosaurs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Lyson TR, Bever GS. Origin and Evolution of the Turtle Body Plan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin of turtles and their uniquely shelled body plan is one of the longest standing problems in vertebrate biology. The unfulfilled need for a hypothesis that both explains the derived nature of turtle anatomy and resolves their unclear phylogenetic position among reptiles largely reflects the absence of a transitional fossil record. Recent discoveries have dramatically improved this situation, providing an integrated, time-calibrated model of the morphological, developmental, and ecological transformations responsible for the modern turtle body plan. This evolutionary trajectory was initiated in the Permian (>260 million years ago) when a turtle ancestor with a diapsid skull evolved a novel mechanism for lung ventilation. This key innovation permitted the torso to become apomorphically stiff, most likely as an adaption for digging and a fossorial ecology. The construction of the modern turtle body plan then proceeded over the next 100 million years following a largely stepwise model of osteological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Lyson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
| | - Gabriel S. Bever
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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11
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Poe S, Anderson C, Barnett J. On the Selection and Analysis of Clades in Comparative Evolutionary Studies. Syst Biol 2020; 70:190-196. [PMID: 32196114 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers commonly present results of comparative studies of taxonomic groups. In this review, we criticize the focus on named clades, usually, comparably ranked groups such as families or orders, for comparative evolutionary analyses and question the general practice of using clades as units of analysis. The practice of analyzing sets of named groups persists despite widespread appreciation that the groups we have chosen to name are based on subjective human concerns rather than objective properties of nature. We demonstrate an effect of clade selection on results in one study and present some potential alternatives to selecting named clades for analysis that are relatively objective in clade choice. However, we note that these alternatives are only partial solutions for clade-based studies. The practice of analyzing named clades obviously is biased and problematic, but its issues portend broader problems with the general approach of employing clades as units of analysis. Most clade-based studies do not account for the nonindependence of clades, and the biological insight gained from demonstrating some pattern among a particular arbitrary sample of groups is arguable. [Clades; comparative biology; taxonomic groups.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Poe
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Christopher Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Joseph Barnett
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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12
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Mahony S, Kamei RG, Teeling EC, Biju SD. Taxonomic review of the Asian Horned Frogs (Amphibia: Megophrys Kuhl & Van Hasselt) of Northeast India and Bangladesh previously misidentified as M. parva (Boulenger), with descriptions of three new species. J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1736679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mahony
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Rachunliu G. Kamei
- Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Emma C. Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - S. D. Biju
- Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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13
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Kundu S, Kumar V, Tyagi K, Chandra K. The complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered Assam Roofed Turtle, Pangshura sylhetensis (Testudines: Geoemydidae): Genomic features and phylogeny. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225233. [PMID: 32324729 PMCID: PMC7179895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Assam Roofed Turtle, Pangshura sylhetensis is an endangered and least studied species endemic to India and Bangladesh. The present study decodes the first complete mitochondrial genome of P. sylhetensis (16,568 bp) by using next-generation sequencing. The assembly encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and one control region (CR). Most of the genes were encoded on the majority strand, except NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (nad6) and eight tRNAs. All PCGs start with an ATG initiation codon, except for Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5), which both start with GTG codon. The study also found the typical cloverleaf secondary structures in most of the predicted tRNA structures, except for serine (trnS1) which lacks of conventional DHU arm and loop. Both Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference using 13 concatenated PCGs demonstrated strong support for the monophyly of all 52 Testudines species within their respective families and revealed Batagur trivittata as the nearest neighbor of P. sylhetensis. The mitogenomic phylogeny with other amniotes is congruent with previous research, supporting the sister relationship of Testudines and Archosaurians (birds and crocodilians). Additionally, the mitochondrial Gene Order (GO) analysis indicated plesiomorphy with the typical vertebrate GO in most of the Testudines species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kundu
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
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14
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Stuart BL, Som HE, Neang T, Hoang HD, Le DTT, Dau VQ, Potter K, Rowley JJL. Integrative taxonomic analysis reveals a new species of Leptobrachium (Anura: Megophryidae) from north-eastern Cambodia and central Vietnam. J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1756498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L. Stuart
- Section of Research and Collections, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah E. Som
- Section of Research and Collections, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Thy Neang
- Wild Earth Allies, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Huy Duc Hoang
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Thuy Le
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Quang Dau
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa City, Vietnam
| | - Kathy Potter
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jodi J. L. Rowley
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Goldberg S, Venkatesh A, Martinez J, Dombroski C, Abesamis J, Campbell C, Mccalipp M, de Bellard ME. The development of the trunk neural crest in the turtle Trachemys scripta. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:125-140. [PMID: 31587387 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural crest is a group of multipotent cells that give rise to a wide variety of cells, especially portion of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest cells (NCCs) show evolutionary conserved fate restrictions based on their axial level of origin: cranial, vagal, trunk, and sacral. While much is known about these cells in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish, relatively little is known in other types of amniotes such as snakes, lizards, and turtles. We attempt here to provide a more detailed description of the early phase of trunk neural crest cell (tNCC) development in turtle embryos. RESULTS In this study, we show, for the first time, migrating tNCC in the pharyngula embryo of Trachemys scripta by vital-labeling the NCC with DiI and through immunofluorescence. We found that (a) tNCC form a line along the sides of the trunk NT; (b) The presence of late migrating tNCC on the medial portion of the somite; (c) The presence of lateral mesodermal migrating tNCC in pharyngula embryos; (d) That turtle embryos have large/thick peripheral nerves. CONCLUSIONS The similarities and differences in tNCC migration and early PNS development that we observe across sauropsids (birds, snake, gecko, and turtle) suggests that these species evolved some distinct NCC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Goldberg
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Akshaya Venkatesh
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Jocelyn Martinez
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Catherine Dombroski
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Jessica Abesamis
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Catherine Campbell
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Mialishia Mccalipp
- Biology Department, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
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16
