1
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Flavin C, Chatterjee A. Cell-Penetrating Peptide Delivery of Nucleic Acid Cargo to Emiliania huxleyi, a Calcifying Marine Coccolithophore. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:77-84. [PMID: 38147049 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are a group of unicellular marine phytoplankton that exhibit a prolific capacity for carbon conversion and are critical to ocean biogeochemistry. A fundamental understanding of coccolithophore biomineralization has been limited, in part, by the lack of genetic and molecular tools to investigate the organisms. In particular, it has proven to be difficult to deliver macromolecules across the coccosphere-membrane complex. To overcome this barrier, we employed cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) in the Emiliania huxleyi coccolithophores. We evaluated three established CPPs (TAT, R9, and KFF) and designed a CPP that incorporates a high proline content identified in the protein transduction domain of EhV060, an E. huxleyi virus lectin protein. To measure the delivery performance, we covalently linked CPPs to synthetic peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and attached a fluorescein marker. CPP-PNA-FITC complexes were efficiently delivered across the coccosphere-membrane complex to the cytoplasm of E. huxleyi cells. Characterization of E. huxleyi demonstrates that CPP-PNA are nontoxic and reveals specific effects of CPP-PNA on cell biology and calcification. Direct delivery and characterization of synthetic nucleic acids represent a step forward in synthetic biology to explore coccolithophore biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Flavin
- Molecular Biophysics Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Sachi Bio, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
- Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium Laboratories, Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
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2
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Kotadiya DD, Patel P, Patel HD. Cell-Penetrating Peptides: A Powerful Tool for Targeted Drug Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:368-388. [PMID: 37026498 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230407092924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular membrane hinders the effective delivery of therapeutics to targeted sites. Cellpenetrating peptide (CPP) is one of the best options for rapidly internalizing across the cellular membrane. CPPs have recently attracted lots of attention because of their excellent transduction efficiency and low cytotoxicity. The CPP-cargo complex is an effective and efficient method of delivering several chemotherapeutic agents used to treat various diseases. Additionally, CPP has become another strategy to overcome some of the current therapeutic agents' limitations. However, no CPP complex is approved by the US FDA because of its limitations and issues. In this review, we mainly discuss the cellpenetrating peptide as the delivery vehicle, the cellular uptake mechanism of CPPs, their design, and some strategies to synthesize the CPP complex via some linkers such as disulfide bond, oxime, etc. Here, we also discuss the recent status of CPPs in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant D Kotadiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Piyushkumar Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitesh D Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
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3
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Zhang B, Li J, Jiang J, Lin X, Sun X, Wang Q. Overcoming delivery barriers for RNA therapeutics in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:147-160. [PMID: 37844708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics can manipulate gene expression or protein production, making them suitable for treating a wide range of diseases. Theoretically, any disease that has a definite biological target would probably find feasible therapeutic approach from RNA-based therapeutics. Numerous clinical trials using RNA therapeutics fighting against cancer, infectious diseases or inherited diseases have been reported and achieved desirable therapeutic efficacy. So far, encouraging findings from various animal experimental studies have also confirmed the great potential of RNA-based therapies in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis (RA). However, the in vivo multiple physiological barriers still seriously compromise the therapeutic efficacy of RNA drugs. Thus, safe and effective delivery strategies for RNA therapeutics are quite essential for their further and wide application in RA therapy. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress achieved using RNA-based therapeutics and focus on delivery strategies that can overcome the in vivo delivery barriers in RA treatment. Furthermore, discussion about the existing problems in current RNA delivery systems for RA therapy has been also included here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiayu Jiang
- Patent Examination Cooperation Sichuan Center of the Patent office, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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4
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Ruseska I, Zimmer A. Cellular uptake and trafficking of peptide-based drug delivery systems for miRNA. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:189-204. [PMID: 37666365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Today, macromolecular compounds such as microRNAs (miRNAs) are becoming more and more widespread as leading therapeutics. However, their application is limited mostly due to their poor stability, limited cellular uptake, and poor target specificity. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), a group of positively charged peptides, represent a breakthrough as delivery systems for macromolecules. In the present study, we used two types of nanoparticles which differ in the type of CPP used for their manufacturing. The first type is composed of protamine, an arginine rich CPP, which is highly positively charged. The arginine residues are able to form electrostatic interactions with miRNAs, stabilize them, and deliver them to cells. The second type is composed of the N-Ter peptide (also known as MPG), an amphipathic peptide rich in lysine. The positively charged parts of the N-Ter peptide electrostatically stabilize miRNAs, whereas its amphipathic character allows it to successfully traverse cell membranes. We used miRNA-27a, a negative regulator of adipogenesis, to form nanoparticles with the peptides and traced their uptake in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Motivated by the lengthy discourse regarding the uptake mechanism of CPPs, the focus of our study was to analyse and understand the internalization of proticles (protamine nanoparticles) and N-Ter complexes. The nanoparticles were characterized regarding size, size distribution, and zeta potential, and their cytotoxicity was tested in 3T3-L1 cells. The uptake studies were performed by varying the experimental conditions such as time, concentration, and temperature, as well as by applying different inhibitors of endocytosis. Furthermore, we assessed the biological effect of miRNA-27a on the pro-adipogenic machinery. The obtained data have shown that protamine and the N-Ter peptide form positively charged nanoparticles through non-covalent complexation. The uptake of proticles and N-Ter complexes was found to be dependent on time, concentration, and temperature, and different uptake pathways were discovered to be involved in the internalization of the different nanoparticles. Furthermore, both types of nanoparticles induced the anti-adipogenic effect of miRNA-27a, demonstrating that this approach can be used as a novel miRNA replacement therapy in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ruseska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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5
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Klipp A, Burger M, Leroux JC. Get out or die trying: Peptide- and protein-based endosomal escape of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115047. [PMID: 37536508 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics offer great potential to transform the biomedical landscape, encompassing the treatment of hereditary conditions and the development of better vaccines. However, the delivery of RNAs into the cell is hampered, among others, by poor endosomal escape. This major hurdle is often tackled using special lipids, polymers, or protein-based delivery vectors. In this review, we will focus on the most prominent peptide- and protein-based endosomal escape strategies with focus on RNA drugs. We discuss cell penetrating peptides, which are still incorporated into novel transfection systems today to promote endosomal escape. However, direct evidence for enhanced endosomal escape by the action of such peptides is missing and their transfection efficiency, even in permissive cell culture conditions, is rather low. Endosomal escape by the help of pore forming proteins or phospholipases, on the other hand, allowed to generate more efficient transfection systems. These are, however, often hampered by considerable toxicity and immunogenicity. We conclude that the perfect enhancer of endosomal escape has yet to be devised. To increase the chances of success, any new transfection system should be tested under relevant conditions and guided by assays that allow direct quantification of endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klipp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Burger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Hedlund H, Du Rietz H, Johansson JM, Eriksson HC, Zedan W, Huang L, Wallin J, Wittrup A. Single-cell quantification and dose-response of cytosolic siRNA delivery. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1075. [PMID: 36841822 PMCID: PMC9968291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal escape and subsequent cytosolic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics is believed to be highly inefficient. Since it has not been possible to quantify cytosolic amounts of delivered siRNA at therapeutic doses, determining delivery bottlenecks and total efficiency has been difficult. Here, we present a confocal microscopy-based method to quantify cytosolic delivery of fluorescently labeled siRNA during lipid-mediated delivery. This method enables detection and quantification of sub-nanomolar cytosolic siRNA release amounts from individual release events with measures of quantitation confidence for each event. Single-cell kinetics of siRNA-mediated knockdown in cells expressing destabilized eGFP unveiled a dose-response relationship with respect to knockdown induction, depth and duration in the range from several hundred to thousands of cytosolic siRNA molecules. Accurate quantification of cytosolic siRNA, and the establishment of the intracellular dose-response relationships, will aid the development and characterization of novel delivery strategies for nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Hedlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hampus Du Rietz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna M Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna C Eriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wahed Zedan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linfeng Huang
- Wang-Cai Biochemistry Lab, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jonas Wallin
