1
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Issar U, Arora R, Kakkar R. In silico studies of the interaction of the minor groove binder Hoechst 33258 with B-DNA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4537-4552. [PMID: 37301606 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2220807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of the minor groove binder, Hoechst 33258, with the Dickerson-Drew DNA dodecamer sequence has been investigated using docking, MM/QM, MM/GBSA and molecular dynamics computations to study the modes of binding and the interactions responsible for the binding. Besides the original Hoechst 33258 ligand (HT), a total of 12 ionization and stereochemical states for the ligand are obtained at the physiological pH and have been docked into B-DNA. These states have one or the other or both benzimidazole rings in protonated states, apart from the piperazine nitrogen, which has a quaternary nitrogen in all the states. Most of these states are found to exhibit good docking scores and free energy of binding with B-DNA. The best docked state has been taken further for molecular dynamics simulations and compared with the original HT. This state is protonated at both benzimidazole rings besides the piperazine ring and hence has very highly negative coulombic interaction energy. In both cases, there are strong coulombic interactions, but these are offset by the almost equally unfavorable solvation energies. Thus, the nonpolar forces, particularly van der Waals contacts, dominate the interaction, and the polar interactions highlight subtle changes in the binding energies, leading to more highly protonated states having more negative binding energies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Issar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Richa Arora
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Pereira SAP, Romano-deGea J, Barbosa AI, Costa Lima SA, Dyson PJ, Saraiva MLMFS. Fine-tuning the cytotoxicity of ruthenium(II) arene compounds to enhance selectivity against breast cancers. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11679-11690. [PMID: 37552495 PMCID: PMC10442743 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based complexes have been suggested as promising anticancer drugs exhibiting reduced general toxicity compared to platinum-based drugs. In particular, Ru(η6-arene)(PTA)Cl2 (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), or RAPTA, complexes have demonstrated efficacy against breast cancer by suppressing metastasis, tumorigenicity, and inhibiting the replication of the human tumor suppressor gene BRCA1. However, RAPTA compounds have limited cytotoxicity, and therefore comparatively high doses are required. This study explores the activity of a series of RAPTA-like ruthenium(II) arene compounds against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and [Ru(η6-toluene)(PPh3)2Cl]+ was identified as a promising candidate. Notably, [Ru(η6-toluene)(PPh3)2Cl]Cl was found to be remarkably stable and highly cytotoxic, and selective to breast cancer cells. The minor groove of DNA was identified as a relevant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A P Pereira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Romano-deGea
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Isabel Barbosa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Kenderdine T, Fabris D. The multifaceted roles of mass spectrometric analysis in nucleic acids drug discovery and development. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1332-1357. [PMID: 34939674 PMCID: PMC9218015 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The deceptively simple concepts of mass determination and fragment analysis are the basis for the application of mass spectrometry (MS) to a boundless range of analytes, including fundamental components and polymeric forms of nucleic acids (NAs). This platform affords the intrinsic ability to observe first-hand the effects of NA-active drugs on the chemical structure, composition, and conformation of their targets, which might affect their ability to interact with cognate NAs, proteins, and other biomolecules present in a natural environment. The possibility of interfacing with high-performance separation techniques represents a multiplying factor that extends these capabilities to cover complex sample mixtures obtained from organisms that were exposed to NA-active drugs. This report provides a brief overview of these capabilities in the context of the analysis of the products of NA-drug activity and NA therapeutics. The selected examples offer proof-of-principle of the applicability of this platform to all phases of the journey undertaken by any successful NA drug from laboratory to bedside, and provide the rationale for its rapid expansion outside traditional laboratory settings in support to ever growing manufacturing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Fabris
- Corresponding author: 55 North Eagleville Road, A416, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 USA, Phone: (860) 486-2881, Fax: (860) 486-2981,
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4
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Pandey S, Tripathi P, Parashar P, Maurya V, Malik MZ, Singh R, Yadav P, Tandon V. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1 H-Benzo[ d]imidazole Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents Targeting Human Topoisomerase I. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2861-2880. [PMID: 35097282 PMCID: PMC8793051 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that modulate biological functions are targets of modern-day drug discovery efforts. A new series of novel 1H-benzo[d]imidazoles (BBZs) were designed and synthesized with different functional groups at the phenyl ring and variable lengths of the alkyl chain at the piperazine end as anticancer agents. We identified human topoisomerase I (Hu Topo I) as a probable target of these molecules through a computational study and DNA relaxation assay, a functional assay of the Hu Topo I enzyme. UV absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy were used to study interactions between BBZ and DNA. Out of 16 compounds, 11a, 12a, and 12b showed strong binding affinity and thermal stabilization of AT sequence-specific DNA. BBZs were screened against a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines at National Cancer Institute, USA. Most potent molecules 11a, 12a, and 12b showed 50% growth inhibition (GI50) in a concentration range from 0.16 to 3.6 μM cancer cells. Moreover, 12b showed 50% inhibition of the relaxation of DNA by Hu Topo I at 16 μM. Furthermore, flow cytometry revealed that 11a, 12a, and 12b cause prominent G2M arrest of cancer cells. In view of the above, we propose that 12b deserves to be further evaluated for its therapeutic use as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pragya Tripathi
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Palak Parashar
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vikas Maurya
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Raja Singh
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special
Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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5
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Largy E, König A, Ghosh A, Ghosh D, Benabou S, Rosu F, Gabelica V. Mass Spectrometry of Nucleic Acid Noncovalent Complexes. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7720-7839. [PMID: 34587741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids have been among the first targets for antitumor drugs and antibiotics. With the unveiling of new biological roles in regulation of gene expression, specific DNA and RNA structures have become very attractive targets, especially when the corresponding proteins are undruggable. Biophysical assays to assess target structure as well as ligand binding stoichiometry, affinity, specificity, and binding modes are part of the drug development process. Mass spectrometry offers unique advantages as a biophysical method owing to its ability to distinguish each stoichiometry present in a mixture. In addition, advanced mass spectrometry approaches (reactive probing, fragmentation techniques, ion mobility spectrometry, ion spectroscopy) provide more detailed information on the complexes. Here, we review the fundamentals of mass spectrometry and all its particularities when studying noncovalent nucleic acid structures, and then review what has been learned thanks to mass spectrometry on nucleic acid structures, self-assemblies (e.g., duplexes or G-quadruplexes), and their complexes with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Largy
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alexander König
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Debasmita Ghosh
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sanae Benabou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Rosu
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, IECB, UMS 3033, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Valérie Gabelica
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, IECB, F-33600 Pessac, France
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6
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Ribaudo G, Ongaro A, Oselladore E, Memo M, Gianoncelli A. Combining Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Computational Techniques in the Assessment of G-Quadruplex Ligands: A Hybrid Approach to Optimize Hit Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13174-13190. [PMID: 34510895 PMCID: PMC8474113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Guanine-rich sequences
forming G-quadruplexes (GQs) are present
in several genomes, ranging from viral to human. Given their peculiar
localization, the induction of GQ formation or GQ stabilization with
small molecules represents a strategy for interfering with crucial
biological functions. Investigating the recognition event at the molecular
level, with the aim of fully understanding the triggered pharmacological
effects, is challenging. Native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
(ESI-MS) is being optimized to study these noncovalent assemblies.