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Gustafson GT, Alexander A, Sproul JS, Pflug JM, Maddison DR, Short AEZ. Ultraconserved element (UCE) probe set design: Base genome and initial design parameters critical for optimization. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6933-6948. [PMID: 31312430 PMCID: PMC6617817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted capture and enrichment approaches have proven effective for phylogenetic study. Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) in particular have exhibited great utility for phylogenomic analyses, with the software package phyluce being among the most utilized pipelines for UCE phylogenomics, including probe design. Despite the success of UCEs, it is becoming increasing apparent that diverse lineages require probe sets tailored to focal taxa in order to improve locus recovery. However, factors affecting probe design and methods for optimizing probe sets to focal taxa remain underexplored. Here, we use newly available beetle (Coleoptera) genomic resources to investigate factors affecting UCE probe set design using phyluce. In particular, we explore the effects of stringency during initial design steps, as well as base genome choice on resulting probe sets and locus recovery. We found that both base genome choice and initial bait design stringency parameters greatly alter the number of resultant probes included in final probe sets and strongly affect the number of loci detected and recovered during in silico testing of these probe sets. In addition, we identify attributes of base genomes that correlated with high performance in probe design. Ultimately, we provide a recommended workflow for using phyluce to design an optimized UCE probe set that will work across a targeted lineage, and use our findings to develop a new, open‐source UCE probe set for beetles of the suborder Adephaga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grey T Gustafson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas.,Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas
| | - Alana Alexander
- Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas.,Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - John S Sproul
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon.,Department of Biology University of Rochester Rochester New York
| | - James M Pflug
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - David R Maddison
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Andrew E Z Short
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas.,Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas
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17
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Tisdale RK, Lesku JA, Beckers GJL, Rattenborg NC. Bird-like propagating brain activity in anesthetized Nile crocodiles. Sleep 2019; 41:5003083. [PMID: 29955880 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives The changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity that characterize sleep and its sub-states-slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-are similar in mammals and birds. SWS is characterized by EEG slow waves resulting from the synchronous alternation of neuronal membrane potentials between hyperpolarized down-states with neuronal quiescence and depolarized up-states associated with action potentials. By contrast, studies of non-avian reptiles report the presence of high-voltage sharp waves (HShW) during sleep. How HShW relate to EEG phenomena occurring during mammalian and avian sleep is unclear. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of electrophysiological phenomena in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) anesthetized with isoflurane to determine whether they share similar spatiotemporal patterns to mammalian and avian slow waves. Methods Recordings of anesthetized crocodiles were made using 64-channel penetrating arrays with electrodes arranged in an 8 × 8 equally spaced grid. The arrays were placed in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR), a region implicated in the genesis of HShW. Various aspects of the spatiotemporal distribution of recorded signals were investigated. Results Recorded signals revealed the presence of HShW resembling those reported in earlier studies of naturally sleeping reptiles. HShW propagated in complex and variable patterns across the DVR. Conclusions We demonstrate that HShW within the DVR propagate in complex patterns similar to those observed for avian slow waves recorded from homologous brain regions. Consequently, sleep with HShW may represent an ancestral form of SWS, characterized by up-states occurring less often and for a shorter duration than in mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gabriel J L Beckers
- Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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18
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Simmons MP, Sloan DB, Springer MS, Gatesy J. Gene-wise resampling outperforms site-wise resampling in phylogenetic coalescence analyses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 131:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Luo D, Li Y, Zhao Q, Zhao L, Ludwig A, Peng Z. Highly Resolved Phylogenetic Relationships within Order Acipenseriformes According to Novel Nuclear Markers. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E38. [PMID: 30634684 PMCID: PMC6356338 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Order Acipenseriformes contains 27 extant species distributed across the northern hemisphere, including so-called "living fossil" species of garfish and sturgeons. Previous studies have focused on their mitochondrial genetics and have rarely used nuclear genetic data, leaving questions as to their phylogenetic relationships. This study aimed to utilize a bioinformatics approach to screen for candidate single-copy nuclear genes, using transcriptomic data from sturgeon species and genomic data from the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus. We utilized nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and degenerate primers to identify nuclear protein-coding (NPC) gene markers to determine phylogenetic relationships among the Acipenseriformes. We identified 193 nuclear single-copy genes, selected from 1850 candidate genes with at least one exon larger than 700 bp. Forty-three of these genes were used for primer design and development of 30 NPC markers, which were sequenced for at least 14 Acipenseriformes species. Twenty-seven NPC markers were found completely in 16 species. Gene trees according to Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) were calculated based on the 30 NPC markers (20,946 bp total). Both gene and species trees produced very similar topologies. A molecular clock model estimated the divergence time between sturgeon and paddlefish at 204.1 Mya, approximately 10% later than previous estimates based on cytochrome b data (184.4 Mya). The successful development and application of NPC markers provides a new perspective and insight for the phylogenetic relationships of Acipenseriformes. Furthermore, the newly developed nuclear markers may be useful in further studies on the conservation, evolution, and genomic biology of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehuai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Qingyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lianpeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Zuogang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China.
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20
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Ng CS, Li WH. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Feather Diversity in Birds. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2572-2586. [PMID: 30169786 PMCID: PMC6171735 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feather diversity is striking in many aspects. Although the development of feather has been studied for decades, genetic and genomic studies of feather diversity have begun only recently. Many questions remain to be answered by multidisciplinary approaches. In this review, we discuss three levels of feather diversity: Feather morphotypes, intraspecific variations, and interspecific variations. We summarize recent studies of feather evolution in terms of genetics, genomics, and developmental biology and provide perspectives for future research. Specifically, this review includes the following topics: 1) Diversity of feather morphotype; 2) feather diversity among different breeds of domesticated birds, including variations in pigmentation pattern, in feather length or regional identity, in feather orientation, in feather distribution, and in feather structure; and 3) diversity of feathers among avian species, including plumage color and morph differences between species and the regulatory differences in downy feather development between altricial and precocial birds. Finally, we discussed future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Siang Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago
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21