- Department of Mathematical Statistics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Wittrup
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Skane University Hospital, Oncology, Lund, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Mallick AM, Tripathi A, Mishra S, Mukherjee A, Dutta C, Chatterjee A, Sinha Roy R. Emerging Approaches for Enabling RNAi Therapeutics. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200451. [PMID: 35689534 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a primitive evolutionary mechanism developed to escape incorporation of foreign genetic material. siRNA has been instrumental in achieving the therapeutic potential of RNAi by theoretically silencing any gene of interest in a reversible and sequence-specific manner. Extrinsically administered siRNA generally needs a delivery vehicle to span across different physiological barriers and load into the RISC complex in the cytoplasm in its functional form to show its efficacy. This review discusses the designing principles and examples of different classes of delivery vehicles that have proved to be efficient in RNAi therapeutics. We also briefly discuss the role of RNAi therapeutics in genetic and rare diseases, epigenetic modifications, immunomodulation and combination modality to inch closer in creating a personalized therapy for metastatic cancer. At the end, we present, strategies and look into the opportunities to develop efficient delivery vehicles for RNAi which can be translated into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha M Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Archana Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sukumar Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Asmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Chiranjit Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Present address:Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Block S2 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Ananya Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India.,Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
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8
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Szabó I, Yousef M, Soltész D, Bató C, Mező G, Bánóczi Z. Redesigning of Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Improve Their Efficacy as a Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050907. [PMID: 35631493 PMCID: PMC9146218 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are promising tools for the transport of a broad range of compounds into cells. Since the discovery of the first members of this peptide family, many other peptides have been identified; nowadays, dozens of these peptides are known. These peptides sometimes have very different chemical–physical properties, but they have similar drawbacks; e.g., non-specific internalization, fast elimination from the body, intracellular/vesicular entrapment. Although our knowledge regarding the mechanism and structure–activity relationship of internalization is growing, the prediction and design of the cell-penetrating properties are challenging. In this review, we focus on the different modifications of well-known CPPs to avoid their drawbacks, as well as how these modifications may increase their internalization and/or change the mechanism of penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mo’ath Yousef
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Dóra Soltész
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Csaba Bató
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Zoltán Bánóczi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.Y.); (D.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (Z.B.)
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9
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Van de Vyver T, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Modulating intracellular pathways to improve non-viral delivery of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114041. [PMID: 34763002 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics (e.g. siRNA, oligonucleotides, mRNA, etc.) show great potential for the treatment of a myriad of diseases. However, to reach their site of action in the cytosol or nucleus of target cells, multiple intra- and extracellular barriers have to be surmounted. Several non-viral delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and conjugates, have been successfully developed to meet this requirement. Unfortunately, despite these clear advances, state-of-the-art delivery agents still suffer from relatively low intracellular delivery efficiencies. Notably, our current understanding of the intracellular delivery process is largely oversimplified. Gaining mechanistic insight into how RNA formulations are processed by cells will fuel rational design of the next generation of delivery carriers. In addition, identifying which intracellular pathways contribute to productive RNA delivery could provide opportunities to boost the delivery performance of existing nanoformulations. In this review, we discuss both established as well as emerging techniques that can be used to assess the impact of different intracellular barriers on RNA transfection performance. Next, we highlight how several modulators, including small molecules but also genetic perturbation technologies, can boost RNA delivery by intervening at differing stages of the intracellular delivery process, such as cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, endosomal escape, autophagy and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Van de Vyver
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Desale K, Kuche K, Jain S. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): an overview of applications for improving the potential of nanotherapeutics. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1153-1188. [PMID: 33355322 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the field of nanotherapeutics, gaining cellular entry into the cytoplasm of the target cell continues to be an ultimate challenge. There are many physicochemical factors such as charge, size and molecular weight of the molecules and delivery vehicles, which restrict their cellular entry. Hence, to dodge such situations, a class of short peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) was brought into use. CPPs can effectively interact with the cell membrane and can assist in achieving the desired intracellular entry. Such strategy is majorly employed in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis, but now it is also used for other purposes such as evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques, determination of thrombin levels and HIV therapy. Thus, the current review expounds on each of these mentioned aspects. Further, the review briefly summarizes the basic know-how of CPPs, their utility as therapeutic molecules, their use in cancer therapy, tumor imaging and their assistance to nanocarriers in improving their membrane penetrability. The review also discusses the challenges faced with CPPs pertaining to their stability and also mentions the strategies to overcome them. Thus, in a nutshell, this review will assist in understanding how CPPs can present novel possibilities for resolving the conventional issues faced with the present-day nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Desale
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
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11
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Wei Y, Zhang M, Jiao P, Zhang X, Yang G, Xu X. Intracellular Paclitaxel Delivery Facilitated by a Dual-Functional CPP with a Hydrophobic Hairpin Tail. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4853-4860. [PMID: 33474938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In our pervious study, a dual-functional peptide R7 was developed to form a complex with paclitaxel (PTX) for enhancement of PTX translocation. However, because of the unstable noncovalent bond between R7 and PTX, PTX redistributed after the introduction of heparin, leading to R7-PTX complex dissociation, further causing less PTX penetration than expected. Thus, a novel positive CPP carrier of P9 was developed to improve CPP-PTX affinity via a double-proline (Pro, P) hairpin tail and enhance PTX translocation through the reduction of translocation energy barrier, confirmed by the MM-PBSA analysis and umbrella sampling simulation. Cellular uptake study reveals that P9 can quickly translocate into the HeLa cells within 1 min and exhibits no noticeable cytotoxicity. Compared to R7, P9 is able to help PTX translocation, leading to a remarkable increase in the intracellular concentration of PTX, eventually resulting in a significant loss in tumor cell viability. In vivo experiments demonstrate that a vein injection of P9-PTX complex dramatically inhibits tumor growth. Our study provides a novel perspective for designing CPP-facilitated drug carrier to enhance antitumor efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan Province 473061, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Henan Province, 473002, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan Province 473061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan Province 473061, P.R. China
| | - Ganggang Yang
- Biochemical Engineering Research Centre, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui Province 243032, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui Province 243032, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xu
- Biochemical Engineering Research Centre, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui Province 243032, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui Province 243032, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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12
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Basu I, Maiti PK. Insight into the Mechanism of Carrier-Mediated Delivery of siRNA in the Cell Membrane Using MD Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:266-277. [PMID: 33369423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effective translocation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) across cell membranes has become one of the main challenges in gene silencing therapy. In this study, we have carried out molecular dynamics simulations to investigate a systematic procedure with different carriers that could be convenient for efficient siRNA delivery into the cell. Starting with poly-amido-amine (PAMAM) dendrimers and cholesterol molecules as carriers, we have found cholesterol as the most efficient carrier for siRNA when it is covalently attached with the siRNA terminal group. Our simulations show that binding of this complex in the lipid membrane alters the structure and dynamics of the nearby lipids to initiate the translocation process. Potential of mean force (PMF) was computed for siRNA with the carriers along the bilayer normal to understand the spontaneity of the process. Though all the PMF profiles show repulsive interaction inside the bilayer, the siRNA with cholesterol shows a comparative attractive interaction (∼27 kcal/mol) with respect to the siRNA-PAMAM complex. Altogether, our results demonstrate the binding interaction of the siRNA-carrier complex in the lipid membrane and propose a theoretical model for the efficient carrier by comparative study of the binding. The probable mechanism of the translocation process is also provided by the alteration of the lipid structure and dynamics for specifically siRNA-cholesterol binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Basu