Quantitative parameters retrieved from ESI-MS studies, such as binding
affinity, the equilibrium binding constant, and sequence selectivity,
will be overviewed. Computational experiments supporting the ESI-MS
investigation and boosting its efficiency in the search for GQ ligands
will also be discussed with practical examples. The combination of
ESI-MS and in silico techniques in a hybrid high-throughput-screening
workflow represents a valuable tool for the medicinal chemist, providing
data on the quantitative and structural aspects of ligand–GQ
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Oselladore
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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7
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Gonzàlez-Rosell A, Cerretani C, Mastracco P, Vosch T, Copp SM. Structure and luminescence of DNA-templated silver clusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1230-1260. [PMID: 36132866 PMCID: PMC9417461 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA serves as a versatile template for few-atom silver clusters and their organized self-assembly. These clusters possess unique structural and photophysical properties that are programmed into the DNA template sequence, resulting in a rich palette of fluorophores which hold promise as chemical and biomolecular sensors, biolabels, and nanophotonic elements. Here, we review recent advances in the fundamental understanding of DNA-templated silver clusters (Ag N -DNAs), including the role played by the silver-mediated DNA complexes which are synthetic precursors to Ag N -DNAs, structure-property relations of Ag N -DNAs, and the excited state dynamics leading to fluorescence in these clusters. We also summarize the current understanding of how DNA sequence selects the properties of Ag N -DNAs and how sequence can be harnessed for informed design and for ordered multi-cluster assembly. To catalyze future research, we end with a discussion of several opportunities and challenges, both fundamental and applied, for the Ag N -DNA research community. A comprehensive fundamental understanding of this class of metal cluster fluorophores can provide the basis for rational design and for advancement of their applications in fluorescence-based sensing, biosciences, nanophotonics, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gonzàlez-Rosell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine California 92697-2585 USA
| | - Cecilia Cerretani
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Mastracco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine California 92697-2585 USA
| | - Tom Vosch
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stacy M Copp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine California 92697-2585 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine California 92697-4575 USA
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8
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Biolayer interferometry provides a robust method for detecting DNA binding small molecules in microbial extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:1159-1171. [PMID: 33236226 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is an exceptional point of therapeutic intervention for many cancer types and several small molecules targeting DNA have been developed into clinically used antitumor agents. Many of these molecules are naturally occurring metabolites from plants and microorganisms, such as the widely used chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. While natural product sources contain a vast number of DNA binding small molecules, isolating and identifying these molecules is challenging. Typical screening campaigns utilize time-consuming bioactivity-guided fractionation approaches, which use sequential rounds of cell-based assays to guide the isolation of active compounds. In this study, we explore the use of biolayer interferometry (BLI) as a tool for rapidly screening natural product sources for DNA targeting small molecules. We first verified that BLI robustly detected DNA binding using designed GC- and AT-rich DNA oligonucleotides with known DNA intercalating, groove binding, and covalent binding agents including actinomycin D (1), doxorubicin (2), ethidium bromide (3), propidium iodide (4), Hoechst 33342 (5), and netropsin (6). Although binding varied with the properties of the oligonucleotides, measured binding affinities agreed with previously reported values. We next utilized BLI to screen over 100 bacterial extracts from our microbial library for DNA binding activity and found three highly active extracts. Binding-guided isolation was used to isolate the active principle component from each extract, which were identified as echinomycin (8), actinomycin V (9), and chartreusin (10). This biosensor-based DNA binding screen is a novel, low-cost, easy to use, and sensitive approach for medium-throughput screening of complex chemical libraries. Graphical abstract.
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9
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Duskova K, Lejault P, Benchimol É, Guillot R, Britton S, Granzhan A, Monchaud D. DNA Junction Ligands Trigger DNA Damage and Are Synthetic Lethal with DNA Repair Inhibitors in Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:424-435. [PMID: 31833764 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of DNA and RNA polymerases along their duplex substrates results in DNA supercoiling. This torsional stress promotes the formation of plectonemic structures, including three-way DNA junction (TWJ), which can block DNA transactions and lead to DNA damage. While cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of such structures, stabilizing TWJ through ad hoc ligands offer an opportunity to trigger DNA damage in cells with high levels of transcription and replication, such as cancer cells. Here, we develop a series of azacryptand-based TWJ ligands, we thoroughly characterize their TWJ-interacting properties in vitro and demonstrate their capacity to trigger DNA damage in rapidly dividing human cancer cells. We also demonstrate that TWJ ligands are amenable to chemically induced synthetic lethality strategies upon association with inhibitors of DNA repair, thus paving the way toward innovative drug combinations to fight cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Duskova
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), CNRS UMR 6302 , UBFC Dijon , 21078 Dijon , France
| | - Pauline Lejault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), CNRS UMR 6302 , UBFC Dijon , 21078 Dijon , France
| | - Élie Benchimol
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196 , PSL Research University , 91405 Orsay , France.,Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196 , Université Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud , Université Paris Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse , UPS , Equipe labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196 , PSL Research University , 91405 Orsay , France.,Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9187, INSERM U1196 , Université Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), CNRS UMR 6302 , UBFC Dijon , 21078 Dijon , France
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10
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Nguyen GTH, Leung WY, Tran TN, Wang H, Murray V, Donald WA. Mechanism for the Binding of Netropsin to Hairpin DNA Revealed Using Nanoscale Ion Emitters in Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1130-1137. [PMID: 31778608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Netropsin is one of the first ligands to be discovered that selectively binds to the minor groove of DNA and is actively used as a scaffold for developing potential anticancer and antibiotic agents. The mechanism by which netropsin binds to hairpin DNA remains controversial with two competing mechanisms having been proposed. In one mechanism, netropsin binding induces a hairpin-to-duplex DNA transition. Alternatively, netropsin binds in two thermodynamically different modes at a single duplexed AATT site. Here, results from native mass spectrometry (MS) with nanoscale ion emitters indicate that netropsin can simultaneously and sequentially bind to both hairpin and duplex DNA. Duplex DNA was not detected using conventional MS with larger emitters because nanoscale emitters significantly reduce the extent of salt adduction to ligand-DNA complex ions, including in the presence of relatively high concentrations of nonvolatile salts. Based on native MS and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results, the abundances of hairpin and duplex DNA are unaffected by the addition of netropsin. By native MS, the binding affinities for five ligand-DNA and DNA-DNA interactions can be rapidly obtained simultaneously. This research indicates a "simultaneous binding mechanism" for the interactions of netropsin with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T H Nguyen
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Wai Yu Leung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Thinh N Tran
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Huixin Wang
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia.,Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - William A Donald
- School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney New South Wales 2052 , Australia
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11
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Duskova K, Lamarche J, Amor S, Caron C, Queyriaux N, Gaschard M, Penouilh MJ, de Robillard G, Delmas D, Devillers CH, Granzhan A, Teulade-Fichou MP, Chavarot-Kerlidou M, Therrien B, Britton S, Monchaud D. Identification of Three-Way DNA Junction Ligands through Screening of Chemical Libraries and Validation by Complementary in Vitro Assays. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4456-4466. [PMID: 30942581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is replete with repetitive DNA sequences that can fold into thermodynamically stable secondary structures such as hairpins and quadruplexes. Cellular enzymes exist to cope with these structures whose stable accumulation would result in DNA damage through interference with DNA transactions such as transcription and replication. Therefore, the chemical stabilization of secondary DNA structures offers an attractive way to foster DNA transaction-associated damages to trigger cell death in proliferating cancer cells. While much emphasis has been recently given to DNA quadruplexes, we focused here on three-way DNA junctions (TWJ) and report on a strategy to identify TWJ-targeting agents through a combination of in vitro techniques (TWJ-screen, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer-melting, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, dialysis equilibrium, and sulforhodamine B assays). We designed a complete workflow and screened 1200 compounds to identify promising TWJ ligands selected on stringent criteria in terms of TWJ-folding ability, affinity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Duskova