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Holthaus KB, Strasser B, Lachner J, Sukseree S, Sipos W, Weissenbacher A, Tschachler E, Alibardi L, Eckhart L. Comparative Analysis of Epidermal Differentiation Genes of Crocodilians Suggests New Models for the Evolutionary Origin of Avian Feather Proteins. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:694-704. [PMID: 29447391 PMCID: PMC5827346 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis of amniotes forms a protective barrier against the environment and the differentiation program of keratinocytes, the main cell type in the epidermis, has undergone specific alterations in the course of adaptation of amniotes to a broad variety of environments and lifestyles. The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes expressed at late stages of keratinocyte differentiation in both sauropsids and mammals. In the present study, we identified and analyzed the crocodilian equivalent of the EDC. The gene complement of the EDC of both the American alligator and the saltwater crocodile were determined by comparative genomics, de novo gene prediction and identification of EDC transcripts in published transcriptome data. We found that crocodilians have an organization of the EDC similar to that of their closest living relatives, the birds, with which they form the clade Archosauria. Notable differences include the specific expansion of a subfamily of EDC genes in crocodilians and the loss of distinct ancestral EDC genes in birds. Identification and comparative analysis of crocodilian orthologs of avian feather proteins suggest that the latter evolved by cooption and sequence modification of ancestral EDC genes, and that the amplification of an internal highly cysteine-enriched amino acid sequence motif gave rise to the feather component epidermal differentiation cysteine-rich protein in the avian lineage. Thus, sequence diversification of EDC genes contributed to the evolutionary divergence of the crocodilian and avian integuments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Brigit Holthaus
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Bettina Strasser
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Lachner
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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22
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Twyman H, Valenzuela N, Literman R, Andersson S, Mundy NI. Seeing red to being red: conserved genetic mechanism for red cone oil droplets and co-option for red coloration in birds and turtles. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1208. [PMID: 27488652 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian ketocarotenoid pigments occur in both the red retinal oil droplets that contribute to colour vision and bright red coloration used in signalling. Turtles are the only other tetrapods with red retinal oil droplets, and some also display red carotenoid-based coloration. Recently, the CYP2J19 gene was strongly implicated in ketocarotenoid synthesis in birds. Here, we investigate CYP2J19 evolution in relation to colour vision and red coloration in reptiles using genomic and expression data. We show that turtles, but not crocodiles or lepidosaurs, possess a CYP2J19 orthologue, which arose via gene duplication before turtles and archosaurs split, and which is strongly and specifically expressed in the ketocarotenoid-containing retina and red integument. We infer that CYP2J19 initially functioned in colour vision in archelosaurs and conclude that red ketocarotenoid-based coloration evolved independently in birds and turtles via gene regulatory changes of CYP2J19 Our results suggest that red oil droplets contributed to colour vision in dinosaurs and pterosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Twyman
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Robert Literman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Staffan Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Nicholas I Mundy
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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23
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Phylogeny mandalas for illustrating the Tree of Life. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 117:168-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Liu J, Jiang J, Song S, Tornabene L, Chabarria R, Naylor GJP, Li C. Multilocus DNA barcoding - Species Identification with Multilocus Data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16601. [PMID: 29192249 PMCID: PMC5709489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Species identification using DNA sequences, known as DNA barcoding has been widely used in many applied fields. Current barcoding methods are usually based on a single mitochondrial locus, such as cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). This type of barcoding method does not always work when applied to species separated by short divergence times or that contain introgressed genes from closely related species. Herein we introduce a more effective multi-locus barcoding framework that is based on gene capture and "next-generation" sequencing. We selected 500 independent nuclear markers for ray-finned fishes and designed a three-step pipeline for multilocus DNA barcoding. We applied our method on two exemplar datasets each containing a pair of sister fish species: Siniperca chuatsi vs. Sini. kneri and Sicydium altum vs. Sicy. adelum, where the COI barcoding approach failed. Both of our empirical and simulated results demonstrated that under limited gene flow and enough separation time, we could correctly identify species using multilocus barcoding method. We anticipate that, as the cost of DNA sequencing continues to fall that our multilocus barcoding approach will eclipse existing single-locus DNA barcoding methods as a means to better understand the diversity of the living world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Liu
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiamei Jiang
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shuli Song
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Luke Tornabene
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ryan Chabarria
- College of Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412-5806, USA
| | | | - Chenhong Li
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China.
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25
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Willis KL, Carr CE. A circuit for detection of interaural time differences in the nucleus laminaris of turtles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4270-4281. [PMID: 28947499 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The physiological hearing range of turtles is approximately 50-1000 Hz, as determined by cochlear microphonics ( Wever and Vernon, 1956a). These low frequencies can constrain sound localization, particularly in red-eared slider turtles, which are freshwater turtles with small heads and isolated middle ears. To determine if these turtles were sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs), we investigated the connections and physiology of their auditory brainstem nuclei. Tract tracing experiments showed that cranial nerve VIII bifurcated to terminate in the first-order nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus angularis (NA), and the NM projected bilaterally to the nucleus laminaris (NL). As the NL received inputs from each side, we developed an isolated head preparation to examine responses to binaural auditory stimulation. Magnocellularis and laminaris units responded to frequencies from 100 to 600 Hz, and phase-locked reliably to the auditory stimulus. Responses from the NL were binaural, and sensitive to ITD. Measures of characteristic delay revealed best ITDs around ±200 μs, and NL neurons typically had characteristic phases close to 0, consistent with binaural excitation. Thus, turtles encode ITDs within their physiological range, and their auditory brainstem nuclei have similar connections and cell types to other reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Willis
- University of Maryland, Department of Biology, Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Graduate Program, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Catherine E Carr
- University of Maryland, Department of Biology, Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Graduate Program, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Eliason CM, Hudson L, Watts T, Garza H, Clarke JA. Exceptional preservation and the fossil record of tetrapod integument. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0556. [PMID: 28878057 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fossil record of exceptionally preserved soft tissues in Konservat-Lagerstätten provides rare yet significant insight into past behaviours and ecologies. Such deposits are known to occur in bursts rather than evenly through time, but reasons for this pattern and implications for the origins of novel structures remain unclear. Previous assessments of these records focused on marine environments preserving chemically heterogeneous tissues from across animals. Here, we investigate the preservation of skin and keratinous integumentary structures in land-dwelling vertebrates (tetrapods) through time, and in distinct terrestrial and marine depositional environments. We also evaluate previously proposed biotic and abiotic controls on the distribution of 143 tetrapod Konservat-Lagerstätten from the Permian to the Pleistocene in a multivariate framework. Gap analyses taking into account sampling intensity and distribution indicate that feathers probably evolved close to their first appearance in the fossil record. By contrast, hair and archosaur filaments are weakly sampled (five times less common than feathers), and their origins may significantly pre-date earliest known occurrences in the fossil record. This work suggests that among-integument variation in preservation can bias the reconstructed first origins of integumentary novelties and has implications for predicting where, and in what depositional environments, to expect further discoveries of exquisitely preserved tetrapod integument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Eliason
- Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA .,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Leah Hudson
- Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Taylor Watts
- Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Hector Garza
- Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA .,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA
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Shaffer HB, McCartney-Melstad E, Near TJ, Mount GG, Spinks PQ. Phylogenomic analyses of 539 highly informative loci dates a fully resolved time tree for the major clades of living turtles (Testudines). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:7-15. [PMID: 28711671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate time-calibrated phylogenies are the centerpiece of many macroevolutionary studies, and the relationship between the size and scale of molecular data sets and the density and accuracy of fossil calibrations is a key element of time tree studies. Here, we develop a target capture array specifically for living turtles, compare its efficiency to an ultraconserved element (UCE) dataset, and present a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny based on 539 nuclear loci sequenced from 26 species representing the breadth of living turtle diversity plus outgroups. Our gene array, based on three fully sequenced turtle genomes, is 2.4 times more variable across turtles than a recently published UCE data set for an identical subset of 13 species, confirming that taxon-specific arrays return more informative data per sequencing effort than UCEs. We used our genomic data to estimate the ages of living turtle clades including a mid-late Triassic origin for crown turtles and a mid-Carboniferous split of turtles from their sister group, Archosauria. By specifically excluding several of the earliest potential crown turtle fossils and limiting the age of fossil calibration points to the unambiguous crown lineage Caribemys oxfordiensis from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian, 163.5-157.3Ma) we corroborate a relatively ancient age for living turtles. We also provide novel age estimates for five of the ten testudine families containing more than a single species, as well as several intrafamilial clades. Most of the diversity of crown turtles appears to date to the Paleogene, well after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction 66mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Evan McCartney-Melstad
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas J Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Genevieve G Mount
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Museum of Natural Science, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Phillip Q Spinks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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28
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Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017. [PMID: 28630337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706752114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the limbless caecilians remains a lasting question in vertebrate evolution. Molecular phylogenies and morphology support that caecilians are the sister taxon of batrachians (frogs and salamanders), from which they diverged no later than the early Permian. Although recent efforts have discovered new, early members of the batrachian lineage, the record of pre-Cretaceous caecilians is limited to a single species, Eocaecilia micropodia The position of Eocaecilia within tetrapod phylogeny is controversial, as it already acquired the specialized morphology that characterizes modern caecilians by the Jurassic. Here, we report on a small amphibian from the Upper Triassic of Colorado, United States, with a mélange of caecilian synapomorphies and general lissamphibian plesiomorphies. We evaluated its relationships by designing an inclusive phylogenetic analysis that broadly incorporates definitive members of the modern lissamphibian orders and a diversity of extinct temnospondyl amphibians, including stereospondyls. Our results place the taxon confidently within lissamphibians but demonstrate that the diversity of Permian and Triassic stereospondyls also falls within this group. This hypothesis of caecilian origins closes a substantial morphologic and temporal gap and explains the appeal of morphology-based polyphyly hypotheses for the origins of Lissamphibia while reconciling molecular support for the group's monophyly. Stem caecilian morphology reveals a previously unrecognized stepwise acquisition of typical caecilian cranial apomorphies during the Triassic. A major implication is that many Paleozoic total group lissamphibians (i.e., higher temnospondyls, including the stereospondyl subclade) fall within crown Lissamphibia, which must have originated before 315 million years ago.
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29
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Che LH, Zhang SQ, Li Y, Liang D, Pang H, Ślipiński A, Zhang P. Genome-wide survey of nuclear protein-coding markers for beetle phylogenetics and their application in resolving both deep and shallow-level divergences. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:1342-1358. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Heng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; College of Ecology and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006; Guangdong Province China
| | - Shao-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; College of Ecology and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006; Guangdong Province China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; College of Ecology and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006; Guangdong Province China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; College of Ecology and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006; Guangdong Province China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; College of Ecology and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006; Guangdong Province China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection; CSIRO; GPO Box 1700 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; College of Ecology and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510006; Guangdong Province China
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30
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Tekko T, Lakspere T, Allikalt A, End J, Kõlvart KR, Jagomäe T, Terasmaa A, Philips MA, Visnapuu T, Väärtnõu F, Gilbert SF, Rinken A, Vasar E, Lilleväli K. Wfs1 is expressed in dopaminoceptive regions of the amniote brain and modulates levels of D1-like receptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172825. [PMID: 28267787 PMCID: PMC5436468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During amniote evolution, the construction of the forebrain has diverged across
different lineages, and accompanying the structural changes, functional
diversification of the homologous brain regions has occurred. This can be
assessed by studying the expression patterns of marker genes that are relevant
in particular functional circuits. In all vertebrates, the dopaminergic system
is responsible for the behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Here we
show that the brain regions that receive dopaminergic input through dopamine
receptor D1 are relatively conserved, but with some important
variations between three evolutionarily distant vertebrate lines–house mouse
(Mus musculus), domestic chick (Gallus gallus
domesticus) / common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and
red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Moreover, we find
that in almost all instances, those brain regions expressing D1-like dopamine
receptor genes also express Wfs1. Wfs1 has been studied
primarily in the pancreas, where it regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
stress response, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and insulin production
and secretion. Using radioligand binding assays in wild type and
Wfs1-/- mouse brains, we show that the number of
binding sites of D1-like dopamine receptors is increased in the hippocampus of
the mutant mice. We propose that the functional link between Wfs1 and D1-like
dopamine receptors is evolutionarily conserved and plays an important role in
adjusting behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Tekko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Lakspere
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anni Allikalt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Jaanus End
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anton Terasmaa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fred Väärtnõu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
of America
| | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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31