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
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13
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Starck M, Fradgley JD, Pal R, Zwier JM, Lamarque L, Parker D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Europium Complexes that Switch on Luminescence in Lysosomes of Living Cells. Chemistry 2021; 27:766-777. [PMID: 33197072 PMCID: PMC7839496 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A set of four luminescent EuIII complexes bearing an extended aryl-alkynylpyridine chromophore has been studied, showing very different pH-dependent behaviour in their absorption and emission spectral response. For two complexes with pKa values of 6.45 and 6.20 in protein-containing solution, the emission lifetime increases very significantly following protonation. By varying the gate time during signal acquisition, the 'switch-on' intensity ratio could be optimised, and enhancement factors of between 250 to 1330 were measured between pH 8 and 4. The best-behaved probe showed no significant emission dependence on the concentration of endogenous cations, reductants, and serum albumin. It was examined in live-cell imaging studies to monitor time-dependent lysosomal acidification, for which the increase in observed image brightness due to acidification was a factor of 50 in NIH-3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Starck
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Jack D. Fradgley
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | - Laurent Lamarque
- Research and Development Cisbio BioassaysBP 8417530200CodoletFrance
| | - David Parker
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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14
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Uddin MI, Kilburn TC, Duvall CL, Penn JS. Visualizing HIF-1α mRNA in a Subpopulation of Bone Marrow-Derived Cells to Predict Retinal Neovascularization. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3004-3012. [PMID: 33080135 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells and macrophages are known to migrate into the retina in response to inflammation and neovascularization. These migratory cells might play important regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of neovascularization, a common complication observed in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal vein occlusion. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal inflammation and neovascularization. However, contributions of monocyte-derived macrophages to neovascularization are largely unknown. We hypothesized that selective visualization of these microglia/macrophages could be a powerful method for predicting the onset of neovascularization and its progression at the molecular level. In this report, we describe the synthesis of a new hybrid nanoparticle to visualize HIF-1α mRNA selectively in microglia/macrophages in a mouse model of neovascularization. HIF-1α expression was confirmed in MRC-1 positive monocytes/macrophages as well as in CD4 positive T-cells and CD19 positive B-cells using single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis. The imaging probes (AS- or NS-shRNA-lipid) were synthesized by conjugating diacyl-lipids to short hairpin RNA with an antisense sequence complementary to HIF-1α mRNA and a fluorophore that is quenched by a black hole quencher. We believe that imaging mRNA selectively in tissue specific microglia/macrophages could be a powerful method for predicting the onset of neovascularization, its progression, and its response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Imam Uddin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Tyler C. Kilburn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - John S. Penn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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15
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Nanocarriers in effective pulmonary delivery of siRNA: current approaches and challenges. Ther Deliv 2020; 10:311-332. [PMID: 31116099 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on siRNA is increasing due to its wide applicability as a therapeutic agent in irreversible medical conditions. siRNA inhibits expression of the specific gene after its delivery from formulation to cytosol region of a cell. RNAi (RNA interference) is a mechanism by which siRNA is silencing gene expression for a particular disease. Numerous studies revealed that naked siRNA delivery is not preferred due to instability and poor pharmacokinetic performance. Nanocarriers based delivery of siRNA has the advantage to overcome physiological barriers and protect the integrity of siRNA from degradation by RNAase. Various diseases like lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, asthma, etc can be treated effectively by local lung delivery. The selective targeted therapeutic action in diseased organ and least off targeted cytotoxicity are the key benefits of pulmonary delivery. The current review highlights recent developments in pulmonary delivery of siRNA with novel nanosized formulation approach with the proven in vitro/in vivo applications.
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16
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Reduction of the therapeutic dose of silencing RNA by packaging it in extracellular vesicles via a pre-microRNA backbone. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:52-68. [PMID: 31937944 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A small percentage of the short interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered via passive lipid nanoparticles and other delivery vehicles reaches the cytoplasm of cells. The high doses of siRNA and delivery vehicle that are thus required to achieve therapeutic outcomes can lead to toxicity. Here, we show that the integration of siRNA sequences into a Dicer-independent RNA stem-loop based on pre-miR-451 microRNA-which is highly enriched in small extracellular vesicles secreted by many cell types-reduces the expression of the genes targeted by the siRNA in the liver, intestine and kidney glomeruli of mice at siRNA doses that are at least tenfold lower than the siRNA doses typically delivered via lipid nanoparticles. Small extracellular vesicles that efficiently package siRNA can significantly reduce its therapeutic dose.
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17
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Drug Delivery with Polymeric Nanocarriers-Cellular Uptake Mechanisms. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020366. [PMID: 31941006 PMCID: PMC7013754 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarrier-based systems hold a promise to become “Dr. Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet” capable of delivering drugs, proteins and genetic materials intact to a specific location in an organism down to subcellular level. The key question, however, how a nanocarrier is internalized by cells and how its intracellular trafficking and the fate in the cell can be controlled remains yet to be answered. In this review we survey drug delivery systems based on various polymeric nanocarriers, their uptake mechanisms, as well as the experimental techniques and common pathway inhibitors applied for internalization studies. While energy-dependent endocytosis is observed as the main uptake pathway, the integrity of a drug-loaded nanocarrier upon its internalization appears to be a seldomly addressed problem that can drastically affect the uptake kinetics and toxicity of the system in vitro and in vivo.
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18
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Ruseska I, Zimmer A. Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:101-123. [PMID: 31976201 PMCID: PMC6964662 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In today's modern era of medicine, macromolecular compounds such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids are dethroning small molecules as leading therapeutics. Given their immense potential, they are highly sought after. However, their application is limited mostly due to their poor in vivo stability, limited cellular uptake and insufficient target specificity. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent a major breakthrough for the transport of macromolecules. They have been shown to successfully deliver proteins, peptides, siRNAs and pDNA in different cell types. In general, CPPs are basic peptides with a positive charge at physiological pH. They are able to translocate membranes and gain entry to the cell interior. Nevertheless, the mechanism they use to enter cells still remains an unsolved piece of the puzzle. Endocytosis and direct penetration have been suggested as the two major mechanisms used for internalization, however, it is not all black and white in the nanoworld. Studies have shown that several CPPs are able to induce and shift between different uptake mechanisms depending on their concentration, cargo or the cell line used. This review will focus on the major internalization pathways CPPs exploit, their characteristics and regulation, as well as some of the factors that influence the cellular uptake mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ruseska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Zhang J, Qiao Z, Liu HY, Song J, Yin J. Positively charged helical chain-modified stimuli-responsive nanoassembly capable of targeted drug delivery and photoacoustic imaging-guided chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2050-2060. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor targeted size-switchable CPT/IR780@H30-PCL-PPI(L−)/PEI(–COOH/FA) nanoassembly with a “pomegranate” construction was designed, which could efficiently expand the penetration depth and accelerate the cell internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering and Biomedical and Environmental Interdisciplinary Research Centre
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Zhu Qiao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering and Biomedical and Environmental Interdisciplinary Research Centre
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Huan-Ying Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering and Biomedical and Environmental Interdisciplinary Research Centre
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering and Biomedical and Environmental Interdisciplinary Research Centre
- Hefei 230009
- P. R. China
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20
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Srimanee A, Arvanitidou M, Kim K, Hällbrink M, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides for siRNA delivery to glioblastomas. Peptides 2018; 104:62-69. [PMID: 29684592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to suppress glioblastoma growth is a hurdle due to the critical obstacles of the blood-brain barrier and the siRNA properties of such as high negative charges and instability in serum. Therefore, the passage of siRNA to targeted cells is limited. Several siRNA carriers have been constructed using cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) since the CPPs have shown a high potential for oligonucleotide delivery into the cells. In this study, two CPPs, PepFect 14 (PF14) and the amphipathic peptide PepFect 28 (PF28), were modified with targeting peptides by covalent conjugation and non-covalent complex formation to improve glioma-targeted specificity and gene-silencing efficiency. In conclusion, we have established an efficient non-covalently complexed carrier (PF14:TG1) for siRNA delivery to human glioblastoma cells (U87), showing a significant two-fold increase in gene-silencing efficiency compared to the parent peptide PF14 and also improved specificity to U87 cells compared to non-glioma targeted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artita Srimanee