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (ICMUB), CNRS UMR6302, UBFC , 21078 Dijon , France
| | - Jérémy Lamarche
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (ICMUB), CNRS UMR6302, UBFC , 21078 Dijon , France
| | - Souheila Amor
- Lipids, Nutrition & Cancers (LNC), INSERM U1321, UBFC , 21000 Dijon , France
| | - Coralie Caron
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196 , 91405 Orsay , France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Nicolas Queyriaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA , 38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Marie Gaschard
- Institut de Chimie , Université de Neuchâtel , CH-2000 Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Marie-José Penouilh
- Pôle Chimie Moléculaire (PACSMUB) , Faculté des Sciences Mirande, UBFC , 21078 Dijon , France
| | | | - Dominique Delmas
- Lipids, Nutrition & Cancers (LNC), INSERM U1321, UBFC , 21000 Dijon , France
| | - Charles H Devillers
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (ICMUB), CNRS UMR6302, UBFC , 21078 Dijon , France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196 , 91405 Orsay , France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196 , 91405 Orsay , France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA , 38054 Grenoble , France
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institut de Chimie , Université de Neuchâtel , CH-2000 Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, CNRS UMR5089, Université de Toulouse, UPS, équipe labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (ICMUB), CNRS UMR6302, UBFC , 21078 Dijon , France
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12
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MS methods to study macromolecule-ligand interaction: Applications in drug discovery. Methods 2018; 144:152-174. [PMID: 29890284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of small compounds (i.e. ligands) with macromolecules or macromolecule assemblies (i.e. targets) is the mechanism of action of most of the drugs available today. Mass spectrometry is a popular technique for the interrogation of macromolecule-ligand interactions and therefore is also widely used in drug discovery and development. Thanks to its versatility, mass spectrometry is used for multiple purposes such as biomarker screening, identification of the mechanism of action, ligand structure optimization or toxicity assessment. The evolution and automation of the instruments now allows the development of high throughput methods with high sensitivity and a minimized false discovery rate. Herein, all these approaches are described with a focus on the methods for studying macromolecule-ligand interaction aimed at defining the structure-activity relationships of drug candidates, along with their mechanism of action, metabolism and toxicity.
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13
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Pinto LF, Correa J, Zhao L, Riguera R, Fernandez-Megia E. Fast NMR Screening of Macromolecular Complexes by a Paramagnetic Spin Relaxation Filter. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2974-2983. [PMID: 31458565 PMCID: PMC6641404 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The paramagnetic spin relaxation filter is described for the rapid NMR screening of intermolecular interactions between ligands and macromolecular anionic receptors with large transverse relaxation enhancements (R 2p). The addition of micromolar concentrations of Gd3+ to the mixture produces the immediate broadening/suppression of the NMR signals of interacting species while leaving unaffected those of noncompetitive binders (one-dimensional and two-dimensional experiments). The method is highly sensitive, unveiling interactions that are too weak to generate changes in chemical shifts or relaxation times. It is operationally very simple and hence, it is amenable to ready implementation by nonspecialists. Examples of application such as detecting the formation of interpolymer complexes, cyclodextrin host-guest interactions, and the screening of DNA ligands are included that demonstrate the reliability and broad applicability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Libo Zhao
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Centro Singular de Investigación
en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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14
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Aldehyde-hydrate equilibrium in nucleobase 2-oxoethyl derivatives: An NMR, ESI-MS and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Göth M, Badock V, Weiske J, Pagel K, Kuropka B. Critical Evaluation of Native Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Fragment-Based Screening. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1201-1211. [PMID: 28618179 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fragment-based screening presents a promising alternative to high-throughput screening and has gained great attention in recent years. So far, only a few studies have discussed mass spectrometry as a screening technology for fragments. Herein, we report the application of native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) for screening defined sets of fragments against four different target proteins. Fragments were selected from a primary screening conducted with a thermal shift assay (TSA) and represented different binding categories. Our data indicated that, beside specific complex formation, many fragments show extensive multiple binding and also charge-state shifts. Both of these factors complicate automated data analysis and decrease the attractiveness of native MS as a primary screening tool for fragments. A comparison of the hits identified by native MS and TSA showed good agreement for two of the proteins. Furthermore, we discuss general challenges, including the determination of an optimal fragment concentration and the question of how to rank fragment hits according to their affinity. In conclusion, we consider native MS to be a highly valuable tool for the validation and deeper investigation of promising fragment hits rather than a method for primary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Göth
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Badock
- Protein Technologies, Lead Discovery Berlin, Bayer AG, Müllerstraße 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Weiske
- Protein Technologies, Lead Discovery Berlin, Bayer AG, Müllerstraße 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Protein Technologies, Lead Discovery Berlin, Bayer AG, Müllerstraße 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Paston SV, Nikolaev AI, Ushkov PA. EDTA, thymidine, and Cu2+ ion complexes from mass spectrometry data. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476617020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Rocca R, Moraca F, Costa G, Nadai M, Scalabrin M, Talarico C, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Ortuso F, Artese A, Alcaro S, Richter SN. Identification of G-quadruplex DNA/RNA binders: Structure-based virtual screening and biophysical characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:1329-1340. [PMID: 28025082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings demonstrated that, in mammalian cells, telomere DNA (Tel) is transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), which is involved in fundamental biological processes, thus representing a promising anticancer target. For this reason, the discovery of dual (as well as selective) Tel/TERRA G-quadruplex (G4) binders could represent an innovative strategy to enhance telomerase inhibition. METHODS Initially, docking simulations of known Tel and TERRA active ligands were performed on the 3D coordinates of bimolecular G4 Tel DNA (Tel2) and TERRA (TERRA2). Structure-based pharmacophore models were generated on the best complexes and employed for the virtual screening of ~257,000 natural compounds. The 20 best candidates were submitted to biophysical assays, which included circular dichroism and mass spectrometry at different K+ concentrations. RESULTS Three hits were here identified and characterized by biophysical assays. Compound 7 acts as dual Tel2/TERRA2 G4-ligand at physiological KCl concentration, while hits 15 and 17 show preferential thermal stabilization for Tel2 DNA. The different molecular recognition against the two targets was also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our successful results pave the way to further lead optimization to achieve both increased selectivity and stabilizing effect against TERRA and Tel DNA G4s. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current study combines for the first time molecular modelling and biophysical assays applied to bimolecular DNA and RNA G4s, leading to the identification of innovative ligand chemical scaffolds with a promising anticancer profile. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Scalabrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy
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18
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Syntheses and complexing ability of α-d-gluco- and α-d-xylofuranoside-based lariat ethers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Perrone R, Doria F, Butovskaya E, Frasson I, Botti S, Scalabrin M, Lago S, Grande V, Nadai M, Freccero M, Richter SN. Synthesis, Binding and Antiviral Properties of Potent Core-Extended Naphthalene Diimides Targeting the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat Promoter G-Quadruplexes. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9639-52. [PMID: 26599611 PMCID: PMC4690987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We have previously reported that
stabilization of the G-quadruplex
structures in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter suppresses
viral transcription. Here we sought to develop new G-quadruplex ligands
to be exploited as antiviral compounds by enhancing binding toward
the viral G-quadruplex structures. We synthesized naphthalene diimide
derivatives with a lateral expansion of the aromatic core. The new
compounds were able to bind/stabilize the G-quadruplex to a high extent,
and some of them displayed clear-cut selectivity toward the viral
G-quadruplexes with respect to the human telomeric G-quadruplexes.