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Foth C, Ezcurra MD, Sookias RB, Brusatte SL, Butler RJ. Unappreciated diversification of stem archosaurs during the Middle Triassic predated the dominance of dinosaurs. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:188. [PMID: 27628503 PMCID: PMC5024528 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Archosauromorpha originated in the middle-late Permian, radiated during the Triassic, and gave rise to the crown group Archosauria, a highly successful clade of reptiles in terrestrial ecosystems over the last 250 million years. However, scientific attention has mainly focused on the diversification of archosaurs, while their stem lineage (i.e. non-archosaurian archosauromorphs) has often been overlooked in discussions of the evolutionary success of Archosauria. Here, we analyse the cranial disparity of late Permian to Early Jurassic archosauromorphs and make comparisons between non-archosaurian archosauromorphs and archosaurs (including Pseudosuchia and Ornithodira) on the basis of two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. RESULTS Our analysis recovers previously unappreciated high morphological disparity for non-archosaurian archosauromorphs, especially during the Middle Triassic, which abruptly declined during the early Late Triassic (Carnian). By contrast, cranial disparity of archosaurs increased from the Middle Triassic into the Late Triassic, declined during the end-Triassic extinction, but re-expanded towards the end of the Early Jurassic. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that non-archosaurian archosauromorphs were highly diverse components of terrestrial ecosystems prior to the major radiation of archosaurs, including dinosaurs, while disparity patterns of the Ladinian and Carnian indicate a gradual faunal replacement of stem archosaurs by the crown group, including a short interval of partial overlap in morphospace during the Ladinian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Foth
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg/Freiburg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- SNSB, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
| | - Martín D Ezcurra
- CONICET, Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roland B Sookias
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Richard J Butler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Holzer G, Morishita Y, Fini JB, Lorin T, Gillet B, Hughes S, Tohmé M, Deléage G, Demeneix B, Arvan P, Laudet V. Thyroglobulin Represents a Novel Molecular Architecture of Vertebrates. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16553-66. [PMID: 27311711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones modulate not only multiple functions in vertebrates (energy metabolism, central nervous system function, seasonal changes in physiology, and behavior) but also in some non-vertebrates where they control critical post-embryonic developmental transitions such as metamorphosis. Despite their obvious biological importance, the thyroid hormone precursor protein, thyroglobulin (Tg), has been experimentally investigated only in mammals. This may bias our view of how thyroid hormones are produced in other organisms. In this study we searched genomic databases and found Tg orthologs in all vertebrates including the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We cloned a full-size Tg coding sequence from western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comparisons between the representative mammal, amphibian, teleost fish, and basal vertebrate indicate that all of the different domains of Tg, as well as Tg regional structure, are conserved throughout the vertebrates. Indeed, in Xenopus, zebrafish, and lamprey Tgs, key residues, including the hormonogenic tyrosines and the disulfide bond-forming cysteines critical for Tg function, are well conserved despite overall divergence of amino acid sequences. We uncovered upstream sequences that include start codons of zebrafish and Xenopus Tgs and experimentally proved that these are full-length secreted proteins, which are specifically recognized by antibodies against rat Tg. By contrast, we have not been able to find any orthologs of Tg among non-vertebrate species. Thus, Tg appears to be a novel protein elaborated as a single event at the base of vertebrates and virtually unchanged thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Holzer
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, and
| | - Thibault Lorin
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie Tohmé
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gilbert Deléage
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'ingénierie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, and
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
| | - Vincent Laudet
- From the Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France,
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Vieira LG, Santos AL, Moura LR, Orpinelli SR, Pereira KF, Lima FC. Morphology, development and heterochrony of the carapace of Giant Amazon River Turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemidae). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: With aim to report the ontogeny of the osseous elements of the carapace in Peurodiras, 62 embryos and 43 nestlings of Podocnemis expansa were collected and submitted to the clearing and staining technique of bones and cartilages and study of serial histological slices. The carapace has mixed osseous structure of endo and exoskeleton, formed by 8 pairs of costal bones associated with ribs, 7 neural bones associated with neural arches, 11 pairs of peripheral bones, 1 nuchal, 1 pygal and 1 suprapygal. This structure begins its formation in the beginning of stage 16 with the ossification of the periosteal collar of the ribs. With exception of the peripheral bones, the other ones begin their ossification during the embrionary period. In histologic investigation it was found that the costal bones and neural bones have a close relation to the endoskeleton components, originating themselves as intramembranous expansions of the periosteal collar of the ribs and neural arches, respectively. The condensation of the mesenchyme adjacent to the periosteal collar induces the formation of spikes that grow in trabeculae permeated by fibroblasts below the dermis. The nuchal bone also ossifies in an intramembranous way, but does not show direct relation to the endoskeleton. Such information confirms those related to the other Pleurodira, mainly with Podocnemis unifilis, sometimes with conspicuous variations in the chronology of the ossification events. The formation of dermal plates in the carapace of Pleurodira and Criptodira follow the same pattern.
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34
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Lee JW, Kim JE, Goo IB, Hwang JA, Im JH, Choi HS, Lee JH. Expression of Immune-Related Genes during Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) Embryonic and Early Larval Development. Dev Reprod 2016; 19:181-7. [PMID: 26973969 PMCID: PMC4786479 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2015.19.4.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early life stage mortality in fish is one of the problems faced by loach aquaculture. However, our understanding of immune system in early life stage fish is still incomplete, and the information available is restricted to a few fish species. In the present work, we investigated the expression of immune-related transcripts in loach during early development. In fishes, recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and sacsin (SACS) have been considered as immunological function. In this study, the expression of the both genes was assessed throughout the early developmental stages of loach using real-time PCR method. maRAG-1 mRNA was first detected in 0 dph, observed the increased mostly until 40 dph. Significant expression of maRAG-1 was detected in 0 to 40 dph. These patterns of expression may suggest that the loach start to develop its function after hatching. On the other hand, maSACS was detected in unfertilized oocyte to molura stages and 0 to 40 dph. maSACS mRNA transcripts were detected in unfertilized oocytes, suggesting that they are maternally transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Wook Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
| | - In Bon Goo
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
| | - Ju-Ae Hwang
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
| | - Jea Hyun Im
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Choi
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Changwon 645-806, Korea
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35