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Arvanitidou
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumjee Kim
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hällbrink
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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21
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Chen B, Yoo K, Xu W, Pan R, Han XX, Chen P. Characterization and evaluation of a peptide-based siRNA delivery system in vitro. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 7:507-515. [PMID: 28349343 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception more than a decade ago, gene silencing mediated by double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been widely investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for a variety of diseases. However, the use of siRNA is hampered by its rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake in vitro and in vivo. Recently, peptide-based carriers have been applied to siRNA delivery, as an alternative to the traditional delivery systems. Here, a histidine-containing amphipathic amino acid pairing peptide, C6M3, which can form complexes with siRNA, was used as a new siRNA delivery system. This peptide exhibited a high affinity for siRNA and ability to efficiently deliver siRNA into the cells. The interaction of C6M3 with siRNA was investigated to determine the loading capacity of C6M3 at different peptide/siRNA molar ratios. At C6M3/siRNA molar ratio of 10/1, siRNA molecules were entirely associated with C6M3 as indicated by a gel electrophoretic assay and further confirmed by zeta potential analysis. The particle size distribution of the C6M3-siRNA complexes was studied using dynamic light scattering, which showed an intensity-based size distribution peaked approximately at 100 nm in RNase-free water and 220 nm in the Opti-MEM medium. C6M3 adopted a helical secondary structure in RNase-free water and became more so after forming complexes with siRNA. The interaction of siRNA with C6M3 is an entropy-driven spontaneous process, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) study. The efficiency of cellular uptake of the siRNA complexes at different C6M3/siRNA molar ratios was evaluated, and the results showed that C6M3 promoted efficient cellular uptake of siRNA into cells. Furthermore, a significant level of GAPDH gene silencing efficiency (69%) was achieved in CHO-K1 cells, with minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kimoon Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xiao Xia Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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22
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Ramon AL, Bertrand JR, Malvy C. Delivery of Small Interfering RNA. A Review and an Example of Application to a Junction Oncogene. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:254-63. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference strategies using small interfering RNA is one of the most important discoveries in biology in recent years. This technology alongside antisense oligonucleotides is very promising and our group has focused its work on the targeting of junction oncogenes with these molecules. We have taken, as first example, papillary thyroid carcinoma. But there is a great need in delivery methods for these molecules in the treatment of cancers. Indeed, many studies have shown that small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides are made efficient by various innovative delivery methods and, under these conditions, offer a powerful new therapeutic tool in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Ramon
- CNRS UMR 8121, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Rémi Bertrand
- CNRS UMR 8121, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Claude Malvy
- CNRS UMR 8121, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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23
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Jiang K, Gao X, Shen Q, Zhan C, Zhang Y, Xie C, Wei G, Lu W. Discerning the composition of penetratin for safe penetration from cornea to retina. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:123-134. [PMID: 28927928 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of biomacromolecules into the eye is greatly hindered by several protective barriers. The cell-penetrating peptide, penetratin, has been found to be an effective absorption enhancer for noninvasive intraocular gene delivery. To discern the composition of penetratin for safe penetration from cornea to retina, we designed a series of penetratin derivatives by varying the hydrophobicity and evaluated their potency for retina-targeted delivery. The hydrophilic amino acids of penetratin, excluding the conserved basic amino acid residues, were respectively replaced with tryptophan. Secondary structure of the resultant derivatives was analyzed by computer simulation and circular dichroism, exhibiting that the hydrophobic derivatives had a propensity to form high content of helix and entered corneal and conjunctival cells more easily than did penetratin. As expected, the hydrophobic derivatives showed improved permeability in excised rabbit cornea and sclera, and kept intact after penetration. When instilled topically in the conjunctival sac of mice eyes, the hydrophobic derivatives distributed safely and rapidly into both cornea and retina, with increased amount and prolonged retention time in comparison to penetratin. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the ocular permeability of penetratin derivatives closely correlated with their hydrophobicity, and introducing hydrophobic amino acids in penetratin was a feasible approach to develop more powerful ocular absorption enhancers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Due to the defensive barriers of the eye, efficient and safe absorption enhancers are indispensable for noninvasive delivery of exogenous biomacromolecules to the posterior segment. In this manuscript, we designed a series of penetratin derivatives and validated they had significantly improved penetration ability from cornea to retina than wild-type penetratin, without increasing toxicity. More importantly, we provided a sequence of solid evidences that the ocular permeability of penetratin derivatives closely correlated with their hydrophobicity, and introducing hydrophobic amino acids in penetratin was a feasible approach to develop more powerful ocular absorption enhancers. We also demonstrated that the penetratin derivatives permeated through cornea and sclera with intact structure, and might enter the eye by non-corneal pathway.
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24
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Sgolastra F, Backlund CM, Ilker Ozay E, deRonde BM, Minter LM, Tew GN. Sequence segregation improves non-covalent protein delivery. J Control Release 2017; 254:131-136. [PMID: 28363520 PMCID: PMC5568762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The impermeability of the plasma membrane towards large, hydrophilic biomolecules is a major obstacle in their use and development against intracellular targets. To overcome such limitations, protein transduction domains (PTDs) have been used as protein carriers, however they often require covalent fusion to the protein for efficient delivery. In an effort to develop more efficient and versatile biological vehicles, a series of PTD-inspired polyoxanorbornene-based synthetic mimics with identical chemical compositions but different hydrophobic/hydrophilic segregation were used to investigate the role of sequence segregation on protein binding and uptake into Jurkat T cells and HEK293Ts. This series was composed of a strongly segregated block copolymer, an intermediately segregated gradient copolymer, and a non-segregated homopolymer. Among the series, the block copolymer maximized both protein binding and translocation efficiencies, closely followed by the gradient copolymer, resulting in two protein transporter molecules more efficacious than currently commercially available agents. These two polymers were also used to deliver the biologically active Cre recombinase into a loxP-reporter T cell line. Since exogenous Cre must reach the nucleus and retain its activity to induce gene recombination, this in vitro experiment better exemplifies the broad applicability of this synthetic system. This study shows that increasing segregation between hydrophobic and cationic moieties in these polymeric mimics improves non-covalent protein delivery, providing crucial design parameters for the creation of more potent biological delivery agents for research and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sgolastra
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Coralie M Backlund
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - E Ilker Ozay
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Brittany M deRonde
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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25
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Vaissière A, Aldrian G, Konate K, Lindberg MF, Jourdan C, Telmar A, Seisel Q, Fernandez F, Viguier V, Genevois C, Couillaud F, Boisguerin P, Deshayes S. A retro-inverso cell-penetrating peptide for siRNA delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:34. [PMID: 28454579 PMCID: PMC5410048 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are powerful tools to control gene expression. However, due to their poor cellular permeability and stability, their therapeutic development requires a specific delivery system. Among them, cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been shown to transfer efficiently siRNA inside the cells. Recently we developed amphipathic peptides able to self-assemble with siRNAs as peptide-based nanoparticles and to transfect them into cells. However, despite the great potential of these drug delivery systems, most of them display a low resistance to proteases. Results Here, we report the development and characterization of a new CPP named RICK corresponding to the retro-inverso form of the CADY-K peptide. We show that RICK conserves the main biophysical features of its L-parental homologue and keeps the ability to associate with siRNA in stable peptide-based nanoparticles. Moreover the RICK:siRNA self-assembly prevents siRNA degradation and induces inhibition of gene expression. Conclusions This new approach consists in a promising strategy for future in vivo application, especially for targeted anticancer treatment (e.g. knock-down of cell cycle proteins).RICK-based nanoparticles: RICK peptides and siRNA self-assemble in peptide-based nanoparticles to penetrate into the cells and to induce target protein knock-down. ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0269-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Vaissière
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Gudrun Aldrian
- Sys2Diag, UMR 9005-CNRS/ALCEDIAG, 1682 Rue de la Valsiere, 34184, Montpellier, France
| | - Karidia Konate
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Mattias F Lindberg
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Jourdan
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Telmar
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Quentin Seisel
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Fernandez