This feature translated into low nanomolar anti-HIV-1 activity toward
two viral strains and encouraging selectivity indexes. The selectivity
depended on specific recognition of LTR loop residues; the mechanism
of action was ascribed to inhibition of LTR promoter activity in cells.
This is the first example of G-quadruplex ligands that show increased
selectivity toward the viral G-quadruplexes and display remarkable
antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Perrone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Doria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Butovskaya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Frasson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Botti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Scalabrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Lago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Mauro Freccero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , V.le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
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20
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Establish an automated flow injection ESI-MS method for the screening of fragment based libraries: Application to Hsp90. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Silver (I) as DNA glue: Ag(+)-mediated guanine pairing revealed by removing Watson-Crick constraints. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10163. [PMID: 25973536 PMCID: PMC4431418 DOI: 10.1038/srep10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ion interactions with DNA have far-reaching implications in biochemistry and DNA nanotechnology. Ag+ is uniquely interesting because it binds exclusively to the bases rather than the backbone of DNA, without the toxicity of Hg2+. In contrast to prior studies of Ag+ incorporation into double-stranded DNA, we remove the constraints of Watson-Crick pairing by focusing on homo-base DNA oligomers of the canonical bases. High resolution electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry reveals an unanticipated Ag+-mediated pairing of guanine homo-base strands, with higher stability than canonical guanine-cytosine pairing. By exploring unrestricted binding geometries, quantum chemical calculations find that Ag+ bridges between non-canonical sites on guanine bases. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that the Ag+-mediated structuring of guanine homobase strands persists to at least 90 °C under conditions for which canonical guanine-cytosine duplexes melt below 20 °C. These findings are promising for DNA nanotechnology and metal-ion based biomedical science.
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22
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Laughlin S, Wang S, Kumar A, Farahat AA, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Resolution of mixed site DNA complexes with dimer-forming minor-groove binders by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: compound structure and DNA sequence effects. Chemistry 2015; 21:5528-39. [PMID: 25703690 PMCID: PMC4732565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule targeting of the DNA minor groove is a promising approach to modulate genomic processes necessary for normal cellular function. For instance, dicationic diamindines, a well-known class of minor groove binding compounds, have been shown to inhibit interactions of transcription factors binding to genomic DNA. The applications of these compounds could be significantly expanded if we understand sequence-specific recognition of DNA better and could use the information to design more sequence-specific compounds. Aside from polyamides, minor groove binders typically recognize DNA at A-tract or alternating AT base pair sites. Targeting sites with GC base pairs, referred to here as mixed base pair sequences, is much more difficult than those rich in AT base pairs. Compound 1 is the first dicationic diamidine reported to recognize a mixed base pair site. It binds in the minor groove of ATGA sequences as a dimer with positive cooperativity. Due to the well-characterized behavior of 1 with ATGA and AT rich sequences, it provides a paradigm for understanding the elements that are key for recognition of mixed sequence sites. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful method to screen DNA complexes formed by analogues of 1 for specific recognition. We also report a novel approach to determine patterns of recognition by 1 for cognate ATGA and ATGA-mutant sequences. We found that functional group modifications and mutating the DNA target site significantly affect binding and stacking, respectively. Both compound conformation and DNA sequence directionality are crucial for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Laughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Abdelbasset A. Farahat
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - David W. Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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23
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Gwinn E, Schultz D, Copp SM, Swasey S. DNA-Protected Silver Clusters for Nanophotonics. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:180-207. [PMID: 28347005 PMCID: PMC5312861 DOI: 10.3390/nano5010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA-protected silver clusters (AgN-DNA) possess unique fluorescence properties that depend on the specific DNA template that stabilizes the cluster. They exhibit peak emission wavelengths that range across the visible and near-IR spectrum. This wide color palette, combined with low toxicity, high fluorescence quantum yields of some clusters, low synthesis costs, small cluster sizes and compatibility with DNA are enabling many applications that employ AgN-DNA. Here we review what is known about the underlying composition and structure of AgN-DNA, and how these relate to the optical properties of these fascinating, hybrid biomolecule-metal cluster nanomaterials. We place AgN-DNA in the general context of ligand-stabilized metal clusters and compare their properties to those of other noble metal clusters stabilized by small molecule ligands. The methods used to isolate pure AgN-DNA for analysis of composition and for studies of solution and single-emitter optical properties are discussed. We give a brief overview of structurally sensitive chiroptical studies, both theoretical and experimental, and review experiments on bringing silver clusters of distinct size and color into nanoscale DNA assemblies. Progress towards using DNA scaffolds to assemble multi-cluster arrays is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gwinn
- Department of Physics, The University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Danielle Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Stacy M Copp
- Department of Physics, The University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Steven Swasey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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24
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Leriche ED, Hubert-Roux M, Afonso C, Lange CM, Grossel MC, Maire F, Loutelier-Bourhis C. Investigation of dendriplexes by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Molecules 2014; 19:20731-50. [PMID: 25514219 PMCID: PMC6271531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly branched polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers presenting biological activities have been envisaged as non-viral gene delivery vectors. They are known to associate with nucleic acid (DNA) in non-covalent complexes via electrostatic interactions. Although their transfection efficiency has been proved, PAMAMs present a significant cytotoxicity due to their cationic surface. To overcome such a drawback, different chemical modifications of the PAMAM surface have been reported such as the attachment of hydrophobic residues. In the present work, we studied the complexation of DNA duplexes with different low-generation PAMAM; ammonia-cored G0(N) and G1(N) PAMAM, native or chemically modified with aromatic residues, i.e., phenyl-modified-PAMAM G0(N) and phenylalanine-modified-PAMAM G1(N). To investigate the interactions involved in the PAMAM/DNA complexes, also called dendriplexes, we used electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to ion mobility spectrometry-mass-spectrometry (IM-MS). ESI is known to allow the study of non-covalent complexes in native conditions while IM-MS is a bidimensional separation technique particularly useful for the characterization of complex mixtures. IM-MS allows the separation of the expected complexes, possible additional non-specific complexes and the free ligands. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was also used for the structural characterization. This work highlights the contribution of IM-MS and MS/MS for the study of small dendriplexes. The stoichiometries of the complexes and the equilibrium dissociation constants were determined. The [DNA/native PAMAM] and [DNA/modified-PAMAM] dendriplexes were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Dune Leriche