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Chen MY, Liang D, Zhang P. Selecting Question-Specific Genes to Reduce Incongruence in Phylogenomics: A Case Study of Jawed Vertebrate Backbone Phylogeny. Syst Biol 2015; 64:1104-20. [PMID: 26276158 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incongruence between different phylogenomic analyses is the main challenge faced by phylogeneticists in the genomic era. To reduce incongruence, phylogenomic studies normally adopt some data filtering approaches, such as reducing missing data or using slowly evolving genes, to improve the signal quality of data. Here, we assembled a phylogenomic data set of 58 jawed vertebrate taxa and 4682 genes to investigate the backbone phylogeny of jawed vertebrates under both concatenation and coalescent-based frameworks. To evaluate the efficiency of extracting phylogenetic signals among different data filtering methods, we chose six highly intractable internodes within the backbone phylogeny of jawed vertebrates as our test questions. We found that our phylogenomic data set exhibits substantial conflicting signal among genes for these questions. Our analyses showed that non-specific data sets that are generated without bias toward specific questions are not sufficient to produce consistent results when there are several difficult nodes within a phylogeny. Moreover, phylogenetic accuracy based on non-specific data is considerably influenced by the size of data and the choice of tree inference methods. To address such incongruences, we selected genes that resolve a given internode but not the entire phylogeny. Notably, not only can this strategy yield correct relationships for the question, but it also reduces inconsistency associated with data sizes and inference methods. Our study highlights the importance of gene selection in phylogenomic analyses, suggesting that simply using a large amount of data cannot guarantee correct results. Constructing question-specific data sets may be more powerful for resolving problematic nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Peter A, Khandekar S, Deakin JE, Stick R. A peculiar lamin in a peculiar mammal: Expression of lamin LIII in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). Eur J Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26213206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) holds a unique phylogenetic position at the base of the mammalian lineage due to an amalgamation of mammalian and sauropsid-like features. Here we describe the set of four lamin genes for platypus. Lamins are major components of the nuclear lamina, which constitutes a main component of the nucleoskeleton and is involved in a wide range of nuclear functions. Vertebrate evolution was accompanied by an increase in the number of lamin genes from a single gene in their closest relatives, the tunicates and cephalochordates, to four genes in the vertebrate lineage. Of the four genes the LIII gene is characterized by the presence of two alternatively spliced CaaX-encoding exons. In amphibians and fish LIII is the major lamin protein in oocytes and early embryos. The LIII gene is conserved throughout the vertebrate lineage, with the notable exception of marsupials and placental mammals, which have lost the LIII gene. Here we show that platypus has retained an LIII gene, albeit with a significantly altered structure and with a radically different expression pattern. The platypus LIII gene contains only a single CaaX-encoding exon and the head domain together with coil 1a and part of coil1b of the platypus LIII protein is replaced by a novel short non-helical N-terminus. It is expressed exclusively in the testis. These features resemble those of male germ cell-specific lamins in placental mammals, in particular those of lamin C2. Our data suggest (i) that the specific functions of LIII, which it fulfills in all other vertebrates, is no longer required in mammals and (ii) once it had been freed from these functions has undergone structural alterations and has adopted a new functionality in monotremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Peter
- Department of Cell Biology, FB2, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Shaunak Khandekar
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, avenue E. Mounier 73 bte B1.73.05, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Janine E Deakin
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Reimer Stick
- Department of Cell Biology, FB2, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Feng YJ, Liu QF, Chen MY, Liang D, Zhang P. Parallel tagged amplicon sequencing of relatively long PCR products using the Illumina HiSeq platform and transcriptome assembly. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 16:91-102. [PMID: 25959587 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In phylogenetics and population genetics, a large number of loci are often needed to accurately resolve species relationships. Normally, loci are enriched by PCR and sequenced by Sanger sequencing, which is expensive when the number of amplicons is large. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are increasingly used for parallel amplicon sequencing, which reduces sequencing costs tremendously, but has not reduced preparation costs very much. Moreover, for most current NGS methods, amplicons need to be purified and quantified before sequencing and their lengths are also restricted (normally <700 bp). Here, we describe an approach to sequence pooled amplicons of any length using the Illumina platform. Using this method, amplicons are pooled at equal volume rather than at equal concentration, thus eliminating the laborious purification and quantification steps. We then shear the pooled amplicons, repair the ends, add sample identifying linkers and pool multiple samples prior to Illumina library preparation. Data are then assembled using the transcriptome assembly program trinity, which is optimized to deal with templates of highly varying quantities. We demonstrated the utility of our approach by recovering 93.5% of the target amplicons (size up to 1650 bp) in full length for a 16 taxa × 101 loci project, using ~2.0 GB of Illumina HiSeq paired-end 90-bp data. Overall, we validate a rapid, cost-effective and scalable approach to sequence a large number of targeted loci from a large number of samples that is particularly suitable for both phylogenetics and population genetics studies that require a modest scale of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Meng-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Joyce WG. The origin of turtles: a paleontological perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:181-93. [PMID: 25712176 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The origin of turtles and their unusual body plan has fascinated scientists for the last two centuries. Over the course of the last decades, a broad sample of molecular analyses have favored a sister group relationship of turtles with archosaurs, but recent studies reveal that this signal may be the result of systematic biases affecting molecular approaches, in particular sampling, non-randomly distributed rate heterogeneity among taxa, and the use of concatenated data sets. Morphological studies, by contrast, disfavor archosaurian relationships for turtles, but the proposed alternative topologies are poorly supported as well. The recently revived paleontological hypothesis that the Middle Permian Eunotosaurus africanus is an intermediate stem turtle is now robustly supported by numerous characters that were previously thought to be unique to turtles and that are now shown to have originated over the course of tens of millions of years unrelated to the origin of the turtle shell. Although E. africanus does not solve the placement of turtles within Amniota, it successfully extends the stem lineage of turtles to the Permian and helps resolve some questions associated with the origin of turtles, in particular the non-composite origin of the shell, the slow origin of the shell, and the terrestrial setting for the origin of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Joyce
- Department of Geoscience, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Abstract
Partitioning is a commonly used method in phylogenetics that aims to accommodate variation in substitution patterns among sites. Despite its popularity, there have been few systematic studies of its effects on phylogenetic inference, and there have been no studies that compare the effects of different approaches to partitioning across many empirical data sets. In this study, we applied four commonly used approaches to partitioning to each of 34 empirical data sets, and then compared the resulting tree topologies, branch-lengths, and bootstrap support estimated using each approach. We find that the choice of partitioning scheme often affects tree topology, particularly when partitioning is omitted. Most notably, we find occasional instances where the use of a suboptimal partitioning scheme produces highly supported but incorrect nodes in the tree. Branch-lengths and bootstrap support are also affected by the choice of partitioning scheme, sometimes dramatically so. We discuss the reasons for these effects and make some suggestions for best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kainer
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Grothe B, Pecka M. The natural history of sound localization in mammals--a story of neuronal inhibition. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:116. [PMID: 25324726 PMCID: PMC4181121 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our concepts of sound localization in the vertebrate brain are widely based on the general assumption that both the ability to detect air-borne sounds and the neuronal processing are homologous in archosaurs (present day crocodiles and birds) and mammals. Yet studies repeatedly report conflicting results on the neuronal circuits and mechanisms, in particular the role of inhibition, as well as the coding strategies between avian and mammalian model systems. Here we argue that mammalian and avian phylogeny of spatial hearing is characterized by a convergent evolution of hearing air-borne sounds rather than by homology. In particular, the different evolutionary origins of tympanic ears and the different availability of binaural cues in early mammals and archosaurs imposed distinct constraints on the respective binaural processing mechanisms. The role of synaptic inhibition in generating binaural spatial sensitivity in mammals is highlighted, as it reveals a unifying principle of mammalian circuit design for encoding sound position. Together, we combine evolutionary, anatomical and physiological arguments for making a clear distinction between mammalian processing mechanisms and coding strategies and those of archosaurs. We emphasize that a consideration of the convergent nature of neuronal mechanisms will significantly increase the explanatory power of studies of spatial processing in both mammals and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Grothe