- Microscopie Électronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Viguier
- Microscopie Électronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Coralie Genevois
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie), Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Couillaud
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie), Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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26
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Aldrian G, Vaissière A, Konate K, Seisel Q, Vivès E, Fernandez F, Viguier V, Genevois C, Couillaud F, Démèné H, Aggad D, Covinhes A, Barrère-Lemaire S, Deshayes S, Boisguerin P. PEGylation rate influences peptide-based nanoparticles mediated siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2017; 256:79-91. [PMID: 28411182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) present a strong therapeutic potential because of their ability to inhibit the expression of any desired protein. Recently, we developed the retro-inverso amphipathic RICK peptide as novel non-covalent siRNA carrier. This peptide is able to form nanoparticles (NPs) by self-assembling with the siRNA resulting in the fully siRNA protection based on its protease resistant peptide sequence. With regard to an in vivo application, we investigated here the influence of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafting to RICK NPs on their in vitro and in vivo siRNA delivery properties. A detailed structural study shows that PEGylation did not alter the NP formation (only decrease in zeta potential) regardless of the used PEGylation rates. Compared to the native RICK:siRNA NPs, low PEGylation rates (≤20%) of the NPs did not influence their cellular internalization capacity as well as their knock-down specificity (over-expressed or endogenous system) in vitro. Because the behavior of PEGylated NPs could differ in their in vivo application, we analyzed the repartition of fluorescent labeled NPs injected at the one-cell stage in zebrafish embryos as well as their pharmacokinetic (PK) profile after administration to mice. After an intra-cardiac injection of the PEGylated NPs, we could clearly determine that 20% PEG-RICK NPs reduce significantly liver and kidney accumulation. NPs with 20% PEGylation constitutes a modular, easy-to-handle drug delivery system which could be adapted to other types of functional moieties to develop safe and biocompatible delivery systems for the clinical application of RNAi-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Aldrian
- Sys2Diag, CNRS UMR 9005/ALCEDIAG, 1682 Rue de la Valsière, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Anaïs Vaissière
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Karidia Konate
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Quentin Seisel
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Eric Vivès
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Fernandez
- Microscopie Electronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Véronique Viguier
- Microscopie Electronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Coralie Genevois
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie), Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Couillaud
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie), Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Héléne Démèné
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, Inserm U1054, Université de Montpellier, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Dina Aggad
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS UMR 5247, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Aurélie Covinhes
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Inserm U661, Université de Montpellier, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.; Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne
| | - Stéphanie Barrère-Lemaire
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Inserm U661, Université de Montpellier, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.; Laboratory of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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27
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Szabó R, Sebestyén M, Kóczán G, Orosz Á, Mező G, Hudecz F. Cellular Uptake Mechanism of Cationic Branched Polypeptides with Poly[l-Lys] Backbone. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:246-254. [PMID: 28276242 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cationic macromolecular carriers can be effective carriers for small molecular compounds, drugs, epitopes, or nucleic acids. Polylysine-based polymeric branched polypeptides have been systematically studied on the level of cells and organisms as well. In the present study, we report our findings on the cellular uptake characteristics of nine structurally related polylysine-based polypeptides with cationic side chains composed of (i) single amino acid (poly[Lys(Xi)], XiK) or (ii) oligo[dl-alanine] (poly[Lys(dl-Alam)], AK) or (iii) oligo[dl-alanine] with an additional amino acid (X) at the terminal position (poly[Lys(Xi-dl-Alam)] (XAK)) or (iv) at the position next to the polylysine backbone (poly[Lys(dl-Alam-Xi)] (AXK)). In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were characterized on HT-29 human colon carcinoma and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Data indicate that the polycationic polypeptides studied are essentially nontoxic in the concentration range studied, and their uptake is very much dependent on the side chain structure (length, identity of amino acid X, and distance between the terminal positive charges) and also on the cell lines. Our findings in uptake inhibition studies suggest that predominantly macropinocytosis and caveole/lipid raft mediated endocytosis are involved. The efficacy of their internalization is markedly influenced by the hydrophobicity and charge properties of the amino acid X. Interestingly, the uptake properties of the these polypeptides show certain similarities to the entry pathways of several cell penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Sebestyén
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Kóczán
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Orosz
- Department
of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó
u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Pázmány Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány
Péter st. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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28
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Mao M, Wang L, Chang CC, Rothenberg KE, Huang J, Wang Y, Hoffman BD, Liton PB, Yuan F. Involvement of a Rac1-Dependent Macropinocytosis Pathway in Plasmid DNA Delivery by Electrotransfection. Mol Ther 2017; 25:803-815. [PMID: 28129959 PMCID: PMC5363188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrotransfection is a widely used method for delivering genes into cells with electric pulses. Although different hypotheses have been proposed, the mechanism of electrotransfection remains controversial. Previous studies have indicated that uptake and intracellular trafficking of plasmid DNA (pDNA) are mediated by endocytic pathways, but it is still unclear which pathways are directly involved in the delivery. To this end, the present study investigated the dependence of electrotransfection on macropinocytosis. Data from the study demonstrated that electric pulses induced cell membrane ruffling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Using fluorescently labeled pDNA and a macropinocytosis marker (i.e., dextran), the study showed that electrotransfected pDNA co-localized with dextran in intracellular vesicles. Furthermore, electrotransfection efficiency could be decreased significantly by reducing temperature or treatment of cells with a pharmacological inhibitor of Rac1 and could be altered by changing Rac1 activity. Taken together, the findings suggested that electrotransfection of pDNA involved Rac1-dependent macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Liangli Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brenton D Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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29
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Tai W, Gao X. Functional peptides for siRNA delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:157-168. [PMID: 27530388 PMCID: PMC5305781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
siRNA is considered as a potent therapeutic agent because of its high specificity and efficiency in suppressing genes that are overexpressed during disease development. For nearly two decades, a significant amount of efforts has been dedicated to bringing the siRNA technology into clinical uses. However, only limited success has been achieved to date, largely due to the lack of a cell type-specific, safe, and efficient delivery technology to carry siRNA into the target cells' cytosol where RNA interference takes place. Among the emerging candidate nanocarriers for siRNA delivery, peptides have gained popularity because of their structural and functional diversity. A variety of peptides have been discovered for their ability to translocate siRNA into living cells via different mechanisms such as direct penetration through the cellular membrane, endocytosis-mediated cell entry followed by endosomolysis, and receptor-mediated uptake. This review is focused on the multiple roles played by peptides in siRNA delivery, such as membrane penetration, endosome disruption, targeting, as well as the combination of these functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Tai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, William H Foege Building N561, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, William H Foege Building N561, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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30
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Nano-biomimetic carriers are implicated in mechanistic evaluation of intracellular gene delivery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41507. [PMID: 28128339 PMCID: PMC5269746 DOI: 10.1038/srep41507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several tissue specific non-viral carriers have been developed for gene delivery purposes. However, the inability to escape endosomes, undermines the efficacy of these carriers. Researchers inspired by HIV and influenza virus, have randomly used Gp41 and H5WYG fusogenic peptides in several gene delivery systems without any rational preference. Here for the first time, we have genetically engineered two Nano-biomimetic carriers composed of either HWYG (HNH) or Gp41 (GNH) that precisely provide identical conditions for the study and evaluation of these fusogenic peptides. The luciferase assay demonstrated a two-fold higher transfection efficiency of HNH compared to GNH. These nanocarriers also displayed equivalent properties in terms of DNA binding ability and DNA protection against serum nucleases and formed similar nanoparticles in terms of surface charge and size. Interestingly, hemolysis and cellular analysis demonstrated both of nanoparticles internalized into cells in similar rate and escaped from endosome with different efficiency. Furthermore, the structural analysis revealed the mechanisms responsible for the superior endosomal escaping capability of H5WYG. In conclusion, this study describes the rationale for using H5WYG peptide to deliver nucleic acids and suggests that using nano-biomimetic carriers to screen different endosomal release peptides, improves gene delivery significantly.