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Catherine M Lange
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Martin C Grossel
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Hants SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Florian Maire
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
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25
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Recognition of chelerythrine to human telomeric DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6767. [PMID: 25341562 PMCID: PMC4208030 DOI: 10.1038/srep06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A study on binding of antitumor chelerythrine to human telomeric DNA/RNA G-quadruplexes was performed by using DNA polymerase stop assay, UV-melting, ESI-TOF-MS, UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry and fluorescent triazole orange displacement assay. Chelerythrine selectively binds to and stabilizes the K(+)-form hybrid-type human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex of biological significance, compared with the Na(+)-form antiparallel-type DNA G-quadruplex. ESI-TOF-MS study showed that chelerythrine possesses a binding strength for DNA G-quadruplex comparable to that of TMPyP4 tetrachloride. Both 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries were observed for chelerythrine's binding with DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes. The binding strength of chelerythrine with RNA G-quadruplex is stronger than that with DNA G-quadruplex. Fluorescent triazole orange displacement assay revealed that chelerythrine interacts with human telomeric RNA/DNA G-quadruplexes by the mode of end- stacking. The relative binding strength of chelerythrine for human telomeric RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes obtained from ESI-TOF-MS experiments are respectively 6.0- and 2.5-fold tighter than that with human telomeric double-stranded hairpin DNA. The binding selectivity of chelerythrine for the biologically significant K(+)-form human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex over the Na(+)-form analogue, and binding specificity for human telomeric RNA G-quadruplex established it as a promising candidate in the structure-based design and development of G-quadruplex specific ligands.
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26
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Bai LP, Liu J, Han L, Ho HM, Wang R, Jiang ZH. Mass spectrometric studies on effects of counter ions of TMPyP4 on binding to human telomeric DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5455-63. [PMID: 24939133 PMCID: PMC4141155 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study on human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex binding of meso-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP4) between its two salt forms, i.e., tetratosylate and tetrachloride, was conducted by using ESI-TOF-MS, UV-melting measurement, and molecular modeling methods. Besides cation TMPyP4, the tosyl anion was found to bind to human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex with multiple binding stoichiometries from 1:1 to 3:1 observed in ESI-TOF-MS spectra, indicating that the stabilization activity of TMPyP4 tetratosylate on G-quadruplex is derived from a synergetic effect of both TMPyP4 cation and tosyl anion. A molecular modeling study suggests that a tosyl anion fills up the vacant space between TMPyP4 cation and DNA G-quadruplex and thus stabilizes the complex by 3.8 kcal/mol. Therefore, it is estimated that TMPyP4 tetratosylate’s activity might not reflect the real effect of TMPyP4 cation in some bioassays related to G-quadruplex stabilization. This was verified by the results of less binding affinity of TMPyP4 tetrachloride with DNA G-quadruplex obtained from ESI-TOF-MS measurement, and of 2.27 °C less thermal stabilization of TMPyP4 tetrachloride for DNA G-quadruplex, compared to its tetratosylate under the same conditions. Our study demonstrated the influence of counter ions of TMPyP4 on G-quadruplex binding, which sheds light on the proper usage of TMPyP4 salt in the chemical and biological research associated with G-quadruplex binding. Subsequently, the binding of TMPyP4 tetrachloride to human telomeric RNA G-quadruplexes was studied with ESI-TOF-MS technique. The binding constants of TMPyP4 with human telomeric G-quadruplexes indicated that TMPyP4 binds to human telomeric RNA G-quadruplex one order of magnitude stronger than DNA counterpart. This is a comprehensive mass spectrometric report on binding study of TMPyP4 with human telomeric DNA/RNA G-quadruplexes. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
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27
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Kang TF, Xiong Y, Xue R, Cheng SY. Investigation of DNA Pesticide Interactions by Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Method. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.757702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Czirok JB, Jágerszki G, Tóth K, Révész Á, Drahos L, Bitter I. Click synthesis of triazole-linked calix[4]arene ionophores. Potentiometric and ESI-MS screening of ion-selectivity. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-013-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Nei YW, Hallowita N, Steill JD, Oomens J, Rodgers MT. Infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy of deprotonated DNA mononucleotides: gas-phase conformations and energetics. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:1319-35. [PMID: 23289585 DOI: 10.1021/jp3077936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase structures of the deprotonated 2'-deoxymononucleotides including 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate (dA5'p), 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate (dC5'p), 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dG5'p), and thymidine-5'-monophosphate (T5'p) are examined via infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and theoretical electronic structure calculations. The measured IRMPD action spectra of all four deprotonated DNA mononucleotides exhibit unique spectral features in the region extending from ~600 to 1800 cm(-1) such that they can be readily differentiated from one another. The measured IRMPD action spectra are compared to the linear IR spectra calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory to determine the conformations of these species accessed in the experiments. On the basis of these comparisons and the computed energetic information, the most stable conformations of the deprotonated forms of dA5'p, dC5'p, and T5'p are conformers where the ribose moiety adopts a C3' endo conformation and the nucleobase is in an anti conformation. By contrast, the most stable conformations of the deprotonated form of dG5'p are conformers where the ribose adapts a C3' endo conformation and the nucleobase is in a syn conformation. In addition to the ground-state conformers, several stable low-energy excited conformers that differ slightly in the orientation of the phosphate ester moiety were also accessed in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-w Nei
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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30