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pecka
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Munich, Germany
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Thomson RC, Plachetzki DC, Mahler DL, Moore BR. A critical appraisal of the use of microRNA data in phylogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3659-68. [PMID: 25071211 PMCID: PMC4156711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407207111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in resolving the tree of life continues to expose relationships that resist resolution, which drives the search for novel sources of information to solve these difficult phylogenetic problems. A recent example, the presence and absence of microRNA families, has been vigorously promoted as an ideal source of phylogenetic data and has been applied to several perennial phylogenetic problems. The utility of such data for phylogenetic inference hinges critically both on developing stochastic models that provide a reasonable description of the process that give rise to these data, and also on the careful validation of those models in real inference scenarios. Remarkably, however, the statistical behavior and phylogenetic utility of microRNA data have not yet been rigorously characterized. Here we explore the behavior and performance of microRNA presence/absence data under a variety of evolutionary models and reexamine datasets from several previous studies. We find that highly heterogeneous rates of microRNA gain and loss, pervasive secondary loss, and sampling error collectively render microRNA-based inference of phylogeny difficult. Moreover, our reanalyses fundamentally alter the conclusions for four of the five studies that we reexamined. Our results indicate that the capacity of miRNA data to resolve the tree of life has been overstated, and we urge caution in their application and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Thomson
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822;
| | - David C Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824; and
| | - D Luke Mahler
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Brian R Moore
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Field DJ, Gauthier JA, King BL, Pisani D, Lyson TR, Peterson KJ. Toward consilience in reptile phylogeny: miRNAs support an archosaur, not lepidosaur, affinity for turtles. Evol Dev 2014; 16:189-96. [PMID: 24798503 PMCID: PMC4215941 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phylogenetic position of crown turtles (Testudines) among amniotes has been a source of particular contention. Recent morphological analyses suggest that turtles are sister to all other reptiles, whereas the vast majority of gene sequence analyses support turtles as being inside Diapsida, and usually as sister to crown Archosauria (birds and crocodilians). Previously, a study using microRNAs (miRNAs) placed turtles inside diapsids, but as sister to lepidosaurs (lizards and Sphenodon) rather than archosaurs. Here, we test this hypothesis with an expanded miRNA presence/absence dataset, and employ more rigorous criteria for miRNA annotation. Significantly, we find no support for a turtle + lepidosaur sister-relationship; instead, we recover strong support for turtles sharing a more recent common ancestor with archosaurs. We further test this result by analyzing a super-alignment of precursor miRNA sequences for every miRNA inferred to have been present in the most recent common ancestor of tetrapods. This analysis yields a topology that is fully congruent with our presence/absence analysis; our results are therefore in accordance with most gene sequence studies, providing strong, consilient molecular evidence from diverse independent datasets regarding the phylogenetic position of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Field
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jacques A. Gauthier
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Benjamin L. King
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom and School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
| | - Tyler R. Lyson
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10 Street and Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Kevin J. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Cordero GA. Re-emergence of the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) as a reference species for evo-devo. Evol Dev 2014; 16:184-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Antonio Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; 251 Bessey Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
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Ezcurra MD, Scheyer TM, Butler RJ. The origin and early evolution of Sauria: reassessing the permian Saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89165. [PMID: 24586565 PMCID: PMC3937355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauria is the crown-group of Diapsida and is subdivided into Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, comprising a high percentage of the diversity of living and fossil tetrapods. The split between lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs (the crocodile-lizard, or bird-lizard, divergence) is considered one of the key calibration points for molecular analyses of tetrapod phylogeny. Saurians have a very rich Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil record, but their late Paleozoic (Permian) record is problematic. Several Permian specimens have been referred to Sauria, but the phylogenetic affinity of some of these records remains questionable. We reexamine and review all of these specimens here, providing new data on early saurian evolution including osteohistology, and present a new morphological phylogenetic dataset. We support previous studies that find that no valid Permian record for Lepidosauromorpha, and we also reject some of the previous referrals of Permian specimens to Archosauromorpha. The most informative Permian archosauromorph is Protorosaurus speneri from the middle Late Permian of Western Europe. A historically problematic specimen from the Late Permian of Tanzania is redescribed and reidentified as a new genus and species of basal archosauromorph: Aenigmastropheus parringtoni. The supposed protorosaur Eorasaurus olsoni from the Late Permian of Russia is recovered among Archosauriformes and may be the oldest known member of the group but the phylogenetic support for this position is low. The assignment of Archosaurus rossicus from the latest Permian of Russia to the archosauromorph clade Proterosuchidae is supported. Our revision suggests a minimum fossil calibration date for the crocodile-lizard split of 254.7 Ma. The occurrences of basal archosauromorphs in the northern (30°N) and southern (55°S) parts of Pangea imply a wider paleobiogeographic distribution for the group during the Late Permian than previously appreciated. Early archosauromorph growth strategies appear to be more diverse than previously suggested based on new data on the osteohistology of Aenigmastropheus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín D. Ezcurra
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Butler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Lu B, Yang W, Dai Q, Fu J. Using genes as characters and a parsimony analysis to explore the phylogenetic position of turtles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79348. [PMID: 24278129 PMCID: PMC3836853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic position of turtles within the vertebrate tree of life remains controversial. Conflicting conclusions from different studies are likely a consequence of systematic error in the tree construction process, rather than random error from small amounts of data. Using genomic data, we evaluate the phylogenetic position of turtles with both conventional concatenated data analysis and a "genes as characters" approach. Two datasets were constructed, one with seven species (human, opossum, zebra finch, chicken, green anole, Chinese pond turtle, and western clawed frog) and 4584 orthologous genes, and the second with four additional species (soft-shelled turtle, Nile crocodile, royal python, and tuatara) but only 1638 genes. Our concatenated data analysis strongly supported turtle as the sister-group to archosaurs (the archosaur hypothesis), similar to several recent genomic data based studies using similar methods. When using genes as characters and gene trees as character-state trees with equal weighting for each gene, however, our parsimony analysis