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31
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Ullah I, Chung K, Beloor J, Kim J, Cho M, Kim N, Lee KY, Kumar P, Lee SK. Trileucine residues in a ligand-CPP-based siRNA delivery platform improve endosomal escape of siRNA. J Drug Target 2016; 25:320-329. [PMID: 27820977 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1258566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
siRNA entrapment within endosomes is a significant problem encountered with siRNA delivery platforms that co-opt receptor-mediated entry pathways. Attachment of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), such as nona-arginine (9R) to a cell receptor-binding ligand like the Rabies virus glycoprotein, RVG, allows effective siRNA delivery to the cytoplasm by non-endocytic pathways, but a significant amount of siRNA complexes also enters the cell by ligand-induced receptor endocytosis and remain localized in endosomes. Here, we report that the incorporation of trileucine (3 Leu) residues as an endo-osmolytic moiety in the peptide improves endosomal escape and intracellular delivery of siRNA. The trileucine motif did not affect early non-endosomal mechanism of cytoplasmic siRNA delivery but enhanced target gene silencing by >20% only beyond 24 h of transfection when siRNA delivery is mostly through the endocytic route and siRNA trapped in the endosomes at later stages were subject to release into cytoplasm. The mechanism may involve endosomal membrane disruption as trileucine residues lysed RBCs selectively under endosomal pH conditions. Interestingly <3 Leu or >3 Leu residues were not as effective, suggesting that 3 Leu residues are useful for enhancing cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA routed through endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kunho Chung
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Jongkil Kim
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Priti Kumar
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
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32
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Chen L, Fang S, Xiao X, Zheng B, Zhao M. Single-Stranded DNA Assisted Cell Penetrating Peptide-DNA Conjugation Strategy for Intracellular Imaging of Nucleases. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11306-11309. [PMID: 27934106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are very useful tools for delivery of DNA molecules into living cells without damaging the cell membranes. However, covalent conjugation of DNAs to CPPs is technically difficult, and the reactions between DNA and target nucleases are also liable to be affected by the cationic CPP molecules. In this work, we demonstrate that the electrostatic interactions between CPPs and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) were stronger than those between CPP and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Taking advantage of this property, we developed an ssDNA protected CPP-DNA fluorescent probe which allowed for noninvasive and efficient cellular uptake and rapid imaging of target nucleases in living cells. The probe is highly sensitive and selective. This work represents the first example of using CPP-DNA conjugate to deliver DNA fluorescent probes for in situ imaging of nucleases within cells. The developed approach also holds great potential for the cellular delivery of other nucleic acid molecules for diagnosis or therapeutics purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Simin Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meiping Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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33
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Golan M, Feinshtein V, David A. Conjugates of HA2 with octaarginine-grafted HPMA copolymer offer effective siRNA delivery and gene silencing in cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 109:103-112. [PMID: 27702685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The key for successful gene silencing is to design a safe and efficient siRNA delivery system for the transfer of therapeutic nucleic acids into the target cells. Here, we describe the design of hydrophilic N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer displaying multiple copies of octaarginine (R8) and its use in promoting the effective delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules intracellularly. Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled HPMA copolymer-bound R8 (P-R8-FITC) was synthesized with increasing R8 molar ratios (4-9.5mol-%) to define the optimal R8 content that allowed the polymer to serve both as a siRNA-binding domain and as an intracellular transduction moiety mediating improved cellular delivery. A subunit of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA2), known for its ability to disrupt endosomal membranes, was further conjugated to P-R8-FITC copolymer to promote endosomal escape. Of the different P-(R8)-FITC conjugates considered, only that polymer containing the highest mol-% of R8 (P-(R8)9.5-FITC) was able to encapsulate siRNA molecules into nano-sized polyion complexes (PICs) presenting positive surface charge, low in vitro cytotoxicity, and high serum stability. P-(R8)9.5-FITC/cy5-siRNA complexes can efficiently deliver siRNA molecules into cells, while naked siRNA or siRNA encapsulated within polymers with lower R8mol-% were unable to transfect the same cells. Conjugation of HA2 fusogenic peptide to P-(R8)-FITC significantly decreased the oncogenic RAC1 mRNA levels in cancer cells. This indicates that P-(R8)-(HA2)-FITC can deliver siRNA into target cells, and that the siRNA can reach the perinuclear region where it interacts with the RNA-induced silencing complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Golan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Valeria Feinshtein
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ayelet David
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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34
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Biscans A, Bertrand JR, Dubois J, Rüger J, Vasseur JJ, Sczakiel G, Dupouy C, Debart F. Lipophilic 2′-O-Acetal Ester RNAs: Synthesis, Thermal Duplex Stability, Nuclease Resistance, Cellular Uptake, and siRNA Activity after Spontaneous Naked Delivery. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2054-2062. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Biscans
- IBMM; UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier; ENSCM; Campus Triolet; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Jean-Rémi Bertrand
- UMR 8203 CNRS; Université Paris-Sud; Gustave Roussy; Université Paris-Saclay; 114 rue Edouard Vaillant 94805 Villejuif Cedex France
| | - Josephine Dubois
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein; Universität zu Lübeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Lübeck Germany
| | - Jacqueline Rüger
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein; Universität zu Lübeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Lübeck Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- IBMM; UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier; ENSCM; Campus Triolet; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Georg Sczakiel
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin; Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein; Universität zu Lübeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Lübeck Germany
| | - Christelle Dupouy
- IBMM; UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier; ENSCM; Campus Triolet; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Françoise Debart
- IBMM; UMR 5247 CNRS; Université Montpellier; ENSCM; Campus Triolet; Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
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35
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Greco CT, Epps TH, Sullivan MO. Mechanistic Design of Polymer Nanocarriers to Spatiotemporally Control Gene Silencing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1582-1594. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad T. Greco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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36
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Hu Y, Patel S. Thermodynamics of cell-penetrating HIV1 TAT peptide insertion into PC/PS/CHOL model bilayers through transmembrane pores: the roles of cholesterol and anionic lipids. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6716-6727. [PMID: 27435187 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of pharmaceutically active molecules across cellular membranes using cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as the cationic human immunodeficiency virus-1 trans-acting activator of transcription peptide (HIV-1 TAT), continues to attract scientific attention in drug design and disease treatment. Experimental results show that the TAT peptide is not only capable of directly penetrating the biological membrane in a passive manner, but also forming physical, membrane-spanning pores that may facilitate transport. Experiments further show that anionic lipids accelerate peptide permeation within a range of mole percentage composition. In this work, we explored the structures and translocation thermodynamics of the cationic TAT peptide across a series of DPPC/DPPS model membranes with the presence of 0-30 mol% cholesterol. We computed the potentials of the mean force by using umbrella sampling molecular dynamics simulations coupled to the Martini coarse-grained force field. We systematically investigated the roles of cholesterol and anionic lipids (membrane surface charge) in TAT peptide translocation. In qualitative agreement with experimental findings, the barrier heights were significantly reduced in the presence of anionic lipids. A toroidal hydrophilic pore was strongly suggested by membrane structure analysis. Cholesterol stabilizes the liquid-ordered (Lo) phase of membranes and increases the elastic stiffness of bilayers. Consequently, it hinders transmembrane pore formation and thus modulates solute permeability, since the liquid-ordered phase suppresses reorientation of the lipid molecules on simulation time scales. Though cholesterol contributes marginally to the total free energy associated with peptide permeation, the coordination of cholesterol to the peptide weakens more favorable peptide-lipid interactions. The addition of the anionic lipid DPPS to the neutral DPPC bilayer leads to the emergence and further enhancement of an interfacially stable state of the peptide due to the favorable peptide-anionic lipid interactions. Translocation free energy barriers decrease in lockstep with increasing DPPS composition in the model bilayers simulated. Finally, we investigated the size of hydrophilic pores emerging in our simulations, as well as the qualitative mobility of the peptide on the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