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Ma L, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Study on noncovalent complexes of alkaloids with DNA duplex using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:51-58. [PMID: 23239316 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE DNA is an important molecular target in modern medicine research. Some DNA-binding ligands have been used to treat numerous diseases. Therefore, understanding the interactions of different ligands with DNA and looking for new DNA agents are necessary to develop new drugs. METHODS Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the negative ion mode was used to screen the noncovalent complexes between 11 alkaloids with double helix oligonucleotides at molar ratios 1:1 to 1:4. The relative binding affinities based on the fraction of bound DNA and sequence selectivities of alkaloids towards the duplex were also investigated by ESI-MS. Moreover, tandem mass spectrometry of 5-charged complex ions was used to try to determine DNA-binding modes. RESULTS Six alkaloids showed complexation with the selected DNA duplex, i.e., berberine, coptisine, peimine, aconitine, oxysophoridine and cytisine. They showed their binding affinities with d(AACTCCCGGCACAC/GTGTGCCGGGAGTT) in the order of berberine > coptisine > peimine > aconitine, oxysophoridine > cytosine; additional experiments involving collision energy proved this result. Sequence selectivities were not apparent for coptisine, peimine, aconitine and oxysophoridine with four DNA duplexes. The complexes containing berberine and coptisine underwent the predominant loss of the G base. However, for complexes containing the other four alkaloids, they dissociated via the loss of neutral drug. The results confirmed that they may have different binding modes. CONCLUSIONS According to experiment data and structural information, the binding mode of individual drugs with DNA was speculated. It was noted that the bindings of alkaloids peimine, aconitine and oxysophoridine with DNA are discovered firstly. This may give a clue to design duplex-binding ligands and be helpful for understanding biological activities of these alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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31
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Badı́a C, Souard F, Vicent C. Sugar–Oligoamides: Synthesis of DNA Minor Groove Binders. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10870-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302238u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Badı́a
- Departamento de Sı́ntesis,
Estructura y Propiedades de los Compuestos Orgánicos, Instituto de Quı́mica Orgánica General,
CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Florence Souard
- Departamento de Sı́ntesis,
Estructura y Propiedades de los Compuestos Orgánicos, Instituto de Quı́mica Orgánica General,
CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vicent
- Departamento de Sı́ntesis,
Estructura y Propiedades de los Compuestos Orgánicos, Instituto de Quı́mica Orgánica General,
CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Xu N, Yang H, Cui M, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Evaluation of alkaloids binding to the parallel quadruplex structure [d(TGGGGT)]4 by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:694-700. [PMID: 22707161 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to investigate the binding interaction of six alkaloids with parallel intermolecular G-quadruplex [d(TGGGGT)](4), and five alkaloids including berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, tetrandrine, and fangchinoline showed complexation with the target DNA. Relative binding affinities were estimated on the basis of mass spectrometric data. The slight differences in chemical structures of berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine had little influence on their binding affinities to [d(TGGGGT)](4). Tetrandrine and fangchinoline selectively bound to [d(TGGGGT)](4) versus duplex DNA. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments showed that the complexes with berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine dissociated via strand separation and ligand retaining in the strand while the complexes with tetrandrine and fangchinoline were dissociated via ligand elimination. A comparison of dissociation patterns in CID experiments of complexes with the alkaloids to those with the traditional G-quadruplex DNA binders suggested an end-stacking binding mode for tetrandrine and fangchinoline and an intercalation binding mode for berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine to the target DNA. The current work not only provides deep insight into alkaloid/[d(TGGGGT)](4) complexes and useful guidelines for design of efficient anticancer agents but also demonstrates the utility of ESI-MS as a powerful tool for evaluating interaction between ligand and quadruplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusheng Xu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
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33
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Xu N, Yang H, Cui M, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. A Study of Interaction between Flavonoids and the Parallel Quadruplex Structure [d(TGGGGT)]
4
by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niusheng Xu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Meng Cui
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
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34
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Riccardi Sirtori F, Aldini G, Colombo M, Colombo N, Malyszko J, Vistoli G, D'Alessio R. Molecular Recognition of T:G Mismatched Base Pairs in DNA as Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1112-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Zheng B, Liu Y, Yuan G. Polyamide recognition-mass spectrometry for distinguishing hairpin DNA from coil DNA. J Mol Recognit 2012; 24:1018-24. [PMID: 22038808 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The discrimination between hairpin DNA and coil DNA has been well achieved through polyamides as probes by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. ESI mass spectra showed that polyamides bind to hairpin DNA with high selectivity, and almost no binding with coil DNA. In addition, the noncovalent interaction between polyamides and hairpin DNA was also studied; the results show that hairpin DNA with longer stem and polyamides with more heterocycles have higher binding affinity and stability in gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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36
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Xu N, Yang H, Cui M, Wan C, Liu S. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry ligand fishing assay: a method for screening triplex DNA binders from natural plant extracts. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2562-8. [PMID: 22220694 DOI: 10.1021/ac202796v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel ligand fishing assay was established to screen triplex DNA binders from complicated samples by a combination of immobilization of triplex DNA on agarose beads and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The biotinylated oligodeoxynucleotides were first bound to the streptavidin agarose beads and then incubated with the duplex DNA as the baits for ligand fishing. This assay was validated by the testing ligand library consisting of coralyne, ethidium bromide, vitexin, and formononetin. The binding affinities of ligands to target DNA were also obtained based on the calibration curves of ligands. Two components (berberine and palmatine) in the extract of Phellodendron chinense Schneid cortexes were fished out as triplex DNA binders by this assay, which indicated its feasibility for screening triplex DNA binders from complicated samples. This preliminary assay can be used for not only screening binders of triplex DNA from natural products extracts but also can obtain their binding affinity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusheng Xu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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37
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Zhang T, Wu Z, Du J, Hu Y, Liu L, Yang F, Jin Q. Anti-Japanese-encephalitis-viral effects of kaempferol and daidzin and their RNA-binding characteristics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30259. [PMID: 22276167 PMCID: PMC3262791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New therapeutic tools and molecular targets are needed for treatment of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections. JEV requires an α-1 translational frameshift to synthesize the NS1' protein required for viral neuroinvasiveness. Several flavonoids have been shown to possess antiviral activity in vitro against a wide spectrum of viruses. To date, the antiviral activities of flavonol kaempferol (Kae) and isoflavonoid daidzin (Dai) against JEV have not been described. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) and 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) against JEV were investigated in BHK21 cells by MTS reduction. Activity against viral genomic RNA and proteins was measured by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. The frameshift site RNA-binding characterization was also determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, isothermal titration calorimetry and autodocking analysis. EC(50) values of Kae and Dai were 12.6 and 25.9 µM against JEV in cells pretreated before infection, whereas in cells infected before treatment, EC(50) was 21.5 and 40.4 µM, respectively. Kae exhibited more potent activity against JEV and RNA binding in cells following internalization through direct inhibition of viral replication and protein expression, indicating that its antiviral activity was principally due to direct virucidal effects. The JEV frameshift site RNA (fsRNA) was selected as a target for assaying Kae and Dai. ITC of fsRNA revealed an apparent K(b) value for Kae that was nine fold stronger than that for Dai. This binding was confirmed and localized to the RNA using ESI-MS and autodock analysis. Kae could form non-covalent complexes with fsRNA more easily than Dai could. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Kae demonstrates more potent antiviral activity against JEV than does Dai. The mode of action of Kae as an anti-JEV agent seems to be related to its ability to inactivate virus by binding with JEV fsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Hu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FY); (QJ)