suggested that turtles are possibly sister-group to diapsids, archosaurs, or lepidosaurs. None of these resolutions were strongly supported by bootstraps. Furthermore, our incongruence analysis clearly demonstrated that there is a large amount of inconsistency among genes and most of the conflict relates to the placement of turtles. We conclude that the uncertain placement of turtles is a reflection of the true state of nature. Concatenated data analysis of large and heterogeneous datasets likely suffers from systematic error and over-estimates of confidence as a consequence of a large number of characters. Using genes as characters offers an alternative for phylogenomic analysis. It has potential to reduce systematic error, such as data heterogeneity and long-branch attraction, and it can also avoid problems associated with computation time and model selection. Finally, treating genes as characters provides a convenient method for examining gene and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhao Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Joyce WG, Werneburg I, Lyson TR. The hooked element in the pes of turtles (Testudines): a global approach to exploring primary and secondary homology. J Anat 2013; 223:421-41. [PMID: 24102560 PMCID: PMC4399356 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hooked element in the pes of turtles was historically identified by most palaeontologists and embryologists as a modified fifth metatarsal, and often used as evidence to unite turtles with other reptiles with a hooked element. Some recent embryological studies, however, revealed that this element might represent an enlarged fifth distal tarsal. We herein provide extensive new myological and developmental observations on the hooked element of turtles, and re-evaluate its primary and secondary homology using all available lines of evidence. Digital count and timing of development are uninformative. However, extensive myological, embryological and topological data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hooked element of turtles represents a fusion of the fifth distal tarsal with the fifth metatarsal, but that the fifth distal tarsal dominates the hooked element in pleurodiran turtles, whereas the fifth metatarsal dominates the hooked element of cryptodiran turtles. The term 'ansulate bone' is proposed to refer to hooked elements that result from the fusion of these two bones. The available phylogenetic and fossil data are currently insufficient to clarify the secondary homology of hooked elements within Reptilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Joyce
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Jones MEH, Anderson CL, Hipsley CA, Müller J, Evans SE, Schoch RR. Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara). BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:208. [PMID: 24063680 PMCID: PMC4016551 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, tuatara) is a globally distributed and ecologically important group of over 9,000 reptile species. The earliest fossil records are currently restricted to the Late Triassic and often dated to 227 million years ago (Mya). As these early records include taxa that are relatively derived in their morphology (e.g. Brachyrhinodon), an earlier unknown history of Lepidosauria is implied. However, molecular age estimates for Lepidosauria have been problematic; dates for the most recent common ancestor of all lepidosaurs range between approximately 226 and 289 Mya whereas estimates for crown-group Squamata (lizards and snakes) vary more dramatically: 179 to 294 Mya. This uncertainty restricts inferences regarding the patterns of diversification and evolution of Lepidosauria as a whole. RESULTS Here we report on a rhynchocephalian fossil from the Middle Triassic of Germany (Vellberg) that represents the oldest known record of a lepidosaur from anywhere in the world. Reliably dated to 238-240 Mya, this material is about 12 million years older than previously known lepidosaur records and is older than some but not all molecular clock estimates for the origin of lepidosaurs. Using RAG1 sequence data from 76 extant taxa and the new fossil specimens two of several calibrations, we estimate that the most recent common ancestor of Lepidosauria lived at least 242 Mya (238-249.5), and crown-group Squamata originated around 193 Mya (176-213). CONCLUSION A Early/Middle Triassic date for the origin of Lepidosauria disagrees with previous estimates deep within the Permian and suggests the group evolved as part of the faunal recovery after the end-Permain mass extinction as the climate became more humid. Our origin time for crown-group Squamata coincides with shifts towards warmer climates and dramatic changes in fauna and flora. Most major subclades within Squamata originated in the Cretaceous postdating major continental fragmentation. The Vellberg fossil locality is expected to become an important resource for providing a more balanced picture of the Triassic and for bridging gaps in the fossil record of several other major vertebrate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc EH Jones
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Anatomy Building, UCL, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Cajsa Lisa Anderson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christy A Hipsley
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan E Evans
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Anatomy Building, UCL, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Rainer R Schoch
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, D-70191, Stuttgart, Germany
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Jones MEH, Anderson CL, Hipsley CA, Müller J, Evans SE, Schoch RR. Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara). BMC Evol Biol 2013. [PMID: 24063680 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-23-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, tuatara) is a globally distributed and ecologically important group of over 9,000 reptile species. The earliest fossil records are currently restricted to the Late Triassic and often dated to 227 million years ago (Mya). As these early records include taxa that are relatively derived in their morphology (e.g. Brachyrhinodon), an earlier unknown history of Lepidosauria is implied. However, molecular age estimates for Lepidosauria have been problematic; dates for the most recent common ancestor of all lepidosaurs range between approximately 226 and 289 Mya whereas estimates for crown-group Squamata (lizards and snakes) vary more dramatically: 179 to 294 Mya. This uncertainty restricts inferences regarding the patterns of diversification and evolution of Lepidosauria as a whole. RESULTS Here we report on a rhynchocephalian fossil from the Middle Triassic of Germany (Vellberg) that represents the oldest known record of a lepidosaur from anywhere in the world. Reliably dated to 238-240 Mya, this material is about 12 million years older than previously known lepidosaur records and is older than some but not all molecular clock estimates for the origin of lepidosaurs. Using RAG1 sequence data from 76 extant taxa and the new fossil specimens two of several calibrations, we estimate that the most recent common ancestor of Lepidosauria lived at least 242 Mya (238-249.5), and crown-group Squamata originated around 193 Mya (176-213). CONCLUSION A Early/Middle Triassic date for the origin of Lepidosauria disagrees with previous estimates deep within the Permian and suggests the group evolved as part of the faunal recovery after the end-Permain mass extinction as the climate became more humid. Our origin time for crown-group Squamata coincides with shifts towards warmer climates and dramatic changes in fauna and flora. Most major subclades within Squamata originated in the Cretaceous postdating major continental fragmentation. The Vellberg fossil locality is expected to become an important resource for providing a more balanced picture of the Triassic and for bridging gaps in the fossil record of several other major vertebrate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E H Jones
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Anatomy Building, UCL, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK.
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Lyson TR, Bhullar BAS, Bever GS, Joyce WG, de Queiroz K, Abzhanov A, Gauthier JA. Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell. Evol Dev 2013; 15:317-25. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Lyson
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History; New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560 USA
| | - Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Gabe S. Bever
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Department of Anatomy; New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine; New York NY USA
- Division of Paleontology; American Museum of Natural History; New York NY USA
| | - Walter G. Joyce
- Department of Geosciences; University of Tübingen; 72074 Tübingen Germany
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History; New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560 USA
| | - Arhat Abzhanov
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Jacques A. Gauthier
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History; New Haven CT 06511 USA
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