| | - Sandeep Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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37
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Kamaruzaman KA, Moyle PM, Toth I. Peptide-Based Multicomponent Oligonucleotide Delivery Systems: Optimisation of Poly-l-lysine Dendrons for Plasmid DNA Delivery. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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38
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Majidi A, Nikkhah M, Sadeghian F, Hosseinkhani S. Development of novel recombinant biomimetic chimeric MPG-based peptide as nanocarriers for gene delivery: Imitation of a real cargo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:191-204. [PMID: 27368745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In last decades great efforts have been devoted to the study of development of recombinant peptide based vectors that consist of biological motifs with potential applications in gene therapy. Recombinant Biomimetic Chimeric Vectors (rBCVs) are biopolymeric nanocarriers that are designed to mimic viral features to overcome the cellular obstacles in gene transferring pathway into cell nucleus. In this research, we designed and genetically engineered three novel rBCVs with similar sequences that differed in motifs arrangement and motif abundance: MPG-2H1, 2TMPG-2H1 and 2RMPG-2H1. The MPG as a famous amphipathic cell penetrating peptide is the main segment of these constructs which was studied for the first time in association with truncated histone H1 DNA condensing motif. Through the performance of several physicochemical and biological assays, the rBCVs were remarkably examined regarding transfection efficiency. The main objective of this study is focused on the importance of motif design in transfection efficiency of rBCVs on one hand, and the assessment of correlation between structural features and functionality of motifs on the other hand. The results revealed that all three kinds of rBCVs/pDNA nanoparticles with average sizes of 200nm could overwhelm the cellular obstacles associated with gene transfer, and lead to efficient gene delivery. Furthermore, no significant toxicity was perceived and efficient endosome disruptive activity was obtained. It is noteworthy to say among three mentioned constructs 2RMPG-2H1 showed the highest transfection efficiency. Overall the peptide based vectors hold great promise as a nontoxic and effective gene carrier in vitro and in vivo, besides the rational design possibility as the most vital advantages over the other non-viral gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Majidi
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Sadeghian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Konate K, Lindberg MF, Vaissiere A, Jourdan C, Aldrian G, Margeat E, Deshayes S, Boisguerin P. Optimisation of vectorisation property: A comparative study for a secondary amphipathic peptide. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:71-84. [PMID: 27224007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference provides a powerful technology for specific gene silencing. Therapeutic applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) however require efficient vehicles for stable complexation and intracellular delivery. In order to enhance their cell delivery, short amphipathic peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been intensively developed for the last two decades. In this context, the secondary amphipathic peptide CADY has shown to form stable siRNA complexes and to improve their cellular uptake independent of the endosomal pathway. In the present work, we have described the parameters influencing CADY nanoparticle formation (buffers, excipients, presence of serum, etc.), and have followed in details the CPP:siRNA self-assembly. Once optimal conditions were determined, we have compared the ability of seven different CADY analogues to form siRNA-loaded nanoparticles compared to CADY:siRNA. First of all, we were able to show by biophysical methods that structural polymorphism (α-helix) is an important prerequisite for stable nanoparticle formation independently of occurring sequence mutations. Luciferase assays revealed that siRNA complexed to CADY-K (shorter version) shows better knock-down efficiency on Neuro2a-Luc(+) and B16-F10-Luc(+) cells compared to CADY:siRNA. Altogether, CADY-K is an ideal candidate for further application especially with regards to ex vivo or in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karidia Konate
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Mattias F Lindberg
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Anaïs Vaissiere
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Carole Jourdan
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Gudrun Aldrian
- Sys2Diag, FRE3690-CNRS/ALCEDIAG, 1682 Rue de la Valsiere, 34184 Montpellier CEDEX 4, France
| | - Emmanuel Margeat
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM U1054, 34090 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
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Wang H, Ma J, Yang Y, Zeng F, Liu C. Highly Efficient Delivery of Functional Cargoes by a Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptide Derived from SP140-Like Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1373-81. [PMID: 27070736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successfully applied to deliver various functional macromolecules into cells in recent times. Here, we describe a novel CPP designated as hPP3 (KPKRKRRKKKGHGWSR), which were derived from human nuclear body protein SP140-like protein. The location of hPP3-FITC in cells was investigated using the fluorescence microscopy, and the internalization of hPP3 was quantitatively measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results showed that hPP3-FITC could enter into culturing cells, following a concentration-, incubation time-, serum-, and temperature-dependent manner. Uptake of hPP3-FITC into cells was significantly enhanced by DMSO pretreatment, and inhibited by heparin and the endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine and sodium azide), while the potent lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, showed small positive effects on hPP3-FITC penetrating. Moreover, hPP3 could mediate functional GFP, KLA, or NBD penetration. The findings of this study showed that human origin peptide hPP3 has the potential to act as a macromolecular carrier penetrating cellular membranes and promising delivery peptide as drug delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fanhui Zeng
- The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture , Enshi 445000, China
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41
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Dornseifer S, Willkomm S, Far RKK, Liebschwager J, Beltsiou F, Frank K, Laufer SD, Martinetz T, Sczakiel G, Claussen JC, Restle T. RNAi revised--target mRNA-dependent enhancement of gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10623-32. [PMID: 26578554 PMCID: PMC4678823 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) gave rise to the development of new nucleic acid-based technologies as powerful investigational tools and potential therapeutics. Mechanistic key details of RNAi in humans need to be deciphered yet, before such approaches take root in biomedicine and molecular therapy. We developed and validated an in silico-based model of siRNA-mediated RNAi in human cells in order to link in vitro-derived pre-steady state kinetic data with a quantitative and time-resolved understanding of RNAi on the cellular level. The observation that product release by Argonaute 2 is accelerated in the presence of an excess of target RNA in vitro inspired us to suggest an associative mechanism for the RNA slicer reaction where incoming target mRNAs actively promote dissociation of cleaved mRNA fragments. This novel associative model is compatible with high multiple turnover rates of RNAi-based gene silencing in living cells and accounts for target mRNA concentration-dependent enhancement of the RNAi machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dornseifer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Willkomm
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Janine Liebschwager
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Foteini Beltsiou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kirsten Frank
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sandra D Laufer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Martinetz
- Institute for Neuro- and Bioinformatics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Sczakiel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Restle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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42
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Hou KK, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. A role for peptides in overcoming endosomal entrapment in siRNA delivery - A focus on melittin. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:931-40. [PMID: 26025036 PMCID: PMC4540690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
siRNA has the possibility to revolutionize medicine by enabling highly specific and efficient silencing of proteins involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite nearly 20 years of research dedicated to translating siRNA from a research tool into a clinically relevant therapeutic, minimal success has been had to date. Access to RNA interference machinery located in the cytoplasm is often overlooked, but must be considered when designing the next generation of siRNA delivery strategies. Peptide transduction domains (PTDs) have demonstrated moderate siRNA transfection, which is primarily limited by endosomal entrapment. Strategies aimed at overcoming endosomal entrapment associated with peptide vectors are reviewed here, including osmotic methods, lipid conjugation, and fusogenic peptides. As an alternative to traditional PTD, the hemolytic peptide melittin exhibits the native capacity for endosomal disruption but causes cytotoxicity. However, appropriate packaging and protection of melittin with activation and release in the endosomal compartment has allowed melittin-based strategies to demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy. These data suggest that melittin's membrane disruptive properties can enable safe and effective endosomolysis, building a case for melittin as a key component in a new generation of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk K Hou
- Computational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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43