| | - Qi Jin
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FY); (QJ)
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38
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Anichina J, Zhao Y, Hrudey SE, Schreiber A, Li XF. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the reactivity of structurally related bromo-methyl-benzoquinones toward oligonucleotides. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8145-51. [PMID: 21905675 DOI: 10.1021/ac201646z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) as a tool for rapid screening of structurally related chemicals toward oligonucleotides using the binding of five bromobenzoquinones with single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotides (ODNs) as a model. We found that these compounds interact differentially with oligonucleotides depending on the extent of their bromination and methylation. Three dibromobenzoquinones, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ), and 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (DMDBBQ), bound to ssODN to form 1:1 adducts, and the binding constant of DMDBBQ bound to ssODN was 100-fold lower than those of 2,6-DBBQ and 2,5-DBBQ to ssODN, indicating that methyl groups hindered interactions of the bromoquinones with ODNs. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the 1:1 and 1:2 adducts of ODN with 2,6-DBBQ and 2,5-DBBQ demonstrated neutral loss of DBBQ and charge separations. Incubation of two tetrabromobenzoquinones (TBBQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1,4-benzoquinone and 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-1,2-benzoquinone, with the same ODNs did not form any adducts of TBBQ with ssODN or dsODN; however, bromide-ODNs were detected. Fragmentation of the bromide-ODN adducts showed loss of the HBr molecule, supporting the presence of bromide on ODNs. High-resolution MS and MS/MS analysis of the mixtures of dinucleotides (AA, GG, CC, and TT) and TBBQ confirmed the presence of bromide on the dinucleotides, supporting the transfer of bromide to ODNs through interaction with TBBQ. This study presents evidence of differential interactions of structurally related bromo and methyl-benzoquinones with oligonucleotides and demonstrates a potential application of ESI-MS/MS analysis of chemical interactions with ODN for rapid screening of the reactivity of other structurally related environmental contaminants toward DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Anichina
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Lewis EA, Munde M, Wang S, Rettig M, Le V, Machha V, Wilson WD. Complexity in the binding of minor groove agents: netropsin has two thermodynamically different DNA binding modes at a single site. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:9649-58. [PMID: 21890907 PMCID: PMC3239193 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural results with minor groove binding agents, such as netropsin, have provided detailed, atomic level views of DNA molecular recognition. Solution studies, however, indicate that there is complexity in the binding of minor groove agents to a single site. Netropsin, for example, has two DNA binding enthalpies in isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments that indicate the compound simultaneously forms two thermodynamically different complexes at a single AATT site. Two proposals for the origin of this unusual observation have been developed: (i) two different bound species of netropsin at single binding sites and (ii) a netropsin induced DNA hairpin to duplex transition. To develop a better understanding of DNA recognition complexity, the two proposals have been tested with several DNAs and the methods of mass spectrometry (MS), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in addition to ITC. All of the methods with all of the DNAs investigated clearly shows that netropsin forms two different complexes at AATT sites, and that the proposal for an induced hairpin to duplex transition in this system is incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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40
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Rajendra Prasad V, Peters G, Lemos C, Kathmann I, Mayur Y. Cytotoxicity studies of some novel fluoro acridone derivatives against sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines and their mechanistic studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:217-24. [PMID: 21565270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Peñalver P, Marcelo F, Jiménez-Barbero J, Vicent C. Carbohydrate recognition at the minor-groove of the self-complementary duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 by a synthetic glyco-oligoamide. Chemistry 2011; 17:4561-70. [PMID: 21259350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The structure of a neutral glyco-conjugate β-Gal-Py-γ-Py-Ind (1), designed as a probe for analyzing sugar-DNA interactions, when bound to a self-complementary oligonucleotide duplex d(CGCG AATT CGCG)(2) has been deduced by employing (1)H NMR techniques. Analysis of the formed 1:1 complex demonstrated that the glycol ligand is bound in a hairpin-like conformation in which both pyrrole amino acid moieties are stacked, whereas the indole and the sugar residues are spatially close. The binding site is defined by the minor groove formed by the -AATT- stretch. In particular, the -Py-γ-Py- region of the ligand is sited near the A5-A6 oligonucleotide residues, whereas the indole and the sugar rings are next to the T7-T8 base pairs. More relevant, the existence of a variety of intermolecular NOE correlations permitted the close proximity of the sugar to the minor groove to be assessed, thus showing that the binding of the glycoconjugate at the minor groove is the origin of the specificity of the glycoconjugate-DNA interaction. The experimental NMR data have been combined with restrained and unrestrained molecular dynamics calculations, to provide the 3D structure of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Peñalver
- Departamento de Síntesis, Estructura y Propiedades de Compuestos Orgánicos (SEPCO), Instituto de Química Orgánica general CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Asare-Okai PN, Chow CS. A modified fluorescent intercalator displacement assay for RNA ligand discovery. Anal Biochem 2011; 408:269-76. [PMID: 20863807 PMCID: PMC2980581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) is a convenient and practical tool for identifying new nucleic acid-binding ligands. The success of FID is based on the fact that it can be fashioned into a versatile screening assay for assessing the relative binding affinities of compounds to nucleic acids. FID is a tagless approach; the target RNAs and the ligands or small molecules under investigation do not need to be modified in order to be examined. In this study, a modified FID assay for screening RNA-binding ligands was established using 3-methyl-2-((1-(3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-4-quinolinylidene)methyl)benzothiazolium (TO-PRO) as the fluorescent indicator. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) results provide direct evidence that correlates the reduction in fluorescence intensity observed in the FID assay with displacement of the dye molecule from RNA. The assay was successfully applied to screen a variety of RNA-binding ligands with a set of small hairpin RNAs. Ligands that bind with moderate affinity to the chosen RNA constructs (A-site, TAR [transactivation response element], h31 [helix 31], and H69 [helix 69] were identified.
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Anichina J, Zhao Y, Hrudey SE, Le XC, Li XF. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of interactions of newly identified water disinfection byproducts halobenzoquinones with oligodeoxynucleotides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:9557-9563. [PMID: 21069955 DOI: 10.1021/es1024492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Four halobenzoquinones, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, and 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, were recently identified as drinking water disinfection byproducts. Understanding their interactions with biomolecules could provide useful insights into their potential toxic effects. We report here electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of the interactions between these new halobenzoquinone disinfection byproducts and oligodeoxynucleotides. The study demonstrates that 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone exhibits much stronger binding to single- and double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides than chlorobenzoquinones. The binding affinity of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone to oligodeoxynucleotides is similar to that of ethidium bromide, a well-known intercalator and carcinogen. Tandem mass spectrometry characterization confirms the formation of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone binding to oligodeoxynucleotides. Collision-induced dissociation analysis of these adducts demonstrates neutral loss and charge separation, suggesting that 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone binds to oligodeoxynucleotides through partial intercalation and H-bonding modes. The three chlorobezoquinones also form 1:1 adducts with the oligodeoxynucleotides, but their binding to the oligodeoxynucleotides was much weaker compared to that of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone. The relative binding affinity of the studied disinfection byproducts to oligodeoxynucleotides is in the order of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone≫2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone > 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone ∼ 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, indicating potential structural effects on the interactions of halobenzoquinones with oligodeoxynucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Anichina
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Environmental Health Sciences Program, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Science Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Huang R, Wang LR, Guo LH. Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence displacement method for the study of DNA/small molecule binding interactions. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 676:41-5. [PMID: 20800740 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-covalent binding interactions of small molecules with DNA play important roles in regulating gene expression and gene function. In this work, a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) displacement method has been developed to investigate such interactions, particularly for weak DNA binders. This ECL method relies on a double-stranded DNA film deposited on an indium tin oxide electrode (ITO) surface by layer-by-layer self-assembly. A DNA intercalator, [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2'3'-c]phenazine), is employed as the ECL signal indicator. If a test compound competes with the indicator for the same binding sites in DNA, it would displace the indicator from the film and reduce ECL signal. The new method was validated by measuring five well-known DNA-binding organic molecules including quinacrine, H33258, thiazole orange, ethidium bromide and 4,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride. Due to high ECL sensitivity, only 0.4 micromol L(-1) [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)](2+) was needed in the ECL displacement measurement, which is about 75-fold less than the concentration in the voltammetric measurement. The lowered concentration permitted direct measurement of IC(50) values of eight hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in their ECL displacement curves and subsequent calculation of their binding constants with DNA. The ECL displacement method is particularly useful for investigating weak DNA binders with limited aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Smith SI, Brodbelt JS. Rapid characterization of cross-links, mono-adducts, and non-covalent binding of psoralens to deoxyoligonucleotides by LC-UV/ESI-MS and IRMPD mass spectrometry. Analyst 2010; 135:943-52. [PMID: 20419242 PMCID: PMC2890229 DOI: 10.1039/b924023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upon UV photoactivation, psoralen analogs form covalent mono-adducts and cross-links with DNA at thymine residues. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis allowed rapid and efficient determination of the reaction percentages of each psoralen analog with DNA duplexes containing different binding sites after exposure to UV irradiation. The distribution of cross-linked products and mono-adducts was monitored by both LC-UV and IRMPD-MS methods with the highest ratio of cross-linked products to mono-adducts obtained for 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), psoralen (P), and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP). Reactions at 5'-TA sites were favored over 5'-AT sites, and duplexes containing two and three binding sites showed extensive binding by the psoralens. 4'-Aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (AMP) bound non-selectively via non-covalent interactions and was the only psoralen analog to show significant binding in the absence of UV irradiation. 8-MOP binding displayed the greatest sequence selectivity among the psoralen analogs. The sites of interstrand cross-linking were determined by fragmentation of the duplex/psoralen complexes by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), which produced cross-linked product ions containing an intact single strand, the psoralen analog, and either a w(n) or a(n)-B portion of the complementary strand. IRMPD of DNA/AMP complexes after UV irradiation also produced high abundances of the intact single strands with the AMP ligand attached, products indicative of a significant population of mono-adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncerae I Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Nguyen B, Wilson WD. The effects of hairpin loops on ligand-DNA interactions. J Phys Chem B 2010; 113:14329-35. [PMID: 19778070 DOI: 10.1021/jp904830m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hairpin nucleic acids are frequently used in physical studies due to their greater thermal stability compared to their equivalent duplex structures. They are also good models for more complex loop-containing structures such as quadruplexes, i-motifs, cruciforms, and molecular beacons. Although a connecting loop can increase stability, there is little information on how the loop influences the interactions of small molecules with attached base-paired nucleic acid regions. In this study, the effects of different hairpin loops on the interactions of A/T specific DNA minor groove binding agents with a common stem sequence have been investigated by spectroscopic and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor methods. The results indicate that the hairpin loop has little influence on the specific site interactions on the stem but significantly affects nonspecific binding. The use of a non-nucleotide loop (with a reduced negative charge) not only enhances the thermal stability of the hairpin but also reduces the nonspecific binding at the loop without compromising the primary binding affinity on the stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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Brodbelt JS. Evaluation of DNA/Ligand interactions by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:67-87. [PMID: 20636034 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has enabled the detection and characterization of DNA/ligand complexes, including evaluation of both relative binding affinities and selectivities of DNA-interactive ligands. The noncovalent complexes that are transferred from the solution to the gas phase retain the signature of the native species, thus allowing the use of MS to screen DNA/ligand complexes, reveal the stoichiometries of the complexes, and provide insight into the nature of the interactions. Ligands that bind to DNA via metal-mediated modes and those that bind to unusual DNA structures, such as quadruplexes, are amenable to ESI. Chemical probe methods applied to DNA/ligand complexes with ESI-MS detection afford information about ligand-binding sites and conformational changes of DNA that occur upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, 78712, USA.
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Fabris D. A role for the MS analysis of nucleic acids in the post-genomics age. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1-13. [PMID: 19897384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The advances of mass spectrometry in the analysis of nucleic acids have tracked very closely the exciting developments of instrumentation and ancillary technologies, which have taken place over the years. However, their diffusion in the broader life sciences community has been and will be linked to the ever evolving focus of biomedical research and its changing demands. Before the completion of the Human Genome Project, great emphasis was placed on sequencing technologies that could help accomplish this project of exceptional scale. After the publication of the human genome, the emphasis switched toward techniques dedicated to the exploration of sequences not coding for actual protein products, which amount to the vast majority of transcribed elements. The broad range of capabilities offered by mass spectrometry is rapidly advancing this platform to the forefront of the technologies employed for the structure-function investigation of these noncoding elements. Increasing focus on the characterization of functional assemblies and their specific interactions has prompted a re-evaluation of what has been traditionally construed as nucleic acid analysis by mass spectrometry. Inspired by the accelerating expansion of the broader field of nucleic acid research, new applications to fundamental biological studies and drug discovery will help redefine the evolving role of MS-analysis of nucleic acids in the post-genomics age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA.
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Jain AK, Gupta SK, Tandon V. Evaluation of Electronic Effect of Phenyl Ring Substituents on the DNA Minor Groove Binding Properties of Novel Bis and Terbenzimidazoles: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Ligand-DNA Interaction. Oligonucleotides 2009; 19:329-40. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2009.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash K. Jain
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sharad K. Gupta
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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The 3D structures of G-Quadruplexes of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution and in the gas phase. J Mol Model 2009; 16:645-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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