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Pan R, Xu W, Yuan F, Chu D, Ding Y, Chen B, Jafari M, Yuan Y, Chen P. A novel peptide for efficient siRNA delivery in vitro and therapeutics in vivo. Acta Biomater 2015; 21:74-84. [PMID: 25861950 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) shows great therapeutic potential due to its ability to regulate gene expression in a highly selective manner. However, its application has been limited by ineffective cellular uptake of siRNAs. To achieve successful gene-silencing efficiency, a safe and effective delivery vector is generally required. In this study, we designed a series of amphipathic peptides that comprised a variant of a nuclear localization sequence, 0-6 histidine residues and an optional stearic acid group. Among these candidates, STR-HK exhibited good characteristics as a safe and efficient siRNA delivery vector, facilitating efficient siRNA delivery to mammalian cells without causing cytotoxicity. Moreover, the intratumoral injection of STR-HK/siRNA complexes achieved high anti-tumor activity through the downregulation of the Bcl-2 protein in mice, with an inhibition rate of 62.8%. Our data demonstrate that STR-HK is a highly promising siRNA delivery vector for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 3rd People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - Dafeng Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yong Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Baoling Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mousa Jafari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yongfang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai 3rd People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201999, China
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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44
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Chen B, Xu W, Pan R, Chen P. Design and characterization of a new peptide vector for short interfering RNA delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:39. [PMID: 26054932 PMCID: PMC4459685 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference holds tremendous potential as one of the most powerful therapeutic strategies. However, the properties of short interfering RNA (siRNA), such as hydrophilicity, negative charge, and instability in serum have limited its applications; therefore, significant efforts have been undertaken to improve its cellular uptake. Cell penetrating peptides have been utilized to deliver various biologically active molecules, such as proteins, liposomes, nanoparticles, peptide nucleic acids, and recently small interfering RNAs. Here, we introduce a new cell penetrating peptide GL1(Ac-GLWRAWLWKAFLASNWRRLLRLLR-NH2) to improve the intracellular uptake of siRNA. This peptide consists of four tryptophan residues that facilitated its binding with the cell membrane, five arginine residues and one lysine residue which are positively charged at physiological pH, which induced the formation of peptide-siRNA complexes and enhanced the affinity of the peptide and cell membrane. Moreover, GL1 adopted helical secondary structure due to the altered distribution of polar and nonpolar residues in the sequence. In this study, we investigated the effect of peptide/siRNA molar ratio on the particle size, surface charge, secondary structure, and uptake efficiency. The results showed that GL1 formed stable complexes with siRNA mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction, and the complexes displayed a spherical shape with the size of ~100 nm and positive surface charge. Utilizing the techniques of fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, the intracellular localization of Cy3-labeled GAPDH siRNA was visualized and the cellular uptake was quantified. It is worth noting that in the serum free environment, compared to Lipofectamine 2000, GL1 achieved higher cellular uptake of siRNA (~95%); in the presence of serum, GL1 retained the same level of siRNA cellular uptake (~84%) as Lipofectamine 2000. In addition, the viability of cells treated by GL1 in all studied molar ratios was >85%, which was significantly higher than that treated by Lipofectamine 2000 (~70%). Taken together, the peptide GL1 demonstrated promise as a siRNA delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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45
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Chen B, Pan R, Askhatova D, Chen P. Effective small interfering RNA delivery in vitro via a new stearylated cationic peptide. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3303-14. [PMID: 25999710 PMCID: PMC4427069 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s79306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A crucial bottleneck in RNA interference-based gene therapy is the lack of safe and efficient delivery systems. Here, a novel small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery peptide, STR-HK, was constructed by conjugating a stearyl end to the N-terminus of the peptide sequence HHHPKPKRKV, where PKPKRKV is an altered sequence of the nucleus localization signal (PKKKRKV) and contributes to the cytosol localization of STR-HK–siRNA complexes. Histidine is a linker and plays an important role in disrupting the endosomal membrane via the proton sponge effect. As expected, STR-HK formed complexes with siRNA with a particle size of 80–160 nm in diameter and efficiently delivered Cy3-labeled glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase siRNA into PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. The transfection efficiency of STR-HK at molar ratio of 60/1 was comparable to that of Lipofectamine 2000, one of the most efficient commercially available transfection reagents. Furthermore, the STR-HK–siRNA complexes exhibited minimal cytotoxicity, which was significantly lower than that of Lipofectamine. Taken together, the strategy of conjugating the stearyl moiety with HHHPKPKRKV as a non-viral siRNA delivery system is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Askhatova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada ; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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46
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Rosli N, Christie MP, Moyle PM, Toth I. Peptide based DNA nanocarriers incorporating a cell-penetrating peptide derived from neurturin protein and poly-l-lysine dendrons. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2470-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hirsch M, Helm M. Live cell imaging of duplex siRNA intracellular trafficking. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4650-60. [PMID: 25870407 PMCID: PMC4482072 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular distribution of siRNA after in vitro transfection typically depends on lipopolyplexes, which must release the siRNA into the cytosol. Here, the fate of siRNAs was monitored by FRET-based live cell imaging. Subsequent to in situ observation of uptake and release processes, this approach allowed the observation of a number of hitherto uncharacterized intracellular distribution and degradation processes, commencing with a burst of endosomal releases, followed, in some cases, by fast siRNA influx into the nucleus. The continued observation of intact siRNA against a background of free fluorophores resulting from advanced degradation was possible by a specifically developed imaging algorithm, which identified populations of intact siRNA in pixels based on FRET. This proved to be essential in the end point definition of siRNA distribution, which typically featured partially degraded siRNA pools in perinuclear structures. Our results depict the initial 4 h as a critical time window, characterized by fast initial burst release into the cytosol, which lay the foundations for subsequent intracellular distribution of siRNA. Combination with a subsequent slower, but sustained release from endosomal reservoirs may contribute to the efficiency and duration of RNAi, and explain the success of lipopolyplexes in RNAi experiments in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hirsch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany Institute of Pharmacy und Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany Institute of Pharmacy und Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by cell-penetrating peptides: opportunities and challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:834079. [PMID: 25883975 PMCID: PMC4391616 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viral and nonviral systems have been developed to aid delivery of biologically active molecules into cells. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have received increasing attention in the past two decades for biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on opportunities and challenges associated with CPP delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials. We first describe the nature of versatile CPPs and their interactions with various types of cargoes. We then discuss in vivo and in vitro delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by CPPs. Studies on the mechanisms of cellular entry and limitations in the methods used are detailed.
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49
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Jallouk AP, Palekar RU, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Modifications of natural peptides for nanoparticle and drug design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 98:57-91. [PMID: 25819276 PMCID: PMC4750874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products serve as an important source of novel compounds for drug development. Recently, peptides have emerged as a new class of therapeutic agents due to their versatility and specificity for biological targets. Yet, their effective application often requires use of a nanoparticle delivery system. In this chapter, we review the role of natural peptides in the design and creation of nanomedicines, with a particular focus on cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and peptide toxins. The use of natural peptides in conjunction with nanoparticle delivery systems holds great promise for the development of new therapeutic formulations as well as novel platforms for the delivery of various cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Jallouk
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Rohun U. Palekar
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Hua Pan
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Paul H. Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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50
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Wei Y, Niu J, Huan L, Huang A, He L, Wang G. Cell penetrating peptide can transport dsRNA into microalgae with thin cell walls. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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